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Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch E As Ciências Históricas Alemãs (1928-1944) [Manuscrito] / Sabrina Magalhães Rocha - 2010

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Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch E As Ciências Históricas Alemãs (1928-1944) [Manuscrito] / Sabrina Magalhães Rocha - 2010 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE OURO PRETO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS SABRINA MAGALHÃES ROCHA LUCIEN FEBVRE, MARC BLOCH E AS CIÊNCIAS HISTÓRICAS ALEMÃS (1928-1944) MARIANA 2010 SABRINA MAGALHÃES ROCHA LUCIEN FEBVRE, MARC BLOCH E AS CIÊNCIAS HISTÓRICAS ALEMÃS (1928-1944) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História do Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em História. Área de Concentração: Estado, Região e Sociedade Linha de Pesquisa: Estado, Identidade e Região Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sérgio Ricardo da Mata MARIANA 2010 R672l Rocha, Sabrina Magalhães. Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch e as ciências históricas alemãs (1928-1944) [manuscrito] / Sabrina Magalhães Rocha - 2010. 160f. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sérgio Ricardo da Mata. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais. Departamento de História. Programa de Pós-graduação em História. Área de concentração: Estado, Região e Sociedade 1. Febvre, Lucien Paul Victor, 1878-1956 - Teses. 2. Bloch, Marc Leopold Benjamin, 1886-1944 - Teses. 3. Historiografia - França - Teses. 4. Historiografia - Alemanha - Teses. 5. História - Metodologia - Teses. I. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. II. Título. CDU: 930(44)(430) Catalogação: [email protected] Sabrina Magalhães Rocha Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch e as Ciências Históricas Alemãs (1928-1944) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em História. Aprovada pela Comissão Examinadora abaixo assinada. Prof. Dr. Sérgio Ricardo da Mata Departamento de História, UFOP Prof. Dra. Helena Miranda Mollo Departamento de História, UFOP Prof. Dr. Estevão Chaves de Rezende Martins Departamento de História, UNB Ao meu avô Dolor Magalhães (in memorian) AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, pela oportunidade de desenvolver este trabalho, e à Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa pela bolsa REUNI-UFOP. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Sérgio Ricardo da Mata. Todos os acertos que este trabalho tenha alcançado são fruto de sua atenta orientação, que conjuga o gosto pela ciência histórica, a erudição e o rigor, com a sensibilidade para se relacionar com as incertezas de uma pesquisadora em formação. Ao Prof. Dr. José Carlos Reis, do Departamento de História da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, que há cinco anos me concedeu a oportunidade de ser sua orientanda de iniciação científica e, com sua inteligência e ousadia, despertou em mim o gosto pela história da historiografia. Aos Professores e aos colegas do PPGHIS/UFOP, especialmente ao Prof. Dr. Renato Pinto Venâncio, pelas interlocuções e importantes contribuições para a construção do meu objeto de pesquisa. Aos colegas da PRACE/UFOP, pela compreensão e pelo incentivo, fundamentais no exercício do meu novo papel nesta instituição. A Renata e Alice, pela manutenção de uma amizade que mesmo não podendo se renovar diariamente se mantém viva. À família Eleutério Alves, que me acolheu como parte dela própria, pelo carinho e atenção. Aos meus familiares, avós, tios, tias e primos, pelo incentivo, pela admiração e pelas importantes contribuições à minha formação ético-moral. À minha irmã Isabella, pelo apoio, admiração e estreitamento de nossos laços. Ao meu pai, pela confiança e esperança depositadas em mim, e pela satisfação com minhas conquistas. À minha mãe, minha maior admiradora, minha maior incentivadora, agradeço por ter perseguido, nos últimos vinte e quatros anos, minha formação como seu principal objetivo. A Emerson, agradeço a rara sabedoria e o imenso amor, que conformam o porto seguro de todas as trilhas pelas quais me aventuro. RESUMO ROCHA, Sabrina Magalhães. Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch e as ciências históricas alemãs (1928-1944). 2010. 160f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Mariana/MG. Lucien Febvre (1878-1956) e Marc Bloch (1886-1944), dois dos mais importantes historiadores do século XX, são estudados neste trabalho por meio de uma abordagem própria da história da historiografia. A investigação tem como foco as relações desses intelectuais com as ciências históricas alemãs, sobretudo a historiografia, mas também a economia política e a sociologia. No contexto das “guerras culturais” entre intelectuais franceses e alemães, analisa-se a convivência e a crítica produzida por Febvre e Bloch a respeito do pensamento histórico alemão, entre 1928 e 1944. A partir de um conjunto de fontes composto principalmente por resenhas produzidas pelos dois historiadores e por cartas trocadas entre ambos, investiga-se o peso da presença germânica em suas trajetórias, a influência de historiadores conhecedores da produção acadêmica alemã, como Henri Berr e Henri Pirenne, e o contato com acadêmicos alemães e austríacos, como Alfons Dopsch. Demonstrando como a crítica foi instrumento fundamental para Marc Bloch e Lucien Febvre, e como as ciências históricas alemãs ocuparam nela lugar privilegiado, procura-se compreender a relação ambivalente dos fundadores dos Annales com a Alemanha. Palavras-chave: Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch, historiografia francesa, historiografia alemã; crítica histórica. ABSTRACT ROCHA, Sabrina Magalhães. Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch e as ciências históricas alemãs (1928-1944). 2010. 160f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Mariana/MG. Lucien Febvre (1878-1956) and Marc Bloch (1886-1944), two of the most important historians of the twenty century, in this work are investigated by an approach typical of the history of historiography. The investigation focuses on the relatioship of intellectuals to the German historical sciences, almost the historiography, but also the political economy and sociology. In the context of "culture wars" between French and German intellectuals, it looks at the coexistence and the critical produced by Febvre and Bloch thought about German history, between 1928 and 1944. From a group of fonts composed mostly of book reviews produced by the two historians, and letters exchanged between them, we investigate the weight of the German presence in their trajectories, the influence of kowledgeable historians of German academic, as Henri Berr and Henri Pirenne, and the contact with German and Austrian scholars, as Alfons Dopsch. Demonstrating how the criticism was fundamental tool for Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre, and how the German historical sciences occupied a privileged place in it, seeks to understand the ambivalent relationship of the founders of the Annales with Germany. Key-words: Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch, French historiography, German historiography; historical criticism. SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO 8 2. CONSTRUINDO O OBJETO: TEORIA, METODOLOGIA E LITERATURA SOBRE LUCIEN FEBVRE E MARC BLOCH 17 2.1 A HISTÓRIA DA HISTORIOGRAFIA COMO CAMPO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO 17 2.2 A HISTORIOGRAFIA SOBRE LUCIEN FEBVRE E MARC BLOCH 26 2.2.1 Febvre, Bloch e a “Escola dos Annales” 27 2.2.2 Revisões da historiografia sobre os Annales 33 2.2.3 Novos quadros da pesquisa sobre Bloch e Febvre 38 3. VIVER E ESCREVER A ALEMANHA: A PRESENÇA GERMÂNICA NAS TRAJETÓRIAS DE LUCIEN FEBVRE E MARC BLOCH 43 3.1 FRANÇA E ALEMANHA (SÉC. XVIII–XX): APROXIMAÇÕES E DISTANCIAMENTOS 43 3.2 A ALEMANHA NA VIDA DOS CIDADÃOS FEBVRE E BLOCH 52 3.3 A ALEMANHA NA HISTORIOGRAFIA DE FEBVRE E BLOCH 58 4. A CONVIVÊNCIA COM AS CIÊNCIAS HISTÓRICAS ALEMÃS 68 4.1 O POLIMORFISMO DOS CONTATOS 68 4.2 OS CONTATOS INTERPESSOAIS 73 4.2.1 Leituras e contatos dos parceiros franceses 75 4.2.1.1 As lições dos mestres: Henri Berr e Henri Pirenne 75 4.2.1.2 As leituras do “círculo Annaliste” 80 4.2.2 Convivência com os intelectuais germânicos 85 4.2.2.1 A colaboração dos alemães na Annales: Brinkmann, Vogel e Rörig 85 4.2.2.2 O círculo austríaco: Alfons Dopsch, Lucie Varga e Franz Borkenau 90 5. A HISTORIOGRAFIA ALEMÃ NA CRÍTICA DE LUCIEN FEBVRE E MARC BLOCH 98 5.1 O PAPEL DA CRÍTICA BIBLIOGRÁFICA 98 5.2 CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA PRESENÇA DA HISTORIOGRAFIA ALEMÃ 106 5.3 A CRÍTICA DOS CLÁSSICOS DA HISTORIOGRAFIA ALEMÃ 114 5.3.1 Estudiosos do Capitalismo Moderno 117 5.3.1.1 Werner Sombart 117 5.3.1.2 Max Weber 123 5.3.2 Historiadores Medievalistas 128 5.3.2.1 Georg von Below 128 5.3.2.2 Ernst Kantorowicz 134 5.3.3 Teóricos e Críticos da História 137 5.3.3.1 Karl Lamprecht 137 5.3.3.2 Friedrich Meinecke 140 6. CONCLUSÃO 144 7. REFERÊNCIAS DOCUMENTAIS 150 8. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 153 1. INTRODUÇÃO Lucien Paul Victor Febvre (1878-1956) e Marc Leopold Benjamin Bloch (1886-1944) são reconhecidos como dois dos mais importantes historiadores da historiografia francesa e também da historiografia do século XX. Esses autores produziram no campo da história moderna e da história medieval, respectivamente, escrevendo obras que ainda se constituem em referências importantes para as duas disciplinas. Febvre é autor de obras que encontraram e ainda encontram ampla repercussão na historiografia brasileira, como a recém- lançada O problema da incredulidade no séc. XVI: a religião de Rabelais.1 As obras de Bloch, por sua vez, não gozam de menor prestígio. No Brasil, Bloch é mais amplamente conhecido por três de suas obras, Os reis taumaturgos, A Sociedade Feudal e A Apologia da História ou o Ofício de Historiador.2 Esses historiadores, por outro lado, são referenciados nas discussões historiográficas contemporâneas, particularmente no campo da história da historiografia, por sua vinculação à “Escola dos Annales”. Ao longo de todo o século XX, tanto na historiografia brasileira quanto na historiografia francesa e, de maneira geral, na historiografia internacional, Lucien Febvre e Marc Bloch são apresentados como os pais do “movimento dos Annales”. Com a fundação, em 1929, da revista Annales d’histoire économique et sociale, esses historiadores teriam inaugurado uma nova forma de se produzir conhecimento histórico.
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