DOCSLIB.ORG

The War of 1812

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The War of 1812 Contents Introduction. xxi James Madison: War Message to Congress “A solemn question”: Washington, D.C., June 1812. 1 U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Relations: Report on the Causes and Reasons for War “An immediate appeal to Arms”: Washington, D.C., June 1812 . 10 Thomas Jeff erson to James Madison “A solecism worthy of Don Quixot”: Virginia, May 1812 . 23 Andrew Jackson to Willie Blount “The spirit of the whole people is on fi re”: Tennessee, June 1812 . 25 Tecumseh: Message from the Confederate Nations to Their British Allies and Huron Brothers “All this Island will rise as one man”: Northwestern Frontier, June 1812 . 27 James Monroe to John Taylor “Trade & fi ght, & fi ght & trade”: Washington, D.C., June 1812 . 30 James Madison: Proclamation of War “The last resort of injured Nations”: Washington, D.C., June 1812 . 36 Hezekiah Niles: “War against England” “Long live America”: Baltimore, June 1812 . 38 Thomas Jeff erson to James Madison Canada, Commerce, and War: Virginia, June 1812 . 44 Thirty-four Members of the U.S. House of Representatives: from “An Address of the Minority to Their Constituents” “What are the United States to gain by this war?”: Washington, D.C., June 1812 . 46 Maryland House of Delegates, Committee of Grievances and Courts of Justice: Report on the Baltimore Riots Silencing the Anti-War Press: Baltimore, Summer 1812 . 54 ix FFM_Warof1812_LOA_791392.inddM_Warof1812_LOA_791392.indd iixx 11/17/13/17/13 111:111:11 AAMM x contents Israel Pickens: Circular Letter to His Constituents in North Carolina “Your country calls”: Washington, D.C., July 1812. 69 William Ellery Channing: A Sermon, Preached in Boston, July 23, 1812, the Day of the Publick Fast “It is a war fraught with ruin”: Boston, July 1812 . 72 William Hull: Proclamation “I come to fi nd enemies not to make them”: Upper Canada, July 1812 . 85 Isaac Brock: Proclamation “Repel the invader”: Upper Canada, July 1812 . 88 Thomas Verchères de Boucherville: Journal With Tecumseh and the British: Northwestern Frontier, July–August 1812 . 92 Nathan Heald to Thomas H. Cushing The Fort Dearborn Massacre: Northwestern Frontier, August 1812 . 102 Caleb Strong to William Eustis Massachusetts Defi ant: Boston, August 1812 . 105 James Madison to Thomas Jeff erson “The wheels of war”: Washington, D.C., August 1812 . 110 Robert Lucas: Journal Hull’s Capitulation: Michigan Territory, August 1812 . 113 Cornelius Flummerfelt: “The Bold Canadian” A Ballad of Detroit: Upper Canada, August 1812 . 118 Moses Smith: from Naval Scenes in the Last War “Old Ironsides” Captures HMS Guerrière: North Atlantic, August 1812 . 121 New-York City Committee of Correspondence: from Address . in Support of the Nomination of The Hon. De Witt Clinton De Witt Clinton for President: New York City, August 1812 . 130 James Madison: Address to the Delegations of Several Indian Nations Advice to America’s Indian Friends: Washington, D.C., August 1812 . 139 FFM_Warof1812_LOA_791392.inddM_Warof1812_LOA_791392.indd x 11/17/13/17/13 111:111:11 AAMM contents xi Stephen Van Rensselaer to Daniel D. Tompkins Alarm and Distrust in New York: Niagara Frontier, August 1812 . 143 Daniel Curtis to Jacob Kingsbury Siege of Fort Wayne: Northwestern Frontier, September 1812 . 145 A. W. Cochran: from a letter to Rebecca Cochran Circumstances and William Hull: Lower Canada, September 1812 . 152 John Strachan to John Richardson Fifteen Reasons for War on America: Upper Canada, September 1812 . 154 George McFeely: Diary Yankee Ingenuity: Pennsylvania, October 1812 . 158 Jared Willson to Alvan Stewart Battle of Queenston Heights: Upper Canada, October 1812 . 160 John Strachan to William Wilberforce The British–Indian Alliance: Upper Canada, November 1812 . 164 Alexander Smyth: Proclamation “The hour of renown”: Niagara Frontier, November 1812 . 169 William Atherton: from Narrative of the Suff ering & Defeat of the North-Western Army A Chronicle of Wretchedness: Northwestern Frontier, September 1812–January 1813 . 171 William B. Northcutt: Diary Battle of the Mississinewa River: Northwestern Frontier, December 1812 . 181 Elias Darnell: Journal “Remember the Raisin!”: Northwestern Frontier, January 1813 . 