DOCSLIB.ORG

Women in Nazi Germany: Victims, Perpetrators, and the Abandonment of a Paradigm

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Women in Nazi Germany: Victims, Perpetrators, and the Abandonment of a Paradigm Women in Nazi Germany: Victims, Perpetrators, and the Abandonment of a Paradigm David A. Guba, Jr. History Department Introduction The vast secondary literature on the Third Reich is matched in dimension only by the controversy contained within its discourse. During the Cold War era, historians in East and West Germany routinely placed the crimes of National Socialism within a historicized narrative that massaged away the complicity of a particular ideological element of society while condemning that of another. West German historian Gerhard Ritter, for example, linked the atrocities of the Third Reich to a ―populist nationalism and a plebiscitary politics‖ thereby relieving ―patriotic conservatives‖ from complicity in Nazi crimes.1 Similarly biased, East German scholars historicized the Nazi past within a narrative of ―bourgeois development‖ and linked their ideological opponents in the West to Nazi crimes through capitalism.2 The histories of National Socialism produced in both East and West Germany in the first decades after World War II were largely built on ideological foundations that noticeably undermined their ―objective‖ integrity. In the 1960s a younger generation of historians in West Germany developed a ―social science‖ approach to the study of the Nazi past termed Gesellschaftsgeschichte. Historians of this structural convention like Hans Ulrich Wehler and Fritz Fischer argued that the rise of National Socialism precipitated from Germany‘s ―special path‖, or Sonderweg, to incomplete political and social modernization.3 By linking the ultra-right-winged elements of German society to the development of National Socialism and casting democracy as an oppressed victim, these historians hoped to bring greater legitimacy to the democratic 1 Konrad H. Jarausch and Michael Geyer, Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 5-6. 2 Ibid., 7. 3 Historians of this convention argued that ―the inadvertent rise of democratic forces…was blocked by the authoritarian structures of the state and conservative forces, producing ‗structural‘ tensions that led from smaller catastrophes to bigger ones—from the threat of civil war to world war and on to genocide.‖ Ibid. heritage of contemporary West Germany. 4 The early attempts of Cold War and Sonderweg historians stripped the Nazi past of its human – and inhuman – face and placed the causality and historical significance of the Third Reich within ideological and structural narratives that rarely moved beyond the context of contemporary political debates. In the late 1970s, however, social historians in the West (particularly in Great Britain) were no longer willing to accept the structural and ideologically- tinted ―master-narratives‖ of the previous decades and instead sought to ―humanize‖ the history of the Third Reich. Following the methodological model of E.P. Thompson‘s The Making of the English Working Class (1963), historians like David Blackbourn and Tim Mason constructed their analyses of Nazi Germany from the ―bottom-up‖ hoping to unearth if not evidence of resistance at least some sign that the poison of National Socialism was unable to permeate all levels of German society.5 Although Mason is considered one of the first historians to devote significant discussion to women‘s roles and experiences within the working-class milieu of Nazi Germany, his primary interest was the working class in the Third Reich and in 1976 he did not ―intend to do any further detailed research into the position of women in Nazi Germany in the near future.‖6 Within this politically-charged and male-dominated debate over the proper cause and historical significance of National Socialism, women were largely absent as both subjects of inquiry and as scholarly contributors.7 In the 1980s, feminist historians Gisela Bock and Claudia Koonz remedied this historical and professional oversight and published ground-breaking investigations on women in Nazi society. Gisela Bock investigated sterilization and eugenics policies in pre- war Nazi Germany and argued that all women in the Third Reich were to some degree victimized under National Socialism.8 Claudia Koonz‘s study of ―mothers 4 Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (Middlestown Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 2005, c.1997), 68-73. 5 Timothy W. Mason, Social Policy in the Third Reich: The Working Class and the ‘National Community,’ 1918-1939. trans. John Broadwin (Berg Publishing, 2003, c.1977); David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley, The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany (New York, 1984). 6 Timothy W. Mason, ―Women in Germany, 1925-1940: Family, Wlefare and Work. Part II (Conclusion‖, History Workshop, No. 2 (Autmn, 1976), pp. 2-32., 27. 