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Mediterranean Plants from Chile for Displays at Longwood Gardens

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Mediterranean Plants from Chile for Displays at Longwood Gardens MEDITERRANEAN PLANTS FROM CHILE FOR DISPLAYS AT LONGWOOD GARDENS by Rodney Todd Eason A thesis submitted to the Faculty of The University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Public Horticulture Spring 2002 02002 Rodney Todd Eason All Rights Reserved I I 1 MEDITERRANEAN PLANTS FROM CHILE FOR DISPLAYS AT LONGWOOD GARDENS by Rodney Todd Eason Approved by James E. Swasey, PhD. Longwood Graduate Program Coordinator, Chairman of Thesis Research Committee Robin Morgan, PhD. Dean of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Conrad0 M. Gempesaw 11, PhD. Vice Provost of Academic Programs and Planning ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My extreme gratitude goes to Longwood Gardens, Longwood Graduate Program Executive Committee, and The University of Delaware. Thanks to my committee members Tomasz AniSko, Mark Bridgen, and James Swasey for all of their feedback and support during the research process. I must express appreciation to all who helped with this thesis by providing time and/or support: Ann Cook, Iris Gestram, Daniel Hinkley, Femanda Larrain, Eduardo Olate, Frederick Roberts, William Simeral, and Jerry Stites. Respectfully, I want to acknowledge my classmates, Melissa Butler, Kelly Roderick, Shannon Still, and Cindy Tejral and our benevolent overseer, Geraldine Zuka. Gratitude also goes to my wife, Carrie Z. Eason and our son, Alexander Todd Eason for their patience, support, and smiles. I In memory of Irwin F. Zablocky and J.C. Raulston iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................. vi.. LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... vi1.. ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... xi1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1 l2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................... 3 3 INTRODUCTION TO MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATES ........... 8 4 MEDITERRANEAN CHILE ........................................................ 11 5 RESULTS ...................................................................................... 20 Survey responses ............................................................................ 20 Target plants recommended for display ........................................ 38 Abutilon vitifolium (Cav.) Kearney....................................... 39 Alstroemeria magnifica ssp. maxima (Phil.) E.Bayer ........... 40 Aristolochia chilensis Bridges ex Lindl ................................ 41 Calandrinia sp....................................................................... 42 Calceolaria sp....................................................................... 43 Cestrum parqui L’Herit......................................................... 44 Chlorea chrysantha Poepp..................................................... 45 Cissarobyron elegans Kunze ex Poepp ................................. 46 Drimys winteri Forst . & Forst ................................................ 47 Escallonia rubra (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers ..................................... 48 Eupatorium salvia Colla........................................................ 49 Fabiana imbricata Ruiz & Pav ............................................. 50 Lepechinia salviae (Lindl.) Epling........................................ 51 Leucocoryne coquimbensis F . Phil ........................................ 52 Leucocoryne ixioides (Hook.) Lindl ...................................... 53 Lobelia polyphylla Hook . & Am ........................................... 54 Lobelia tupa L ........................................................................ 55 Nolana paradoxa Lindl .......................................................... 56 Oenothera acaulis Cav.......................................................... 57 Pasithea caerulea D . Don ...................................................... 58 Passijlora pinnatistipula Cav................................................ 59 Phycella bicolor (Ruiz & Pav.) Herb .................................... 60 Puya berteroniana Mez ......................................................... 61 iv Chapter 5 Puya chilensis Molina............................................................ 62 Puya coerulea Lindl ............................................................... 63 Rhodophiala advena (Ker-Gawl.) Traub .............................. 64 6 DISCUSSION ................................................................................ 67 Additional plants recommended for display ................................. 72 Araucaria araucana (Molina) K . Koch ................................. 73 Argylia radiata (L.) D.Don ..................................................... 74 Carpobrotus chilensis (Molina) N . E . Br ............................... 75 Cordia decandra Hook . & Am .............................................. 74 Crucbhanbia verticiluta Phillippi ......................................77 Embothrium coccineum Forst . & Forst.................................. 78 Geum chiloensis Balb . ex Ser................................................. 79 Libertiaformosa Graham....................................................... 80 Lupinus microcarpus Sims..................................................... 81 Oxalis gigantea Barneoud ...................................................... 82 Rhodophiala bagnoldii (Herb.) Traub .................................... 83 Senecio yegua (Colla) Cabr.................................................... 84 Senna cumingii (Hook. & Am.) Irwin & Barneby................ 85 Solanum ligustrinum Lodd..................................................... 86 Target plants not recommended for display .................................. 88 7 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ............................ 94 Appendix A FINAL TARGET LIST ................................................................. 96 B EXPEDITION PLANNING .......................................................... 98 C TRAVEL LOG FROM RESEARCH EXPEDITION TO CENTRAL CHILE; 15-28 OCTOBER 200 1 ............................. 100 Literature Cited ................................................................................................. 113 V LIST OF TABLES 5.01 Results to question 12 ............................................................................. 32 5.02 Target plants recommended for display .................................................. 65 6.01 Additional plants recommended for display ........................................... 87 vi LIST OF FIGURES Mediterranean climates of the world ....................................................... 8 Mediterranean Chile represented by shading ......................................... 11 South America with shaded area from Fig . 4.01 .................................... 11 Comparison of average monthly rainfall; La Serena. Santiago. and Concepcion. 1979-98 ...................................................... 13 Comparison of average monthly temperatures; La Serena. Santiago. and Concepcion. 1979-98 ...................................................... 14 Clouds over Pacific coastal range near Parque Nacional Fray Jorge ..... 16 Results to question 1 .............................................................................. 21 Results to question 2 .............................................................................. 22 Results to question 3 .............................................................................. 23 f"l Results to question 4 .............................................................................. 24 \. Results to question 5 .............................................................................. 25 Results to question 6 .............................................................................. 26 Results to question 7 .............................................................................. 27 Results to question 8 .............................................................................. 28 Results to question 9 .............................................................................. 29 Results to question 11 ............................................................................ 31 Results to question 14 ............................................................................ 33 Results to question 15 ............................................................................ 34 Results to question 16 ............................................................................ 35 Results to question 17 ............................................................................ 36 Abutilon vitifolium ................................................................................. 39 vii . .I Abutilon vitifolium observed location .................................................... 39 Alstoemeria magnzjka ssp. maxima ....................................................... 40 Alstoemeria magnijica ssp . maxima observed location ......................... 40 Aristolochia chilensis ............................................................................ 41 Aristolochia chilensis observed location................................................ 41 Calandrinia sp . foliage .......................................................................... 42 Calandrinia sp . flower ..........................................................................
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