193 James Madison: Second Inaugural Address War and the American Character: Washington, D.C., March 1813 . 207 Henry, Earl Bathurst to Sir Thomas Sidney Beckwith The Rules of Engagement: London, March 1813 . 211 FFM_Warof1812_LOA_791392.inddM_Warof1812_LOA_791392.indd xxii 11/17/13/17/13 111:111:11 AAMM xii contents Patrick Finan: from “Recollections of Canada” Battle of York: Upper Canada, April 1813 . 214 John Richardson: from “A Canadian Campaign” Siege of Fort Meigs: Ohio, May 1813 . 220 Thomas Jeff erson to Madame de Staël Tyrants of Land and Sea: Virginia, May 1813 . 228 George McFeely: Diary “The fl ag from Fort George”: Upper Canada, May 1813. 235 John Le Couteur: Journal Battle of Sackets Harbor: Upstate New York, May 1813 . 240 Joseph Penley Jr.: from The Sanguinary and Cruel War of 1812–14 Life Aboard a British Prison Ship: Lower Canada, June–August 1813 . 245 Philip B. V. Broke to John Borlase Warren HMS Shannon Defeats USS Chesapeake: Massachusetts Bay, June 1813 . 256 John C. Calhoun to James Macbride “Party sperit”: Washington, D.C., June 1813 . 260 Laura Ingersoll Secord: Incident at Beaver Dams A Canadian Paul Revere: Upper Canada, June 1813 . 262 John Le Couteur: Journal Battle of Beaver Dams: Upper Canada, June 1813 . 264 James Monroe to Thomas Jeff erson The President in Peril: Washington, D.C., June 1813 . 267 “P.” (Richard E. Parker) to the Richmond Enquirer British Atrocities at Hampton: Virginia, June 1813 . 270 Blackbird: Message from the Ottawa Nation to William Claus The Death of Joseph C. Eldridge: Upper Canada, July 1813 . 276 William B. Northcutt: Diary Skirmish on the Sandusky: Ohio, July 1813 . 278 George Croghan to William Henry Harrison Battle of Fort Stephenson: Ohio, August 1813 . 281 FFM_Warof1812_LOA_791392.inddM_Warof1812_LOA_791392.indd xxiiii 11/17/13/17/13 111:111:11 AAMM contents xiii Black Hawk: from Life of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak or Black Hawk The White Man’s Way of War: Northwestern Frontier, Summer 1813 . 284 James Fenimore Cooper: from Ned Myers; or, A Life Before the Mast Storm and Shipwreck: Lake Ontario, August 1813 . 285 James Inderwick: Journal The Wounded of USS Argus: Southwest Coast of Britain, August 1813 . 294 Thomas Hart Benton: Broadside A Brawl with Andrew Jackson: Nashville, September 1813 . 300 Philip Freneau: “The Battle of Lake Erie” “We have met the enemy and they are ours”: Lake Erie, September 1813 . 303 Washington Irving: “Biographical Memoir of Commodore Perry” “The nerve of a hero”: Lake Erie, September 1813 . 306 Tecumseh: Speech to Henry Procter “We are determined to defend our lands”: Upper Canada, September 1813 . 323 John Richardson: from War of 1812 Battle of the Thames: Upper Canada, September– October 1813 . 325 William Henry Harrison: Proclamation An Armistice with the Indians: Northwestern Frontier, October 1813 . 332 Red Jacket: Message to Erastus Granger Indian Grievances: Niagara Frontier, October 1813 . 333 John Le Couteur to Philip Bouton Terror, Delight, and Thoughts of Home: Upper Canada, October 1813 . 335 Robert Purdy to James Wilkinson Battle of Châteauguay: Lower Canada, October 1813 . 339 Charles Ball: from Slavery in the United States: A Narrative Runaway Slaves in the Chesapeake: Maryland, Summer– Fall 1813 . 345 FFM_Warof1812_LOA_791392.inddM_Warof1812_LOA_791392.indd xxiiiiii 11/17/13/17/13 111:111:11 AAMM xiv contents James Scott: from Recollections of a Naval Life American Characteristics: Maryland, Winter 1813–14 . 353 Francis Jeff rey: A Conversation with James Madison A British Editor Interviews the President: Washington, D.C., November 1813 . 358 Henry Clay to Thomas Bodley “If Canada is conquered”: Washington, D.C., December 1813 . 363 Cyrenius Chapin to the Buff alo Gazette The Case Against George McClure: Niagara Frontier, December 1813 . 366 Eber D. Howe: from “Recollections of a Pioneer Printer” Revenge by Fire: Niagara Frontier, December 1813 . 370 Amos Hall to Daniel D. Tompkins The Burning of Black Rock and Buff alo: Niagara Frontier, December 1813 . 374 George Prevost: Proclamation “A full measure of retaliation”: Upper Canada, January 1814 . 381 Henry Kent: A Winter’s March Across the Northern Ice: Saint John, New Brunswick– Kingston, Upper Canada, Winter 1814 . 