7 Mary Nolan, ―Work, Gender and Everyday Life: Reflections on Continuity, Normality and Agency in Twentieth century Germany,‖ Ian Kershaw & Moshe Lewin (eds.) Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorship in Comparison (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 329. 8 Gisela Bock, ‗Racism and Sexism in Nazi Germany‘, When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany Bridenthal et al. (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984), 271- 296. First published in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 8, no. 3 (1983) in the fatherland‖ contrastingly argued that ‗Aryan‘ mothers, although relegated to a private sphere of domesticity by the sexist policies of the Third Reich, played a major role in maintaining ―normality‖ at home and thus provided at least a semblance of stability for the Nazi men engaged in mass murder and war.9 These contrasting conclusions led to a war-of-words between Bock and Koonz in academic journals over whether women in Nazi Germany were victims (Opfer) or perpetrators (Täterin). The first section of this paper takes a closer look at the Bock-Koonz / Opfer-Täterin debate of the late 1980s and argues that although ultimately a fruitless line of inquiry plagued by similar pitfalls as its ideological and structural forerunners, the search for ―pure types‖ forced professional discourse to move beyond blanket generalizations and accept the ―complex and contradictory‖ realities of the Nazi past.10 After the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the reunification of Germany in 1990, historians of National Socialism became increasingly suspicious of structural narratives and overextended generalizations.11 Within the discourse on women in Nazi society, scholars Adelheid von Saldern and Mary Nolan questioned the efficacy of the Opfer-Täterin debate. They urged historians to abandon attempts to construct a ―homogenized gender history‖ and accept the multiplicity of women‘s experiences in the Third Reich as an historical reality. The second section of this paper examines this call for an abandonment of the Bock-Koonz debate and explores several works that effectively shed the Opfer-Täterin paradigm and provided a new and insightful look into the everyday lives of German women in Nazi society. Opfer oder Täterin: A Fruitless Debate? For many historians of women in Nazi Germany, Tim Mason‘s two-part article ―Women in Germany, 1925-1940: Family, Welfare and Work‖ marks the unofficial starting point of post-war historiography on the subject. First published in History Workshop in the spring of 1976, Mason‘s article discussed the extent to which Nazi domestic policies regarding women, family life and work were able to penetrate and control the private spheres of German society, particularly those within the lower and working classes. As an historian of the British-Marxian 9 Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin‘s Press, 1987). 10 Phrases borrowed from Adelheid von Saldern, ―Victims or Perpetrators? Controversies about the Role of Women in the Nazi State,‖ David F. Crew (ed) Nazism and German Society, 1933- 1945, pp. 141-165. 11 Konrad H. Jarausch and Michael Geyer, Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories, 11. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen‘s Hitler’s Willing Executioners (1992) is the well-known exception to this general trend. convention, Mason approached the subject of women in Nazi Germany from the perspective of class conflict and privileged the working-class dimensions of Nazi society while relegating issues of race and gender to the periphery. Although Mason heavily qualified his assertions and was reluctant to espouse broad generalizations based on his admittedly ―speculative‖ analysis,12 he portrayed working-class women as ―silent sufferers‖ and thus helped push the debate concerning women as Opfer or Täterin into the historical discourse on women in Nazi Germany.13 One of the first reactions to Mason‘s class-based analysis came in 1983 with the publication of Gisela Bock‘s ―Racism and Sexism in Nazi Germany: Motherhood, Compulsory Sterilization and the State.‖14 In this article Bock questioned Mason‘s Marxian preoccupation with class and argued that ―neither race nor gender, racism nor sexism—and even less their connection—has been a central theme in German social historiography.‖15 To remedy this oversight, Bock focused her analysis on Nazi eugenics and compulsory sterilization programs during the pre-war years (1933-1939) and argued that the racist and sexist policies of the Third Reich rendered all women – especially non-Aryan and ‗asocial‘ women – victims of Nazi terror. Whereas Mason cautiously portrayed working- class women as ―silent sufferers‖,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Theresienstadt Concentration Camp from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Coordinates: 50°30′48″N 14°10′1″E
    Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Theresienstadt concentration camp From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates: 50°30′48″N 14°10′1″E "Theresienstadt" redirects here. For the town, see Terezín. Navigation Theresienstadt concentration camp, also referred to as Theresienstadt Ghetto,[1][2] Main page [3] was established by the SS during World War II in the fortress and garrison city of Contents Terezín (German name Theresienstadt), located in what is now the Czech Republic. Featured content During World War II it served as a Nazi concentration camp staffed by German Nazi Current events guards. Random article Tens of thousands of people died there, some killed outright and others dying from Donate to Wikipedia malnutrition and disease. More than 150,000 other persons (including tens of thousands of children) were held there for months or years, before being sent by rail Interaction transports to their deaths at Treblinka and Auschwitz extermination camps in occupied [4] Help Poland, as well as to smaller camps elsewhere. About Wikipedia Contents Community portal Recent changes 1 History The Small Fortress (2005) Contact Wikipedia 2 Main fortress 3 Command and control authority 4 Internal organization Toolbox 5 Industrial labor What links here 6 Western European Jews arrive at camp Related changes 7 Improvements made by inmates Upload file 8 Unequal treatment of prisoners Special pages 9 Final months at the camp in 1945 Permanent link 10 Postwar Location of the concentration camp in 11 Cultural activities and
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliographical Essay
    Bibliographical Essay Below is a working bibliography of the most important books and artides that have been particularly useful to the editors and that complement the essays contained in the volume. Since we focused on the structural, i. e., economic, dass, and power dimensions that largely led to the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the successful ascension to power of the Nazi party, most of the items listed reßect that ap- proach. Although not exhaustive, this list indudes some of the most significant works in the field and those which have shaped our thinking. For a discussion of the emergence of fascism and its relation to dass, economics, and political development, see: Nicos Poulantzas, Fascism and Dictatorship (London: NLB, 1974); Renzo De Felice, Fascism: An Informal Introduction to lts Theory and Practice (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1976); Stanley Payne, Fascism: Comparison and Definition (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980); Stein Ugelvik Larsen, Bernt Hagtvet, Jan Petter Myklebust, eds., Who Were the Fascists: Social Roots of European Fascism (Bergen: Universitetsforlaget, 1980); Peter Stachura, ed., The Shaping of the Nazi State (London: Croom Helm, 1978); Walter Laqueur, Fascism: A Readers Guide (London: Wildwood House, 1976); Ernst Nolte, Three Faces of Fascism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965); Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Ori- gins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966); Eugen Weber, Varieties of Fascism (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1964); Francis L. Carsten, The Rise of Fascism (London: Batsford, 1967); John Weiss, The Fascist Tradition (New York: Harper & Row, 1967); Hans Rogger and Eugen Weber, eds., The European Right (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965); George L.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Heidegger on Humanism 8
    Alon Segev Thinking and Killing Alon Segev Thinking and Killing Philosophical Discourse in the Shadow of the Third Reich ISBN 978-1-61451-128-1 e-ISBN 978-1-61451-101-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2013 Walter de Gruyter, Inc., Boston/Berlin Typesetting: Frank Benno Junghanns, Berlin Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Foreword The motivation for writing this book began with my, one might say, naïve belief that critical thinking could have avoided the rise of the Third Reich and the Shoah in World War II. The main culprits were put on trial in Nuremberg, and then came the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem and the Auschwitz trials in Germany. Later on, the compliancy of Heidegger, Gadamer, and others with the Nazi regime was exposed by prominent scholars.1 Thus, the personal and public reputations of Heidegger, Jünger, Schmitt, Gadamer and others were destroyed and then partly rehabilitated. Their teaching, which was essential in consolidating and promulgating the Nazi world-view and in creating and designing the atmosphere of support for the Nazi movement, has, however, mostly remained untouched and continues to be uncritically studied and referred to. As Alain Finkielkraut writes: As Jankélévitch has rightly noted, the extermination of the Jews “was doctrinally founded, philosophically explained, methodically prepared by the most pedantic doctri- narians ever to have existed.” The Nazis were not, in effect, brutes, but theorists.
