Mineral Exploration and Assessment of Geological

REPUBLIC OF KENYA OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT ARID LANDS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT

MINERALMINERAL EXPLORATIONEXPLORATION AND ASSESSMENT OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALSMATERIALS AND GEOTOURISM SITES IN ALRMP PROJECTPROJECT AREA, BARINGOBARINGO AND EASTEAST POKOTPOKOT DISTRICTSDISTRICTS

APRIL 2009 (Fieldwork(Fieldwork conductedconducted between 11“st and 151.5”7th December 2008)

BY Enoch K. Kipseba –— Supt. Geologist, Mines & Geological Dept. Judith J. Kotut –— Geologist I, Mines & Geological Dept. Julius Kasitet —– S.L.D.O., A.L.R.M.P.,A.L.R.M.P., East Pokot District

Mineral ExplorationExploroiion and0nd AssessmeAssessmenint of Geological MaterialsMoleriols an0ndd GeotourismGeoiourism SitesSiies in ALRMP ProjectProjecl Area,Areo, BaringoBoringo and0nd EastEosl PokotPokoi DistrictsDislricls

REPUBLIC OF KENYA OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT ARID LANDS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT

MINERALMINERAL EXPLORATIONEXPLORATION AND ASSESSMENT OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALSMATERIALS AND GEOTOURISM SITES IN ALRMP PROJECTPROJECT AREA, BARINGOBARINGO AND EASTEAST POKOTPOKOT DISTRICTSDISTRICTS

APRIL 2009 (Fieldwork(Fieldwork conductedconducted between 11“st and 151.5”7th December 2008)

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba, JudithJudlih J. KotutKoiui and Julius KasitetKosllei Page 2 Page 2

MineralIvlinerol ExplorationExplorolion and AssessmeAssessmentnt of GeologicalGeologicol MaterialsMoleriols anondd GeotourismGeolourisnn Sites in ALRMP Project Area,Areo, BaringoBoringo andond EastEosl PokotPokol DistrictsDislricls

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The survey team is grateful to Mr. Julius K. Taikong, D.M.O., BaBaringoringo and East Pokot Districts for the support and didirectionrection in the planning and imimplementationplementation of the survey. The team is also grateful to the District Steering Group for their consideration in the planning of the exploration exexercise.ercise. The team also thanks Mr. Lojomon K. Biwott, HSC, Commissioner of Mines & Geology, for didirectionrection and support that enabled the reconnaissance survey to be done.

Mr. Joseph Lonete, Assistant Chief, Loruk Sub-Location, accompanied the team during the field study Nginyang and Natan areas, providing invaluable linkage to the local community, for which the team is grateful. ThanksThanks are also due to MrMr.. Francis Lopalal of Kapedo, and others in Plesian, Kapunyany, and Ngoron areas for their guidance in the rough terrain.

The team also wishes to ththankank its members for the exemplexemplaryary conduct and teamwork it displayed during the field work. Finally, we wowoulduld like to thank the driver, Mr. Rashid for his role.

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 3 Page 3

MineralMinerol ExplorationExplorolion and0nd AssessmeAssessmenlnt of GeologicalGeologicol MaterialsMoleriols anondd GeotourismGeolourism SitesSiles in ALRMP ProjectProjecl Area,Areo, BaringoBoringo andond EastEosl PokotPol

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, JudithJudilh J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 4 Page 4

Mineral Exploration and AssessmeAssessmentnt of Geological Materials anandd GeotourismGeoiourisnn Sites in ALRMP Project Area, BaringoBoringo and East PokotPol

ACCRONYMS

A.L.R.M.P. Arid Lands Resource Management Programme

S.L.D.O. Support to LoLocalcal Development Officer

WHO World Health Organization

D.M.O. Drought Management Officer

HSC Head of State's Commendation

CDF Constituency Development Fund

Supt. Superintending

Dept. Department a.s.l. above sea level

NNE North-north-east ppm parts per million mg/kg milligrams per kilogram

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKoiul and Julius KasitetKosilei Page 5 Page 5

MineralMinerol ExplorationExplorolion and AssessmeAssessmentnt of GeologicalGeologicol MaterialsMoleriols anondd GeotourismGeolourisnn Sites in ALRMP Project Area,Areo, BaringoBoringo andond EastEosl PokotPokol DistrictsDislricls

CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 3 ACCRONYMS ...... 5 CONTENTS ...... 6 INTRODUCTION ...... 1010 Problem Statement ...... 1010 Area ...... 1111 Topography ...... 1212 Climate ...... 1313 MINERALS ...... 1515 Ruby ...... 1515 Fluorite ...... 1616 Diatomite ...... 1717 Garnet ...... 1919 Amethyst Quartz ...... 20 Trona ...... 21 Salt Lick ...... 22 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ...... 23 Building Stone ...... 23 Sand ...... 28 Ballast ...... 29 GEO-TOURISM SITES ...... 31 Lake Baringo and Lake Bogoria ...... 31 View Points and Hills ...... 33 Hot Springs and Steam Jets ...... 34 Historical Sites ...... 35 Caves ...... 36 GEO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STREAM SEDIMENTS ...... 39 Fluorite ...... 43 Zinc ...... 44 Copper ...... 45 Nickel ...... 46 Cobalt ...... 48 Chromium ...... 49 Silver ...... 50 Lead ...... 51 Iron ...... 52 Manganese ...... 54 Gold ...... 55 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 56 Conclusion ...... 56 Recommendations ...... 57 REFERENCES ...... 58

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 6 Page 6

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, JudithJudilh J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 7 Page 7

Mineral ExplorationExplorolion and0nd AssessmeAssessmenlnt of Geological MaterialsMoleriols an0ndd GeotourismGeolourism SitesSiles in ALRMP ProjectProjecl Area, BaringoBoringo and0nd EastEosl PokotPol

LIST OF MAPS Map 1:1: Map showing pad“part ofof thethe project area ...... 1212 Map 2: Drainage pattern in thethe area ...... 1414 Map 3: Areas withwith constructionconstruction materials ...... 23 Map 4:4: GeologyGeology ofof thethe project area ...... 25 Map 5: Map showing thethe lolocationscations ofof sample points ...... 39 Map 6:6: Drainage map in relarelationtion toto thethe sample points ...... 40 Map 7:7: Map showing fluorite concenconcentrationtration distributiondistribution in thethe area ...... 43 Map 8:8: Map showing nickel concenconcentrationtration distributiondistribution inin thethe area ...... 45 Map 9:9: Map showing nickel concenconcentrationtration distributiondistribution inin thethe area ...... 46 Map 10:10: Map showing nickel concenconcentrationtration distributiondistr/bution in thethe area ...... 47 Map 11:11: Map showing cobaltcobalt concenconcentrationtration distribution in thethe area ...... 48 Map 12:12: Map showing chromiumchromium concenconcentrationtration distributiondistribution in thethe area ...... 49 Map 13:13: Map showing silver concentrationconcentration distributiondistr/bution inIn thethe area ...... 50 Map 14:14: Map showing lead concentrconcentrationation distributiondistribution in thethe area ...... 51 Map 15:15: Map showing iron concentrconcentrationation distributiondistribution in thethe area ...... 52 Map 16:16: Map showing manganese concenconcentrationtration distributiondistribution inin thethe area ...... 54 Map 17:17: Map showing gold concentrconcentrationation distribution in thethe area ...... 55

