CROWN, CHURCH and ESTATES Crown, Church and Estates Central European Politics in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

CROWN, CHURCH AND ESTATES Crown, Church and Estates Central European Politics in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Edited by R. J. W. Evans Lecturer in Modern History Brasenose College, Oxford and T.V. Thomas Lecturer in Czech and Slovak History School of Slavonic and East European Studies University of London St. Martin's Press New York © School of Slavonic and East European Studies 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 978-0-333-48568-2 All rights reserved. For information write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 First published in the United States of America in 1991 Typeset by LBJ Enterprises Ltd Tadley, Hampshire ISBN 978-1-349-21581-2 ISBN 978-1-349-21579-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-21579-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crown, church, and estates: central European politics in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries/edited by R. J. W. Evans and T.V. Thomas p. em. Includes index. ISBN 0-312-06019-X 1. Central Europe-Politics and government. I. Evans, Robert John Weston. II. Thomas, T. I. V. DB1047.C76 1991 943-<lc20 90-21834 CIP Contents Preface vii List of Abbreviations ix Notes on the Contributors xi Map xiv-xv Introduction xvii R. J. W. Evans 1. The System of Estates in the Austrian Hereditary Lands and in the Holy Roman Empire: A Comparison 1 Volker Press 2. The Political System and the Intellectual Traditions of the Bohemian Stiindestaat from the Thirteenth to the Sixteenth Century 23 Winfried Eberhard 3. Ferdinand I and the Estates: Between Confrontation and Co-operation, 1521-64 48 Alfred Kohler 4. Protestantism and Defence of Liberties in the Austrian Lands under Ferdinand I 58 Gunther R. Burkert 5. Crown, Estates and the Financing of Defence in Inner Austria, 1500--1630 70 Sergij Vi/fan 6. The Crown and the Diets of Hungary and Transylvania in the Sixteenth Century 80 Laszlo Makkai 7. Princes, Jesuits, and the Origins of Counter-Reforma- tion in the Habsburg Lands 92 Gernot Heiss 8. The Collegium Germanicum Hungaricum in Rome and the Beginning of Counter-Reformation in Hungary 110 Istvan Bitskey v vi Contents 9. Habsburg Absolutism and the Resistance of the Hun garian Estates in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 123 Kalman Benda 10. The Religious Question and the Political System of Bohemia before and after the Battle of the White Mountain 129 Jaroslav Panek 11. Moravia and the Crisis of the Estates' System in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown 149 Josef V alka 12. Estates and the Problem of Resistance in Theory and Practice in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 158 Winfried Schulze 13. Armed Conflict in East-Central Europe: Protestant Noble Opposition and Catholic Royalist Factions, 1604-20 176 Gottfried Schramm 14. The Bohemian Opposition, Poland-Lithuania, and the Outbreak of the Thirty Years War 196 Inge Auerbach 15. Ferdinand II: Founder of the Habsburg Monarchy 226 Robert Bireley 16. The Austrian Nobility, 1600--50: Between Court and Estates 245 Georg Heilingsetzer 17. The Struggle for Protestant Religious Liberty at the 1646-47 Diet in Hungary 261 Katalin Nter 18. Confessions, Freedoms, and the Unity of Poland- Lithuania 269 Antoni M9czak 19. The Contractual Principle and Right of Resistance in the Ukraine and Moldavia 287 Orest Subtelny 20. Epilogue: Central and Western Europe 300 H. G. Koenigsberger Index 311 Preface This volume consists of the revised versions of papers which were originally given at a conference held at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 5-8 January 1988. This conference was among the most international in a series which the School of Slavonic Studies has organised in recent years, bringing together over twenty scholars from Austria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, the United States and the United Kingdom. The major theme which the conference organisers proposed was the triangular relationship in the period from the advent of the Protestant Reformation to the victory of the Counter-Reformation between the Habsburg Crown, the estates of the Austrian, Bohe mian, and Hungarian lands, and the Church. The conference focused on the crisis which the Reformation caused and its con sequences for the relation between the dynasty, the Church and the nobility in the Habsburg Monarchy. For the purposes of compara tive analysis papers were included on regions outside the Monarchy such as Poland and the Holy Roman Empire. The more specific topics which the conference speakers were asked to address included the nature and workings of the system of Crown and estates; the relations between the Habsburgs and the Church; the character of Habsburg absolutism; the connection between Protes tantism and the defence of noble rights; and the relationship between religion and politics during the upheavals of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. There is a lack of published work in English on all these aspects of a crucial period of European history, even though some dis tinguished