    [Show full text]
  • Female Nazi Perpetrators Kara Mercure Female Nazi Perpetrators
    Undergraduate Research Journal Volume 19 Article 13 2015 Female Nazi Perpetrators Kara Mercure Female Nazi Perpetrators Follow this and additional works at: https://openspaces.unk.edu/undergraduate-research-journal Part of the European History Commons, and the History of Gender Commons Recommended Citation Mercure, Kara (2015) "Female Nazi Perpetrators," Undergraduate Research Journal: Vol. 19 , Article 13. Available at: https://openspaces.unk.edu/undergraduate-research-journal/vol19/iss1/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of Undergraduate Research & Creative Activity at OpenSPACES@UNK: Scholarship, Preservation, and Creative Endeavors. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Research Journal by an authorized editor of OpenSPACES@UNK: Scholarship, Preservation, and Creative Endeavors. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Female Nazi Perpetrators Kara Mercure Nazi women perpetrators have evolved in literary works as they have become more known to scholars in the last 15 years. However, public knowledge of women’s involvement in the regime is seemingly unfamiliar. Curiosity in the topic of women’s motivation as perpetrators of genocide and war crimes has developed in contrast to a stereotypical perception of women’s gender roles to be more domesticated. Much literature has been devoted to explaining Nazi ideology and how women fit into the system. Claudia Koonz’s, Mother’s in the Fatherland, demonstrates the involvement of women in support of National Socialism. The book focuses on women in support of the regime and how they supported the regime through domestic means. Robert G. Moeller’s, The Nazi State and German Society, also examines how women were drawn to National Socialism and how their ideals progressed through the regime.
    [Show full text]
  • SS-Totenkopfverbände from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from SS-Totenkopfverbande)
    Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history SS-Totenkopfverbände From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from SS-Totenkopfverbande) Navigation Not to be confused with 3rd SS Division Totenkopf, the Waffen-SS fighting unit. Main page This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason Contents has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2010) Featured content Current events This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding Random article citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) Donate to Wikipedia [2] SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV), rendered in English as "Death's-Head Units" (literally SS-TV meaning "Skull Units"), was the SS organization responsible for administering the Nazi SS-Totenkopfverbände Interaction concentration camps for the Third Reich. Help The SS-TV was an independent unit within the SS with its own ranks and command About Wikipedia structure. It ran the camps throughout Germany, such as Dachau, Bergen-Belsen and Community portal Buchenwald; in Nazi-occupied Europe, it ran Auschwitz in German occupied Poland and Recent changes Mauthausen in Austria as well as numerous other concentration and death camps. The Contact Wikipedia death camps' primary function was genocide and included Treblinka, Bełżec extermination camp and Sobibor. It was responsible for facilitating what was called the Final Solution, Totenkopf (Death's head) collar insignia, 13th Standarte known since as the Holocaust, in collaboration with the Reich Main Security Office[3] and the Toolbox of the SS-Totenkopfverbände SS Economic and Administrative Main Office or WVHA.
    [Show full text]
  • Nurses and Midwives in Nazi Germany
    Downloaded by [New York University] at 03:18 04 October 2016 Nurses and Midwives in Nazi Germany This book is about the ethics of nursing and midwifery, and how these were abrogated during the Nazi era. Nurses and midwives actively killed their patients, many of whom were disabled children and infants and patients with mental (and other) illnesses or intellectual disabilities. The book gives the facts as well as theoretical perspectives as a lens through which these crimes can be viewed. It also provides a way to teach this history to nursing and midwifery students, and, for the first time, explains the role of one of the world’s most historically prominent midwifery leaders in the Nazi crimes. Downloaded by [New York University] at 03:18 04 October 2016 Susan Benedict is Professor of Nursing, Director of Global Health, and Co- Director of the Campus-Wide Ethics Program at the University of Texas Health Science Center School of Nursing in Houston. Linda Shields is Professor of Nursing—Tropical Health at James Cook Uni- versity, Townsville, Queensland, and Honorary Professor, School of Medi- cine, The University of Queensland. Routledge Studies in Modern European History 1 Facing Fascism 9 The Russian Revolution of 1905 The Conservative Party and the Centenary Perspectives European dictators 1935–1940 Edited by Anthony Heywood and Nick Crowson Jonathan D. Smele 2 French Foreign and Defence 10 Weimar Cities Policy, 1918–1940 The Challenge of Urban The Decline and Fall of a Great Modernity in Germany Power John Bingham Edited by Robert Boyce 11 The Nazi Party and the German 3 Britain and the Problem of Foreign Office International Disarmament Hans-Adolf Jacobsen and Arthur 1919–1934 L.