LIST OF PLATES Plate 1:1: Ruby from Baringo District ...... 1515 Plate 2: A fluorite veinvein measuring 4m4m at Kokwo Pkokoch ...... 1616 Plate 3: A hill coveredcovered by diatomited/atomite and cappcappeded by a basalt flow between ChepkesinChepkesin and Kapturo markets ...... 1818 Plate 4:4: Small red crystalscrystals ofof garnets in sandy soil at Ngoron ...... 1919 Plate 5: GarnetGarnet bearinbearingg veinsveins at MakanyMakany area ...... 20 Plate 6:6: Amethyst crystalsCiysta/s from Rapaa area near MurgomulMurgomu/ hillh/ll...... 21 Plate 7:7: TronaTrona deposits at Lorusio area, north of Kapedo ...... 22 Plate 8: Building stone at Kopeyen quarry ...... 24 Plate 9:9: Sand in thethe bed of thethe dry ChepkereratChepkererat river...... 28 Plate 10:10: Poor qualityquality ballast made from quartzitequartzite rock near BarpelloBarpe/lo market ...... 30 Plate 11:11: GoodGood qualityquality ballast from phonolite rock ...... 30 Plate 12:12: GeysersGeysers in Lake Bogoria ...... 31 Plate 13:13: Flamingoes in Lake Bogoria ...... 32 Plate 14:14: ViewView ofof Lake BaringBaringoo from oneone of thethe viewview points ...... 33 Plate 15:15: SilaleSi/a/e cratercrater as seen from thethe sasatellitetellite image (Google(Goog/e Earth).Ean‘h). Note thethe Kapedo hot springs between thethe cratercrater and Kapedo Market (white(white patches) ...... 34 Plate 16:16: Magnificent viewview ofof thethe hills toto thethe northwest of Kapedo market showing lava flowsflows ...... 34 Plate 17:17: TheThe teamteam members and guides at Kapedo waterfallswaterfalls ...... 35 Plate 18:18: A fossil ofof animal toothtooth found at Kamoi area ofof AkoroAkoroyanyan ...... 36 Plate 19:19: TheThe entranceentrance ofof thethe main cavecave near Natan ...... 37

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Plate 20: A viewView ofof thethe mouth ofof thethe cavecave from thethe inside ...... 38 Plate 21: TheThe entranceentrance ofof thethe cavescaves (bottom(bottom right and toptop left)left) of thethe plateplate as seen in GoogleGoog/e Earth image ...... 38

LIST OF TABLES TableTable 1:I: BuildingBwlo’ing stone quarriquarrieses withinWithin thethe project area ...... 27 TableTable 2: TableTable ofof thethe mineral analysis results ...... 42

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MineralMinerol ExplorationExplorolion andond AssessmeAssessmenlnt of GeologicalGeologicol MaterialsMoleriols anondd GeotourismGeolourism SitesSiles in ALRMP ProjectProjecl Area,Areo, BaringoBoringo andond EastEosl PokotPol

INTRODUCTION

Problem Statement The lower regions of Baringo and East Pokot are classified in the Semi-Arid areas. The areas have a low agricultural productivity save for irrigated areas. The areas are believed to be rich in minerals and geologicgeologicalal materials as they are readily exposed due to the rockyrocky nature of the areas. There hahaveve been reports of mineral occurrences by some locals, a suggestion that the area has some minerals.

Exploration for minerals and geological matematerialsrials has not been dodonene in the areas by Mines and Geological DepartmeDepartmentnt due to limited funding.

The creation of the new East Pokot District has brought about many challenges. These include:include:

- Poverty eradication and employment creation in the area

- How the Local Authority in the area will be able to support itself financially

- Alternative source of income for the cocommunitymmunity apart from livestock. This can contribute in the rereductionduction of insecurity which is mainly due to cattle rustling

- The need for construction materials for ththee improvement of infrinfrastructureastructure in the region e.g. roads, bubuildings,ildings, schools etc

- Etc

This exploration aims at the discovery of minemineralsrals and geological mamaterialsterials in the areas. These include minerals, buildibuildingng stone, sand, archeologicaarcheologicall (fossil) sites, caves, mapping of rocks for ballast crushing, touristtourist attraction sites e.g. view points, etc.

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Mineral Exploration and AssessmeAssessmentnt of Geological MaterialsMoleriols anondd GeotourismGeoiourisnn Sites in ALRMP Project Area, Baringo and0nd EastEosl Pokot DistrictsDislricis

Area Baringo and East Pokot Districts are new districtdistrictss that have resulted from the division of Baringo into two Districts. The division was implemented early this year. The two districts are among the twenty six distdistrictsricts that form Rift Valley Province.

Baringo District borders East Pokot district to the north, Keiyo and Marakwet districts to the West, Koibatek district to the South and Laikipia district to the East. East Pokot borders Baringo to the south, Turkana to thethe North, Marakwet to the west, Samburu to the north-east, and West Pokot to the North-West.

The mandate of Arid Lands Resource ManageManagementment Programme (ALRMP) within the tow Districts cover the whole of East Pokot District and the arid lowlands of Baringo District. These areas are Salawa, Barwessa, Bartabwa and Marigat Divisions, Lower Kabartonjo, Lower Kipsaraman, Lower Tenges and ChebinChebinyinyyiny Location of Mochongoi Division. These areas of Baringo District have a total area of 3191 kmkm2.2. The total population in the areas isis estimated at 114,693114,693 (year 20200707 using projections frfromom 19991999 census) with an average population dedensitynsity of 40 persons per kmkmz.2.

East Pokot has an area of 4524.8 kmkm22 and comprises three didivisionsvisions namely Kolowa, Nginyang and Tangulbei. The livlivelihoodelihood in the district is categorized as pastoral. The total district population is estimated at 76,328 (2006 figures prorated from 19991999 census) people with an average population densdensityity of 1515 people per kmkm2.2.

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Mineral Exploration and AssessmeAssessmentnt of Geological MaterialsMoleriols an0ndd GeotourismGeoiourisnn Sites in ALRMP ProjectProjecl Area, Baringo and0nd EastEosl PokotPokol DistrictsDislricls

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- F .:|'>(»: Map 1:1: Map showing pan‘part ofof thethe project area

Topography

Baringo District Baringo district has the highest elevation at about 2,466-m a.s.l in the Tugen hills falling to about 762 m a.s.l in Kapedo. The Tugen hills runs north to south, dividing the district into two distinct valleys. The Kerio Valley to the west of the hills and the Lakes Baringo-Bogoria basin lies to the east. The eaeasternstern parts of the district are the Laikipia ranges which cover parts of Mochongoi Division.

Prominent physical features are the Tugen hills, Lakes BariBaringo,ngo, Bogoria and Kamnarok. Lake Baringo has one big islaisland,nd, Kokwo, which is inhabiteinhabitedd and several small ones.

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The dominant features that control drainage are the Tugen hills and the Laikipia ranges. The Tugen hills act as the divide of the streams and river systsystemsems where the western side streams drain to the Kerio River that flows northwards. Those in the east drain intointo Perkerra River, which flows intointo Lake Baringo and the Suguta in East Pokot. Streams emanating from the Lakipia ranges flflowow westwards draining to Lakes Baringo, Bogoria. There is also the southern system coming from Molo forming the Molo River and the Lorwai of the hills west of Lake BoBogoria.goria. The rivers draidrainingning from Laikipia escarpment are Mukutani, Arabal and Waseges. The former two drain into Lake Baringo while the later drain into Lake Bogoria.

East PokotPakat District The highest point in East Pokot district is Tiati hills with a height of 2352m above sea level.level. The hills are an extension of the TugenTugen hills in the south and extend northwards intointo Turkana district. To the eastern plains of the distridistrictct are the Korossi, Paka, and Silale hills. These hills are volcanic and have craters at their tops. The eastern part of the district rises to the Laikipia ranges at Churo and Amaya. The lowest part of the district is at Kapedo plains with an elevation of 762m above sea level.

