UNIWERSYTET MIKO ŁAJA KOPERNIKA
Nicolaus Copernicus University
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Written by:Arturo Remírez Ruiz Erasmus student Agronomic Engineer Torun (Pl), June 2011
Project supervisors Dr hab. Prof.ADAM CZARNECKI AND Dr.ANNA LEWANDOWSKA-CZARNECKA
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Acknowledgements
I want to thanks to people who led me in this project, Dr hab. prof. Adam Czarnecki and special thanks also to Dr. Anna Lewandowska-Czarnecka. Also Jose Luis Ochoa García and Kinga Ostrowicka, Adrianna Ostrowicka and Jolanta Kwiecieo who help me to translate many polish information into English. Also thank you to farmers which received us in their farm for their hospitality.
Torun, June 2011
Arturo Remirez
Page 2
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
INDEX
Acknowledgements p.2
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………p.4 1.1. Introduction p.4 1.2. Agriculture in Europe p.5 1.2.1. Animal production p.5 1.2.1.1. Cattle production p.7 1.2.1.2. Milk production p.8 1.2.1.3. Pig farms p.10 1.2.1.3.1. Production of pigmeat p.11 1.2.2. Crop production in Europe p.12 1.3. Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) p.16 1.3.1. Direct pays p.17 1.3.1.1. Conditionality p.17 1.3.1.2. Modulation p.17 1.3.2. Single Euro payment p18 1.4. Farm structure in Poland, some statics p.19 1.5. Structure of local community Gmina p.22
2. Scientific approach and methods……………………………………………………….p.23 2.1 Model of farming system p.23 2.2. Methods and protocol p.24 2.2.1. Data collection p.24 2.2.2. Data processing p.24 2.2.3. Method of energy flows p.25 2.3.3. Energy equivalents p.27 2.3. Materials p.32 2.3.1. Data of Steklinek (Czernikowo gmina) p.32 2.3.2. Farms information p.36
3. Results ………………………………………………………………………………………………p.60 3.1. Tellarini´s mode results p.68
4. Discussion of results……………………………………………………………………………p.84
5. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………p.88
6. Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………..p.89
Page 3
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
1-Introduction
1.1-Introduction
Agriculture in Europe has been very aggressive with the environment and also with the fossil fuels. In the beginning of the agriculture globalization, was very common to produce caring about the environment, this activity produce a great impact in the soil structure as well as the environmental situation.
In Europe was very common to plow the land many times as the farmer consider it necessary, so it meant waste great amount of energy and other inputs. Besides, they didn´t think about the environment health so they used to use big quantities of pesticides, fertilizers. This mentality did that many aquifers and lots of rivers were polluted and they were unable to human use, so this kind of agriculture has change bit a bit.
Other big problem of old agriculture was the big erosion of the fields, losing its structure and the capacity to stand crops, decreasing performance of fields and providing lot of natural fertilizers, so occurs the same problem mentioned above.
Nowadays this is changing; the trend is a sustainable agriculture with few quantities of inputs and worried about the environment. One of these tenancies is the non-plow; this is one of the solutions for the erosion problem in Europe. Also, Furthermore the EU Government is promoting sustainable farming giving some special subsides to these farmers according to CAP mentioned in a following section.
Poland is emerging from a communist mentality to a capitalist one. It means, now the farmers are thinking about produce like a business more than satisfying their own needs. So Poland now is like EU twenty years ago, farmers are using big amount of fossil fuels and big quantities of inputs, although day by day are thinking about sustainability and how to perform their crops in a respectful way with the environment because they have lots of problems with erosion soil and maybe in a closer future with water pollution because of fertilizers.
Nowadays, Poland is developing its economy and as a consequence of this, enterprises whose want to set its factories in Estern Europe choose Poland for its possibilities.
Page 4
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Therefore, we are going to do a research about the situation of the livestock activity in the Northern of Poland, doing a flow matter study about main inputs and outputs of polish farms.
Kujawsko- Pomorskie
Also, we want to look for concrete results doing some templates with the farmers, asking important points about inputs and outputs above mentioned.
Firstly we have to know some important points about livestock situation in Europe and Poland, so we facilitate some data below to have few ideas to understand better the research.
1.2-Agriculture in Europe
1.2.1-Animal production
The general trend in Europe is the specialization of the agricultural holdings in some livestock farming. As we can see in the statistics, one European agricultural holding out of every five is a specialized livestock farm; for breeding herbivores like cattle, sheep and goats, Its is needed a very big area of meadows. On the other hand, in many cases pigs and poultry don´t use meadows, they are breeding with a “non-soil” husbandry techniques.
Therefore, in the northern countries of the union which are more humid than the others is most common to find specialized herbivores holdings, as in France that approximately a third of farms are specialize in this way, compared with 40% in Belgium and Germany, and 50% to 60% in United Kingdom, Austria…
Page 5
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
As we can see in the graph, in the wet countries are more common breed herbivores, as we can see in U.K. the percentage of all farms specialized in breeding herbivores are between 50- 93 percent, like Netherlands and Austria. Nevertheless, they are not the most manufacturers of bovine production, so it does not depends on the number of farms holdings, it depends on the breed system of production and the specialization of the farms. This explains the huge production of France over U.K. and also that Italy is over U.K. although having a very big difference in the percentage of herbivores farms.
On the other hand pigs and poultry farms are less common and 80% of them, can be found in just three countries: Romania (46%), Poland (17%) and Hungary (17%).
Page 6
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
1.2.1.1- Cattle production
Cattle live in rainfall places and where the grass is good in comparison with sheeps that could live in places where the vegetation scarce and is few nutritive. So this is one of the reasons why we find the most of the cattle heads in the moisture land, where the wind is rich of water and rain a lot. Thereby, those places have very good meadows and are very rich in pastures for cattle.
Cattle numbers have fallen slowly over the past decade, while the numbers of pigs have been established. From2008 to 2009 the number of cattle in the EU decreased by 0,7%.
In the EU we divided cattle meat in two: cattle under one year old are called “young cattle” or veal, and the rest “adult cattle” or beef.
Ireland, the Netherlands and France produce over 52% of the veal produced in EU. France, Germany and Italy produce similar proportion of beef (51%).
In the graph below, we can see the data mentioned above.
Page 7
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
1.2.1.2-Milk production
Milk production counts for third of the total value of animal production in the Union. The value of its milk production nearly €7 billion, puts France in second place behind Germany. Its production is valued in €8 billion or 18% of the EU total.
The production structures are different in each countries, for example, in France the 91% of the dairy cattle is on farms with between 20 and 100 heads, comparing with German that they have more large dairy holdings represented by 64% of the holdings.
In Czech Republic and Slovakia the holding predomination are smaller than the others mentioned above, represented by the 10% of the total. Also in other countries like Romania, Lithuania…predominate the small livestock farms.
The destination of the collected milk can be divided in several destinations:
-Fresh products that were used almost 29% of the production. -Direct milk and cream for direct consumption about 24%. -Other fresh products (yoghurt and milk based drinks) 5%. Over two thirds of the milk was used for manufactured products, mainly butter and cheese.
Page 8
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
There are two different ways of producing milk. From cows on grazing land which requires sufficiently productive grassland and from cows in “non-soil”. The second method needs either arable land for the production of forages or concentrated feed, imports feed of other regions or countries.
Source: eurostat 2005
Page 9
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
1.2.1.3-Pig farms.
In Europe, pig meat is produced on several types of farms from one member to another. The most important productive zones are between Denmark to Belgium and accounts 30% of European sows. Although, there are another important regions like Spain, Italy, France and some areas in central Poland and Northern Croatia.
In the picture below, we can see the distribution of sows in Europe appreciating the concentration of pigs in many areas.
Source: Eurostat , number of sows by region.
As we can see in the map, there are many groups of dots are concentrated in many specific areas. These areas are very typically because there are lots of industries. For example, in Cataluña, East of Spain, there are huge concentrations of dot because there are lots of fatteners and slaughterers, also in the south, in Murcia there are lot of processing industry of pigmeat.
In pig production we can divide the production in three categories: piglets, breeding sows and others. However, in other many sources we can obtain two specific way to analyze the production very similar to the before mentioned:
Farrowing sows for the production of weaned piglets.
The breeding of those piglets, as future breeding animals or as a pigs for slaughtering.
Page 10 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Pig sector have two sides, the first one is a non-organized sector of genetic selection, and it is managed depending on each farm and each herd, the breeding animals being kept to obtain in the future piglets and also they can purchase board to natural services with the sows. In Poland are very common this kind of farms.
The second sector is more sophisticated and the pigs are produced in specialized farms having one selection scheme. The sows are usually inseminated artificially and their farrows are controlled. Depending on the efficiency of the scheme, the pig fattening performance is improved. The functions of breeders, farrowers and fatteners can be joined and the fattening can be divided into growing and finishing.
Besides the numerous small fatteners, the others are shared between other kinds of farms mentioned below:
-Small fatteners: there are no sows and all the efforts are focused on breed the piglets for own consumption (almost 10pigs), this is the main reason which why they can´t enter into the production market, because their limitation of being self-producers.
-Large fatteners: This kind of production is almost the same but the main difference is the number pigs to fattened, almost 400 pigs, compared with small fatteners they are more organized and have more resources. This type of production is very common in ten countries: Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Finland, Sweden and United Kingdom. These countries represent three quarters of the UE pigmeat production.
Large breeders: Here we can find the mothers of the piglets mentioned above, these kind of farm count with at least 400 pigs and 100 sows. This kind of production is common in five countries: Czech Republic, Ireland, Greece, Cyprus and Portugal, where the production is concentrated in a less organized production sector.
Other pigs farms: manage with an important amount of other kind of pigs in Europe, more than two thirds in Malta, Austria and Poland, this reflects the level of concentration but which is limited by the farm size.
The housing of pigs can vary from confined building, for a quick and standardized growing, to outdoor extensive production. Extensive production must be in response to consumer demand or used for own consumption, on the other hand, intensive production is conducted due to optimized intensive methods.
In such cases, the piglets grown and fattened in winter have to use cereals and it condition the price of the meat because of the value of the crops are increasing each year.
1.2.1.3.1- Production of pigmeat.
Pigmeat is produced from the slaughtering of live pigs; pigmeat production has seasonal variations due to lower sow fertility in summer. This production has a cycle variation which
Page 11 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
takes less than two years and a half, but this variation is less risky than the animal crisis or economic changes.
Nowadays, four countries contributed 62% to the total of exports in Europe, but in the official statistics, is not usual to cover domestic slaughtering, and this kind of exclusion take off the statics about 7% of pigmeat production in the EU.
Countries contribution to pigmeat production appears in the graph below:
Source: http://www.thepigsite.com/articles/7/markets-and-economics/1984/uk-eu-pig-populations-june-2007
The tendency of pigmeat production in fall down low, so it´ll means that the expected production will decrease and the prices will be increase.
1.2.2- Crop production in Europe
Crop production plays a very important role in animal and food security. As a major user for the soil, agriculture shapes the rural landscape. Half of the surface area of Europe is used for agricultural purposes, therefore the importance of the agriculture to the natural environment.
European agriculture is increasing prioritizing the kind of high-quality, environmentally-friendly produce demanded by the market.
The European Union use to divided agriculture in two sections: the first is focuses o on the soil use of certain major arable permanent crops and the second concentrates on the production of certain major crops like wheat, grain maize and rapeseed production.
Page 12 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
In the EU-27 the main crop cultivated are cereals (including rice); Cereal production was increased in 2008 as a result of favorable weather conditions during the year and the high cereal prices of previous year, but the next year decreased because of the bad weather and the reduction of the total cereal area.
Is common that cereals are followed by forage plants and the volume of which varies considerably from country to country, due to different natural conditions, production and consumption.
Below, we can see on the map the percentage of land used to cereals.
Source: eurostat.
Vegetables and fruits crops are becoming increasingly important in terms of food consumption and value. Most of them are concentrated in Mediterranean countries, because in general, the climate of the south of Europe is more favorable to these productions.
Page 13 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
The main crops in Europe are cereals, sugar beet, rape seed, and sunflower. The mostly production of the crops, are concentrated in a small group of countries like France, Germany and Poland; they produce approximately half of the cereals in the EU-27.
The most important cereal production in Europe is wheat, with a production level of approximately 139 million tones. Barley and grain maize productions are quite similar with 62 and 58 million tonnes respectively. In the next graph we can see the main cereal crops according to the main producers.
Source: eurostat
This cereal crops cover almost 50% of utilized agricultural area (UAA) in the northern countries like Poland, Denmark, Sweden…, but in the southern countries of Europe cover a relatively small proportion of the UAA, almost 10% of the surface.
Other important crops that cover a very huge part of arable land are permanent crops. These are crops which stay in the field more than one year, usually five, and it’s not produced in a rotate system. They cover a smaller surface area than annual crops and cereal crops, they are much more regionally concentrated but they also play a very important role in shaping the rural landscape in terms of the environmental balance of agriculture. These permanent crops include orchards, vines, olive trees and all the ligneous crops.
Below will be mentioned the main crops with some productive specific data:
-Wheat production: (common and durum wheat) is the highest production in European agriculture. In 2007, wheat accounted for 46% of cereal production in the EU and It is not only primarily used as human and animal food products, but also for making processed products.