exceptions to that generalisation have been published in recent years. This present volume is intended to go some way towards repairing that deficiency in historical writing in English. It cannot, of course, claim to cover the ground comprehensively; the ground is too extensive and the issues too complicated. There is less on the second half of the seventeenth century than the conference organisers originally intended there would be. This volume can claim to provide a survey of the state of current research in the field from leading scholars whose work in many instances is available at best only in German and otherwise only in east-European lan guages. But the editors of this volume hope that it will be of interest Vll viii Preface not only to English-speaking historians of Central Europe. The visiting participants at the conference impressed on the organisers how much they welcomed the conference as an unusual, indeed a unique, opportunity to meet together in one place and discuss their work, and many of the papers incorporate significant new findings. I would like to thank for the success of the conference Professor Michael Branch, Director of the School of Slavonic Studies, for all the assistance he gave the conference organisers, in particular on the financial side; the Austrian Institute in London, the British Acad emy, and the British Council for financial support; Dr R. J. W. Evans, whose advice was indispensable, Dr Laszlo Peter, Dr John Stoye and Professor H. G. Koenigsberger who helped to organise the conference, and also the last for his expert instant summing-up of the whole proceedings at the end of the conference; the transla tors of the conference papers, Petr Charvat, Angela Davies, Catherine Errington, Ursula Reitmaier and Helga Robinson Hammerstein; and last, but not least, the scholars who took part and made the occasion so stimulating and enjoyable. School of Slavonic and East European Studies University of London Trevor Thomas List of Abbreviations AC Archiv cesky cili stare pisemne pamatky ceske a mor avske (37 vols. Prague, 1840--1904) AOG Archiv fur osterreichische Geschichte (earlier Archiv fur die Kunde osterreichischer Geschichtsquellen) AS StA Arhiv Slovenije ( = Archives of Slovenia, Ljubljana), Stanovski Arhiv CCH!CsCH Cesky casopis historicky, 1953-89 Ceskoslovensky casopis historicky FHB Folia Historica Bohemica HHStA Haus- Hof- und Staatsarchiv ( = part of Austrian State Archives, Vienna) HZ Historische Zeitschrift JGGP6 Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft fur die Geschichte des Prot estantismus in 6sterreich MIOG Mitteilungen des lnstituts fur osterreichische Geschichtsforschung NoLA Niederosterreichisches Landesarchiv ( = Lower Aus trian Provincial Archives, Vienna) SC Snemy ceske od leta 1526 ai po na§i dobu (15 vols. Prague, 1877- ) SUA SM Statni Ustfedni Archiv ( = State Central Archives, Prague), Stani Manipulace TsGADA Tsentralnyi Gosudarstvennyi Archiv Drevnich Aktov ( = Central State Archives for Ancient Documents, Moscow) ZHF Zeitschrift fur historische Forschung ix Notes on the Contributors loge Auerbach is a Lecturer at the University of Marburg, where she teaches central and eastern European history. She has published books and articles on social history, especially on the comparative history of the central and eastern European estates. Kalman Benda is Director of the Raday Collection and Library of the Hungarian Reformed Church, and a Senior Research Fellow of the Historical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His publications cover many aspects of the history of Hungary in the early modern period, especially the development of representative institutions and the oppositional movements associated with Bocskai, Ferenc Rakoczy II, and the Jacobins of the 1790s. Robert Bireley, S.J. is Professor of History at Loyola University of Chicago. He was educated at Loyola, the Hochschule Sankt Georgen in Frankfurt, and Harvard University. He has published two books and several articles on the Counter-Reformation in Germany and The Thirty Years War. Istvan Bitskey is Professor of Old Hungarian Literature at the Kossuth University in Debrecen. He has published books and articles on the literature of the Hungarian Reformation and Coun ter-Reformation. Gunther Burkert is Lecturer in Austrian History at the University of Graz. He has published on Austrian history, particularly on the history of the estates and the peasantry. Winfried Eberhard is Professor of Medieval History at the Ruhr University of Bochum. He has published on the history of the Bohemian Reformation and on several aspects of late medieval and early modern history. R.J.W. Evans is a Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford, and a University Reader in Modern History. He has published on various aspects of the history of the Habsburg lands from the late sixteenth to the early twentieth centuries, but especially on their cultural and religious history in the early modern period. Georg Heilingsetzer is Archivist at the Upper Austrian Provincial Archive at Linz and Lecturer in Austrian History at the University Xl xii Notes on the Contributors of Vienna.

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