Drainage in the district is mainly northwards. Rivers to the west of Tiati hills drain into Kerio River which drains northwnorthwardsards to Lake Turkana. To thethe east of the hills, rivers from the hills drain in an easterly directdirectionion towards Kapedo. Rivers from Tugen Hills drain northwards and converge with those from the Laikipia escarpment at Kapedo, forming Suguta River which drains into SuSugutaguta swamps. A few rivers from Tangulbei and Kokwototo areas drain into LaLakeke Tilam in Nginyang division.

Climate Generally, the rainfall pattern follfollowsows the relief features. It is highest in the Tugen hills and Mochongoi with a mean aannualnnual rainfall of about 12001200 mm and low in the Lowlands averaging about 750 mm. Rainfall is ununevenlyevenly distributed in the district.

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Mineral Exploration and AssessmeAssessmentnt of Geological Materials anandd GeotourismGeolourisnn Sites in ALRMP Project Area, Baringo and East Pokot Districts

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y Rivers ‘ Lake: 3 ; lip-purl I m .. W; Admln boundary 7 """ 8 4 0 3 16 24 32 40 rTi mm - - Km

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Map 2: Drainage pattern in thethe area

In the highlands, the annual rainfall receivereceivedd computed as monthly totals was 1573.81573.8 mm (measured in Kabarnet), which was slightly above the mean annual rainfall of 15001500 mm. The lowlands received monthly totals of 377.4 mm (measured in Marigat) as compared with expected memeanan annual rainfall of 600 mm.

The driest months in the district covers the period January to February while the wettest is April to May. There are two rarainyiny seasons in the didistrict,strict, one normally expected between March and May and the ototherher between July and September. A non- reliable short rain of November/December is not regular.

East Pokot district receives less rainfall than Baringo district and therefore it is much

drier.

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MINERALSMINERALS

Ruby Ruby deposits are found in two areas of thethe project area. These are Kapleng’noi,Kapleng'noi, and Kwirintoi in Mochongoi Division of Baringo District and Barsemoi, KoitilioKoitilion,n, Kipcherere and Bartum areas of Marigat and Kabartonjo Divisions of Baringo and Baringo North Districts respectively.

Some local communities have formed coopcooperativeerative societies and have applied for prospecting licenses. They are yet to complecompletete the prospecting work. Many complain of inadequateinadequate funds to conduct the work which will lead to them determining if the quantities and quality of the deposits anandd hence the economic viability.viability. Some are lookinglooking for external investorsinvestors who can teteamam up together and provide the needed funding.

Plate 1:1: Ruby from Baringo District

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Fluorite Fluorite is found in two areas in the project area. These areas are Kolowa and Kipcherere. Kolowa has three clustered depodepositssits in the form of one large vein of approximately 4m that extends from BarbeBarbellollo to Lobokoi area in Ngoron whereas Kipcherere has a small deposit within a small area.

Kolowa depositdeposit The first cluster is situated around BarbBarbelloello market. 430m south of the market, a deposit is observed, covering an area 20m wide. The rocks araree mineralized with colourless fluorite. Another deposit was also encountered in an excavation next to Barbello cattle dip. It is not exposeexposedd on the surface at this point.

Plate 2: A,4 fluorite veinvein measuring 4m4m at Kokwo Pkokoch

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Mineral Exploration and AssessmeAssessmentnt of Geological Materials anandd GeotourismGeolourisnn Sites in ALRMP Project Area, Baringo and East Pokot DistrictsDislricis

890m to the southwest of Barbello centre, an area measuring over 40m wide is mineralized with fluorite. Large purple, white and transparent crystalscwstals of fluorite were observed. Some parts of the area have deep pipits,ts, a sign of mining activity by previous prospectors and locals since the 1960s.19605.

A second cluster is observed 2.8km to the south west of Kapunyany market. The exposures are at Kokwo Pkokoch and Koiba SiSiranran areas. This exposure is about 30m wide and has purple, white and transparent flfluoriteuorite crystals in a quartzite rock. At Kokwo Pkokoch, the deposit is along a vein measuring about 4m wide and trending at a bearing of about 320320°.0. Purple and translucent crystals araree found in pits dug on alluvial deposits of an old river channel 140m140m to the northeast of the vein. Locals say that some mining of the fluorite was done in the 1960s19605 by white prospectors.

The third cluster is found 3.4km to the west of Ngoron market at Lobokoi area. It is mineralized in a large vein, 2 to 3 metemetersrs wide trending at a bearing of 331331°.0. There are smaller mineralized veins in the area. TheThe area has pits and trenches dug by prospectors and local miners since 1960s.19605.

Kipcherere deposit The deposit is situated 300m south of KipcheKipcherererere market. It is 4m wide and trends westwards. Green, purple and colourless translucenttranslucent crystals are found in the deposit within clay soils. The clclaysays are also rich in fine crystals of fluorite. The deposit is about 20m long and thins out inintoto the surrounding rock.

Diatomite Diatomite is found as a strestretchtch running across the boundary of Baringo North and East Pokot Districts between Kaptur and Kositei arareas.eas. The stretch has an N-S direction and a non uniform width of about 150m.150m.

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul and Julius KasitetKositei Page 17 Page 17

At a hill 8km west of Kositei market, the thickness of the deposit is over 50m. The diatomite is composed of layers of varying sizes intercalated with soil sediments. The beds are almost horizontal with most of it being thin and friable. The thicker layers are purer than the thinner ones. At the hill, ththee purity of the mineral is good and more analysis needs to be dodonene to ascertain it.

Plate 3: A hillh/Y/ covered by diatomite and capped by a basalt flowﬂow between ChepkesinChepkesin and Kapturo markets

At another point 4.7km to the north east of Chepkesin market, the diatomite is also observed and covers a hihillll with similar purity.

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Garnet Garnets are found 400m to the north west of Ngoron market in Kolowa Division. The area is covered by fragmented quartzite rock with the garnets being found in the soils inin numerous small particles of up to 0.5c0.5cmm width. The soils araree reddish due to the amounts of garnets.

Trenching will need to be done to find the source of the garnets, which is close due to itsits concentrations.

PlateP/ate 4:4: SmallSmal/ red crystalscrysta/s of0f garnets in sandy soil50/7 at Ngoron

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Plate 5: GarnetGarnet bearingbear/ﬁg veinsveins at MakanyMakany area

More garnets were found at Makany area, 1.1.5km5km south east of Makany market (11.6km east of Akwichatis market). ThTheyey are found in small veins with calcite. They are pink in colour and are seen as small cryscrystalstals of up to 2mm in width.

Amethyst Quartz Amethyst is found at Rapaa area near Murgomul hill, 14.5km14.5km to the northeast of Churo market. The area with the amethyst crystals spans a distance of 2k2kmm in a direction of NW —– SE and a widtwidthh of about 150m.150m.

The crystals are within colluviums from the hills and commonly found in purple to colorless colour. The crystals have sizes of up to 5cm length. Many have perfect crystal shapes. Their colours are howehoweverver not uniform, ranging from colourless to purple. Many pits dot the area, having been dug by locallocal prospectors.

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k. Plate 6:6: Amethyst crystals fromﬂom Rapaa area near Murgomul hill

Trona Trona is found at Lorusio, a swampy arareaea 10.2km10.2km NNE of Kapedo town. The area surrounds a warm water spring and isis generally damp.clamp.

The trona is deposited by evaporation of watewaterr that contains the mimineralneral as it reaches the surface, leavingleaving the mineral on the surfasurface.ce. It forms a layer of white trona (about a centimeter thick) over the wholwholee area. The deposits keep grgrowingowing even after the layer isis removed.removed. The area measures approximately 1km1km by 1km.1km. Recharge of the trona is from the saturated spring water.

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- -- ’ c" .7 Jam

PlateP/ate 7:7: TronaTrona deposits at LorusioLorus/o area, north of KapedoKapea’o

Salt Lick Salt licks are found in many places in ththee two districts. The areas are popular with pastoralists as a source of mineral salt for their livestock, mainmainlyly goats and cattle.