387 Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Wellington, to Henry, Earl Bathurst Prosecuting War on America: Garris, France, February 1814 . 393 The Crew of USS Essex to the Crew of HMS Phoebe Fighting Words: Valparaiso Harbor, Chile, March 1814 . 396 A Midshipman of HMS Phoebe to the Crew of USS Essex “Your vile infamy”: Valparaiso Harbor, Chile, March 1814 . 398 David G. Farragut: from The Life of David Glasgow Farragut The Capture of USS Essex: Off Valparaiso, Chile, March 1814 . 400 Andrew Jackson to John Wood Words Before an Execution: Mississippi Territory, March 1814 . 406 FFM_Warof1812_LOA_791392.inddM_Warof1812_LOA_791392.indd xxiviv 11/17/13/17/13 111:111:11 AAMM contents xv Andrew Jackson to Rachel Jackson Battle of Horseshoe Bend: Mississippi Territory, March 1814 . 409 Robert Young to Phineas Riall British Unrest at Fort Niagara: Niagara Frontier, March 1814 . 412 George McFeely: Diary Second Battle of Lacolle Mill: Lower Canada, March 1814 . 413 Benjamin F. Browne: from “Papers of an old Dartmoor Prisoner” The Rough Allies of Dartmoor: Devon, England, Spring–Summer 1814. 417 Alexander Cochrane: Proclamation A British Appeal to American Slaves: Bermuda, April 1814 . 424 Thomas Jeff erson: from a letter to John Adams “The Attila of the age dethroned”: Virginia, April 1814 . 426 Henry, Earl Bathurst to George Prevost British Aims in North America: London, June 1814. 429 Albert Gallatin to James Monroe “Pride and vindictive passions”: London, June 1814 . 432 Stephen Popham to James Yeo Battle of Sandy Creek: Upstate New York, May 1814 . 435 N. W. Hibbard to Alvin Hunt Carrying the Cable: Upstate New York, May–June 1814 . 438 Jarvis Hanks: Memoir A Tale of Five Deserters: Niagara Frontier, June 1814 . 442 William E.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fort Mchenry Fort in 1814 Prevented the Capture of Baltimore the Patuxent River with 20 Warships and 3,400 and Inspired Francis Scott Key to Write "The Troops
    The repulse of a British naval attack against this In mid-August the expeditionary force entered Fort McHenry fort in 1814 prevented the capture of Baltimore the Patuxent River with 20 warships and 3,400 and inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The troops. The British landed at Benedict, Md., and Star Spangled Banner " at the battle of Bladensburg on the 24th routed the American militia defending the capital. That evening the British entered Washington. The well-disciplined British army succeeded in de­ stroying government buildings and property, but it also greatly inflamed American bitterness against the British. From 1793 to 1815 England and France were engaged in a world war. Intent on crushing Because the Bay was considered unhealthy in each other, both countries confiscated American the late summer, Admiral Cochrane had merchant ships and cargoes in an attempt to planned to attack Washington, leave the Chesa­ prevent supplies from reaching the enemy, acts peake, and attack Rhode Island. He would then considered by many Americans as violations of move southward attacking vulnerable points their neutral rights. along the coast, including Baltimore, until he reached New Orleans. General Ross concurred The situation was made hotter by British im­ with this plan, but Admiral Cockburn urged pressment of American seamen and the de­ Cochrane to launch an immediate attack on mands of the "war hawks',' a group of southern Baltimore. The British force reembarked on and western congressmen who wanted the their ships at Benedict and set sail down the United States to expand into British Canada Bay. For some reason Cochrane changed his and Spanish Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • The Documentary History of the Campaign on the Niagara Frontier in 1814