    [Show full text]
  • Eugenics, Euthanasia and Genocide Kenneth L
    The Linacre Quarterly Volume 59 | Number 3 Article 6 August 1992 Eugenics, Euthanasia and Genocide Kenneth L. Garver Bettylee Garver Follow this and additional works at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq Recommended Citation Garver, Kenneth L. and Garver, Bettylee (1992) "Eugenics, Euthanasia and Genocide," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 59: No. 3, Article 6. Available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol59/iss3/6 Eugenics, Euthanasia and Genocide by Kenneth L. Garver Department of Medical Genetics, West Penn Hospital Pittsburgh, PA and Bettylee Garver Director, Genetic Counseling Program Department of Human Genetics Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh Introduction As physicians or health care providers we should be concerned with the history of eugenics. However, as George Wilhelm Hegel has commented, "What experience and history teach is this - that people and governments never have learned anything from history, or acted on principles deducted from it" (The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations 195, p. 240).' If this is so, and certainly it appears to be, with the strong emergence of public attitudes regarding "The Right to Die," then we have a duty as physicians to guide the public toward a commitment for the sanctity of life. The distinction should be made between genetics and eugenics. Genetics is a legitimate scientific study of heredity. Eugenic comes from the Greek word, eugenes (eu-well and genos-born). The term refers to improving the race by the bearing of healthy offspring. Eugenics is the science that deals with all influences that improve the inborn quality of the human race, particularly through the control of hereditary factors.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Look at Max Weber and His Anglo-German Family Connections1
    P1: JLS International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society [ijps] PH231-474840-07 October 28, 2003 17:46 Style file version Nov. 19th, 1999 International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, Vol. 17, No. 2, Winter 2003 (C 2003) II. Review Essay How Well Do We Know Max Weber After All? A New Look at Max Weber and His Anglo-German Family Connections1 Lutz Kaelber2 Guenther Roth’s study places Max Weber in an intricate network of ties among members of his lineage. This paper presents core findings of Roth’s analysis of Weber’s family relations, discusses the validity of Roth’s core theses and some of the implications of his analysis for Weber as a person and scholar, and addresses how Roth’s book may influence future approaches to Weber’s sociology. KEY WORDS: Max Weber; history of sociology; classical sociology; German history; Guenther Roth. “How well do we know Max Weber?”—When the late Friedrich H. Tenbruck (1975) raised this question almost thirty years ago, he had Weber’s scholarship in mind. The analysis of Weber’s oeuvre and the debate over it, fueled by a steady trickle of contributions of the Max Weber Gesamtaus- gabe, has not abated since. Thanks to the Gesamtausgabe’s superbly edited volumes, we now know more about Weber the scholar than ever before, even though the edition’s combination of exorbitant pricing and limitation to German-language editions has slowed its international reception. Tenbruck’s question might be applied to Weber’s biography as well. Here, too, the Gesamtausgabe, particularly with the edition of his personal letters, has been a valuable tool for research.1 Yet the fact remains that what we know about Weber the person derives to a significant extent from 1Review essay of Guenther Roth, Max Webers deutsch-englische Familiengeschichte, 1800–1950.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Consensus, Political Conflict: the Problem of Unity Among German Intellectuals During World War I
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2006 Cultural Consensus, Political Conflict: The Problem of Unity among German Intellectuals during World War I Benjamin Taylor Shannon University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Shannon, Benjamin Taylor, "Cultural Consensus, Political Conflict: The Problem of Unity among German Intellectuals during World War I. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2006. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4498 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Benjamin Taylor Shannon entitled "Cultural Consensus, Political Conflict: The Problem of Unity among German Intellectuals during World War I." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in History. Vejas Liulevicius, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: A. Denise Phillips, John Bohstedt Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Benjamin Taylor Shannon entitled "Cultural Consensus, Political Conflict: The Problem of Unity among German Intellectuals during World War I." I have examined the finalpaper copy of this thesis for formand content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in History.