A large salt lick is found 900m to the north west of Nginyang market. It covers and area of almost 100m100m by 100m100m in a dry area and bare area. TheThe area is beside the main Nginyang —– Chemolingot road, hence it is very accessiblaccessible.e. Some livestock farmers collect and carry the salt lick for their livestocklivestock at home.

Other salt licks, though smaller are fofoundund in Kolowa and Chepkesin areas.

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALSMATERIALS The area is endowed with many construction materials. TheseThese materials include building stone, sand and rocks that can be fragmentfragmenteded into ballast. The geology of the Project area shows that different typetypess of rocks are well distributed within the area such that construction materials are also well distributed except for sand.

N m ' « .

LEGEND D Markets Construction Materials :4 _ [ 1 Roads _— "‘i' W Hm . .' :9c1- Lakes I Ballasl '— : I. M- ii Admin boundary I" Building stone Ti i : Sand

5 2 5 0 5 10 15 20 1—1 Km

ﬁwii’i'i

3.15% A4i‘L 7w,» ‘ I ‘ ‘21::‘iL :‘u‘l‘. Map 3: Areas withwith constructionconstruction materials

Building Stone Building stone is common and well distributed all over the districts. Building stone in the area has its source rocks as tuff, welded tutuff,ff, vesicular basalts, sediments of volcanic origin, mudstone and light diatomaceous rorock.ck. Tuff is found in Kolowa, Tangulbei, Marigat and Tenges areas. Sediments of volcanvolcanicic origin are found nonorthrth of Kolowa while

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 23 Page 23

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diatomaceous stone is found in a stretch between Lower Kipsaraman and Chemolingot. Vesicular basalts are well distdistributedributed throughout the area.

Diatomaceous stone is light and easily disidisintegratentegrate when exposed to water and stress. Mudstone and other rocks of sedimentary origoriginin are also fragile anandd also disintegrate when exposed to ththee above conditions.

Some quarries are close to main roads anandd construction centres and therefore have ready markets. Some are isolated in areaareass with poor roads, and inaccessible.

Plate 8: Building stone at Kopeyen quarry

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul and Julius KasitetKosilel Page 24 Page 24

3 TUNE CT) 35°3?'0”E 35°4?'0”E ()3 36°1?'0”E 36024l’IOHE

—

'41 mi '__""---«“ N LEGEND PrujectArea E Lake Rock type J E AI —Alluvium “ S TU— Tuff E Sad — Sediment |:| Tr— Trachyte ' |:| TF' — Trachy phunulite E F' — Phunulite E El — Basalt - L— Limestone E MD: — M Dzambiquan L.“i l°0'0"i\l

:2 2r:0 N u

_ E" Cm i l i l 2::- l Ci J 10 5 D 10 20 30 mm _ “ﬁll J__ P -=-=—=—=I ﬂ “/4 W‘ ' P All 35°3%'0"E 35°4é'UHE QEo i'3 l_lJ‘ l_l_ HE 36°1£'0"E 36°2Jl'U"E Map 4:4: GeologyGeo/ogy of0f the project area

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, JudithJudilh J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 25 Page 25

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In Kolowa Division, building stone is mainmainlyly from sedimentary origin, being mudstones and siltstone. The active ququarriesarries in the Division araree found at Kopeyen quarry, Cheptangarmet and Cherengetet areas. These araree busy and the stone is used in nearby markets, schools and homes.

In Nginyang Division, stone quarries are found at Chemolingot, Kositei, Chesanja, Kadakotume and Koryo areas. The busy ones are Chemolingot and Kositei due to their proximity to main towns and ready market. TheThe stone from Chemolingot quarry is soft and friable, being a result of sedimentary origin and contains some percentage of diatomite. It is not strong enough and constrconstructorsuctors prefer the tougher tuff from Kositei. The Kositei quarry is tuff layer araroundound one of the surrounding hills.

In Tangulbei Division, the only place with building stone is Lochukia, 8km south of Tangulbei market. Accessibility is however an inhibiting factor for its exploitation.

In Baringo District, the main source of building stone in the highlands at Tulwongoi, 3.7km south of Tenges. Other areas are KapkKapkelelwaelelwa and Cheplambus in Sacho Division, Sabor in Marigat Division, and KaKapindasumpindasum in Mochongoi Division.

The following table summarizes the occurrence of building stone in the project area:

Area name Region Quantity Problems

Tulwongoi Tenges Large Far from major markets

Kositei Nginyang Large Medium local markets. Far from major markets.

Bad roads to other areas

Chesanja Nginyang Medium Small local market. Far from major

markets

Chemolingot Chemolingot Medium Poor quality, small local market

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul and Julius KasitetKositei Page 26 Page 26

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Kadakutome Nginyang Medium Small local market. Far from major markets

Koryo Nginyang Medium Small local market. Far from major markets

Nangarua Churo Medium Far from major markets

Lochukia Churo Medium Small local market. Far from major markets

Kapindasum Arabal Small Small local market. Far from major markets

Kalou Logumugum Small Small local market. Far from major markets

Barwessa Barwessa Medium Medium local markets. Far from major markets

Sabor Sabor Small Small local market. Far from major markets

TableTab/e 1:1: Building stone quarries withinWithin thethe project area The main reasons for low exploitatiexploitationon of the building stones are:

L Competition from quarries near to the urbaurbann centers. This leads to lower demand for stones from the quarries excepexceptt where the stones are unique

L Crude methods of excavaexcavationtion in the quarries

L Poor roads to the quarries. This leleadsads to high transportation costs.

L Poverty, which makes constrconstructionuction of stone houses unaunaffordableffordable to many locals

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Sand Sand is a construction material that is founfoundd almost all over the lowlands of the district. It is found in almost all rivers in the regions.

To the west of the Tugen hills, the source of sasandnd is River Kerio. Other rivers with good quality sand in the area are Chepkererat which flows from the hills near Barpello through Kolowa area and into Kerio.

Chemolingot, Nginyang, Kapedo, Tangulbei and Churo areas get sand from river Cheptopokwo (Chemolingot) which flows from Ngoron hills and joinsjoins river Nginyang. River Nginyang has very good quality sand. Users from as far as Nakuru travel to the

site to collect sand.

Marigat and the surrounding areas get their sand from river Katiorin near Kampi-Ya- Samaki. Small streams around Logumugum flowinflowingg from the hills to the east also have good sand.

J. _ .. _ _ _ _ a___ ‘ . _ . Z 2,11ig; r";-v---I‘)n»--. q—I_: - _“ .;. {-- _ _ -a._,.;nyu e: 1"._"'Z-" - . --. _ __._. -.... _ _ _.._ _ .,'_ .__ .““\£’:‘-§_ Plate 9: Sand in the bed of thethe dry ChepkereratChepkererat riverr/‘I/er

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul and Julius KasitetKosilel Page 28 Page 28

Ballast Ballast in the area is normally produced by individuals who break the rock manually with small hand tools. ThesThesee individuals are fofoundund in market centrcentreses or have their homes (base) adjacent to roroadsads for easy access to marketmarkets.s. The main markets for the ballast are in urban areas, market centres, and schools.

Ballast was found in Salawa, Barwessa, Barbello, Tangulbei, Marigat and Churo areas. Ballast production in small scale is also done in other main market centres all over the two districts.

Good quality ballast can be made from seveseveralral rock types of volcanic origin. These are phonolite, trachy-phonolite and basalt. TrachyteTrachyte produces medium grade ballast. The rocks are normally fine to medium grained and dark coloured. TheseThese rocks are found in Bartum –— Yatya —– Nginyang —– Natan areas, Maron area and Chebinyiny —– Mukutani —– Churo areas (refer to Map 4). Mozambiquan and sedimentary rocks yield poor quality ballast as in Barpello (plate below).

