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La Narrativa Del Africanismo Franquista: Génesis Y Prácticas Socio-Educativas ______

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La Narrativa Del Africanismo Franquista: Génesis Y Prácticas Socio-Educativas ______ UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA FACULTAT DE GEOGRAFIA I HISTÒRIA Departament d’Història Contemporània LA NARRATIVA DEL AFRICANISMO FRANQUISTA: GÉNESIS Y PRÁCTICAS SOCIO-EDUCATIVAS _________________________________________ TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por: David Parra Monserrat Dirigida por: Dra. Mª Cruz Romeo Mateo Dr. Rafael Valls Montés PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO: 215 I – Nuevas Perspectivas en Historia Contemporánea Valencia, 2012 LA NARRATIVA DEL AFRICANISMO FRANQUISTA: GÉNESIS Y PRÁCTICAS SOCIO-EDUCATIVAS _________________________________________________________________ David Parra Monserrat (Résumé) Le travail que nous présentons est une analyse des discours de l’africanisme espagnol contemporain, des ses pratiques et de sa relation avec les différents contextes socioculturels et politiques. Nous considérons importante une recherche comme celle-ci, en premier lieu, à cause de ses liens avec un sujet si remarquable dans l’historiographie actuelle comme la formation d’identités (surtout, mais pas seulement, d’identités nationales). De cette façon, il faut rappeler que l’africanisme se servit souvent des apports arabistes sur l’inclusion ou non d’al-Andalus dans l’histoire nationale afin d’établir n’importe quels liens avec les arabo-musulmans contemporains et de justifier certaines politiques de l’époque. En second lieu, cet exposé s’insère dans les grandes discussions théoriques sur l’orientalisme, car d’après la plupart de l’historiographie spécialisée l’africanisme fut la plus importante manifestation orientaliste en Espagne. Cette étude analyse à quel point l’africanisme espagnol partagea les fondements des impérialismes européens et des idéologies coloniales (des aspects symboliques ou discursifs comme l’ethnocentrisme, la suprématie occidentale, la méconnaissance du colonisé, le paternalisme, etc.) et comment les différents courants de l’africanisme espagnol, surtout les franquistes, articulèrent tout cela afin de construire un projet plus ou moins solide. David Parra Monserrat e Voilà pourquoi nous remontons cette recherche jusqu’au XIX siècle, pour étudier la tradition africaniste à l’époque et constater la reformulation du discours narratif africaniste et son adaptation aux différents contextes (Établissements du Protectorat espagnol au Maroc, défaites militaires au Rif, réussite du fascisme et du nazisme en Europe, participation de marocains à la Guerre Civile espagnole) jusqu’arriver aux années quarante. La partie centrale du travail est dédiée à l’analyse des africanismes franquistes depuis 1939 jusqu’à 1956. C’est ainsi que, après une étude du contexte où l’on insiste sur la présence coloniale d’Espagne au Maroc, les désirs d’expansion du régime pendant le début des années quarante et le cadre d’isolement auquel la dictature franquiste fut soumise après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, nous analysons le discours narratif africaniste (et ses emplois en politique) à travers surtout de l’analyse comparée de deux revues de l’époque : África et Cuadernos de Estudios Africanos. À partir de cette analyse comparée, nous attachons de l’importance aux débats et aux réflexions qu’une partie des élites africanistes et diplomatiques d’un régime complexe aux fondements politiques (comme l’était la dictature franquiste), mena à bien à propos d’un événement si fondamental comme l’était la décolonisation. Notre thèse finit avec l’étude de la diffusion sociale de tous ces discours et représentations de l’africanisme franquiste tout en soulignant son aspect éducatif et sa présence dans d’autres milieux qui, ainsi que les expositions, les concours, les commémorations, la presse, la radio ou le cinéma, purent influencer sur la formation d’une certaine conscience africaniste parmi la société espagnole. IV ÍNDICE Agradecimientos..................................................................................................................... IX INTRODUCCIÓN......................................................................................................................... 1 PRIMERA PARTE LA TRADICIÓN DEL AFRICANISMO ESPAÑOL CONTEMPORÁNEO 1. LA CONFIGURACIÓN DEL AFRICANISMO DURANTE EL SIGLO XIX.............. 17 1.1. Joaquín Costa: “Clarividencia africanista”............................................................. 18 1.1.1. Principales ejes del africanismo costista: argumentos “fraternales” para una “penetración pacífica”……………………………………………………...………. 22 1.2. El orientalismo español: entre la maurofobia y la ambivalencia......................... 33 1.2.1. Orientalismo y arabismo en la España decimonónica……...