Page 14 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
In this year, the EU has produced 120 million tonnes of wheat on a total area of 24 million hectares. (Eurostat Agricultural statistics 2008)
Some 21 regions account for over half the wheat production in EU, from those 21 regions most of them are in France. This makes this country the biggest producer in the EU with almost 33 million tones of cereal harvested.
Germany is the second biggest producer with 20,9 million tones and It has 8 of these most productive provinces. The rest of the regions contribute 40% of the EU production, including Poland which produce 8,3 million tones and is the fourth biggest producer.
-Grain maize: Latest years the EU has produced 47,5 million tonnes of grain maize which amounts to 18% of all cereal production. It is mainly addressed for animal feed but it is also use for industrial products.
This crop covers a smaller geographical part of EU regions because it´s a crop with a very high needs. So, the northern countries produce a little or no grain maize.
The most of the production are in 14 regions which 7 are in France, again one of the highest producers (14 million tonnes of EU production). The second one is Italy with 4 regions (9,9 million tonnes), then Hungary (4 million tonnes of EU production) with one region and also Spain(3,9 million tonnes of EU production) and Germany(3,85 million tonnes of EU production).
The next regions account for 40% of the EU´s total production. Romania with 3,9 million tonnes is the fourth biggest producer of grain maize.
-Rapeseed: 18,1 million tonnes were produced in the EU. Rapeseed is use in the manufacture of oil and animal feeding. The production of this product is increasing year by year because of the high demand of renewable energy sources, such as biodiesel.
The 13 regions that produce the most rapeseed account for at least 50% of total production in the EU. 8 of these regions are in Germany, the biggest rapeseed-producing country with 5,3 million tonnes.
Four of the most productive regions are in France, which is the second biggest producer of rapeseed with 4,6 million tonnes, and Denmark contributes 3,9% of the EU production.
The next 34 regions account for 40% of the EU´s total production. Poland with 2,1 million tonnes is the third biggest producer of rapeseed with 10 regions of the most productive ranking.
-Barley: This production has exceeded grain maize production since 2007 because is much more stable, probably due to the fact that it is less sensitive to weather conditions.
With an increase of 30% between many years, France has become the biggest producer of barley accounting for 19% of EU-27 production closely followed by Germany which produces 18%.
Page 15 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Barley production totaled almost 65 million tonnes accounting for 21% of all cereal production. In the graph below we can see this percentage more clearly:
Source :eurostat
1.3-Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
The common Agricultural Policy has an important role in the process of European integration and the implementation of many objectives according to traditional agricultural production.
This European law plays an important role in the new member state from Central and Eastern Europe, contributing to a slowly inclusion into EU market, allowing a quick adaptation, modernization, restructuring process, and multifunctional development in rural areas.
The community character of the agricultural policy is to avoid the big differences between States because each one has a different approaches and capacity to finance this policy. In spite of having a different approach each State, this policy try to give all members the same opportunity into the EU market.
The EU agriculture and rural areas are responsible of a huge part of European resources, it means that they have to do some efforts to prevent the eradication of biodiversity in rural areas and combat the climate change.
The Common Agricultural Policy has identified three priority areas and enhances the EU´s rural heritage are:
Page 16 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
-Biodiversity and the preservation and development of natural farming and forestry systems, and traditional agricultural landscapes.
-Water management and use.
-Dealing with climate change.
The CAP ensures that its rules are compatible with environmental requirements and that CAP measures promote the development of agricultural practices preserving the environment. Farmers are encouraged to continue playing a positive role in the maintenance of the countryside and the environment.
Besides, will be necessary to reach a compromise between quantitative objectives and environmental objectives, because increasing production cost deteriorate the competitive position of the European farmers compared with other countries.
The new agrarian reform (CAP 2003) introduces a new system of single euro payment and separates the aids from production (dissociation).
The CAP is based on a direct aids system associated with the farm surface, production or heads of livestock. Also with the dissociation, the aids received by the farmers are not associated to any kind of production.
1.3.1-Direct pays
This kind of aids could be valid until 2012, according to several criteria, but they will decrease progressively. Some crops receive a supplementary aid to compensate the incomes of waste causing by the modulation and the transition to the unique pay.
1.3.1.1-Condicionality
The farmers could go for the direct pays only if they keep the land in a healthy condition and produce taking into account of healthy food, environment and welfare.
If, case of negligence, the farmers don´t do their duties, the direct pays could be reduce 5% at least. Although, in case of deliberate failure of fulfill, the percent could decrease more than 20% or finally excluded.
1.3.1.2-Modulation
Between 2005 and 2012 the direct pays will be decreasing each year like the list below:
3% in 2005 4% in 2006
Page 17 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
5% each year
All the money that Europe saves with this modulation will be addressed to members States for rural developments. Each State will receive at least 80% of all save quantity, although they could receive until 90% of the total amount in special cases.
With the purpose to not penalizing the small manufacturers, they can take benefit from the supplementary aids.
1.3.2-Single Euro payment
This pay is an aid which is assigned to the producers regardless of their production. This was established with the purpose of guaranteeing the stability of the incomes and improves the competitiveness and sustainability of the European agriculture.
To receive the Single Euro payment, the producers have had to benefit before of several direct aids. The Single Euro payment is calculated according to the aids received in a reference period.
Page 18 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
1.4- Farm structure in Poland, some statics.
In the last European survey, 2,4 million of agricultural holdings in Poland were recorded, 3,5% less than the previous year. This drop in the results is mainly because of the fall of the small holdings that are not covered by the Single payment systems mentioned in the next section. The number of farms using less than 2ha are decreasing each year.
Nowadays, the average size of polish farms is 12,3ha and is growing with the years because the tendency is to concentrate the land in big farms to cope the holding cost. In the next table, it is shown the average of the European agricultural holdings.
Average UAA / holiding (ha) Classes EU-27 22,0 1 Belgium 29,7 2 Bulgaria 24,3 1 Czech 134,6 4 Republic Denmark 60,0 3 Germany 48,4 2 Estonia 66,5 3 Ireland 34,1 2 Greece 5,6 0 Spain 25,4 2 France 55,7 3 Italy 9,0 0 Cyprus 4,9 0 Latvia 32,2 2 Lithuania 25,0 2 Luxembourg 58,4 3 Hungary 28,8 2 Malta 1,2 0 Netherlands 24,9 1 Austria 19,7 1 Poland 12,3 1 Portugal 18,3 1 Romania 11,0 1 Slovenia 7,5 0 Slovakia 119,3 4 Finland 34,3 2 Sweden 51,9 3 United 80,3 3 Kingdom Norway 20,7 1 Switzerland 17,1 1
Source: Eurostat (ef_ov_kvaaesu)
Page 19 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
These holdings employ 1,7 million annual work units (AWU), this is the equivalence of 1,7 million people working full time.
The farms have 10,7 million of livestock units (LSU) and are increasing each year due to an increase in the number of bovine animals. The distribution of livestock by holding size is represented in next table:
Page 20 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Poland 2008
Source: eurostat, livestaock by size of the farms in Poland 2008.
Referring to these agricultural holdings before mentioned, 38% of them were mixed cropping type and 36% were engaged in mixed livestock. It represents the big mix of ways of producing
Page 21 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
that all the manufacturers have in their farms, having mixed crop production and mixed livestock production at the same time in the same holding.
More than 80% of dairy cows and 60% of the pigs are in farms with less than 50 livestock units.
1.5- Structure of Local community gmina
We focused our study in a local community in the North of Poland; this community is involved in specific structure we can see above in the following graph:
As we can see in this graph, this community is compose of several important pieces. Firstly we can divide it in three main sections which compose the economy of the community. Those are: Equity, Economy and Ecology. We will focus our research in this last one.
In Ecology section, we can find other subsections like ecosystem services, ecological land-use and productive rural areas. These ones are the most important for us because we want to analyze the livestock activity, so our main point is included.
Page 22 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
2. Scientific approach and methods.
2.1 Model of a farming system.
In order to analyze this project, we are going to use model of a mixed-farming system (Tellarini and Caporali, 2000). This model represents by the three main components in which farming system is divided: crops, livestock and soil.
This model analyzes the energy and material flows between these components. This flow constitutes the most important thing for agro ecosystem sustainability.
Source: An input/output methodology to evaluate farms as sustainable agroecosystems: an application of indicators to farms in central Italy (Tellarini, Caporali, 2000)
Each arrow linking two sectors represents both output for the first sector (the origin) and an input for the second sector (to which is directed). It is, thereby, possible to produce a budget for the whole agro ecosystem of both financial flows and energy and material flows (Ulanowicz, 1986). Each of the three sectors (crops, animals and soil) is an aggregate of elementary units, which, from a basic I/O matrix, can be seen to make up a large number of items, varying from one sector to another. For each item, the material, energy and even monetary value flows can be analyzed both to and from the other sectors, and to and from the outside world (Tellarini and Caporali, 2000). In this model, we can see two different main circulations: large circulation and smaller one.
Page 23 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Large circulation is the most complete, it means, the energy and matter flow that go out from crops, for example, is used as input in the next component, livestock. Therefore, it will be the same with the next component, all the energy and matter that we obtain from livestock, for example manure, we use like input to fertilize the soil and try to enhance its structure and texture, then we´ll use this outputs from soil to cultivate crops using as much matter and energy as it is possible in order to keep a sustainable farming and introducing as less inputs as we can. By the other hand, small circulation is only between soil and crops, this concerns all the matter and energy flow between them, it means, all the inputs in the soil must be use to grow up the crops, and for example the rest of the crops that we don´t harvest, we can leave on the field to fertilize the crops and return the matter and energy flow to the start point.
2.2. Methods and protocol
Firstly, we have to know the number of the farms visited. We did do our research on 15 farms from the same region. All of these farms have cultivated some crops during 8 months. And lots of them are breeding animals either to sell or only to cover their own needs. We have focused this research only in those farms which breed some animals either to own needs or sell it, perhaps we will find that all the farms production are mixed, but we only want those farms which breed animals due to, this is, the object of our investigation. So in the end, we´ll have 15 farms to analyze.
2.2.1. Data collection
Other important thing for our research are the templates, these contains some specific and very useful information for our investigation.
These were fulfilled in situ by making a personal interview to the farmers, this gave us more information because we could ask them some details about specific point of the templates and get a truer idea of the situation of the farm. Also the farmers could tell us their problems and worries of the farm live in Poland. When staying on the farm, we took numerous photographs, which constitute my records. I gathered data concerning the farm. Apart of that, we prepare a calculator using Excel, thanks to which, we present the input and output of farm production in energy units. We prepared an information card for each farms, (that we could see later), which included basic information about the place, ownership status, structure of a given farm… These templates we can divide in many parts, first we have one part that is almost social part, it means, show the status of the farmers, kind of production (plant, animal or mixed production), ecological, if the farmer has other sources of benefits, the age of the farmer.. Other part that we can found in the template is one more technical, this shows all the characteristics of the farm, that means, this part is the most important to our loads because here we obtain amount of production, cost of the materials, destination of it, etc.. Also in this “technical” part, we obtain data about type of soils, very important to grow up different crop species, we have production of crops, amount of each animals and their production, (in milk production), amount of meat that they sold… Other important part, we have one only for Energy used in whole farm, including oil, electricity, gas, wood..As many sources of energy as they have, we wrote down in templates.
Page 24 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
2.2.2. Data processing
On the other hand, we made an excel sheet to address data. In this excel we have 7 spread sheets and other page which summarizes all the data from every surveyed farm. These sheets are about: seed material, fertilizers, crop protection chemicals, crops, oils and fuels, human work and electricity and others. All data are taken from the template and are treated with this excel sheets. In these sheets, we had convert our data to energy units in order to evaluate the status of livestock farming. These conversion factors are stipulated in a specific book which we based on it to make our load to make our load. Then we made a table with data from all farms so that we can compare it easily. After this, we have a general view of each farm and at the end we´ll have an idea of the energy and material flow in Polish farms.
2.2.3. Method of energy flows
Nowadays, there are many different kind of analysis of energy balancing, K.-J.Hülbergen et all.(2001) are of the opinion that as we can see below, depending of the boundaries very different pictures of the energy use in agriculture can emerge. Jones (1989) presented a hierarchy of methods which can be applied to analyze aspects of agro-ecosystems. • The thermodynamic analysis represents the highest level and includes all energy flows as well as the entropy and order of the systems.
• The ecosystem analysis includes solar energy. The inclusion of solar energy brings with it a problem of scale. If solar energy is included, then the use of support energy in agricultural systems becomes a very insignificant component of the total energy flow, whereas this is often the component of greatest interest in the system.
• The process analysis is a more mechanistic technique, attempting to trace all the energy inputs into an agricultural system, based on physical material flows.
• Some studies may be described as fossil fuel accounting exercises in which merely the input of direct energy into agricultural systems is calculated.
The method used in this study corresponds to the process analysis. Human labour and solar energy are not usually considered in the energy balance of agricultural production systems. Very different approaches for evaluating the energetic cost of human labour have been suggested. The energy equivalents associated with labour vary considerably, depending on the approach chosen; they must be adapted to the actual living conditions in the target region. Refsgaard et al. (1998) are of the opinion that human labour and fossil energy are too different to be expressed in the same units. Depending on environmental conditions, crops convert only 0.5–5% of the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) into biomass (Greef et al., 1993); the conversion rate shows large fluctuations during the day and from day to day (Dannowski et al., 1981)
We assumed an average field size of 20 ha and an average inner-farm transport distance of 2 km. The machinery used was typical of that used on commercial farms. The concern is only with the input of fossil energy, which consists of two components: fossil energy consumed on the farm in the form of diesel fuel and electricity to power the engines (=direct energy) and fossil energy consumed beyond the farm for the manufacture of the production means (=indirect energy) (Table 2). Inputs of energy for drying, storage, and transport from the farm
Page 25 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
to the customers were not taken into account. The energy output was defined as the calorific value of the harvested biomass (main products and by-products).