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, JudithJudilh J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 29 Page 29

Plate 10: Poor quality ballast made from quartzite rock near Barpello market

ﬁww

PlateP/ate 11:11: GoodGood qualityqua/ity ballastba/Iast from phonolitephono/ite rock

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GEO-TOURISM SITES

Lake Baringo and Lake Bogoria Lake Bogoria The saline-alkaline Lake Bogoria forms part of a spectacular section of the Baringo- Bogoria ‘half—graben’.‘half-graben’. In this area faults trending NW-SE in alignment form the eastern wall of the Kenya Rift Valley.

The soda lake occupies a spectacular troutroughgh 18km18km long and up to 5km wide. It is bounded to the east by the clcliffsiffs of the Siracho escarpment rising to over 700m above the lake surface, which is at about 1000m1000m above sea level.. The lake has no surface outlet although sosomeme seepage may occur to the north through Loboi Silts.

Numerous hot springs, geysers and steam jetsjets occur on the western and south eastern shores of the lake, though there is indication of susubmergedbmerged hot springs. These geothermal manifestations and the spectaculspectacularar scenery are the main attraction to visitors.

PlatePJ/ate 12:.' GeysersGeysr/es in LakeLa 6 BogoriaBoagor/

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul and Julius KasitetKosilel Page 31 Page 31

‘ ﬁx“

_' _ .. J Plate 13:13: FlamingoesHam/ngeos in Lake BogoriaBogor/a '-

Lake Baringo Lake Baringo is the second most north lake in Kenya’s Great Rift Valley, after Lake Turkana. The lake covers an area of 130km130km22 at an elevation of 970m above the sea level.level. The lake is part of the spectacular section of the Baringo-Bogoria ‘half—‘half- graben’, and lies between the Tugen hills, an uplifted faulfaultt block of volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in the west, and the Laikipia EsEscarpmentcarpment in the east. The lake has fresh water although it has no has no obvious outlets. However water is assumed to seep through lake sesedimentsdiments into volcanic bedrock. The lake has seven small islands. The largest the OlOI Kokwe Island is an extinct volcano composed of basalts and trachytes.trachytes. The island has several hohott springs and steam jets at the north eastern shores some of whicwhichh have precipitated sulfur deposits. The OlOI Kokwe Island has thrthreeee villages, one primary school and about 500 inhabitants. The locals rely on canoes and boats for transportation to the mainland. Fishing and tourism are impoimportantrtant economic activities to the local community. Fresh water fish, birds, hippopotamus, crocodiles, the islands, hot springs and steam jets are some of the tourist attracattractionstions in lake Baringo.

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PlateP/ate 14:14: Viewl/ew offake Lake Bar/I790Baringo fromm one of thetheI/i/V/e view points I

View PointsPoints and HillsHills The district is rich in sites of good scenery. ThisThis isis owed to the position of the District inin relation to the Great Rift Valley.Valley. These view points are nonott well developed due to poor infrastructureinfrastructure e.g. roads and electricity. TheThe eastern flank of the rift valley passes through the two districts along Laikipia escaescarpment.rpment. The flank provides very good view points that give spectacular views of ththee rift valley. Some of these points are Mochongoi, NgelechNgelecha,a, and Churo.

The Tugen Hills and the hills in other parts of the district also provide view points that give similar spectacular views of the lowlanlowlandsds including Lake Baringo. Some notable points are Kipsaraman, Ngoron, Barpello and Tangulbei. Hills (some with craters) also dot the lowlands of East Pokot and inincludeclude Paka, Silale, Korossi and others.

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, JudithJudiih J. KotutKoiui andond Julius KasitetKosiiei Page 33 Page 33

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Q— ar h‘ I ‘ _'A_ _._z

are

"‘5

-.4'

if!

.. . Plate 15:15: Silale$i/a/e crater as seen from thethe satellitesate/iite imageimage (Google(Goog/e Earth). Note thethe Kapedo hot springs between thethe cratercrater and Kapedo Market (white(white patches)

Plate 16:16: MagnificentMagniﬁcent viewView of thethe hills toto thethe nonorthwestrthwest of Kapedo markmarketet showing lava/ava flowsf/ows

Hot Springs and Steam Jets Hot springs and steam jets are found in Kapedo, Loiyamarok (n(northorth of Korossi hill) area, Kasiela, OlOI Kokwe Island in Lake Baringo anandd around Lake Bogoria (described earlier). The hot water from Kapedo area display spectacspectacularular view at its waterfall as it enters Kapedo River within Kapedo market. The waterfall has a height of about 15m,15m, with the

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, JudithJudilh J. KotutKolul and Julius KasitetKosilel Page 34 Page 34

water almost at boiling poinpoint.t. It was once developed to generate electricity for the market by missionaries who hahadd camped at the market.

Plate 17:17: TheThe team members and guides at KapedoKapea’o waterfallswaterfalls

Historical Sites Fossil sites are common in the sedimentary teterrainrrain called the Ngorora Formation that runs from Rondinin in Lower Kipsaraman to Kapturo area. In these sediments, fossils of various kinds of animals including the famofamousus human fossil “Orrorin Tugenensis”, fish, tortoise, and rhino/elephantrhino/elephant fossils have been found in the area. Fossils of plants have also been found in the sediments. OrrorinOrror/‘n TugenensisTugenens/s is considered to be the second- oldest known hominin ancestor that is possipossiblybly related to modern humans and is the only species classified in genus OrrorinOrror/n.. The name was given by the discoverers who found OrrorinOrror/n fossils. By using radiometricradiometric dating techniques, the volcanic tuffs and lavas,lavas, faunal correlation and magneto-stratigrmagneto-stratigraphy,aphy, the strata in which the fossils were found were estimated to date between 6.6.11 and 5.8 million years ago, during the Miocene. This find is impoimportantrtant because it is possiblpossiblyy an early bipedal hominin.

This led to the opening of Kipsaraman MuseMuseumum in Kipsaraman market which was meant to attract tourists. There are two museums in the district. These are in Kabarnet and

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 35 Page 35

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Kipsaraman. The Museum is owned by bobothth Community Museums of Kenya (an NGO) and the County Council of Baringo.

Another site with fossils is Kamoi area in Akoroyan Sub-Location, 7km west of Kampi Ya Samaki market. It is found in younger sedimesedimentsnts of Chemeron Formation. At this site, fossils of fish, pigs, and other animals are found.

Plate 18:18: A fossil of0f animalanima/ tooth found at Kamoi area ofofAkoroyan Akoroyan

Caves Two large caves are situated 5km NNE of Natan market. They are 460m apart and aligned in a northwest —– southeast direction.

The cave to the northwest is smaller with the collapsed basaltic layer measuring about 25m in wide and about 8m deep. The cave itself is covered by boulders of the basalt, leavingleaving small holes between them that are used by bats as their entry points into the

cave.

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul and Julius KasitetKosilel Page 36 Page 36

The second cave has an elongated collapsed basalt surface measuring about 25m wide and 50m long. Both ends of itsits lengthlength have caves whose end could not be seen. The trend of the caves is 282282°.0. The cave in the north-westernorth-westernn side is larger, measuring about 15m15m wide and 10m10m high. Its width and heheightight has littlelittle change as it gets deeper. The cave in the eastern side measures ababoutout 15m15m wide and 7m high. Its width and height decrease as it gets deeper.

The caves are a result of collacollapsepse of the overlying vesicular basaltic flow which forms a cap in the area. The collapse exposed the underlying sedimesedimentsnts in which the caves run through. This cave could hahaveve been an ancient undergundergroundround river channel running below the basalt layer.