…………………… 35 1.2.2. Fundamentos discursivos del africanismo español: Historia, Geoestrategia, Raza y Providencia………………………………………………….……………..………. 47 2. LA REFORMULACIÓN DEL AFRICANISMO ESPAÑOL DURANTE EL PRIMER TERCIO DEL SIGLO XX................................................................................................... 59 2.1. Soplan nuevos vientos de África.............................................................................. 60 2.1.1. Con otros ojos: del exotismo orientalista decimonónico al africanismo popular………………………………………………………...………………….... 62 2.1.2. El africanismo castrense y el abandono de la “penetración pacífica”…..…...….. 69 2.2. Africanismo en tiempos de fascismo....................................................................... 85 2.2.1. La idea de Imperio en el fascismo español: Giménez Caballero, Ledesma Ramos y Primo de Rivera…………………………………………………………….....…… 86 2.2.2. El grupo de La Conquista del Estado y la creación de la Sociedad de Estudios Internacionales y Coloniales…………………………………………………..…… 96 2.3. La Guerra Civil. Africanismo y arabismo al servicio de la causa “nacional”.. 101 2.3.1. Las “dos almas” de Beigbeder y la renacida “hermandad hispano-marroquí”... 103 2.3.2. Miguel Asín Palacios y el compromiso político del arabismo……………….… 112 David Parra Monserrat SEGUNDA PARTE EL AFRICANISMO FRANQUISTA (1939-1956) 3. PROYECTOS AFRICANISTAS EN LA ESPAÑA FRANQUISTA: PROPUESTAS TEÓRICAS PARA UNA ACCIÓN POLÍTICA……………....................................... 125 3.1. Africanismo, marroquinismo e hispano-arabismo: de la apoteosis imperial a la amistad interesada................................................................................................. 127 3.1.1. Imperio, irredentismo y reivindicación. Los años de la Segunda Guerra Mundial………………………………………………………………………...…. 129 3.1.2. “¿Mucho ruido y pocas nueces?” La hermandad hispanoárabe y su uso político a partir de 1945…………………………………..…………………………….….. 147 3.2. El entramado institucional del africanismo franquista....................................... 164 3.2.1. El africanismo “oficial”: el Instituto de Estudios Africanos…….…………….... 168 3.2.2. El africanismo “tolerado”: la Sección de Estudios Coloniales del Instituto de Estudios Políticos……………………………………………………………….… 174 4. DOS REVISTAS, DOS DISCURSOS. LA NARRATIVA AFRICANISTA EN ÁFRICA Y CUADERNOS DE ESTUDIOS AFRICANOS........................................................... 179 4.1. Análisis general de África y Cuadernos de Estudios Africanos: autores, estructura y contenidos……….................................................................................................... 181 4.1.1. Perfiles africanistas. Un estudio prosopográfico del africanismo franquista…... 183 4.1.2. Estructura y contenidos de dos revistas africanistas: similitudes y diferencias.. 193 4.2. ¿Siempre “al servicio de Franco”? Principales enfoques y ejes temáticos de África y Cuadernos de Estudios Africanos................................................................... 201 4.2.1. La “orientalización” del pasado nacional ¿Una nueva Historia de España?....... 202 4.2.2. La representación de Marruecos en el africanismo franquista: entre la modernidad y la tradición………………………………………………….…………..………. 221 4.2.3. El africanismo español en el marco de los colonialismos europeos: integridad moral frente a expolio material………………………………..………………….. 232 4.2.4. Nacionalismo y descolonización: dos temas de espinoso tratamiento………… 254 TERCERA PARTE LA DIFUSIÓN DEL AFRICANISMO FRANQUISTA 5. PEDAGOGÍA AFRICANISTA: DE LAS AULAS A LAS ONDAS............................ 279 5.1. La narrativa africanista en la enseñanza española…………………………….. 282 5.1.1. El africanismo en las aulas franquistas…………………………………...……. 290 VI ÍNDICE 5.2. La formación de una “conciencia africanista” en el Protectorado español de Marruecos………………………………………………………………...…….…… 304 5.2.1. El Bachillerato Hispano-marroquí: programas y contenidos………………..…. 305 5.2.2. Cursillos de orientación para un Magisterio africanista………………...…..…. 310 5.3. Difusión africanista en el espacio público……………………………………… 315 5.3.1. Certámenes y exposiciones……………………………….………………...….. 315 5.3.2. Conmemoraciones africanistas: el “Día del Codicilo”…………………...….…. 319 5.3.3. El africanismo y los medios de comunicación de masas…………..………….... 322 CONCLUSIONES..................................................................................................................... 331 Apéndice documental......................................................................................................... 343 Fuentes................................................................................................................................... 383 Bibliografía........................................................................................................................... 391 VII Agradecimientos La realización de esta tesis habría sido imposible sin la ayuda, el estímulo y el cariño de toda una serie de personas
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