The next table represents the gross energy contents of the crops grown. By converting the yields into grain equivalents (GE), the yields of crops that differ in chemical composition and, thus, energetic value for humans can be aggregated. Both direct (direct consumption) and indirect (animal products) contributions that crops can make to human nutrition are considered. This enables researchers to compare yields of crop rotations and farming systems. The term “grain equivalent” or “cereal unit” was introduced by Woermann (1944); its definition has been modified several times (Becker, 1988).
Table 3. Seeds Energy of seed material (Ziołecka i in, 1985). Group of crops Energy value in MJ/kg Cereals Spring barley 15,90 Winter barley 15,90 Mixture of creals 16,20 Spring oat 16,60 Winter oat 16,75 Spring wheat 16,10 Winter wheat 16,10 Triticale 16,75 Winter rye 15,70 Root crops Sugar beet 16,90 White beet 16,90 Potatoes 17,19 Legumes Pea 16,90 Bean 16,80 Lupin 18,80
Page 26 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Oil and fiber plants Colza 26,90 Mustard 16,80 Forage plants Red clover 16,80 Maize for animal feed 16,20 Vegetables beetroot 16,80 Others Grass 16,80 Sourcce: Anna Lewandowska-Czarnecka 2009. Sustainable Development of Farms Versus the Flow of Energy and Matter in Ecosystems. Unpublished PhD, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland, pp. 1-234
2.2.3.1.-Energy equivalents Energy equivalents were used to express the input of energy associated with the manufacture of production means in terms of primary energy input (Next Tables). There is an enormous variation in energy equivalents reported in the literature. This is the result of differences in the methods of calculation and in the spatial and temporal system boundaries. Energy equivalents are not fixed once and for all. They must be adapted to local conditions (e.g. transport distances) and to changes in the manufacture of production means (Bonny, 1993; Uhlin, 1999). The engineering progress is especially important in long-term studies. Special emphasis must be put on the energy
Table 4.Fertilizers
The percentage of pure component fertilizers(Dovring and McDowell, 1980), and Polish literature sources..
Type of fertilizer Pure Type of fertilizer Pure component component Urea Magnesium sulphate - N 46 % - Mg 9,6 % Polifoska Calcium-magnesium nitrate - N 6 % - N 30 % - P 20 % - CaO 4 % - K 30 % - MgPO 2 % Lubofoska Polimag 405 - N 4 % - P 12 % - N 5 % - K 12 % - P 10 % - Mg 2 % - K 20 % - Ca 16,5 % - Mg 6 % Potassium salt Amonium nitrato - K 60 % - N 34 %
Page 27 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Saletrzak Magnesium sulphate - N 28 % - Mg 9,6 % Magnesium Agrofoska amonium nitrate - N 34 % - N 23 % - Mg 0,2 % - P 32 % Calcium Superfosfat magnesium 18 % - P 15 % - Mg 30 % - Mg 5 % - Ca Calcium Amonium sulphate - Ca 60 % - N 18 % Manure Compost - N 0,5 % - N 1,34 % - P 0,13 % - P 0,66 % - K 0,58 % - K 0,34 % Sourcce: Anna Lewandowska-Czarnecka 2009. Sustainable Development of Farms Versus the Flow of Energy and Matter in Ecosystems. Unpublished PhD, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland, pp. 1-234
Table 5. Pesticides
The energy contents of 1 Kg of plant protection products. (Pimentel, 1992). Name Totally energy [MJ/kg] Herbicide - Oil mixture 418,2 - aqueous solution 262,8 - granules 362,5 Insecticide -Oil mixture 363,8 - aqueous solution 257,3 - granules 311,0 - powder 311,0 Fungicide -Oil mixture 271,7 - aqueous solution 116,2 - granules 216,0 - powder 216,0 Sourcce: Anna Lewandowska-Czarnecka 2009. Sustainable Development of Farms Versus the Flow of Energy and Matter in Ecosystems. Unpublished PhD, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland, pp. 1-234
Page 28 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Table 6. Energy
The total cumulative cost of energy production oil and other energy (Cervinka, 1980).
Energy source Total cost of energy Diesel and others oils 47,78 MJ/l Coal 32,59 MJ/kg Wood 18,90 MJ/kg Sourcce: Anna Lewandowska-Czarnecka 2009. Sustainable Development of Farms Versus the Flow of Energy and Matter in Ecosystems. Unpublished PhD, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland, pp. 1-234
Energy value of selected energy (Skrobacki, 1982). Energy carrier Energy value 1. Coal 20,93 MJ/kg 2. Culm 15,00 MJ/kg 3. Wood* 18,90 MJ/kg Sourcce: Anna Lewandowska-Czarnecka 2009. Sustainable Development of Farms Versus the Flow of Energy and Matter in Ecosystems. Unpublished PhD, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland, pp. 1-234
Table 7. Field operations
Table 8. Human labour Parameters which we taken into consideration at assessing the work of people. number of hour number days number of hour per per day per year year plant production work in taller animals
We use energetic covertion (Ryszkowski i Karg, 1992 za Pimentel i Hall, 1984), where
Page 29 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
1 rbh = 2,4 MJ
-Electric energy
Energy conversion factor which was applied for counting the electric energy was taken from Cervinka’s article which was published (1980). In this source 1 kWh = 11,98 MJ
About output values, we follow the following table to process the energy and matter flow that go out of the farms.
Table 9
Output Group of crops Energy value in Mj/Kg Cereals Spring barley - Grain 15.90 - Straw 15.60 Winter barley - Grain 15.90 - Straw 16.10 Mixed cereals - Grain 16.20 - Straw 16.00 Spring oat - Grain 16.60 - Straw 15.90 Winter oat - Grain 16.75 - Straw 16.00 Spring wheat - Grain 16.10 - Straw 16.10 Winter wheat - Grain 16.10 - Straw 16.20 Triticale - Grain 16.75 - Straw 16.10 Winter rye - Grain 15.70 - Straw 16.00 Root crops Sugar beet - Roots 17.13 - List 12.21 White beets - Roots 16.45
Page 30 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
- List 14.77 Potatoes - Tubers 17.19 - Leaves and stems 16.52 Legumes Bean 17.10 Pea - Grain 16.90 - Straw 16.40 Buckwheat 16.90 Bean 16.80 Lupin - Grain 18.80 - Straw 16.70 Oil and fiber plants Oilseed rape - Grain 26.90 - Straw 16.60 Mustard - Grain 16.80 - Straw 15.24 Forage plants Red clover 15.70 Maize for animal feed - Grain 16.40 - Straw 15.00 Vegetables Beetroot 16.22 Others Grass 16.80 Sourcce: Anna Lewandowska-Czarnecka 2009. Sustainable Development of Farms Versus the Flow of Energy and Matter in Ecosystems. Unpublished PhD, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland, pp. 1-234
Page 31 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
2.3. Materials 2.3.1- Data of Steklinek (Czernikowo Gmina)
We are going to give a general data of Czernikowo community in order to have a general idea about its situation, because we have to know several points to start our analysis. This community is located in the East of the city of Torun, In the Northern of Poland.
Source: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.todopolonia.com/datosdepolonia
About the natural capital we have several data, first we start with water supplies:
- Catchments areas: Vistula (most of the community area) and Lubianka – left tributary of Drweca.
-Steklin Lake: connected with Lubianka river(in the past it was connected with Vistula); the largest water basin in the area of the community, the bottom is covered by water plants and the deepest point is 18,5 m; the bank of the river has 2 terraces: lower (4 m from the water surface) and higher (10 m from the water surface); coastline has not varied; Plants which grows above the water surface covered 13% of its coastline; mainly farmland and not so much forests on the catchment; water from Lubianka I (tributary of Lubianka) enters its basin; -Main River on the southern boundary of the community (54 km); Likiec Lake-source of the river; river-bed is covered by plants.
Page 32 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
In this community, they are many types of soils characteristics of this area; below we explain the main characteristics:
On the plateau structure of lithosphere and type of vegetal cover had the main influence on the geological process and soils formation. In the past this area was covered by mixed forest where dominated oaks and beech and the very thick undergrowth. Brown soils are the main type of soils covering high parts and slopes, in the flat parts it causes great possibility to grow wheat; Also is very common bedrock and clay brown. We can divide the plateau in several parts: -Southern parts of the area: soils not very good to cultivate; -Northern parts: different ways of growing. -Private area: covers big part of the community (private farms are divers). -Protected soils (I-IIIb types): 30,6% of the agricultural lands.
The climate is very important for our research because we want to study the environment of the animals and the crops. The main climate has Transitional character (between maritime and continental), the annual average temperature is 7,5ºC but the highest reach in summer is 39ºC and the lower is -25ºC. In autumn and spring the temperatures sometimes used to be below 0ºC. In this area there are precipitations like 510mm, the lowest values appear in February and the highest are in July. In the other hand, there are very big oscillations between years and there is the main problem of agriculture, sometimes because of the drought and other times because of overflows. In this section, we have to take into account the snow, the average depth of is 7 cm but when It melts, can provide important quantities of water to the rivers. Then we have some productive data about the area and some graphs: -Arable land sustainable organic:
30% farms/households < 1 ha 17% farms/households 2-5 ha 13% farms/households 1-2 ha
-Cultivation:
Mixed crops (128.672 ar – 23%) Triticale (72.340 ar – 13%) Barley (64.422 ar – 12%) Wheat (74.118 ar – 13%) Rye (59.251 ar – 11%)
Page 33 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
% of crop production Others 12% Mixed crops Potatoes 23% 16% Triticale Rye 13% 11% Wheat Barley 13% 12%
Source: Data base of Steklinek
Farming:
Hen (15.336 – 34%) Pigs (14.353 – 31%) Poultry (9.427 – 20%) Cattle (3.496 – 8%) Some of farms keep cows, horses, sheep and goats
Others 7% % of farm kind Cattle 8% Hen 34% Poultry 20%
Pigs 31%
Source: Data base of Steklinek
Destination of the farms production:
50 % of farms produce for the market, 30% of farms produce mainly for their needs 13,5% of farms/households don´t produce 4% of farms produce only for their need
Page 34 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
In Poland there are lots of huge areas of forest that are exploited by the farmers for their own, to warm up their houses. Here we have some data of the most common species of trees in this area. The forest cover 45,1% of the area (7873 ha) and 819,5 ha is private area.
The most common species are the followings: Pinus (Pine), Quercus robur, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus, Tilia, Acer, Populus, antropogenic species;
In this community exist one important protected area, Steklin Lake (112,9 ha), which works like a buffer zone, surrounding of deciduous forest.
Page 35 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
2.3.2.- Farms information
In this section, we show many farm cards mentioned above with the intention of creating a database of all. The model of this card was extracting from Monitoring nutrient ¯ows and economic performance in African farming systems (NUTMON) II. Tool development ,H. Van den Boscha,*, A. De Jagerb, J. Vlaming. P.53. but we modified according to our needs. First at all, we have one picture in which we can see the study area, Czernikowo Gmina and their respective farm cards; then, other picture which shows the second area, Lipno where we take our data research.
Source: google Earth
Page 36 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Information group Type of information Farm 2 General farm data N 52º 57.320´ E 018º 58.871´ Type of prodcution Their production is focus in animal and conventional.
Demographic strucute of the household The owner is between 50-60 years old and he has trade school studies. There are 2 adults and 2 kids living in the farm. He have 1 person working temporary for 3 days.
Primary production Arable land: 8ha Meadows: 8,34 ha Build-up area: 0,30 ha Secondary production Pigs: -3 sows -13 wild boar piglets -8 piglets Cows: -12 Milkcows -8 calves Horse:1 male
Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -herbicides: 0,26l/ha
Sources of fertilizers: Urea, lubofoska, ammonium nitrate, manure. Inputs in secondary production Concentrated: 1,5tn compartments Grain: 4tn Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -triticale: 4,20ha18,9Tn Spring crops: -Mixed: 3,80ha-19Tn Growth of herd Milk production: 38000litres They sold: 30 pigs, 2 cows, 2 calves and 6 milk cows.
Family labour Plant production: 1680 hrs/year Work in taller: 547,5 hrs/year Animals: 1460 hrs/year
Page 37 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Source: google Earth
Information group Type of information Farm 3 General farm data N 52º 57.320´ E 018º 58.852´ Type of production Their production is mixed and conventional.
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 50-60 years old and he has agronomical studies. There are 4 adults living in the farm.. They have people working temporary
Primary production Arable land: 86,3 ha Build-up area: 0,5 ha Secondary production 130 pigs: -36 sows -60 piglets -50 for slaughtering
Page 38 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Primary production compartments Ident. Of the fields and crops Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides: 0,40723 l/ha -Herbicides solid: 0,00525 kg/ha -Fungicides: 0,26637 l/ha
Sources of fertilizers: Polifoska, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, manure. Inputs in secondary production They bought 6 Tn of concentrate and 20 Tn of compartments soybean. Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -27 ha wheat150Tn -6 ha barley110Tn Spring crops: -20,7 ha barley80tn -32 colza268Tn Growth of herd They sold 6 pigs, each one weight 120 kg.