The locals say that the caves acted as a hidihidingng place when they wewerere attacked by their

enemies.

Plate 19:19: TheThe entrance of thethe main cave near Natan

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 37 Page 37

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Plate 20: A,4 viewView ofof thethe mouth of thethe cave from thethe insideInside

., ' ,'. r.- .' A. - ImagggzoosD Dulygl’lalGla Image @2009 Tefr

‘ t 3.)”: 1:4“. ' 1"05'03 19" N IéBWB‘OODO‘VE Elev 800 m Plate 21: TheThe entrance of thethe caves (bottom(bottom right anandd toptop left) of the plate as seen in GoogleGoog/e Earth imageimage

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, JudithJudilh J. KotutKolul and Julius KasitetKosilel Page 38 Page 38

GEO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STREAM SEDIMENTS

As part of the mineral exploration, stream sediment samples anandd a few ant-hill soil samples were collected and ananalyzedalyzed for base metals. A totaltotal of 34 stream sediment samples were collected on the main rivers and streams and 4 ant hill samples in areas without rivers in East Pokot District during the exploration exercise.

The samples were however sparsely distributedistributedd due to inaccessibility in many parts of the district. The locationlocationss of the samples are shshownown in the map below.

LEG END

M arkals

Roads Lakes Admin houndaxy 31 lea m sedim en! sa mple

"aft: l : ;.: '-"_'.-. : Map 5: Map showing thethe locations of samplesamp/e points

Ten metals were analyzed for their concentratconcentrationion inin the stream sedisedimentsments and ant hills. These are Silver, gold, cobalt, chromium, coppecopper,r, fluorite, iron, manganese, nickel and

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 39 Page 39

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lead.lead. A sample of water from a hot spring north of Kapedo was also collected (Sample EP/TR) and analyzed.

LEG END

It. Markus ‘ Sileam setllmenl sample Road: River: Lake: Admin boundary

I3 3 . ‘2 S. :4 30 :-:—:—:— Km

East Pokot & 1

mgrﬂmpn

Mif'f.

Bamngo North

Map 6:6: DrainageBra/hage map in relation to thethe sample points

The analysis results are shshownown in the table below in parts per million (ppm).

Sample No. Fluorite Zinc Copper Nickel Cobalt Chromium Silver Lead Iron Manganese Gold 01AH 0.529 0.217 0.49 0.730.140.73 0.14 Nil 0.39 0.32 343.75 17.7517.75 Nil 01LS 0.457 8.50 0.35 1.210.351.21 0.35 10.410.4 0.16 0.67 1562.501562.50 50.00 Nil 02AH 0.383 2.56 0.16 1.250.051.25 0.05 0.21 0.14 0.20 2193.75 16.7516.75 Nil 02SS0255 0.182 1.541.54 0.40 1.190.171.19 0.17 1.431.43 0.10 0.35 2143.75 16.7516.75 0.11 03SS0355 0.211 3.57 0.21 0.950.150.95 0.15 Nil 0.7 0.42 437.50 16.2016.20 0.12 03AH 0.711 4.50 0.11 0.300.240.30 0.24 Nil 0.27 0.21 6556.25 41.50 0.17 04SS0455 0.284 8.80 0.22 1.040.311.04 0.31 Nil 0.03 0.93 287.50 73.75 0.07

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 40 Page 40

04AH 0.338 7.22 0.32 2.220.202.22 0.20 1.481.48 0.09 0.20 4768.75 104.75104.75 Nil 05 0.235 8.03 0.17 0.880.070.88 0.07 Nil 0.02 0.37 1306.251306.25 35.000.2435.00 0.24 06 0.236 2.97 0.18 1.120.101.12 0.10 0.7 Nil 0.22 3381.25 64.25Nil64.25 Nil 07A 0.148 1.431.43 0.29 0.760.180.76 0.18 0.42 Nil 0.19 1350.0 1.75 Nil 07B073 0.205 2.43 0.18 0.720.270.72 0.27 0.22 Nil 0.68 2120.0 51.00 Nil 08 0.137 1.571.57 0.14 0.850.170.85 0.17 Nil Nil 0.59 325.0 20.00Nil20.00 Nil 09 0.130 4.67 0.59 0.990.250.99 0.25 0.39 Nil 0.51 19.5019.50 27.25Nil27.25 Nil 1010 0.164 2.68 0.35 0.880.260.88 0.26 Nil 0.04 0.41 493.75 40.00Nil40.00 Nil 1111 0.140 4.20 1.331.33 2.210.962.21 0.96 1.961.96 0.01 0.44 3300.0 48.00Nil48.00 Nil 1212 0.202 2.95 0.66 1.620.771.62 0.77 Nil 0.01 0.79 1043.751043.75 20.00Nil20.00 Nil 1313 0.146 4.89 1.461.46 2.060.822.06 0.82 Nil 0.01 0.51 1725.001725.00 29.000.2029.00 0.20 1414 0.128 3.58 0.97 2.010.462.01 0.46 Nil Nil 0.51 1418.751418.75 32.50.2132.5 0.21 1515 0.982 6.23 0.40 2.040.192.04 0.19 Nil Nil 0.20 312.50 14.25Nil14.25 Nil 1616 0.229 3.72 0.18 1.420.271.42 0.27 Nil Nil 0.21 75.00 9.500.459.50 0.45 1717 0.228 5.66 0.37 1.140.361.14 0.36 Nil Nil 0.54 10251025 48.25 Nil 1818 0.206 2.72 0.12 0.920.200.92 0.20 Nil Nil 0.55 118.75 37.750.0137.75 0.01 1919 0.137 1.851.85 Nil 0.820.010.82 0.01 0.13 Nil 0.15 125.25 18.50Nil18.50 Nil 20 0.168 8.66 0.02 0.810.140.81 0.14 0.13 0.40 0.32 218.75 39.75Nil39.75 Nil 21 0.295 8.08 0.07 0.850.110.85 0.11 0.0.2525 0.08 0.27 1383.751383.75 135.00135.00 Nil 22A 0.166 4.94 0.29 1.140.221.14 0.22 0.38 0.08 0.44 681.25 19.750.1319.75 0.13 22B223 0.132 7.53 0.41 1.740.231.74 0.23 0.36 0.11 0.30 81.25 16.7516.75 0.14 23 0.124 8.20 0.29 1.730.441.73 0.44 0.43 0.39 0.43 1368.751368.75 62.250.1062.25 0.10 24 0.142 7.71 0.29 0.970.410.97 0.41 0.40 Nil 0.54 850 56.25 Nil 25 0.108 7.67 0.60 1.080.411.08 0.41 1.021.02 Nil 0.58 3968.75 3.000.153.00 0.15 26 0.123 6.10 0.49 1.470.481.47 0.48 0.31 Nil 0.49 1437.5 43.000.1043.00 0.10 27 0.147 5.47 1.781.78 1.130.331.13 0.33 1.301.30 Nil 0.71 1012.5 51.000.1251.00 0.12 28 0.162 8.30 0.34 1.860.561.86 0.56 0.47 Nil 0.33 2337.5 54.25Nil54.25 Nil 29 0.145 3.14 0.34 1.260.211.26 0.21 0.44 Nil 0.22 2017.50 3.750.753.75 0.75 30 0.140 6.11 0.11 0.730.170.73 0.17 0.44 Nil 0.31 2868.75 46.30Nil46.30 Nil 32 0.132 3.99 0.47 1.040.621.04 0.62 0.86 Nil 0.50 718.75 24.25Nil24.25 Nil 33 0.115 4.56 0.73 0.740.410.74 0.41 0.62 Nil 0.52 2790 70.80 Nil

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34 0.178 8.14 0.31 0.690.550.69 0.55 0.47 Nil 1.021.02 2068.75 104.75Nil104.75 Nil 37 0.108 5.57 0.45 0850.52085 0.52 0.32 Nil 0.56 987.5 24.500.0124.50 0.01 EP/TR 94.00 3.50 0.14 0.370.180.37 0.18 0.10 Nil 0.37 50.00 6.25 0.05 TableTable 2: TableTable of the mineral analysis results

The concentrations of the resultresultss may be low but it is a poinpointerter of areas that need more detailed exploration. The source areas are upupstreamstream from the sample points since the flowing rivers/streams carry dissolved mineramineralsls downstream from their sources, leavingleaving traces of the minerals in sediments depositedepositedd along its course. More work is therefore required to be done in ththeseese source areas to determindeterminee the actual source of the

minerals and their amounts.

