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Negotiating Interests: Elizabeth Montagu's Political NEGOTIATING INTERESTS: ELIZABETH MONTAGU’S POLITICAL COLLABORATIONS WITH EDWARD MONTAGU; GEORGE, LORD LYTTELTON; AND WILLIAM PULTENEY, LORD BATH Elizabeth Stearns Bennett, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS December 2009 APPROVED: Marilyn Morris, Major Professor Denis Paz, Committee Member Laura Stern, Committee Member Guy Chet, Committee Member Deborah Needleman Armintor, Committee Member Richard B. McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History Michael Monticino, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Bennett, Elizabeth Stearns. Negotiating Interests: Elizabeth Montagu’s Political Collaborations with Edward Montagu; George, Lord Lyttelton; and William Pulteney, Lord Bath. Doctor of Philosophy (History), December 2009, 215 pp., references, 144 titles, 5 archival sources. This dissertation examines Elizabeth Robinson Montagu’s relationships with three men: her husband, Edward Montagu; George Lyttelton, first baron Lyttelton; and William Pulteney, earl of Bath to show how these relationships were structured and how Elizabeth Montagu negotiated them in order to forward her own intellectual interests. Montagu’s relationship with her husband Edward and her friendships with Lord Lyttelton and Lord Bath supplied her with important outlets for intellectual and political expression. Scholarly work on Montagu’s friendships with other intellectual women has demonstrated how Montagu drew on the support of female friends in her literary ambitions, but at the same time, it has obscured her equally important male relationships. Without discounting the importance of female friendship to Montagu’s intellectual life, this study demonstrates that Montagu’s relationships with Bath, Lyttleton, and her husband were at least as important to her as those with women, and that her male friendships and relationships offered her entry into the political sphere. Elizabeth Montagu was greatly interested in the political debates of her day and she contributed to the political process in the various ways open to her as an elite woman and female intellectual. Within the context of these male friendships, Montagu had an opportunity to discuss political philosophy as well as practical politics; as a result, she developed her own political positions. It is clear that contemporary gender conventions limited the boundaries of Montagu’s intellectual and political concerns and that she felt the need to position her interests and activities in ways that did not appear transgressive in order to follow her own inclinations. Montagu represented her interest in the political realm as an extension of family duty and expression of female tenderness. In this manner, Montagu was able to forward her own opinions without appearing to cross conventional gender boundaries. Copyright 2009 by Elizabeth Stearns Bennett ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my supervising professor, Marilyn Morris, for her support and encouragement of my work over many years; this would not have been possible without her guidance. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance and encouragement of many others: Denis Paz, Laura Stern, Guy Chet, Deborah Needleman Armintor, O. M. Brack, Nicole Pohl, and Dean Cassella. I am grateful for research funding from the University of North Texas History Department and from the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Thank you to the Huntington Library for permission to quote from the Elizabeth Robinson Montagu letter collection. Quotations from the Portland Papers are included by permission of the Marquess of Bath, Longleat House, Warminster, Wiltshire, Great Britain. Thank you to DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University, for permission to include my complete transcription of Lyttelton’s Monody from their collection. I am especially grateful to my family for their support. Thank you to Scott and Caroline Bennett and to William and Mary Jane Stearns. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Accounts Prior to 1970 Modern Interpretations of the Bluestockings: Ideological Models New Perspectives on Eighteenth-Century Women and Gender Relations Elite Women and Eighteenth-Century Political Culture Elizabeth Montagu and Politics: Historiographical Perspectives Elizabeth Montagu: New Questions 2. THE MONTAGU MARRIAGE ........................................................................................29 Eighteenth-Century Marriage in England: Historiographical Perspectives The Montagu Marriage: Previous Interpretations Edward Montagu The Montagu Marriage Aesthetic and Literary Interests Business Affairs 3. THE MONTAGU MARRIAGE: POLITICAL COLLABORATION ..............................68 Advice and Assistance Gathering and Interpreting News Diverging Interests 4. DIALOGUES: THE FRIENDSHIP OF ELIZABETH MONTAGU AND GEORGE, LORD LYTTELTON ......................................................................................................102 Literary and Political Career of Lord Lyttelton Assessments of Lord Lyttelton “To the Memory of a most unhappy, yet Living Lady . .” Dialogues of the Dead Friendship in Letters 5. ELIZABETH MONTAGU, MALE FRIENDSHIP, AND THE POLITICAL REALM ..........................................................................................................................................152 Political Career of William Pulteney, Lord Bath Assessments of William Pulteney, Lord Bath Political Friendship 6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................179 iv APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................184 WORKS CITED ..........................................................................................................................203 v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Since the 1970s, scholarship on Elizabeth Montagu (1720-1800) has focused primarily on her friendships with other intellectual women within the Bluestocking circle.1 Throughout her life, Montagu maintained a variety of relationships and friendships with men of her acquaintance, yet scholars have passed over these relationships while considering the structure and significance of her female friendships. This study investigates Elizabeth Robinson Montagu’s relationships with three men: her husband, Edward Montagu; George Lyttelton, first Baron Lyttelton; and William Pulteney, earl of Bath. I have selected these three relationships because each was intellectually and emotionally significant to her. My particular interest is how these relationships were structured and how Elizabeth Montagu negotiated them in order to forward her own intellectual interests. Without discounting the importance of female friendship to Montagu’s intellectual life, I contend that Montagu’s relationships with Bath, Lyttleton, and her husband were at least as important to her as those with women, and that her male friendships and relationships offered her entry into the political sphere. I show that Elizabeth Montagu was greatly interested in the political debates of her day and that she contributed to the political process in the various ways open to her as an elite woman and female intellectual. Within the context of these male friendships, Montagu had an opportunity to discuss political philosophy as well as practical 1 Although Elizabeth Montagu’s birth date is commonly reported to be 1720, she was actually born in 1718, as christening records show. 1720 is the year her sister Sarah was born. See Betty Rizzo, Companions without Vows: Relationships among Eighteenth-Century British Women (Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press, 1994), n.15, 351. In this study, I consider her year of birth to be 1720 since it is the commonly accepted date and is used in nearly all the secondary sources. 1 politics; as a result, she developed her own political positions. As I demonstrate, Montagu represented her interest in the political realm as an extension of family duty and expression of female tenderness. In this manner, Montagu was able to forward her own opinions without appearing transgressive. To better assess Montagu’s intellectual and political relationships with her husband Edward and with Lyttelton and Bath, I consider both the structure and the emotional content of the relationships. This study illuminates aspects of Montagu’s intellectual and emotional life that have hitherto been neglected and places my findings within current scholarly debates concerning separate spheres, gender relations, and the extent of female political involvement in the eighteenth century. My investigation is based primarily on correspondence between Montagu and these three men, much of it unpublished. Montagu was an indefatigable letter writer and her voluminous correspondence spans nearly seventy years. My research is limited to a period of about twenty- one years, 1742 to 1763. These dates correspond to Elizabeth’s marriage to Edward Montagu in 1742 and the end of the Seven Years War in 1763.2 While this period encompasses nearly the entirety of Elizabeth’s friendship with Lord Bath (1760-1764), it does not cover the whole of the Montagu marriage (Edward died in 1775), nor the complete record of
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