Family labour Plant production: 517,8 hrs/year Animals: 1600 hrs/year Work in taller: 182,5 hrs/year
Source: google Earth
Page 39 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Information group Type of information Farm 4 General farm data N 52º 57.636´ E 018º 58.845´ Type of production Production mixed and conventional
Demographic strucute of the household Owner is between 50-60 years old and he has agronomical studies. There are 4 adults living in the farm. They have 2 people working temporary 1 months.
Primary production Arable land: 18 ha Meadows: 5 ha Build-up area: 0,30 ha Lake: 0,5 ha Secondary production Cows: -10 milk -6 calves Pigs: -3 sows -15 slaughtering -26piglets and 15 wildpiglets.
Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides: 3,20 l/ha -Fungicides:0 16 l/ha
Sources of fertilizers: polifoska, nitro chalk, manure and dung. Inputs in secondary production Concentrated 400 kg/month compartments Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -Triticale 7ha31,5Tn Spring crops: -Barley 4ha18Tn -White beet 4ha100Tn -Mixed 10ha12Tn
Growth of herd They produce 42000ltrs of milk. They sold 2 cows, 6 calves and 70 pigs for slaughter. Family labour Plant production: 1200 hrs/year Work in taller: 365 hrs/year Animals: 1000 hrs/year
Page 40 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Source: google Earth
Page 41 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Information group Type of information Farm 5 General farm data N 52º 57.636´ E 018º 52.084´ Type of production Their production is mixed and conventional
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 50-60 years old and he has agronomical school studies. There are 6 adults and 1 kids living in the farm. They have one person working fulltime. Primary production Arable land: 13,54 ha Forest:1,5 ha Build-up area: 0,4 ha Secondary production Pigs:85 Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides:0,61 l/ha -Herbicides(solid):0,2Kg/ha
Sources of fertilizers: Urea, Polifoska, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate. Inputs in secondary production -Treatments: 1500zl compartments -Veterinary: 1200zl Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -2,15 ha triticale10Tn -2,5 ha rye5Tn -1,84ha barley7Tn Spring crops: -1,23 ha Lupin1,5Tn -1,32ha Corn9Tn Growth of herd They sell 80 pigs. 8800 kg all animals
Family labour Plant production: 300 hrs/year Animals: 730 hrs/year Work in taller: 135 hrs/year
Page 42 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Source: google Earth
Information group Type of information Farm 7 General farm data N 53º 01.195´ E 018º 55.355´ Type of production Their production is mixed and conventional
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 40-50 years old and he has agronomical school studies. There are 5 adults
Primary production Arable land: 73 ha Build-up area: 2 ha Secondary production Pigs: 40 cattle: 20 Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides:2,84 l/ha -Herbicides(solid):0,01Kg/ha -Fungicides:0,47l/ha
Sources of fertilizers: Urea, Polifoska, ammonium nitrate, manure. Inputs in secondary production
Page 43 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
compartments Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -35 ha wheat75Tn Spring crops: -20 ha barley10,56Tn -18 corn125Tn Growth of herd They sell 20cows. 16000 kg per all animals
Family labour Plant production: 600 hrs/year Animals: 2920 hrs/year Work in taller: 20 hrs/year
Source: google Earth
Page 44 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Information group Type of information Farm 8 General farm data N 53º01.401´ E 018º 55.287´ Type of production Their production is mixed and conventional
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 50-60 years old and he has tradel school studies. There are 5 adults and 1 kids living in the farm. They have 1 person working temporary 2 months. Primary production Arable land: 45,5 ha Meadows: 4,5ha Build-up area: 0,5 ha Secondary production Pigs: 950 Cattle: 24 Goat: 3 Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides:1,98 l/ha -Herbicides(solid):0,07Kg/ha -Fungicides:0,54Kg/ha
Sources of fertilizers: Urea, lubofoska, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, manure, poliwap. Inputs in secondary production -treatments: 900zl compartments -Veterinary: 4800zl Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -11,5 ha triticale40Tn -6 ha wheat40Tn Spring crops: -22 ha barleyt60Tn -6ha leguminous plantsTn Growth of herd They sell 1300 pigs145Tn, 10 cows 7,5Tn. 1100 Piglets 23Tn.
Family labour Plant production: 960 hrs/year Animals: 1825 hrs/year Work in taller: 10 hrs/year
Page 45 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Source: google Earth
Information group Type of information Farm13 General farm data N 52º57.065´ E 018º 43.396´ Type of production Their production is mixed and conventional
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 40-50 years old and he has agronomical school studies. There are 2 adults and 3 kids living in the farm. They have 1 person working temporary seasonally. Problems of flooding Primary production Arable land: 27 ha Meadows: 6ha Forest:1 ha Build-up area: 0,5 ha Secondary production Cows: 25 Cattle: 25 Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides(solid):0,13Kg/ha
Sources of fertilizers: Urea, ammonium nitrate, manure.
Page 46 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Inputs in secondary production -Treatments: 1500zl compartments -Veterinary: 25000zl Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -10 ha triticale-Tn -10 ha whea-Tn -3 ha rye-Tn Spring crops: -4ha Corn80 Tn Growth of herd They sell 15cows9000 kg all animals
Family labour Plant production: 1200 hrs/year Animals: 1460 hrs/year Work in taller: 365 hrs/year
Source: google Earth
Page 47 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Information group Type of information Farm14 General farm data N 52º 57.065´ E 018º 44.882´ Type of production Their production is mixed and conventional
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 40-50 years old and he has tradel school studies. There are 3 adults and 1 kids living in the farm. Problems of flooding Primary production Arable land: 61,58 ha Meadows: 20,78ha Forest:10,5 ha Build-up area: 0,45 ha Secondary production Cows: 1 Pigs: 540 Cattle: 27 Sheeps: 110 Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides:0,9 l/ha -Herbicides(solid):0,01Kg/ha
Sources of fertilizers: Polifoska, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, manure. Inputs in secondary production -hernia: 200zl compartments -Veterinary: 17000 zl Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -12,5 ha triticale37,5Tn -15 ha wheat75Tn Spring crops: -2,64 ha wheat10,5Tn -31,44 mixed94,3Tn -5ha Corn125 Tn Growth of herd They sell 160 sheeps. 4500 kg all animals
Family labour Plant production: 600 hrs/year Animals: 2920 hrs/year Work in taller: 20 hrs/year
Page 48 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Source: google Earth
Information group Type of information Farm15 General farm data N 53º01.029´ E 018º55.355´ Type of production Their production is mixed and conventional
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 50-60 years old and he has trade school studies. There are 2 adults and 1 kids living in the farm. They have one person working temporary. Primary production Arable land: 47,5 ha Meadows:14 ha Build-up area: 1,5 ha Secondary production Cows:70 Horses:3 Calves:50 Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides:1,24 l/ha -Herbicides (solid):0,06Kg/ha -Fungicides:0,08l/ha
Page 49 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Sources of fertilizers: Urea, Polifoska, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, manure. Inputs in secondary production (no data) compartments Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -8 ha triticale48Tn Spring crops: -7,7 ha barley40Tn -3,5ha oat10Tn -28,3ha Corn990Tn Growth of herd They sell 7 cows.4280 kg all animals and 45600 litres of milk.
Family labour Plant production: 1750 hrs/year Animals: 2920 hrs/year Work in taller: 1000 hrs/year
Source: google Earth
Page 50 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
The next area has the same characteristics of our community so we also choose it; this following picture represent Lipno. In this case, we haven´t got geographical position of each farm, so we can see the area in this picture and the following farm´s cards.
Source: google Earth
Information group Type of information Farm 1 General farm data N 52º 43´39´´ E 19º 25´44´´ Type of production Their production is animal and conventional
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 40-50 years old and he has trade school studies. There are 2 adults living in the farm..
Primary production Arable land: 23.70 ha Meadows: 10,50 ha Forest: 0.3 ha Build-up area: 0.5 ha Secondary production Cows: - 24 milk cows - 32 cattle Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides:1.29 l/ha
Page 51 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Sources of fertilizers: Urea, polifoska, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, manure, ecolist. Inputs in secondary production -Multimlek 38 extra: 2.5 tn compartments -Otrevy pszenne: 8 tn -Sambul-opas: 1.5 tn -Revision: 250 zl -Veterinary: 200 zl Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -6 ha rye18Tn -8 ha triticale32Tn Spring crops: -4,7 ha barley10Tn -5 mixed15Tn - 10,5 meadows Growth of herd They sold 80,000 l of milk and 12 cattle (7,200 kg)
Family labour Plant production: 1,440 hrs/year Animals: 2,190 hrs/year Work in taller: 20 hrs/year
Source: google Earth
Page 52 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Information group Type of information Farm 6 General farm data (Gps no data available) Type of production Their production is animal and conventional
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 50-60 years old and he has agronomical school studies. There are 2 adults and 2 kids living in the farm.
Primary production Arable land: 13.7 ha Forest: 5.14 ha Build-up area: 1 ha Secondary production Pigs: 30 Chicken: 10 Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides:1.59 l/ha
Sources of fertilizers: Polifoska, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate. Inputs in secondary production -Schauman: 3 tn compartments -Veterinary: 1,000 zl Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -1.82 ha rye9Tn -4.75 ha triticale15Tn -0.7 ha wheat Spring crops: -1.8 ha barley8Tn -3.11 mixed15Tn Growth of herd They sell 100 animals per year. 120 per kg/ animal
Family labour Plant production: 600 hrs/year Animals: 1,460 hrs/year Work in taller: 20 hrs/year
(No GPS data available)
Page 53 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Information group Type of information Farm 9 General farm data N 52º 44´48´´ E 19º 30´59´´ Type of production Their production is mixed and conventional
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 30-40 years old and he has trade school studies and receiving knowledge from parents. There are 2 adults and 3 kids living in the farm.
Primary production Arable land: 10 ha Meadows: 3 ha Forest: 5 ha Build-up area: 0.42 ha Secondary production Goose: 10,000 Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides: 2.44 l/ha
Sources of fertilizers: Polifoska, ammonium nitrate,manure. Inputs in secondary production -Starter: 50 tn compartments -Oat: 100 tn -Mixed: 100 tn -Triticale: 30 tn -Veterinary: grafting 1,000 zl ; studio vatu 500 zl; others: 2,000 zl. Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -1 ha wheat4Tn -3 ha triticale10Tn -2 ha barley7Tn Spring crops: -4 ha oat Growth of herd They sold 9,700 animals (60 tn)
Family labour Plant production: 900 hrs/year Animals: 2,555 hrs/year Work in taller: 10 hrs/year
Page 54 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Source: google Earth
Information group Type of information Farm10 General farm data N 52º 44´41´´ E 19º 27´13´´ Type of production Their production is mixed conventional
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 40-50 years old and he has trade school studies. There are 5 adults and 2 kids living in the farm. They have 2 people working full time.
Primary production Arable land: 64.9 ha Forest: 7.49 ha Build-up area: 0.93 ha Secondary production Pigs: 30 Cows: 12 cattle Chicken: 20 Horses: 1 Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides:3.54 l/ha -Insecticides: 1.36 l/ha
Sources of fertilizers:
Page 55 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Polifoska, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, manure, suprofos. Inputs in secondary production -Concentrat: 5 tn compartments -Revision: 200 zl -Veterinary: 1,200 zl Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -18,72 ha wheat60Tn -2 ha triticale10Tn Spring crops: -7,24 ha barley -2.75 ha wheat -3.34 ha mixed - 3.09 ha meadows - 10.4 ha colza30Tn - 9.43 ha legominous plants - 1.20 ha corn - 6.23 ha red shamrock - 0.32 ha orchard Growth of herd No data available
Family labour Plant production: 1,920 hrs/year Animals: 2,190 hrs/year Work in taller: 20 hrs/year
Source: google Earth
Page 56 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Information group Type of information Farm 11 General farm data N 52º 42´19´´ E 19º 24´44´´ Type of production Their production is mixed and conventional
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 30-40 years old and he has trade school studies. There are 3 adults and 2 kids living in the farm. They have people working: 1 full time; 1 temporary
Primary production Arable land: 12.17 ha Forest: 1.38 ha Build-up area: 0.5 ha Secondary production Pigs: - 32 sows - 750 piglet Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides: 1.28 l/ha
Sources of fertilizers: Urea, ammonium nitrate, manure. Inputs in secondary production -Starter: 100 compartments -TR: 135 - Premix: 1 -Revision: 9,000 zl -Veterinary: 4.300 zl Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -5 ha rye-10Tn -4 ha triticale16Tn Spring crops: -3 ha oat9Tn Growth of herd They sell 750 animals (66 tn)
Family labour Plant production: 60 hrs/year Animals: 1,095 hrs/year Work in taller: 20 hrs/year
Page 57 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Source: google Earth
Information group Type of information Farm 12 General farm data N 52º 44´48´´ E 19º 30´59´´ Type of production Their production is plant and conventional
Demographic structure of the household The owner is between 30-40 years old and he was in courses and also he received information from his parents. There are 4 adults and 2 kids living in the farm.. They have people working temporary
Primary production Arable land: 55 Secondary production Input in primary production compartments Crop protection: -Herbicides:0.91 l/ha
Sources of fertilizers: Urea, polifoska, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, potassium salt, eKolist zbozowy, ecolist rzepakd. Inputs in secondary production
Page 58 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
compartments Output primary production compartments Winter crops: -10 ha wheat10Tn -15 ha triticale18Tn Spring crops: -20 ha colza64Tn -10 mixed10Tn Growth of herd
Family labour Plant production: 1,440 hrs/year Work in taller: 480 hrs/year
Source: google Earth
Page 59 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
3.- Results
Firstly we have here some table which shows all data obtained from our templates, these tables provide us an easy way to compare farms and also to obtain valuable information about the actual situation of them.