    Documentary History 9W ttl# ampatgn on tl?e lagara f rontier iMiaM. K«it*«l fisp the Luntfy« Lfluiil "'«'>.,-,.* -'-^*f-:, : THE DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF THE CAMPAIGN ON THE - NIAGARA FRONTIER IN 1814. EDITED FOR THE LUNDTS LANE HISTORICAL SOCIETY BY CAPT. K. CRUIK8HANK. WELLAND PRINTBD AT THE THIBVNK OKKICB. F-5^0 15 21(f615 ' J7 V.I ^L //s : The Documentary History of the Campaign on the Niagara Frontier in 1814. LIEVT.COL. JOHN HARVEY TO Mkl^-iiE^, RIALL. (Most Beoret and Confidential.) Deputy Adjutant General's Office, Kingston, 28rd March, 1814. Sir,—Lieut. -General Drummond having had under his con- sideration your letter of the 10th of March, desirinjr to be informed of his general plan of defence as far as may be necessary for your guidance in directing the operations of the right division against the attempt which there is reason to expect will be made by the enemy on the Niagara frontier so soon as the season for operations commences, I have received the commands of the Lieut.-General to the following observations instructions to communicate you and y The Lieut. -General concurs with you as to the probability of the enemy's acting on the ofTensive as soon as the season permits. Having, unfortunately, no accurate information as to his plans of attack, general defensive arrangements can alone be suggested. It is highly probable that independent of the siege of Fort Niagara, or rather in combination with the atttick on that place, the enemy \vill invade the District of Niagara by the western road, and that he may at the same time land a force at Long Point and per- haps at Point Abino or Fort Erie.
    [Show full text]
  • William Croghan, Sr
    WILLIAM CROGHAN, SR. [1752-1822]: A PIONEER KENTUCKY GENTLEMAN BY SAMUEL W. THOMAS, PH.D. Louisville, Kentucky By 1790, William Croghan was prepared to build his country seat. He was a veteran of the Revolutionary War, an accomplished surveyor, a rising entrepreneur, and within the year would become a father. The home he constructed a few miles northeast of Louisville, Kentucky, now on Blankenbaker Lane, withstood the test of time and in 1961 was purchased by the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the County of Jefferson. It has been restored by Jefferson County and Historic Homes Foundation, Inc. of Louisville to preserve and demonstrate a way of life led by a prominent pioneer Kentucky family and to serve as a fitting memorial to the home's most illustrious occupant, George Rogers Clark [1752-1818].1 William Croghan married General Clark's sister, Lucy Clark [1765-1838] in 1789 and the retired western military leader came to live permanently at the Croghan home, Locust Grove, in 1809. This paper is the result of the research program undertaken for the restoration of Locust Grove. The author wishes to thank Historic Homes Foundation, Inc. for its most generous support of the project. The land for Major Croghan's country seat was purchased on April 10, 1790, from a fellow surveyor, Hancock Lee [ca. 1736-1820]. The 387-acre tract near the fails of the Ohio River had been part of Colonel William Peachy's [1729-1802] 1,000-acre military land grant and its purchase cost 341 pounds.2 While the Georgian brick house was under construction, the family maintained a log cabin.
    [Show full text]
  • North Country Notes
    Clinton County Historical Association North Country Notes Issue #414 Fall, 2014 Henry Atkinson: When the Lion Crouched and the Eagle Soared by Clyde Rabideau, Sn I, like most people in this area, had not heard of ing the same year, they earned their third campaigu Henry Atkinson's role in the history of Plattsburgh. streamer at the Battle of Lundy Lane near Niagara It turns out that he was very well known for serving Falls, when they inflicted heavy casualties against the his country in the Plattsburgh area. British. Atkinson was serving as Adjutant-General under Ma- jor General Wade Hampton during the Battle of Cha- teauguay on October 25,1814. The battle was lost to the British and Wade ignored orders from General James Wilkinson to return to Cornwall. lnstead, he f retreated to Plattsburgh and resigned from the Army. a Colonel Henry Atkinson served as commander of the a thirty-seventh Regiment in Plattsburgh until March 1, :$,'; *'.t. 1815, when a downsizing of the Army took place in the aftermath of the War of 1812. The 6'h, 11'h, 25'h, Brigadier General Henry Atkinson 2'7th, zgth, and 37th regiments were consolidated into Im age courtesy of www.town-of-wheatland.com the 6th Regiment and Colonel Henry Atkinson was given command. The regiment was given the number While on a research trip, I was visiting Fort Atkin- sixbecause Colonel Atkinson was the sixth ranking son in Council Bluffs, Nebraska and picked up a Colonel in the Army at the time. pamphlet that was given to visitors.
