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Xuebalib.Com.44415.Pdf Journal of Ethnopharmacology 187 (2016) 160–182 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Review Local and traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Sophora japonica L.: A review Xirui He a,b, Yajun Bai a, Zefeng Zhao a, Xiaoxiao Wang a, Jiacheng Fang a, Linhong Huang b,n, Min Zeng a, Qiang Zhang a, Yajun Zhang a, Xiaohui Zheng a,n a Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710069, PR China b Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an 710054, PR China article info abstract Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Sophora japonica (Fabaceae), also known as Huai (Chinese: 槐), is Received 3 January 2016 a medium-sized deciduous tree commonly found in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and other countries. Received in revised form The use of this plant has been recorded in classical medicinal treatises of ancient China, and it is currently 11 April 2016 recorded in both the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and European Pharmacopoeia. The flower buds and fruits of Accepted 11 April 2016 S. japonica, also known as Flos Sophorae Immaturus and Fructus Sophorae in China, are most commonly Available online 13 April 2016 used in Asia (especially in China) to treat hemorrhoids, hematochezia, hematuria, hematemesis, he- Keywords: morrhinia, uterine or intestinal hemorrhage, arteriosclerosis, headache, hypertension, dysentery, dizzi- Sophora japonica ness, and pyoderma. To discuss feasible trends for further research on S. japonica, this review highlights Ethnopharmacology the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicology of S. japonica based Flavonoid on studies published in the last six decades. Isoflavonoid Materials and methods: Information on the S. japonica was collected from major scientific databases Anti-inflammatory activity Anti-osteoporotic activity (SciFinder, PubMed, Elsevier, SpringerLink, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Medline Plus, China “ ” Hemostatic activity Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI), and Da Yi Yi Xue Sou Suo (http://www.dayi100.com/login.jsp) for publications between 1957 and 2015 on S. japonica. Information was also obtained from local classic herbal literature, government reports, conference papers, as well as PhD and MSc dissertations. Results: Approximately 153 chemical compounds, including flavonoids, isoflavonoids, triterpenes, alka- loids, polysaccharides, amino acids, and other compounds, have been isolated from the leaves, branches, flowers, buds, pericarps, and/or fruits of S. japonica. Among these compounds, several flavonoids and isoflavonoids comprise the active constituents of S. japonica, which exhibit a wide range of biological activities in vitro and in vivo such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-osteoporotic, anti- oxidant, radical scavenging, antihyperglycemic, antiobesity, antitumor, and hemostatic effects. Further- more, flavonoids and isoflavonoids can be used as quality control markers for quality identification and evaluation of medicinal materials and their preparations. Information on evaluating the safety of S. ja- ponica is very limited, so further study is required. To enable safer, more effective, and controllable therapeutic preparations, more in-depth information is urgently needed on the quality control, tox- icology data, and clinical value of crude extract and active compounds of S. japonica. Conclusions: S. japonica has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) due to its wide range of biological activities, and is administered orally. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of S. ja- ponica have increased in the past few years, and the extract and active components of this plant can be used to develop new drugs based on their traditional application as well as their biological activities. Abbreviations: 2-NBDG, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose; 3T3-L1, mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line; A549, human lung carcinoma cell line; ABTS, 2, 2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); ALP, alkaline phosphatase; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; BGC-823, human gastric cancer cells; C3H10T1/2, mesenchymal stem cell lines; CNE2, human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells; CNKI, China Knowledge Resource Integrated; Com, compound; COX-2, cycloox- ygenase-2; DPPH, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; EC50, concentration for 50% of maximal effect; ED1, monoclonal antibody; ERα, estrogen receptor alpha; EtOAc, ethyl acetate; Ref, reference; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HepG2, liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line; HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; IC50, inhibitory concentration for 50% of viability; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I; IPNI, International Plant Nutrition Institute; IκBα/β, inhibitor of NF-κB; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MCF-7, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7; MDA, mal- ondialdehyde; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NO, nitric oxide; Á OH, hydroxyl free radical; OVX, ovariectomized; PR, progesterone receptor; PMA, phorbol myristate acetate; PLs, phospholipids; RAW 264.7, murine macrophage cell lines; S180, sarcoma 180; SOD, superoxide dismutase; STZ, streptozotocin; TC, total cholesterol; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; TG, triglycerides; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor n Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (L. Huang), [email protected] (X. Zheng). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.014 0378-8741/& 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. X. He et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 187 (2016) 160–182 161 Therefore, this review on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicity of S. japonica offers promising data for further studies as well as the commercial exploitation of this tradi- tional medicine. & 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 161 2. Botany and ethnopharmacology . 162 2.1. Botany...................................................................................................... 162 2.2. Ethnopharmacology. 162 3. Phytochemistry . 162 3.1. Flavonoids................................................................................................... 163 3.2. Isoflavonoids................................................................................................. 163 3.3. Triterpenoids . 163 3.4. Alkaloids . 163 3.5. Other compounds . 163 4. Extraction methods for rutin . 163 5. Pharmacology activities. 164 5.1. Anti-inflammatory activity . 164 5.1.1. Crude extracts . 164 5.1.2. Isolated compounds. 164 5.2. Antibacterial activity . 165 5.2.1. Crude extracts . 165 5.2.2. Isolated compounds. 167 5.3. Anti-osteoporotic activity . 168 5.3.1. Crude extracts . 168 5.3.2. Isolated compounds. 168 5.4. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities . 168 5.4.1. Crude extracts . 168 5.4.2. Isolated compounds. 169 5.5. Antihyperglycemic activity . 170 5.5.1. Crude extracts . 170 5.5.2. Isolated compounds. 172 5.6. Antiobesity activity . 173 5.6.1. Crude extracts . 173 5.6.2. Isolated compounds. 173 5.7. Antitumor activity . 173 5.7.1. Crude extracts . 173 5.7.2. Isolated compounds. 173 5.8. Whitening activity . ..
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