Page 60 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Seed material
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5 Farm 6 Farm 7 Farm 8 Farm 9 Farm 10 Farm 11 Farm 12 Farm 13 Farm 14 Farm 15 Own Kg/ha 134,9 121,18 81,68 70 74,79 164,3 152 67,31 114,55 41,54 118,88 72,07 75,36 20,55 11,11 Gj/ha 2,18 1,99 1,31 1,13 1,23 2,69 2,49 1,07 1,89 0,67 1,92 1,19 1,21 0,33 0,19 Purchase Kg/ha 0 0 38,46 80,32 54,35 0 0 76,92 0 40,5 39,63 36,94 95,65 71,2 69,05 Gj/ha 0 0 0,63 1,35 0,87 0 0 1,27 0 0,66 13,88 0,6 1,49 1,66 1,26
Fertilizers:
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5 Farm 6 Farm 7 Farm 8 Farm 9 Farm 10 Farm 11 Farm 12 Farm 13 Farm 14 Farm 15 Mineral fertilizers Nitrogen Kg/ha 33,37 85,15 174,15 62,78 54,22 30,24 186,67 44,13 47,12 25,24 69,16 103,59 46,09 48,62 124,76 Gj/ha 2,93 7,48 15,31 5,52 4,77 2,66 16,41 3,88 4,14 2,22 6,08 9,11 4,05 4,27 10,97 Phosphorus Kg/ha 13,71 14,69 71,20 60 3,22 0,36 40 10,15 21,72 16,36 0 28,83 0 10,17 38,1 Gj/ha 0,36 0,39 1,88 1,58 0,09 0,01 1,05 0,27 0,57 0,43 0 0,76 0 0,27 1 Potasium Kg/ha 20,57 14,69 106,8 60 4,84 0,54 60 10,15 32,57 24,54 0 59,46 0 15,26 57,14 Gj/ha 0,22 0,15 1,12 0,63 0,05 0,01 0,63 0,11 0,34 0,26 0 0,62 0 0,16 0,6 Magnesium
Page 61 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Kg/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87,57 0 0 0 Gj/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,12 0 0 0 Calcium Kg/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,22 0 0 0 Gj/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,02 0 0 0 Natural fertilizers Nitrogen Kg/ha 57,14 12,24 20,59 59,45 0 0 2,67 57,69 77,36 2,6 54,03 0 36,23 30,52 47,62 Gj/ha 5,02 1,08 1,81 5,23 0 0 0,23 5,07 6,8 0,23 4,75 0 3,19 2,68 4,19 Phosphorus Kg/ha 14,86 3,18 5,35 31,20 0 0 0,69 15 20,11 0,68 14,05 0 9,42 7,93 12,38 Gj/ha 0,39 0,08 0,14 0,82 0 0 0,02 0,40 0,53 0,02 0,37 0 0,25 0,21 0,33 Potasium Kg/ha 66,29 14,20 23,8 64,17 0 0 3,09 66,92 89,74 3,01 62,68 0 42,03 35,4 55,24 Gj/ha 0,69 0,15 0,25 0,67 0 0 0,03 0,7 0,94 0,03 0,66 0 0,44 0,37 0,58 Magnesium Kg/ha 0 0 0 49,78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gj/ha 0 0 0 0,07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Calcium Kg/ha 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gj/ha 0 0 0 0,02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 62 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Crop protection:
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5 Farm 6 Farm 7 Farm 8 Farm 9 Farm 10 Farm 11 Farm 12 Farm 13 Farm 14 Farm 15 Herbicides (l) L/ha 1,94 0,98 1,56 3,2 0,61 1,64 2,84 1,98 ------3,7 2,74 0,9 0 0,9 1,24 Gj/ha 0,51 0,26 0,41 0,84 0,16 0,43 0,75 0,52 ------1,31 0,72 0,24 0 0,24 0,33 Herbicides (kg) Kg/ha 0,02 0 0,015 0 0,2 0 0,01 0,07 ------0,97 0 0 0,13 0,01 0,06 Gj/ha 0,01 0 0,005 0 0,05 0 0 0,02 ------0,34 0 0 0,04 0 0,02 Fungicides Kg/ha 0 0 2,3 0,16 0 0 0,47 0,54 ------0 0 0 0 0 0,08 Gj/ha 0 0 0,27 0,02 0 0 0,05 0,06 ------0 0 0 0 0 0,01
Crops:
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5 Farm 6 Farm 7 Farm 8 Farm 9 Farm 10 Farm 11 Farm 12 Farm 13 Farm 14 Farm 15 Purchase Kg/ha 0 0 0 0 270,8 0 732,53 0 12.486 64,91 0 14.150,6 947,82 558,84 219,05 ,43 3 Gj/ha 0 0 0 0 4,6 0 11,85 0 206,03 1,1 0 244 15,94 9,04 3,74 Own Kg/ha 5.697 6.493,2 0 8,169. 6.105, 6.719 8.397, 9.506, 3.132, 3.866,0 6.801,15 288,28 1.303,3 7.423,4 7.303,2 6 7 33 69 46 2 6 Gj/ha 92,002 105,02 0 131,1 76,2 108,46 133 153,05 50,75 48,81 110,22 4,73 16,8 99,88 86,5 For sale Kg/ha 0 0 9.544,9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.616,2 0 0 0 0 0
Page 63 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
5 Gj/ha 0 0 171,51 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,45 0 0 0 0 0 Fodder Kg/ha 0 0 3.173,8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Gj/ha 0 0 51,18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oils and fuels:
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5 Farm 6 Farm 7 Farm 8 Farm 9 Farm 10 Farm 11 Farm 12 Farm 13 Farm 14 Farm 15 Diesel l/ha 114,3 42,84 0,82 120 77,37 109,17 133,33 96,15 135,72 90,87 78,17 90,09 101,45 101,72 19,05 Gj/ha 5,46 2,05 0,04 5,73 3,7 5,21 6,37 4,6 6,5 4,34 3,73 4,3 4,85 4,86 0,91 Oil l/ha 0,57 3,06 1,17 4 6,6 10,92 1,4 1,15 0 2,07 4,75 0,9 2,9 1,07 0,95 Gj/ha 0,03 0,15 0,05 0,2 0,31 0,521 0,07 0,05 0 0,099 0,22 0,04 0,14 0,05 0,04 Petrol l/ha 57,14 0 11,7 0 0 0 2,7 1,9 0 12,98 57,64 0 0 2,03 0 Gj/ha 2,73 0 0,55 0 0 0 0,13 0,09 0 0,6 2,75 0 0 0,09 0
Page 64 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Human work:
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5 Farm 6 Farm 7 Farm 8 Farm 9 Farm 10 Farm 11 Farm 12 Farm 13 Farm 14 Farm 15 Gj/ha 0,25 0,54 0,06 0,25 0,18 0,27 0,11 0,13 0,45 0,13 0,21 0,08 0,21 0,08 0,22
Electricity and others:
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5 Farm 6 Farm 7 Farm 8 Farm 9 Farm 10 Farm 11 Farm 12 Farm 13 Farm 14 Farm 15 Electricity 1,3 0 0 0 6,02 3,96 0,97 13,82 4,99 1,24 8,63 1,3 2,7826 0,74 7,13 (Gj/ha) Machinery 1,8 4,1 1,7 4,1 5,59 3,6 1,26 2,73 3,2 2,68 4,22 1,77 4,39 0,77 1,32 (Gj/ha) Gas 0 0,51 0,1 0,22 0 0 0 0 4,59 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Gj/ha) Wood 2,65 4,53 1,62 3,71 8,96 10,11 2,47 0 12,57 0,6 0 8,34 71,01 1,88 0,74 (Gj/ha) Coal 4,2 5,12 0,98 1,67 20,24 3,43 1,12 0,81 0 0,27 9,05 0 3,03 0,85 1,66 (Gj/ha)
Page 65 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Animal production:
Beginning
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5 Farm 6 Farm 7 Farm 8 Farm 9 Farm 10 Farm 11 Farm 12 Farm 13 Farm 14 Farm 15 Bovine (units) Cows 24 12 10 40 25 1 70 Cattle 32 20 24 12 25 27 Calves 8 6 50 Swine (units) Sows 3 36 3 32 Pigs 60 15 85 30 950 30 30 540 Piglet 8 50 26 750 Wild piglet 13 15 Avian (units) Goose 10.000 Chicken 10 Ovine (units) Sheep 110 Total Kg/ha 514,28 292,84 100,81 226,2 452,13 149,34 240 1.810, 2.423, 91,13 1.018,01 48,65 456,52 630,21 395,24 3 45 Gj/ha 4,47 2,71 1,33 9,048 5,97 1,96 2,088 23,15 18,17 0,95 13,44 0,64 3,97 7,82 26,92 Dry matter 180 102,5 35,28 79,17 158,24 52,27 84 633,63 848,20 31,9 356,3 17,03 159,78 220,57 138,33 (kg/ha)
Page 66 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Sold
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5 Farm 6 Farm 7 Farm 8 Farm 9 Farm 10 Farm 11 Farm 12 Farm 13 Farm 14 Farm 15 Bovine (units) Cows 8 2 10 Cattle 12 20 15 7 Calves 2 6 Milk (kg) 80.000 38.000 42.000 300.00 80.000 45.600 0 Swine (units) Sows 9.700 Pigs 30 6 70 80 100 1.300 750 Piglet 1.100 Wild piglet Avian (units) Goose Chicken Ovine (units) Sheep 160 Total Kg/ha 2.409 2.637, 6,30 1.982, 425,53 491,26 4.128 2.509, 2.350, 0 4.863,11 0 2.475,36 23,34 763,81 7 4 6 75 Gj/ha 7,93 10,46 0,08 8,81 5,62 6,5 13,11 32,74 17,63 0 64,19 0 8,32 0,27 2,52 Dry matter 340,34 411,56 2,21 324,24 148,93 171,94 564,8 878,36 822,76 0 1.702,09 0 356,23 8,17 108,1 (kg/ha)
Page 67 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
3.1.-Tellarini´s mode results
In this section of results, we have to take into account firstly some considerations about our loads. I took, as I explain in materials and methodology, Tellarini mode our system to analyze our data. I did some changes in this model and I had some considerations.
Firstly, we do one Tellarini mode only for matter, kilograms and we leave out units like Watts, and other model only for energy flow, in which we have included all the units that we have.
Secondly, in “On-farm produced initial stock” we´ll change for our own seed and in the box “On-farm produced initial stock (animals)” we introduced own animals weight data. Next box, “initial stock produced by agriculture” we´ll introduce there our data from purchase of seeds. Other one is “initial stock produced by other sources”, here we´ll put the values of crop protection products and fertilizers; here in matter flow graph, we consider the efficiency of fertilizers like 100%, so all goes to crops; but in the other hand, in energy flow, we can´t include into crops because there are inorganic so they don´t have energy to provide. Next box is “External input produced by other sectors”, here we´ll have values of human work, machinery, fuels &oils and electricity; and the last one input box is “external input produced by agriculture”, here we´ll change for crops and animals purchase in the market.
In the other side of the graph, we can find outputs boxes, here we only have two, one for “market of products”, which will be change by crops and meat animals sold values, and the other one named “on-farm produced final stock” where we´ll introduce animals that the farmer keep in the farm and seeds and straw that they also keep in it.