    [Show full text]
  • DOCUMENT RESUME RC 021 689 AUTHOR Many Nations
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 424 046 RC 021 689 AUTHOR Frazier, Patrick, Ed. TITLE Many Nations: A Library of Congress Resource Guide for the Study of Indian and Alaska Native Peoples of the United States. INSTITUTION Library of Congress, Washington, DC. ISBN ISBN-0-8444-0904-9 PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 357p.; Photographs and illustrations may not reproduce adequately. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Books (010) Guides Non-Classroom (055) -- Reference Materials Directories/Catalogs (132) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC15 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Alaska Natives; American Indian Culture; *American Indian History; American Indian Languages; *American Indian Studies; *American Indians; Annotated Bibliographies; Federal Indian Relationship; *Library Collections; *Resource Materials; Tribes; United States History IDENTIFIERS *Library of Congress ABSTRACT The Library of Congress has a wealth of information on North American Indian people but does not have a separate collection or section devoted to them. The nature of the Librarv's broad subject divisions, variety of formats, and methods of acquisition have dispersed relevant material among a number of divisions. This guide aims to help the researcher to encounter Indian people through the Library's collections and to enhance the Library staff's own ability to assist with that encounter. The guide is arranged by collections or divisions within the Library and focuses on American Indian and Alaska Native peoples within the United States. Each
    [Show full text]
  • 9 the British Alliance of 1812–14
    9 The British Alliance of 1812–14 Chapter Outline This chapter examines the War of 1812 and, in particular, the role that Tecumseh had in this event. By the early 1800s, the intentions of the Americans were clear. The Americans were expanding, and it would be to the west where they would seek land. The War of 1812 can be viewed as a continu- ance of the American War of Independence, as this inconclusive war had left unresolved several im- portant matters, such as those relating to Indigenous Peoples and their lands. In a similar fashion to Obwandiyag, Tecumseh, a part-Shawnee and part-Cree leader, rose to the forefront as an advocate for a pan-Indigenous movement. Like Obwandiyag, Tecumseh was linked to a prophet. Tenskwa- tawa was known as the Shawnee Prophet and happened to be Tecumseh’s brother. Tenskwatawa argued that no particular tribe had the right to give up land as its own. Tecumseh had a particular disdain for Americans as both his father and brother were killed in US frontier wars. He chose to side with the British not because he favoured them but rather because he saw them as the lesser of two evils. Tecumseh challenged the cessions of lands that the Americans were obtaining, particularly those claimed in Indiana Territory. Throughout 1812 to 1813, Tecumseh led Indigenous forces to victory af- ter victory over the Americans. Tecumseh eventually met his demise at Moraviantown where, unsup- ported by British troops that had been promised, he was killed in October 1813. The death of Tecum- seh had immediate impacts since no leader could fill his role as a catalyst for a pan-Indigenous move- ment.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction of the Massachusetts Constitution
    Construction of the Massachusetts Constitution ROBERT J. TAYLOR J. HI s YEAR marks tbe 200tb anniversary of tbe Massacbu- setts Constitution, the oldest written organic law still in oper- ation anywhere in the world; and, despite its 113 amendments, its basic structure is largely intact. The constitution of the Commonwealth is, of course, more tban just long-lived. It in- fluenced the efforts at constitution-making of otber states, usu- ally on their second try, and it contributed to tbe shaping of tbe United States Constitution. Tbe Massachusetts experience was important in two major respects. It was decided tbat an organic law should have tbe approval of two-tbirds of tbe state's free male inbabitants twenty-one years old and older; and tbat it sbould be drafted by a convention specially called and chosen for tbat sole purpose. To use the words of a scholar as far back as 1914, Massachusetts gave us 'the fully developed convention.'^ Some of tbe provisions of the resulting constitu- tion were original, but tbe framers borrowed heavily as well. Altbough a number of historians have written at length about this constitution, notably Prof. Samuel Eliot Morison in sev- eral essays, none bas discussed its construction in detail.^ This paper in a slightly different form was read at the annual meeting of the American Antiquarian Society on October IS, 1980. ' Andrew C. McLaughlin, 'American History and American Democracy,' American Historical Review 20(January 1915):26*-65. 2 'The Struggle over the Adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts, 1780," Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 50 ( 1916-17 ) : 353-4 W; A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts (Boston, 1917); 'The Formation of the Massachusetts Constitution,' Massachusetts Law Quarterly 40(December 1955):1-17.