    [Show full text]
  • Sterilization of the Developmentally Disabled: Shedding Some Myth-Conceptions
    Florida State University Law Review Volume 9 Issue 4 Article 3 Fall 1981 Sterilization of the Developmentally Disabled: Shedding Some Myth-Conceptions Deborah Hardin Ross Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr Part of the Disability Law Commons, Health Law and Policy Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, and the Law and Society Commons Recommended Citation Deborah H. Ross, Sterilization of the Developmentally Disabled: Shedding Some Myth-Conceptions, 9 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 599 (1981) . https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr/vol9/iss4/3 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida State University Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STERILIZATION OF THE DEVELOPMENTALLY DISABLED:* SHEDDING SOME MYTH-CONCEPTIONS DEBORAH HARDIN Ross I. Introduction ..................................... 600 II. Non-Consensual Sterilization Under Statutory Au- thority .......................................... 602 A. Sociological, Legislative, and Judicial Back- ground ..................................... 602 B. Analysis of Present Statutes .................. 606 1. To Whom Applied ...................... 607 2. Procedure .............................. 607 3. Justification for Sterilization ............. 608 4. Standards .............................. 609 C. Substantive Due Process ..................... 609 1. No Compelling State Interest ............ 611 a. Justifications and False Assumptions
    [Show full text]
  • Fatherland Ebook, Epub
    FATHERLAND PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Robert Harris | 400 pages | 01 Dec 2009 | Cornerstone | 9780099527893 | English | London, United Kingdom Fatherland PDF Book Why have an American character if you weren't gonna explain the alternate history American timeline. His work has been translated into thirty- seven languages. Robert Harris has done a splendid job. Odilo Globocnik boasts that Auschwitz and the other camps have been totally razed, and March will never know the truth for certain. Another significant divergence is the political career of Kennedy, who was, in real life, disgraced in during the Battle of Britain. Now obsessed by the case, March teams up with a beautiful, young American journalist and starts asking questions The department specifically deals with threats of terrorism, whereas national security encompasses a broader range of issues. The book had several different plots intertwining which created a lot of suspense. Retrieved 24 August The ending did not seem very well rounded. He makes the story and setting accessible to everyone and it was a joy to read. Within the British Empire , many natives in the colonies came to think of Britain as the mother country of one, large nation. The action of the novel takes place from 14 to 20 April , as Germany prepares for Hitler's 75th birthday celebrations on the latter date. I appear to be a definite minority in my opinion but had to voice it anyway. Since history is so interesting I often wonder why I pick up a a"what if" book based on a mix of fact and fiction. March himself is a part of the system and faces the unique challenge of seeking the truth in an environment that is both hostile and fatal for the seekers of certain truths.
    [Show full text]
  • Hard Hearts; the Volksgemeinschaft As an Indicator of Identity Shift Kaitlin Hampshire James Madison University
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses The Graduate School Summer 2017 Hard times; Hard duties; Hard hearts; The Volksgemeinschaft as an indicator of identity shift Kaitlin Hampshire James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019 Part of the European History Commons, Military History Commons, and the Other German Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Hampshire, Kaitlin, "Hard times; Hard duties; Hard hearts; The oV lksgemeinschaft as na indicator of identity shift" (2017). Masters Theses. 488. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019/488 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hard Times; Hard Duties; Hard Hearts; The Volksgemeinschaft as an Indicator of Identity Shift Kaitlin Hampshire A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History August 2017 FACULTY COMMITTEE: Committee Chair: Dr. Christian Davis Committee Members/ Readers: Dr. Michael Gubser Dr. Gabrielle Lanier To Mom and Dad, I do not know how I could have done this without you! II Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my director Dr. Christian Davis for his support of my Master’s Thesis. Besides my director, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Dr. Michael Gubser and Dr. Gabrielle Lanier. My deepest thanks goes to my Graduate Director and Mentor Dr.
    [Show full text]