Once this is done, we see the results below:
Page 68 Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha 169 External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
193,8 0
207,9 2409,12 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
5904,9 0 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 4400,08
134,29 134,29 a a b On-farm produced initial stock(seeds) On-Farm produced final stock b
857,14 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 5289,968
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 1 Market External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture Values in Gj/ha
18,4 0
0 7,93 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
92,002 0 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 62,8012
2,18 91,99 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
7,6 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 55,64116
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
69
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha 170 External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
94,9 0
145,12 2637,69 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
6638,32 0 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 5122,954
121,18 121,18 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
476,13 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 6089,288027
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 2 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
17,05 0
0 10,44 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
105,02 0 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 134,212
4,69 105 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
71,2 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 82,2716
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
70
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha 171 External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
34,1 3173
414,39 9550,87 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
9959,39 38,46 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 9283,054
81,68 0 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
134,42 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 9192,108074
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 3 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
5,1 51,22
0 171,5 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
171,51 0,63 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 155,896
1,31 0 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
1,77 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 115,3728
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
71
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha 172 External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
173,1 0
404,74 1982,4 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
8574,74 80,32 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 5482,044
70 70 a a bb On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
337,2 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 7272,0204
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 4 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
15,9 0
0 8,8 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
27,46 1,35 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 43,936
10,21 131,1 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
7,6 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 26,884
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
72
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha 173 External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
150,2 270,8
63,09 425,53 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
6168,79 54,35 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 4574,914
74,79 74,79 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
602,84 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 5538,160205
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 5 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
45,01 4,6
0 5,61 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
76,2 0,87 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 58,27
1,23 1,23 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
7,95 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 47,961
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
73
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm 6 Market Values in Kg/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
162,6 0
32,78 491,26 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
6751,78 0 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 4250,298
164,3 164,3 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
199,23 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 6033,492892
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 6 Market External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture Values in Gj/ha
26,6 0
0 6,48 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
108,46 0 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 67,686
2,69 2,69 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
2,61 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 63,6898
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
74
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha 75 External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
152,33 732,53
295,77 4128 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
8693,1 0 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 6348,39
152 152 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
400 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 4170,639589
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 7 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
26,99 11,855
0 13,113 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
133 0 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 95,135
2,49 2,49 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
3,48 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 81,7405
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
75
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha 76 External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
131,54 0
206,63 2509,61 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
9713,33 76,92 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 8297,228
67,31 67,31 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
2469,23 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 8329,316338
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 8 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
22,23 0
0 32,74 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
153,05 1,27 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 123,18
33,81 33,81 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
31,35 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 98,174
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
76
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha 77 External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
173,9 12486,42
288,02 2350,75 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
3420,48 0 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 17904,608
114,55 114,55 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
3365,9 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 4553,332496
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 9 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
32,3 206,03
0 17,63 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
50,75 0 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 261,72
1,89 1,89 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
25,24 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 98,816
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
77
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm 10 Market Values in Kg/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
137,7 64,91
77,1 1616,253 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
5559,16 40,5 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 3540,606
41,54 41,54 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
140,2 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 4211,633467
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 10 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
115 1,1
0 30,45 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
71,26 0,66 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 45,286
0,67 0,67 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
1,43 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 42,0898
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
78
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
190,5 0
202,66 4863,1 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
7003,81 39,63 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 5559,636
118,88 6801,15 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
1357,35 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 6543,664833
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 11 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
28,82 0
0 64,2 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
110,23 13,88 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 68,058
1,92 1,92 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
17,92 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 64,5094
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
79
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
167,4 14150,63
296,57 0 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
584,86 36,94 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 14566,406
72,07 72,07 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
64,86 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 1892,39
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 12 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
15,79 244,01
0 0 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
4,73 0,6 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 247,70
1,19 1,19 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
0,85 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 76,2014
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
80
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
156,4 947,82
133,9 2475,36 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
1437,2 95,65 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 2571,01
75,36 75,36 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
760,87 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 1765,31
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 13 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
361,9 15,93
0 8,32 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
16,8 1,49 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 32,63
1,21 1,21 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
6,62 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 16,51
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
81
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
113,98 558,84
148,81 23,34 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
7572,21 71,2 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 5997,806
20,55 20,55 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
895,64 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 6387,224258
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 14 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
9,34 9,03
0 0,28 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
99,88 1,66 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 79,928
0,33 0,33 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
10,97 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 63,9304
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
82
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Farm Market Values in Kg/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
35,6 219,05
337,34 763,81 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
7640,54 69,05 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 5462,104
11,11 11,11 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
658,73 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 5424,648622
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil (b) Large circulation
Farm 15 Market Values in Gj/ha External input produced by other sectors External input produced by agriculture
11,06 3,75
0 2,52 Initial stock produced by other sectors Market of products
86,5 1,26 b Initial stock produced by agriculture 61,35
0,19 0,19 a a b On-farm produced initial stock On-Farm produced final stock b
5,7 On-farm produced initial stock(animals) 53,005
Crops Livestock (a) small circulation Agroecosystem Soil
83
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
4. Discussion of results
Seed material:
As we can see in the results showed above, polish farms from these communities in general use a great amount of seeds which were kept the previous year, it means, they try to cut costs as much as possible and energy input is lower. Therefore, we may think that the farm performance would be higher.
Most of the farms also buy seeds; this is a good strategy because these farms are developing, so they need big amount of inputs to increase their production. Also, they have to buy seed for other reasons:
-Supply the demand of livestock feed
- Change biogenetic material of seeds to avoid that performance of the farm decrease so we´ll obtain losses.
Fertilizers:
Take into account fertilizers, the most important element (because it could be the most polluting), is Nitrogen. So, as we can see, in general, if the farmers use huge amount of mineral fertilizers, they don´t use natural fertilizers in the same way. This is because, mineral fertilizers are more effective and they release the element quicker than natural fertilizers but, mineral fertilizers are riskier than the others because with rains, the nitrogen from mineral can by clean from the soil and leak into subterranean waters, polluting water sources so the rivers will be pollute also and it can´t use this water for anything.
On the other hand, natural fertilizers, release Nitrogen slowly, so the farmers which combine these two fertilizers in an appropriate amount, crops will be better fed and they enhance the quality of the soil.
As we could see in the farms, many times farmers don´t have and appropriate recording of fertilizers used in the fields and also the storage of it, because they should keep it in a special store isolated from the rest of the farm, and many times we saw it mixed with seeds.
Related to the above, many times farmers use fertilizers without knowledge and using big amounts of fertilizers as we can see in farm 7, they use massive amounts of mineral Nitrogen, which could be very dangerous because of the problem mentioned above; It could be because farmers, only want to produce regardless the environment, but nowadays the mentality is changing.
Other component is Phosphorous; this is a limiting element which moves a little in soils. Normally, farmers don´t know the behavior of this element in the soil, so they use it in an inappropriate way polluting rivers which will be eutrophicate.
Page 84
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Crop protection:
In Poland, farmers use many herbicides but we don´t have any data about the way they use them, because they could use before plowing the soils and also when the crop is planted in the field. Otherwise, these amounts of herbicides could decrease if they do more agricultural activities like crop rotation for example.
Taking into account fungicides, they don´t use them a lot, it could be because in this country maybe is not too risky or the decrease of the crops performance is priceless.
Is very estrange that farmers don´t used insecticides, it could be because of the weather, the problem of insects doesn´t decrease benefits as much as they use insecticides to eradicate the plague or maybe they don´t have good alarm systems from the government that advertise farmers the right time to use this kind of products.
Crops:
It is clear that all the farms keep huge quantities of crops, (seeds and straw), using for feeding livestock, but we don´t know the percentage that they keep for next year or flushing their animals with seeds. But we can supposed that the quantity keep for next year is nearly the same that they have in the beginning like own seeds.
Half of the farms have to buy vegetal material to supply their demand of fed livestock and to make their own rations of feed, because each farmer do their own ration depending on the objective that they are looking for in their animals.
Only two farms spend their crops for sale, this is unusual because they tend to keep it or buy it, but it could be because they cultivate oil crops like colza, and selling that and buying some forage for animals it will be more profitable for them. Other reason could be that these agricultures want to focus their efforts into agriculture instead of livestock (used to cover their own needs), so they drive all this energy to grow up the crops and sell it.
Oils and fuels:
The results shows in the “oils and fuels table” represent that farmers use a big amount of diesel and few quantities of oil and petrol. This clearly revels the dependent of farmer of it; one way to decrease this dependency, could start by using some “green energies” to warm the house or using less machines, etc.
Human work:
Labor inputs in general are not so high in farms; this is because farmers rarely have employees in farms and if they have some, they work temporarily few months only maybe in the harvest
Page 85
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
season or whenever they need more help for crops or animals too. In general the only labor in the farm are the own farmers and their families.
Electricity and other:
As we can see in table “Electricity and others”, the largest contribution of energy is produced by wood and coal generally, is due to its common use. In farms, is strange that machinery amount be so low, this is because farmers prefer to rent machinery to buy it because is more profitable.
By the other hand, they use lot of fossil energies like gas, wood and coal. Due to wood, it is widely used because here in Poland they have huge amount of forest, but is a combustible to be carefully because if they don´t use consciously they could lose forest bit a bit.
They could decrease the use of this energies by increasing renewable energies sources; For this, they have to invest and assume some risks which many farmers don´t want to accept/afford/take*, but according to one study of renewable energies in Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship (Renewable energy in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship (Poland)), wind power is increasing because Poland in general has a very good wind situation and it would be profitable to the inhabitants. But not only this source, Poland is developing for example hydropower which could be another source totally capable to develop and take into account by farmers, also solar panels will be very important in the future for farmers because with this investment they may save money in the future and keep the environment as healthy as they can.
Animal production:
As we can see in “animal production table”, in general there is an animal production tradition and is difficult to find a farm without animals which don´t have animals. But there is an important difference, many farms only produce for own needs and sell the surplus instead a few of them focus only in this activity as we can see on farm 15 and farm 7.In this farms the quantity sold is clearly higher than the initial amount, it also can be possible because of selling milk; Anyways, it reflects a change in the trend of farmers and now they are looking for technification.
Only in two holdings, like in farm 8 and farm 14, they produce very huge amount of pigs, this is the initiation of technification mentioned above because, they invest great amount of money in automate farms, like alarm systems which advertise the owner by mobile phone if something in the farm is going wrong. These problems could be like ventilation of pigsty, that is one of the more important factors in growing up pigs, humidity of the place, automatic flushing doesn´t work, etc…With this technology; farmer could spend more time in other task of the farm instead being all the time watching for environmental factors inside the holding.
Page 86
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
Also in these farms, they took care about biosecurity, one thing that most of farmers should take into account because nowadays the market, ask for a safe and quality meat.
Results of many farms could be better if the owners take into account welfare of animals and they forget about producing at all cost and as quick as they can, because they could obtain meat with higher quality and they could obtain more profits because of it, due to they could sell more expensive to the market.
For example, according to this, we saw in many holding that bred cattle, that they tie it with steel chains, this activity would rather be avoid because when cattle could walk and move, the quality of the meat increase, but in the other hand, you need more energy, so more food, to convert fodder(energy) into muscle ( meat).
In other milk production holdings, we saw many rustic systems to extract the milk from cows like pipe installation in all over the farm and farmers had to milk cows one each one, and it was very dirty to make an hygienic extraction. But we saw in other modern systems of extracting milk with a free walk system for stables; this system is better because cows have free move inside. This system leads cows to had less infections in their udders because, they might walk for a few time after milk extraction, having enough time their nipples to close again, so bacteria can´t go inside of udders and onset an infection which means, loose all production from these cows.
Page 87
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
5.-Conclusion
According to the results, I obtain some conclusions shows below:
Train farmers to improve farm management.
Focus in one activity specializing farm activity like livestock or plant production, it means, technification of farms.
Invest in green energies to keep the environment and decrease inputs.
Decrease number of farms in the country but leading to larger farms will employ more Labor and have more profits for farmers.
Take into account well fare of animals, breeding them in good conditions.
Pay attention on the hygiene of stables to have a clean and safe place to breed animals.
Page 88
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
6. Bibliography
Websites: http://www.agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr/IMG/File/livestock_production.pdf http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Livestock_statistics_at_regio nal_level http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Pig_farming_statistics http://www.thepigsite.com/focus/no-advertiser/3676/the-different-breeds-of-swine- american-landrace-american-landrace-pig-breed-american-landrace-gilts-sows-and-boars http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Farm_structure_in_Poland http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Farm_structure http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Crop_production_statistics_ at_regional_level
Books and magazines:
Apuntes sistemas de produccion animal miguel zorraquino, 2º Ciclo Ingenieria Agronoma. UPNA
Zaklady zootechniczne
Ministry of agriculture and rural development, agriculture and food economy in poland
Page 89
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
References
1. ANNA LEWANDOWSKA-CZARNECKA 2009. Sustainable Development of Farms Versus the Flow of Energy and Matter in Ecosystems. Unpublished PhD, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland, pp. 1-234 2. CERVINKA V., 1980. Fuel and energy efficiency., 15-21. W: Pimental D., Handbook of Energy Utilization in Agriculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 3. DANNOWSKI, M., Schäfer, W., Künkel, K., 1981. Standortspezifische Aussagen zur Energienutzung von Winterweizen im Freiland. Arch. Acker- u. Pflanzenbau u. Bodenkd. 25, 601–610 4. DOERING O. C., MCDOWELL D. R., 1980. Energy used for fertilizers. Dep. Agric. Econ. Staff Pab. 80 E-102, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign IL:20 5. GREEF, J.M., Hansen, F., Pasda, G., Diepenbrock, W., 1993. Die Strahlungs-, Energie- und Kohlendioxidbindung landwirtschaft-licher Kulturpflanzen — Ergebnisse und Modellrechnungen. Ber. Landw. 71, 554–566. 6. H. VAN DEN BOSCHA,*, A. DE JAGERB, J. VLAMING Monitoring nutrient ows and economic performance in African farming systems (NUTMON) II. Tool development ,53 7. K.-J. HÜLSBERGEN., 2001. A method of energy balancing in crop production and its application in a long-term fertilizer trial 8. PIMENTEL D., 1992. Energy inputs in production agriculture. W: Energy in farm production R.C. Fluck (red.), vol 6: 13-29 Energy in World Agriculture, Elsevier Amsterdam. 9. REFSGAARD, K., Halberg, N., Kristensen, E.S., 1998. Energy utilization in crop and dairy production in organic and conventional livestock production systems. Agric. Syst. 57, 599–630 10. RYSZKOWSKI L., KARG J., 1992. Energy flow in rye grown in continuous and Norfolk rotation cultures. Acta Acad. Agric. Tech. Olstenensis, 55: 201-213. 11. Tellarini V., Caporali F, 2000. An input/output methodology to evaluate farms as sustainable agroecosystems: an application of indicators to farms in central Italy. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environmental 77 111-123. 12. Ulanowicz R.E., 1986. Growth and Development. Ecosystems Phenomenology, Springer-Verlag, New York. 13. WOERMANN, E., 1944. Ernährungswirtschaftliche Leistungs-break maßstäbe. Mitt. Landw. 59, 787–792 14. ZIOŁECKA A., KUŻDOWICZ M., KIELANOWSKI J., 1985. Tabele składu chemicznego i wartości pokarmowej pasz krajowych. PWN, Warszawa. 15. SKROBACKI A., 1982. Paliwa silnikowe w rolnictwie. Mechanizacja Rolnictwa 1 (577).