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul and Julius KasitetKosilel Page 42 Page 42

MineralMinerol ExplorationExploroiion andond AssessmeAssessmenint of GeologicalGeologicol MaterialsMoieriols anondd GeotourismGeoiourisnn SitesSiies in ALRMP ProjectProjeci Area,Areo, BaringoBoringo andond EastEosl PokotPol

Fluorite Fluorite is the only mineral for which significant quantitiquantitieses of the important element fluorine can be obtained. Fluorite is also ususeded as a flux in the manufacture of steel and other metals to eliminate impurities. There is a great demand for FlFluoriteuorite in the optics field, and to meet it synthetic crystals are grgrownown to produce special lenses. It is used in the production of certain glass and enamel. Ornamental objects have been found carved from Fluorite. Fluorite very often occuoccursrs in unflawed crystals in beautiful colors, but its softness prevents it from being a gemstogemstonene and it is only fafacetedceted for collectors.

Fluorite levels are high soils of areas with fluofluoriterite mineralization. It is also high in water from hot springs. A water sample collected from Lorusio hot springs (north of Kapedo market) had a concentration of 94 ppm.

"f LEGEND ”99W" /\ - Markets Fluorite o Kupmyh'iy Roads - 0-86- 0'99 "ﬂ ProiectArea l J 0-74- 0 35 ‘: Lake l l 0.61- 0.74 . l l 049. 0.61 ; J. l 0.37. 0.49 g ' l l 025- 0.37 ,: I» aiepturu Burpello “”59 7 0 l2- 0.25 ' '{C - 0.00— 0.12 Moron

') ‘ Natal -.AkWIchans Mali, 0 O O ,

(910“:a :

V gamma 0

Mm , 2 ’ ‘Kﬁkmm. , L . _ __ l_. 5 2.5 0 5 10 15 20 0 -

‘ i . . i i -i‘..‘_ -,l,‘_ Map 7: Map showing fluoriteﬂuorite concentration distribution in thethe area

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, JudithJudiih J. KotutKoiui andond Julius KasitetKosilei Page 43 Page 43

Concentrations of fluorite of up to 0.99 ppm are found around Akwichatis, Nginyang and Barpello areas. To the sosouthuth of the area, it has been found to be high around Kampi Ya Samaki area. The level of fluorite cocontainedntained in borehole wawaterter in this area is higher than the acceptable WHO limits of 1.51.5 ppm. This has caused health problems in the area.

Zinc Zinc is a metallic chemical element with ththee symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the Earth'Earth'ss crust and has five stable isotopes. The most exploited zinc ore is spsphalerite,halerite, or zinc sulfide.

Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of steel isis the major application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries and alloys, such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paintspaints),), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory. Zinc is an essential mineraminerall of "exceptional biologbiologicic and public health importance".importance". Zinc deficiency affects about 2 billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptisusceptibility,bility, and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year.

Concentrations found in the area are up to 8.8 ppm near Kapunyany, Barpello, and Kapedo. High concentrations are also found at Chemolingot and KoKositei.sitei. This suggests that the zinc concentrations are high in the highlands araroundound Maron and Tiati area.

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 44 Page 44

Mineral Exploration and AssessmeAssessmentnt of Geological Materials anandd GeotourismGeotourisnn Sites in ALRMP Project Area, BaringoBoringo and East PokotPol

353.1 :': j'E :il33i:l‘l:i C 35“2‘C E £45522 J‘l: i , . i . . . l IN LEGEND Ngor'on \ . Markets Zinc

F.- .. - Kapmymy Roads - "'r ' '

Project Area l 5 Lake -5 ‘ 5 {Jyfolowu

5:?' .7 .7 ,Chapturu . Q I.3~~-. ' I. - dB _ - / - 0.n~ .. _

Naton _ Akw-chcms Mal-corny

EA. (fhcﬂngot :7

,{SQ‘WQ

_ Kupturo ‘. r [galcbcnu "" Kokwofmo ' 5 2.5 0 5 1O 15 20 O I'fhepkssm' ﬂ:—:—:l Km Plular I' mutt. H: Y ‘ sis-xiv l: ‘ ‘ 41:91“. i: ‘ ‘ I I :62! H: Map 8: Map showing nickel concentration distribution in thethe area

Copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (Latin: cuprumcuprum).). It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is rather soft and malleable and a freshly-exposed surface has a pinkish or peachy color. Gold, caesium and copper are the only metallic elements with a nanaturaltural color other than gray or white. It is used as a thermal condconductor,uctor, an electrical conductoconductor,r, a building material, and a constituent of various metal alloys. EvidenEvidencece has been preserved from several early civilizations of ththee use of copper.

In the area, high copper concentrations of up to 1.771.77 ppm are ofund in Makany, Murgomul and Kositei areas. ThisThis points to the source of thethe copper to be the hills to the east and of Makany and Murgomul and the Tugen Hills west of Kositei.

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. Kotut and Julius KasitetKositet Page 45 Page 45

Mineral Exploration and AssessmeAssessmentnt of Geological Materials anandd GeotourismGeolourism Sites in ALRMP Project Area, BaringoBoringo and0nd EastEosl PokotPokoi Districts

N I“: LEGEND

_. ' Markets Copper .g. ﬂ , ’V'IF'WNW Roads ‘ l 55~ I,” . . Lake: | . 132455 Admln boundary | l l 10~ I 32 | 73 u as. l 1 Olinhw l 0 as A u as ’ 3 0.44 - 0.66 f ’ l 1 012‘ 0,44 Andwplurn Barpdlo hymn ‘ 0,00 - ,2 ' ' Q

Hal-ﬂ"

_T|ln1_',\a«-

‘ rural ‘Allwxrh-m -: it". a; ,

Ji'llljllmn-Y :

Hyman]

l'f‘ ‘ ' ’ _v:akmvom i . , _. 5 2.5 0 5 IO 15 20 25 ‘ 3‘ “mm - - Km r

.n, L Jr] '_., _ » _.:‘,‘l. Map 9: Map showing nickel concentration distribution in thethe area

Nickel Nickel is a silvery-white metal with a slight golden tinge that takes a high polish. It is one of only four elements that are magnetic at or near rroomoom temperature. The metal is corrosion-resistant, finding many uses in aalloys,lloys, as a plating, inin the manufacture of coins, magnets and common household utensils, as a catalyst for hydrogenation, and in a variety of other applications. Enzymes of certcertainain life-forms contain nickel as an active center making the metal essential for them. NickNickelel is also used in rechargeable batteries and as a green tint in glass.

Concentrations of up to 85 ppppmm are found southeast of NginyaNginyang.ng. This is a pointer that itsits source towards Chesirimion area.

