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O Strukturi Tržaškega Meščanstva V 19. in Začetku 20. Stoletja

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O Strukturi Tržaškega Meščanstva V 19. in Začetku 20. Stoletja 2019 1.01 Izvirni znanstveni članek UDK 316.347-058.13(450.361Trst)"18/19" Prejeto: 16. 9. 2019 Amalija Maček dr., visokošolska učiteljica, prevajalka in tolmačka, Oddelek za prevajalstvo, Filozofska fakulteta UL, Aškerčeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana E-pošta: [email protected] Veronika Pflaum dr., arheologinja, muzejska svetovalka, Gorenjski muzej, Tomšičeva 42, SI-4000 Kranj E-pošta: [email protected] Ana Vilfan Vospernik univ. dipl. iur., podiplomski pravni študij na Evropskem kolidžu, Brugge, Belgija, strokovnjakinja za pravo človekovih pravic E-pošta: [email protected] O strukturi tržaškega meščanstva v 19. in začetku 20. stoletja Prikaz na primeru družinske zgodovine Sergija Vilfana IZVLEČEK Podatki avstrijskih popisov prebivalstva iz let 1880 in 1890, pri katerih so večjezični prebivalci morali izbrati en sam jezik kot svoj prevladujoči pogovorni jezik, ne odsevajo realne strukture tedanjega tržaškega prebivalstva ter prepletanja različnih etničnih in verskih skupin, ki jih je pritegnil Trst. Družinska zgodovina več generacij tržaških družin Vilfan in Jeanrenaud (od leta 1903 povezanih s poroko) že znotraj ene same ožje družine pokaže pestro etnično, versko in jezikovno povezovanje. Predstavljene slovenske meščanske družine Vilfan, Jugovic in Šav- nik v izobrazbenem, poklicnem in gospodarskem pogledu ustrezajo splošnim vzorcem meščanstva v svojem času ter predstavljajo socialno enakovreden del etnično mešanega tržaškega meščanstva. Na poznejšo nacionalno opredelitev posameznih članov obeh tržaških družin so poleg družinskih vezi vplivali poklic, izobrazba, delovno okolje in kraj bivanja. Prva svetovna vojna je pomemben rez v zgodovini Trsta in življenju predstavnikov obravnavanih družin, ki sta večinoma že do konca dvajsetih let 20. stoletja, dokončno pa po drugi svetovni vojni, zapustili Trst. KLJUČNE BESEDE Trst, meščanstvo, 19. stoletje, začetek 20. stoletja, Vilfan, Jeanrenaud, Jugovic, Šavnik 545 2019 ABSTRACT REFLECTIONS ON THE COMPOSITION OF TRIESTE CITIZENRY IN THE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES. A DEMONSTRATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF SERGIJ VILFAN’S FAMILY HISTORY The data from Austrian population censuses of 1880 and 1890, in which multilingual inhabitants were to select only one language as their predominant means of communication, do not reflect the real composition of the then Trieste population and the intertwining of various ethnic and religious groups that were drawn to the city. The family his- tory of several generations of the Trieste families of Vilfan and Jeanrenaud (since 1903 connected through marriage) demonstrates highly variegated ethnic, religious, and language ties that were forged even within a family nucleus. In occupational and economic terms, the presented Slovenian middle-class families of Vilfan, Jugovic, and Šavnik lived in conformity with the overall middle-class patterns of their time and constituted a socially equivalent part of Trieste’s ethnically mixed citizenry. The national affiliations that individual members of the families concerned subsequently developed were a result of not only their family ties but also of education, occupation, work environment, and place of residence. The First World War represents an important watershed in the history of Trieste and the lives of the repre- sentatives of the families under examination, which left Trieste, mostly by the end of the 1920s and definitively after the Second World War. KEY WORDS Trieste, citizenry, nineteenth century, early twentieth century, Vilfan, Jeanrenaud, Jugovic, Šavnik Sergiju Vilfanu v spomin ob 100-letnici rojstva 546 2019 AMALIJA MAČEK, VERONIKA PFLAUM, ANA VILFAN VOSPERNIK: O STRUKTURI TRŽAŠKEGA MEŠČANSTVA ..., 545–570 Uvod njegov ded tržaški mestni svetnik.5 V drugi polovici 19. stoletja so se postopoma izoblikovale različne na- Namen pričujočega prispevka, ki v veliki meri rodnostne identifikacije, ki jih je zelo težko retroak- temelji na prevodu članka pokojnega akad. prof. dr. tivno aplicirati na kompleksno prepletene razmere v Sergija Vilfana iz leta 1990,1 je na primeru družinske multietnični monarhiji, katere razpad pomeni ostro zgodovine, ki obsega več generacij družin Jeanrenaud cezuro na individualni in geopolitični ravni. Družin- in Vilfan (od leta 1903 povezanih s poroko), prikaza- ska zgodovina nazorno prikaže tesne vezi med raz- ti etnično, versko in jezikovno kompleksno strukturo ličnimi družbenimi skupinami, ki jih statistike rade meščanstva v Trstu (pars pro toto celotne monarhije) obravnavajo ločeno. v 19. stoletju ter do konca dvajsetih let 20. stoletja, ko je Josip Vilfan ml. kot zadnji predstavnik družine Multikulturni Trst Vilfan zapustil