Page 90
Description and valuation of livestock activity in Gmina Czernikowo, Northern of Poland
El interés por conocer el estado actual de la actividad ganadera en las granjas polacas, nos lleva a la realización de este proyecto.
Dicho interés creciente por el Este de Europa, es debido al gran auge que están sufriendo estos países en sus economías, como Polonia, por lo que son países diana para compañías de Europa del Oeste que quieren instaurar sus fábricas en países en auge a un coste menor.
Para ello se ha elegido una comunidad situada en la región de Kujawsko-Pomorskie al Norte del País. Dicha comunidad llamada Czernikowo, se encuentra muy bien situada en cuanto a recursos naturales se refiere, ya que está bañada por el río Vístula y un gran lago, Steklinek.
En dicha región, la actividad agrícola más común es la de las granjas mixtas, por lo que los cultivos más comunes son el triticale, trigo, cebada y los cultivos mixtos. En cuanto al ganado, la actividad ganadera más común es la porcina, seguida de la aviar y bovina (carne y leche).
Para la realización del proyecto se ha seguido el modelo de agricultura sostenible que propone Tellarini con ciertos cambios. Además, para una mejor confección del modo mencionado anteriormente, se ha seguido el método de análisis de procesos ya que este método es un mecanismo más técnico y trata de registrar todos los movimientos de los insumos en un sistema agrícola.
Por ello, se creó una plantilla en la que se recogieron los datos facilitados por los propietarios de las explotaciones. Dicha plantilla se podría dividir en dos partes, una primera en la que se recogen datos sociales de las granjas referidos al estatus del propietario, tipo de producción, etc... Y la segunda parte recoge datos más técnicos como producciones, tanto de cultivos como de animales, productos utilizados para la protección de cultivos y cantidades, etc…
Por otro lado se confeccionó un documento Excel con 7 hojas en su interior en las que se reflejaron todos los datos de la parte técnica ya mencionada. Para el tratamiento de dichos datos, se transformaron a unidades de energía mediante factores de conversión facilitados por la profesora y obtenidos de diversos estudios. Dicha transformación facilita la comparación entre los mismos, ya que están en una única medida, Gigajulios (Gj).
Con todo ello, se han obtenido una serie de resultados en dos formatos, uno de ellos una tabla resumen en la que se plasman todos los datos de una manera fácil y visual para su comparación, y el otro son los cuadros Tellarini. Estos son dos por cada granja y en ellos se representan flujos de materia y de energía respectivamente, obteniendo una idea de la sostenibilidad de las granjas polacas.
Con todos estos datos, se plasman una serie de discusiones y resultados que podrían ser útiles o interesantes para las empresas navarras dedicadas al sector ganadero que quieran instaurar su actividad en dicho País. Memoria extendida
UNIWERSYTET MIKO ŁAJA KOPERNIKA
Universidad Nicolaus Copernicus
Descripción y evaluación de la actividad ganadera en la comunidad de Czernikowo, Norte de Polonia
Escrito por: Arturo Remírez Ruiz Erasmus Ingeniero Agrónomo Torun (Pl), Junio 2011
Supervisores del ptoyecto: Dr hab. Prof.ADAM CZARNECKI y Dr.ANNA LEWANDOWSKA-CZARNECKA
Memoria extendida
1-Introduccion.
La agricultura en Europa ha sido muy agresiva con el medio ambiente ya que se ha utilizado gran cantidad de energías fósiles. En los comienzos de la agricultura globalizada, era muy frecuente producir sin tener en cuenta el medio ambiente, por lo que esta actividad produjo un gran impacto en la estructura del suelo y en el medio ambiente.
Frecuentemente las tierras son aradas tantas veces como el granjero considera necesario, esto conlleva un gran gasto de energía y otros inputs. Además, no se piensa en las consecuencias de esta actividad rural a gran escala, por lo que son utilizados gran cantidad de pesticidas, fertilizantes… Este proceder hizo que muchos acuíferos y ríos fuesen contaminados, quedando inutilizables para el consumo humano, obligando a un cambio en la aplicación de los métodos productivos agrícolas.
Otro gran problema de la agricultura es la gran erosión del suelo pues, se ha ido perdiendo la estructura y la capacidad para poder cultivar sobre ellos, decreciendo el rendimiento de los campos y teniendo que aportar una cantidad enorme de fertilizantes naturales.
En la actualidad esto está cambiando, se busca una agricultura sostenible con una cantidad menor de inputs y preocupada por el medio ambiente. Una de las tendencias es la siembra directa que intenta proteger de la erosión a los suelos. Además, el gobierno europeo está promoviendo este tipo de actividad mediante subvenciones incluidas en la PAC.
Polonia está sufriendo un cambio muy importante, está saliendo de una cultura y producción comunista hacia una capitalista. El reflejo de esto lo vemos en que los granjeros están empezando a pensar en la agricultura como un negocio y no sólo como una manera de subsistir.
Polonia se encuentra, tal como la media Europea, unos cuantos años atrás, utilizando una gran cantidad de energías fósiles e inputs, no obstante día a día, la tendencia es la de una agricultura sostenible que aumente el rendimiento de los cultivos siendo respetuosa con el medio ambiente.
El desarrollo económico que se está llevando a cabo en Polonia hace que empresas que quieren instalar sus fábricas en Europa del Este, la elijan por sus grandes posibilidades.
En este proyecto, se ha hecho una investigación sobre la situación de la actividad ganadera en el norte de Polonia, haciendo un estudio de flujo de materia sobre los principales inputs y outputs de las granjas polacas.
Memoria extendida
Para esta investigación realizamos una serie de entrevistas a granjeros rellenando unas plantillas, diseñadas por nosotros, en las que se plasman los puntos más importantes del estudio.
En primer lugar debemos conocer ciertos puntos sobre la situación de la actividad ganadera en Europa, lo cual facilitará la comprensión de la situación Polaca actual.
1.2- Agricultura en Europa.
La tendencia general en Europa es la especialización de las granjas, una de cada cinco se especializa en la actividad ganadera. Para criar al ganado de carne, y herbívoros en general se necesitan amplias zonas de prados, lo que limita la imposición de esta actividad. Por otro lado, el porcino y aviar, no utilizan suelo para la cría, por lo que es más fácil su intensificación.
En los países más al norte de Europa, los cuales son más húmedos que el resto, es más común encontrar granjas especializadas en la cría de herbívoros, como podemos ver en Bélgica y Alemania que el 40% de sus granjas están especializadas en ello, el 60 % en el Reino Unido y el 33% en Francia.
El ganado bovino vive en zonas donde las lluvias y el pasto son abundantes, en comparación con las ovejas y cabras que viven en zonas donde la vegetación es poco nutritiva y arbustiva. Esta es una de las razones por las que encontramos el ganado bovino en los países húmedos donde el aire está cargado de humedad y llueve abundantemente.
En la última década, el número de cabezas de ganado bovino ha descendido lentamente, mientras el número de cerdos sigue estable.
En Europa la carne bovina se divide en dos grupos: ganado de menos de un año, llamado “ganado joven” y el resto “ganado adulto”.
Irlanda, Holanda y Francia producen más del 52% del ganado joven en Europa. Francia, Alemania e Italia producen una parte similar en ganado adulto.
En el siguiente gráfico se pueden ver los datos mencionados previamente:
Memoria extendida
Producción lechera:
La producción lechera representa la tercera parte del valor total de la producción animal en la Unión. Francia está en segundo lugar con una producción cercana a los 7 billones de € detrás de Alemania con una producción por valor de 8 billones de € o el 18% del total europeo.
El sistema de producción de leche es diferente en cada país, por ejemplo en Francia el 91% de las vacas lecheras se encuentran en granjas de entre 20 y 100 cabezas, y en Alemania tienen granjas mucho más grandes que representan el 64% de todas las granjas del país.
La leche recolectada se puede dividir en varios destinos:
- Productos frescos, para lo que se usa el 29% de la producción. - Leche y crema para consumo directo, el 24% - Otros productos frescos (yogur y bebidas basadas en leche), el 5%.
Alrededor de dos tercios de la leche se usa para productos manufacturados como la mantequilla o el queso.
Existen dos tipos de producción de leche: Leche de vacas que están pastando y requieren grandes superficies de pastos y producción sin suelo. Este último sistema de producción necesita también una serie de tierras arables para la producción de pastos y concentrados.
Granjas de porcino:
En Europa la carne de cerdo se produce en diferentes tipos de granjas. Las zonas más importantes de producción se encuentran entre Dinamarca y Bélgica; aunque también en España, Italia, Francia y varias áreas de Polonia central y Norte de Croacia.
En la siguiente figura, se puede ver la distribución de los cerdos en Europa:
Como se puede ver en el mapa existen varios grupos de puntos concentrados en áreas específicas. Estas áreas son típicas de industrias porcinas. Por ejemplo, en Cataluña se encuentran la mayor concentración de cebaderos y mataderos de España; al igual que en el Sur, en Murcia existe una gran concentración ya que existe una gran industria transformadora de carne de cerdo.
Memoria extendida
En porcino, la producción se puede dividir en tres categorías: lechones, cerdos de engorde y otros.
La carne de cerdo se obtiene en los mataderos de los cerdos vivos. Este tipo de carne tiene variaciones estacionales de acuerdo con la disminución de fertilidad que sufren las hembras durante el verano. Esta producción tiene una variación cíclica que dura menos de dos años y medio, pero esta variación es menos arriesgada que los riesgos económicos. Actualmente cuatro países contribuyen al 62% del total de las exportaciones en Europa, en el siguiente gráfico se refleja la contribución de cada país a la producción de carne:
La tendencia en la producción de carne es ir decreciendo poco a poco, lo que hará que el precio aumente.
Algunos datos de la estructura de las granjas en Polonia.
En el último informe sobre instalaciones agrarias en Polonia, se registra un descenso del 3,5% sobre el año anterior. Esta disminución es debido a que las pequeñas granjas no se benefician del pago único de la PAC por lo que el número de granjas de menos de 2 Ha va decreciendo cada año.
Hoy en día el tamaño medio de las granjas polacas es de 12,3Ha y va en aumento, ya que la tendencia es ir concentrando la tierra en granjas grandes para cubrir los costes de las instalaciones.
Memoria extendida
En la siguiente tabla se puede ver una comparativa del tamaño medio de las granjas en Europa.
Memoria extendida
2- Enfoque científico y métodos.
Para el análisis del proyecto, se ha utilizado el modelo de un sistema de granjas mixtas (Tellarini and Caporali,2000). En este modelo se representan los tres principales componentes en los que se divide el sistema: cultivos, ganadería y suelo.
El modelo analiza el flujo de materia y energía entre las componentes. Este flujo constituye el punto más importante para un sistema agrosostenible.
Métodos y protocolo.
Para la realización del proyecto se han elegido 15 granjas de la misma región. Todas ellas tienen cultivos durante 8 meses, y muchas de ellas, la mayoría, también tienen actividad ganadera para satisfacer sus propias necesidades. Para este proyecto se ha tenido en cuenta mayormente el ganado, aunque como se comenta anteriormente, todas las granjas poseen cultivos, por lo que siempre está relacionado.
Recolección de datos.
Una parte muy importante para la investigación, han sido las plantillas utilizadas en la recolección de datos de las granjas mediante las entrevistas personales a los granjeros. Memoria extendida
Estas plantillas pueden dividirse en varias partes, una primera parte, sobre todo, social en la que se muestra el estatus del propietario, tipo de producción, si el propietario tiene otra fuente de ingresos, etc…
La segunda parte más técnica, se plasman las características de la granja. Consideramos esta parte la más importante para nuestra investigación; pues obtenemos datos como costes, producciones, etc…
Procesamiento de datos.
Otra parte importante del proyecto es el procesamiento de los datos, para ello se ha realizado una hoja Excel con 7 pestañas, donde se plasman todos los datos de las plantillas citadas anteriormente. Estos datos han sido transformados, mediante factores de conversión, a unidades de energía para una mejor comparación.
Una vez hecho esto, obtuvimos una tabla resumen y una serie de flujos de materia y energía con los que se pudo obtener varias conclusiones.
Método de flujo de energía.
Existen varios tipos de análisis de balance de energía, para nuestro proyecto se ha optado por el método de proceso de análisis, ya que es un mecanismo más técnico que trata de registrar todos los insumos de energía en un sistema agrícola, basado en flujos de materia. Para la utilización de este método, se asume una media de los campos de cultivo de 20Ha y una distancia de transporte dentro de la granja de menos de 2 Km. La maquinaria utilizada es la típica en las granjas comerciales. La preocupación es sobre todo las energías fósiles que se pueden dividir en dos: energía consumida dentro de la granja como diesel y electricidad para los motores (energía directa) y la energía utilizada para la transformación de productos (energía indirecta).