    [Show full text]
  • Baine's [!] History of the Late
    y'^^^^ > .3 ^.. v-^^ .o< ^ r^: c"^ 00 ,*^ v: 0" ^ * ^t. v^^ :^, A^ iv '=t ^^ 00^ oH vO V,-^ •^.-^77;^^G^ Oo. A -f. ?: -%.%^ °-'>^i^'.' ^>- 'If, . -vV 1 "'r-t/t/'*^ "i" v^ .''^ «^r "^ - /^ ^ *<, s^ ^0 ^ ^ s}> -r;^. ^^. .- .>r-^. ^ '^ '^. ,^^«iy' c « O. ..s^J^ i^ » ,,$^ 'V. aN^' -. ^ ^ s , o * O , ^ y 0" .. °^ :f' .1 / BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN; WITH A CTJllTlCAli ATTEXmX, &c BY EBENEZER HARLOW CUMMINS, A. M. BALTIMOBE: riinted by Benja. Edes, corner of Second and Ga/.streets 1820. ADVERTISEMENT. Since the late hostilities with Great Britain, several books have been published in the United States purporting to be histories of tiie war. No one of tliem, it is believed, can be received as generally authentic: the whole adding little to the literary char- acter of the country. Of those most g-en'^rally circulated, we can speak the least favourably, as specimens of history, which means something more than compilations from newspapers, or a tirade of epithets stigmatising our adversaries. Two or three stipendi- aries occupied the fore ground in the race of the booksellers for the market of the United States, producing interesting though coarse compilations; which, while the feelings created by the war were still in Hvely existence, were read with sensations of pleas- ure. But no one now will ascribe to their works, the name, much less the character of history. Weems' life of Marion, in which the author has collated and embellished many interesting events, with the view to a popular book, has greatly superiour pretensions to either. With enough of fact to challenge, at this late day, the credence of most readers, it excels in all kinds of jest and fancy; and administers abundantly of the finest entertain- ment to the lovers of fun.
    [Show full text]
  • Monuments and Memories in Ontario, 1850-2001
    FORGING ICONOGRAPHIES AND CASTING COLONIALISM: MONUMENTS AND MEMORIES IN ONTARIO, 1850-2001 By Brittney Anne Bos A thesis submitted to the Department of History In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (September 2016) Copyright ©Brittney Anne Bos, 2016 ii Abstract Commemorations are a critical window for exploring the social, political, and cultural trends of a specific time period. Over the past two centuries, the commemorative landscape of Ontario reaffirmed the inclusion/exclusion of particular racial groups. Intended as static markers to the past, monuments in particular visually demonstrated the boundaries of a community and acted as ongoing memorials to existing social structures. Using a specific type of iconography and visual language, the creators of monuments imbued the physical markers of stone and bronze with racialized meanings. As builders were connected with their own time periods and social contexts, the ideas behind these commemorations shifted. Nonetheless, creators were intent on producing a memorial that educated present and future generations on the boundaries of their “imagined communities.” This dissertation considers the carefully chosen iconographies of Ontario’s monuments and how visual symbolism was attached to historical memory. Through the examination of five case studies, this dissertation examines the shifting commemorative landscape of Ontario and how memorials were used to mark the boundaries of communities. By integrating the visual analysis of monuments and related images, it bridges a methodological and theoretical gap between history and art history. This dissertation opens an important dialogue between these fields of study and demonstrates how monuments themselves are critical “documents” of the past.