Trst. Shema rodovnika, ki omogoča lažje sledenje številnim podatkom, zajema samo ose- Trst, ki je imel ob koncu 17. stoletja znotraj be, ki so omenjene v članku, in sega do generacije, ki mestnega obzidja okrog 4.000 do 5.000 prebivalcev, je bila še rojena v Trstu (otroci Josipa in Frana Vil- je začel doživljati pomemben gospodarski razcvet fana). po letu 1719, ko je bil skupaj z Reko razglašen za Raznolike biografije posameznikov vendarle pri- svobodno pristanišče. Med podeljenimi privilegiji čajo o enotnem kulturnem habitusu meščanstva,2 pa je bila pomembna predvsem pravica do ustanavlja- naj gre za življenjski slog, izobrazbo, poklicno ali že- nja zavarovalnic (v dobrem stoletju jih je bilo usta- nitno izbiro. Posebno pozornost prispevek namenja novljenih kar sedemnajst), ki so omogočale varnejšo statusu slovenskih meščanskih družin Vilfan, Jugo- plovbo in mednarodno trgovino z najbolj oddaljeni- vic in Šavnik ter s konkretnimi primeri odgovarja mi deli sveta s pomočjo predujmov in zavarovalnin na diametralno nasprotne trditve v smislu, da je bil ter z izdajanjem delnic.6 Dovoljene so bile poroke Trst nekoč povsem »naš«, torej slovensko mesto na med pripadniki različnih veroizpovedi, priseljenci slovenskih tleh,3 ali pa ravno nasprotno, da so bili so bili deležni imunitete pred preganjanjem zaradi Slovenci le kmetje in delavci,4 ki so živeli v zaledju, gospodarskih prestopkov v drugih državah.7 Vse to ne pa tudi v samem mestu, kar je večkrat politično je pritegnilo številne podjetne priseljence (predvsem instrumentalizirala italijanska stran. Tako je Josip iz Kranjske, Istre, Beneške republike in Lombardije), Vilfan ml. poslancu Minasu, ki mu je rekel, naj se pri čemer so v prvem valu prednjačili moški, nekaj vrne tja, od koder je prišel, odvrnil, da je rojen v uli- desetletij za njimi, ko so se razmere nekoliko ustalile, ci San Michele [v Trstu, op. avtoric] in da je bil že pa so se iz drugih delov monarhije v večjem številu začele priseljevati tudi ženske. Značaj Trsta temelji na dihotomiji med pasivnim avtohtonim patricijskim 1 Vilfan, Zur Struktur des triester Bürgertums, str. 65–74. prebivalstvom ter merkantilističnimi, progresivnimi 8 Prevod je delo Amalije Maček, Tatjane Molk in Irene Vil- priseljenci, ki so jih avtohtoni prebivalci in tenden- fan Bruckmüller, besedilo pa so dopolnile Amalija Maček, ciozni zgodovinopisci (Cervano, Tamaro, Slataper Veronika Pflaum in Ana Vilfan Vospernik (prapravnukinje gradbenika Josipa Wilfana st. in njegove žene Gabrijele, roje- in drugi) označevali za neomikane barbare (ki se ne ne Jugovic; prvi dve sta vnukinji Sergija Vilfana, Ana Vilfan zanimajo za kulturo in znanost, temveč le za trgova- Vospernik pa je vnukinja Jože Vilfana). Prevajalke in avtorice nje), in to ne glede na njihovo nemško, slovansko ali so navedene v abecednem vrstnem redu. siceršnje poreklo.9 V 18. in 19. stoletju se je v Trstu na Za vzpodbudo in vsebinsko pomoč se zahvaljujemo Ireni Vilfan Bruckmüller in Idi Maček Kranjc (hčerama Sergija veliko gradilo (na primer nova Terezijanska četrt), a Vilfana), mag. Tatjani Dolžan Eržen (Gorenjski muzej) za množično priseljevanje je še vedno povzročalo visoke pomoč glede sitarskih družin Globočnik – Jugovic – Matajc najemnine, skromne bivanjske in slabe higienske raz- ter dr. Tanji Žigon za arhivsko gradivo iz Beograda. Za teh- mere, kar je skupaj s številnimi epidemijami in bo- nično pomoč se zahvaljujemo Gabrijelu, Agati in Miranu leznimi, ki so jih prinašali pomorščaki, prispevalo k Pflaumu. 10 Prispevek je nastal v okviru raziskovalnega programa Med- visoki smrtnosti, predvsem med otroki. Kljub visoki kulturne literarnovedne študije (št. P6-0265), ki ga sofi- rodnosti in velikemu številu porok je tako prebival- nancira Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike stvo naraščalo predvsem po zaslugi migracij. Slovenije iz državnega proračuna, in ob podpori Gorenjskega muzeja. 2 Bruckmüller, Nove raziskave. 5 Rustia, Iz poslanskega delovanja, str. 47. 3 Marta Verginella navaja »neovržene resnice«, ki jih je v Ilir- 6 Prim. Costa, Der Freihafen, str. 122 sl. skem Primorjanu jeseni 1866 objavil Franc Cegnar: »1. da je 7 Kalc, Tržaško prebivalstvo, str. 23. Trst slovenskega izvora in da stoji na slovenski zemlji; 2. da 8 Teorijo o dveh vrstah prebivalcev Trsta (avtohtoni citadini in so bili njegovi prvi prebivalci Slovenci in 3. da so se Slovenci priseljenci, Borghesi) je že v 19. stoletju postavil tržaški zgo- naselili v Trstu veliko prej kot laške rodbine«; prim. Verginel- dovinar Pietro Kandler (Storia, str. 131–132). Dvojnost se je la, Družbeni vzpon, str. 69. po njegovem opažanju izgubljala že po letu 1770 in v 19. sto- 4 Pahor, Mesto v zalivu, str. 229 – v opombi k strani 94 v ro- letju izginila, tendenciozni zgodovinopisci pa so jo pozneje manu zapiše: »Nekoč se je nalašč razširjalo mnenje, češ da je umetno obudili. slovenski živelj na Tržaškem sestavljen iz
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