Materiales.
En el proyecto se incluyen fichas informativas de cada granja con la intención de tener una idea de cada una de ellas.
El área estudiada se encuentra en
el Norte de Polonia, en la región
de Kujawsko-Pomorskie, dentro
de la comunidad de Czernikowo
Esta región es muy rica en
recursos naturales, ya que esta
bañado por el río Vístula, río más
grande e importante de Polonia, y
por el lago Steklinek.
Memoria extendida
En la región el clima es claramente continental, llegando a alcanzar en invierno hasta los -25ºC y en verano los 39ºC. Según las estadísticas, la pluviometría media es de 510mm, siendo el valor mínimo en febrero y el máximo en julio, esto es debido a que no se tiene en cuenta la nieve, ya que en invierno toda la región está cubierta de ella.
El tamaño medio de las granjas en esta comunidad, es en general pequeño, menor de 20 Ha, y los cultivos más comunes de la zona es el triticale, cultivos mixtos, trigo y cebada. En cuanto a la actividad ganadera, la más extendida es el porcino, seguido de las gallinas ponedoras y pollos.
Es muy frecuente que los granjeros sean propietarios de grandes zonas de bosque de donde obtienen la madera para calentar sus hogares, para su venta o simplemente por mantener el bosque siendo así un área de protección de sus cultivos frente a enfermedades procedentes de agricultores vecinos. Memoria extendida
3.Resultados:
Semillas
Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Propias
Kg/ha 134,9 121,18 81,68 70 74,79 164,3 152 67,31 114,55 41,54 118,88 72,07 75,36 20,55 11,11
Gj/ha 2,18 1,99 1,31 1,13 1,23 2,69 2,49 1,07 1,89 0,67 1,92 1,19 1,21 0,33 0,19
Compradas
Kg/ha 0 0 38,46 80,32 54,35 0 0 76,92 0 40,5 39,63 36,94 95,65 71,2 69,05
Gj/ha 0 0 0,63 1,35 0,87 0 0 1,27 0 0,66 13,88 0,6 1,49 1,66 1,26
Fertilizantes:
Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Memoria extendida
Fertilizantes minerales
Nitrogeno
Kg/ha 33,37 85,15 174,15 62,78 54,22 30,24 186,67 44,13 47,12 25,24 69,16 103,59 46,09 48,62 124,76
Gj/ha 2,93 7,48 15,31 5,52 4,77 2,66 16,41 3,88 4,14 2,22 6,08 9,11 4,05 4,27 10,97
Fosforo
Kg/ha 13,71 14,69 71,20 60 3,22 0,36 40 10,15 21,72 16,36 0 28,83 0 10,17 38,1
Gj/ha 0,36 0,39 1,88 1,58 0,09 0,01 1,05 0,27 0,57 0,43 0 0,76 0 0,27 1
Potasio
Kg/ha 20,57 14,69 106,8 60 4,84 0,54 60 10,15 32,57 24,54 0 59,46 0 15,26 57,14
Gj/ha 0,22 0,15 1,12 0,63 0,05 0,01 0,63 0,11 0,34 0,26 0 0,62 0 0,16 0,6
Magnesio
Kg/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87,57 0 0 0
Gj/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,12 0 0 0
Calcio
Kg/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,22 0 0 0
Gj/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,02 0 0 0 Memoria extendida
Fertilizantes naturales
Nitrogeno
Kg/ha 57,14 12,24 20,59 59,45 0 0 2,67 57,69 77,36 2,6 54,03 0 36,23 30,52 47,62
Gj/ha 5,02 1,08 1,81 5,23 0 0 0,23 5,07 6,8 0,23 4,75 0 3,19 2,68 4,19
Fosforo
Kg/ha 14,86 3,18 5,35 31,20 0 0 0,69 15 20,11 0,68 14,05 0 9,42 7,93 12,38
Gj/ha 0,39 0,08 0,14 0,82 0 0 0,02 0,40 0,53 0,02 0,37 0 0,25 0,21 0,33
Potasio
Kg/ha 66,29 14,20 23,8 64,17 0 0 3,09 66,92 89,74 3,01 62,68 0 42,03 35,4 55,24
Gj/ha 0,69 0,15 0,25 0,67 0 0 0,03 0,7 0,94 0,03 0,66 0 0,44 0,37 0,58
Magnesio
Kg/ha 0 0 0 49,78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gj/ha 0 0 0 0,07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Calcio
Kg/ha 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gj/ha 0 0 0 0,02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Memoria extendida
Protectión de cultivos:
Granja Granja 2 Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Herbicidas (l)
L/ha 1,94 0,98 1,56 3,2 0,61 1,64 2,84 1,98 ------3,7 2,74 0,9 0 0,9 1,24
Gj/ha 0,51 0,26 0,41 0,84 0,16 0,43 0,75 0,52 ------1,31 0,72 0,24 0 0,24 0,33
Herbicidas (kg)
Kg/ha 0,02 0 0,015 0 0,2 0 0,01 0,07 ------0,97 0 0 0,13 0,01 0,06
Gj/ha 0,01 0 0,005 0 0,05 0 0 0,02 ------0,34 0 0 0,04 0 0,02
Fungicidas
Kg/ha 0 0 2,3 0,16 0 0 0,47 0,54 ------0 0 0 0 0 0,08
Gj/ha 0 0 0,27 0,02 0 0 0,05 0,06 ------0 0 0 0 0 0,01
Memoria extendida
Cultivos:
Granja Granja 2 Granja 3 Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja 11 Granja 12 Granja Granja Granja 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15
Comprado
Kg/ha 0 0 0 0 270,8 0 732,53 0 12.486 64,91 0 14.150,6 947,82 558,84 219,05 ,43 3
Gj/ha 0 0 0 0 4,6 0 11,85 0 206,03 1,1 0 244 15,94 9,04 3,74
Propio
Kg/ha 5.697 6.493,2 0 8,169. 6.105, 6.719 8.397, 9.506, 3.132, 3.866,0 6.801,15 288,28 1.303,3 7.423,4 7.303,2 6 7 33 69 46 2 6
Gj/ha 92,002 105,02 0 131,1 76,2 108,46 133 153,05 50,75 48,81 110,22 4,73 16,8 99,88 86,5
Para venta
Kg/ha 0 0 9.544,9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.616,2 0 0 0 0 0 5
Gj/ha 0 0 171,51 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,45 0 0 0 0 0 Memoria extendida
Forraje
Kg/ha 0 0 3.173,8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
Gj/ha 0 0 51,18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Carburantes:
Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Diesel
l/ha 114,3 42,84 0,82 120 77,37 109,17 133,33 96,15 135,72 90,87 78,17 90,09 101,45 101,72 19,05
Gj/ha 5,46 2,05 0,04 5,73 3,7 5,21 6,37 4,6 6,5 4,34 3,73 4,3 4,85 4,86 0,91
Oil
l/ha 0,57 3,06 1,17 4 6,6 10,92 1,4 1,15 0 2,07 4,75 0,9 2,9 1,07 0,95
Gj/ha 0,03 0,15 0,05 0,2 0,31 0,521 0,07 0,05 0 0,099 0,22 0,04 0,14 0,05 0,04 Memoria extendida
Petrol
l/ha 57,14 0 11,7 0 0 0 2,7 1,9 0 12,98 57,64 0 0 2,03 0
Gj/ha 2,73 0 0,55 0 0 0 0,13 0,09 0 0,6 2,75 0 0 0,09 0
Mano de obra:
Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Gj/ha 0,25 0,54 0,06 0,25 0,18 0,27 0,11 0,13 0,45 0,13 0,21 0,08 0,21 0,08 0,22
Electricidad y otros:
Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Electricidad 1,3 0 0 0 6,02 3,96 0,97 13,82 4,99 1,24 8,63 1,3 2,7826 0,74 7,13 (Gj/ha) Memoria extendida
Maquinaria 1,8 4,1 1,7 4,1 5,59 3,6 1,26 2,73 3,2 2,68 4,22 1,77 4,39 0,77 1,32 (Gj/ha)
Gas 0 0,51 0,1 0,22 0 0 0 0 4,59 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Gj/ha)
Madera 2,65 4,53 1,62 3,71 8,96 10,11 2,47 0 12,57 0,6 0 8,34 71,01 1,88 0,74 (Gj/ha)
Carbon 4,2 5,12 0,98 1,67 20,24 3,43 1,12 0,81 0 0,27 9,05 0 3,03 0,85 1,66
(Gj/ha)
Producción animal:
Comienzo
Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja 11 Granja Granja 13 Granja 14 Granja 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12
Bovino (unidades)
Vacas(leche) 24 12 10 40 25 1 70
Ganado 32 20 24 12 25 27
Terneras 8 6 50 Memoria extendida
Porcino (unidades)
Hembras 3 36 3 32
Cerdos 60 15 85 30 950 30 30 540
Lechones 8 50 26 750
Jabatos 13 15
Aviar (unidades)
Gansos 10.000
Broilers 10
Ovino (unidades)
Ovejas 110
Total
Kg/ha 514,28 292,84 100,81 226,2 452,13 149,34 240 1.810, 2.423, 91,13 1.018,01 48,65 456,52 630,21 395,24 3 45
Gj/ha 4,47 2,71 1,33 9,048 5,97 1,96 2,088 23,15 18,17 0,95 13,44 0,64 3,97 7,82 26,92
Materia seca 180 102,5 35,28 79,17 158,24 52,27 84 633,63 848,20 31,9 356,3 17,03 159,78 220,57 138,33 (kg/ha)
Memoria extendida
vendido
Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja Granja 11 Granja Granja 13 Granja 14 Granja 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12
Bovino (unidades)
Vacas(leche) 8 2 10
Ganado 12 20 15 7
Terneras 2 6
Leche (kg) 80.000 38.000 42.000 300.00 80.000 45.600 0
Porcino (unidades)
Hambras 9.700
Cerdos 30 6 70 80 100 1.300 750
Lechones 1.100
Jabatos
Aviar (unidades)
Gansos
Broilers Memoria extendida
Ovino (unidades)
Ovejas 160
Total
Kg/ha 2.409 2.637, 6,30 1.982, 425,53 491,26 4.128 2.509, 2.350, 0 4.863,11 0 2.475,36 23,34 763,81 7 4 6 75
Gj/ha 7,93 10,46 0,08 8,81 5,62 6,5 13,11 32,74 17,63 0 64,19 0 8,32 0,27 2,52
Materia seca 340,34 411,56 2,21 324,24 148,93 171,94 564,8 878,36 822,76 0 1.702,09 0 356,23 8,17 108,1 (kg/ha)
Memoria extendida
4. Discusiones.
En general existe una gran tradición de producción animal y es muy difícil encontrar granjas que estén especializadas sólo en la producción de animales o de cultivos. Se ha visto, que hay una pequeña diferencia, bastantes granjas sólo producen para satisfacer sus propias necesidades y vender lo que les sobra, pocas de ellas enfocan su actividad en la producción animal (tabla producción animal, granjas 7 y 15). La cantidad de carne vendida por estas granjas es claramente superior a las demás, en varios casos esta cantidad es superior debido a la gran cantidad de leche que producen ciertas granjas. De todas formas, en estas pocas granjas, actualmente, se da una tendencia a la especialización y tecnificación de las mismas.
Solamente en las granjas 8 y 14, producen una cantidad muy notoria de cerdos, esto es la iniciación de la tecnificación y especialización de las granjas, ya que como se comprobó “in situ”, los propietarios han hecho una gran inversión en tecnología para ser más competentes y obtener una mayor producción. Esta tecnificación de las granjas pasa por automatizar la mayoría de ellas, por ejemplo, automatizando el sistema de ventilación, con lo que se puede controlar de una manera más precisa este factor, ya que es muy importante a la hora de la cría de estos animales.
Con esta tecnología, el granjero puede dedicar más tiempo a otras tareas de la granja que antes no hacía o simplemente tenía que contratar a otra persona para que las hiciese. Así mismo, en estas granjas más tecnificadas, se tiene en cuenta la bioseguridad de los animales, por lo que es un punto a favor de los propietarios ya que la carne ofrece más garantías de ser segura.
Los resultados de muchas de esas granjas podrían ser mejores si los propietarios tuviesen más en cuenta el bienestar de los animales, es decir, se ha comprobado que muchos de ellos tienen a sus animales, ganado vacuno, atados con cadenas desde que son terneros hasta la hora de su sacrificio.
En varias explotaciones ganaderas que se dedicaban a la obtención de leche, utilizaban varios sistemas muy rudimentarios, aunque en muchos otros, sistemas más actuales. En general las salas de ordeño no tenían una higiene adecuada, con excepciones de granjas que siguen un riguroso plan de limpieza de las salas, aunque en las cuadras no suele reinar la limpieza ya que en todas, la recogida es manual.
5. Conclusiones:
En general en las granjas polacas necesitan de una educación de los propietarios para un mejor manejo de las explotaciones.
Las granjas, para ser más competitivas, deberán focalizarse en una sola actividad, para ello deberán tecnificar las granjas.
Para una producción más adecuada y segura, los propietarios, deberán tener más en cuenta el bienestar animal.