    [Show full text]
  • Jean Lafitte Elementar
    Jean Lafitte Elementar Historic Homes • Gardens • Artifacts • Costumed Crafts People Boat Tours • Gift Shop • Restaurant Standards Standards as developed by the Louisiana Department of Education. Available online at http://www.vermilionville.org/vermilionville/educate/lesson-plans. Grade 2 Social Studies Standard 4 – Citizenship GLE 2.4.1: Describe the character traits of good citizens and discuss examples of responsible citizens Grade 3 Social Studies Foundations of the American Political Systems GLE #28: Explain the responsibilities of individuals in making a community and state a better place to live (C-1B-E2) Roles of the Citizens GLE #29: Identify the qualities of people who were leaders and good citizens as shown by their honesty, courage, trustworthiness, and patriotism (C-1D-E3) Louisiana and United States History GLE #53: Identify people and their influence in the early development of Louisiana (H-1C-E1) Objectives 1. The student will discuss Jean Lafitte’s life as a pirate and a privateer in Louisiana. 2. The student will identify the differences between a pirate and a privateer. 3. The student will triangulate a mock underwater archeological site. 4. The student will describe Jean Lafitte’s role in the Battle of New Orleans. Pre-Visit Activity Materials needed: Bad Guys and Gals of the High Seas book (see Resources for more information) Teachers. We have made two introduction documents available to you on our website – a word document as well as a PowerPoint with pictures depicting the cultures that we represent. Please take some time to review these two documents with your class prior to your visit here.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom by Reaching the Wooden World: American Slaves and the British Navy During the War of 1812
    Freedom by Reaching the Wooden World: American Slaves and the British Navy during the War of 1812. Thomas Malcomson Les noirs américains qui ont échappé à l'esclavage pendant la guerre de 1812 l'ont fait en fuyant vers les navires de la marine britannique. Les historiens ont débattu de l'origine causale au sein de cette histoire, en la plaçant soit entièrement dans les mains des esclaves fugitifs ou les Britanniques. L'historiographie a mis l'accent sur l'expérience des réfugiés dans leur lieu de réinstallation définitive. Cet article réexamine la question des causes et se concentre sur la période comprise entre le premier contact des noirs américains qui ont fuit l'esclavage et la marine britannique, et le départ définitif des ex-esclaves avec les Britanniques à la fin de la guerre. L'utilisation des anciens esclaves par les Britanniques contre les Américains en tant que guides, espions, troupes armées et marins est examinée. Les variations locales en l'interaction entre les esclaves fugitifs et les Britanniques à travers le théâtre de la guerre, de la Chesapeake à la Nouvelle-Orléans, sont mises en évidence. As HMS Victorious lay at anchor in Lynnhaven Bay, off Norfolk, in the early morning hours of 10 March 1813, a boat approached from the Chesapeake shore.1 Its occupants, nine American Black men drew the attention of the sailors in the guard boat circling the 74 gun ship. The men were runaway slaves. After a cautious inspection, the guard boat’s crew towed them to the Victorious where the nine Black men climbed up the ship’s side and entered freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Entitled a History of Fort Meigs
    A Thesis entitled A History of Fort Meigs: The Fort‘s Reconstruction as Reflection of Sense of Place to Northwest Ohio by Ashley A. Johnson Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in History ________________________________________________ Dr .Diane Britton, Committee Chair ________________________________________________ Dr. Michael Jakobson, Committee Member ________________________________________________ Professor Barbara Floyd, Committee Member ________________________________________________ Dr. Patricia R. Komuniecki, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo May 2011 Copyright 2011, Ashley A. Johnson This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no part of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An abstract of A History of Fort Meigs: The Fort‘s Reconstruction as Reflection of Sense of Place to Northwest Ohio by Ashley A. Johnson Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in History The University of Toledo May 2011 Fort Meigs has endured for nearly 200 years due to its sense of place it offers to northwest Ohio. A sense of place consists of an area that offers locals an anchor of identity and explanation to understand their place and existence in time and space. In 1813, Fort Meigs first served northwest Ohio through the War of 1812 campaigns after the disastrous River Raisin Massacre and other repeated American losses; the two campaigns at the fort helped to turn the war in America‘s favor. Following the war period, the fort continued to serve the area by providing a space and backdrop for such things as political campaigns, memorial grounds for soldiers, celebrations of American war victories, and as a recreational area.
    [Show full text]