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKoiul and Julius KasitetKosilei Page 46 Page 46

LEGEND Markus Nickel Road: I: 744 - 85 \,.'_\ Lakes l 63,8 - T44 Admln baundary l _l 5372 - 63,8 ‘ i416.53: talcum r) | l311-425 l sis-3:1 10.9 - 21.5 mam,“ . Biz-Fella .. _, Okopedo l lo32-109

A Man» (J .TIIIW

Nolan (‘1 AAkmchans PM" L) .1

ﬁd’umlmgnr l_)

tumor;

Kaphro C O{oh M IB t0 5 2.5 0 10 15 20 ”5 _1Chei;i«esin - Km Pies}?! —-i i F Map 10:10: Map showing nickel concentration distribution in thethe area

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, JudithJudilh J. KotutKolul and Julius KasitetKosilel Page 47 Page 47

CobaltCobak Cobalt is a ferromagnetic metal. Pure cobalt is not found in nature, but compounds of cobalt are common. Small amounts of it araree found in most rocks, soil, plants, and

animals.

Cobalt is used in the preparation of magnetmagnetic,ic, wear-resistant, and high-strength alloys.

Cobalt blue (cobalt (II) aluminate, CoAlCoA|204)2O4) gives a distinctive deep blue color to glass, ceramics, inks, paints, and varnishes. Cobalt-60 is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a tracer and in the prproductionoduction of gamma rays for industrial use. Soils should contain 0.13 to 0.30 ppm of cobalt for proper animal nutrition.

Concentrations of cobalt of up to 0.96 ppm were found near Murgomul and Makany areas. The source of the metametall isis southeast of the area.

)lvll'

_T|I:ngwo

.MX“ unit-wig _ wt 1*»

l-l'l

lu-wwn

l-l‘J'”

mt r w“ Lokwmom My, 5 2.5 D 5 ll) 15 30 ,5 .' ‘ " — _ Km It”.

Map 11:11: Map showing cobaltcoba/t concentration distribution in thethe area

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 48 Page 48

Mineral Exploration and AssessmeAssessmentnt of Geological MaterialsMoieriols an0ndd GeotourismGeoiourisnn Sites in ALRMP Project Area, BaringoBoringo and0nd EastEosi PokotPol

Chromium Chromium is the 21stlt most abundant elelementement in Earth's crust with an average concentration of 100100 ppm. ChroChromiummium compounds are found in the environmenvironment,ent, due to erosion of chromium containing rocks and can be distributed by volcanic eruptions. The concentrations rangrangee in soil is betwbetweeneen 11 and 3000 mg/kg.

The concentrations in the area range from no trace to 10.410.4 ppm near Barpello. This shows that the source of the metal is wiwithinthin the hills east of Barpello area. 1"! in

N [-31 LEG END

ml ..-... MMBIS Chromium — '4a Roads ' '9,| . 10,4 O Lakes '13— 3.1 Admin boundary a 5 A F3 5 2. s 5 Oman _ 3.9- 5.2 - _ ._.6- 3.9 V I . 1.3— 2.6 _ ﬁlm-rim; Lia-p I| . . . 0kmtdo | 0.0- l 3 _M.an.. _Tr1|lglu _ l'i

0mm ﬁﬂwhmw (“Maw

; . rlhcmnluyor ; Cl

qNQII'WI}

Kayla-o :.1..| C' WWW” mm... 5 2.5 0 5 1U 15 20 25 Q - - Km Nag

”1 »' t -': = ': ;- 131-1: 5'; _. Map 12:12: Map showing chromium concentration distributiono’istr/bution in the area

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, JudithJudiih J. KotutKoiui and Julius KasitetKosiiei Page 49 Page 49

Silver Silver has been known since ancient times and has long been valuedvalued as a precious metal, used to make ornaments, jewelry, high-value tableware, utensils (hence the term silverwaresilverware),), and currency coins. Today, silver metal is used in electrical contacts and conductors, in mirrors and in catalysis of chemical reactions. Its compounds are used in photographic film and dilute solusolutionstions of silver nitrate and other silver compounds are used as disinfectants.

The concentrations found in the area rangrangee from Nil to 0.7 parts per million. The highest concentration was found near KolowaKolowa.. The resultsresults suggest the source areas of the high concentrations to the area east of Kolowa, area west of Kapedo and Natan area.

LEGEND Mavkels Silva” Roads l—‘ 0.61%)? Lakes l '1052. D,EI Admin boundary 7‘ 0,44 » D 52 ii 0.35» I144 lat-Iowa Q ’71 0.26» 0.35 e; 0.17- 0.26 l ,lo.09.u.17 , Quip! m‘u . Ba'pa lid rape-1 0.00 -

. M. IIo

_ Nzlun \ Alum/when is hMiukw I 1..

wChcmohngov

(“HimJ

Kapvw .q tur- (3' . Kokwolovo Li QChWI3»

m .:1 u E m Map 13:13: Map showing silverSliver concentration distribution in thethe area

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 50 Page 50

Lead Lead is a soft, malleable metal, also considerconsidereded to be one of the heavy metals. It has a bluish-white color when freshly cut, but tatarnishesrnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air. It has a shiny chrome-silver luster when melted into a liquid.

Lead is used in building construction, leadlead-acid-acid batteries, bullets and shot, weights, and isis part of solder, pewter, fusible alloys and radiation shields.

In the area, concentrations of up to 1.021.02 ppm were found at Kapunyany, Chepkesin and Plesian areas. This indicates that its sourcesourcess are east of KapunyanKapunyanyy and Barpello, west of Kositei and east of Plesian areas.

N I LEGEND ‘ Markels Lead Roads lam-102 Lakes —l 0.3:» 0.9: Admin noundavy l 0590- 11.3 ;:1 use. use :1 n.4s— n.59 :l 4137- 0.43 V ] 0.26- 0.17 g :‘Tp‘lln Amped; | 0.15- 0.26

M31013 OMWHHH ‘1 1L)”

l mm.

Map 14:14: Map showing lead concentrationconcentration distributiono’l'str/but/on in the area

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKositei Page 51 Page 51

Iron Iron and iron alloys (steels) are by far the most common metals and the most common ferromagnetic materials in everyday use. FrFreshesh iron surfaces are lustrous and silvery- grey in color, but oxidize in air to form a red or brown coatcoatinging of ferrous oxide or rust. Iron is the sixth most abundant element in the Universe. While it makes up about 5% of the Earth's crust, the Earth's core is believbelieveded to consist largely of an iron-nickel alloy constituting 35% of the mass of the Earth as a whole. Iron is consequently the most abundant element on Earth, bubutt only the fourth most abunabundantdant element in the Earth's crust. Most of the iron in the crust is found combined with oxygen as iron oxide minerals such as hematite and magnetite.

I" LEGEND

Marlels Iron

min-rm, Roads Ll 5,731 . 6,537 C} Lakes l “9164.731 Admin boundary lﬁl moo - 4.916 l:l 3.234 - 4.100 _ balm Pl 2,459 - 3,284 l: i.653-2.469 f l l838-1.653 _-'

Bcrpmlc- '_)l.upi‘da l:] 2: — 838

.Muuuuuuu

mm».

Maud-ans M wv

‘ idokmvoro I‘ll

Map 15:15: Map showing iron concentrationconcentration distributiono’istr/bution in the area

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 52 Page 52

Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for 95% of worldwide metal production. Its low cost and high strength make it inindispensabledispensable in engineering applications such as the consconstructiontruction of machinery and machmachineine tools, automobiles, the hulls of large ships, and strustructuralctural components for buildingsbuildings.. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly ususeded in the form of steel.

Concentrations of iron in the area are genegenerallyrally low. Iron concenconcentrationstrations need to be over 65% for exploitation.

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 53 Page 53

Manganese Manganese is a gray-white metal, resembling iron. It is a hard metal and is very brittle, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidizoxidized.ed. Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic. While manganese metal does not form a permanent magnet, it does exhibit strong magnetic properties in the presence of an external magnetic field.

Manganese is essential to iron and steel prodproduction.uction. The metal is very occasionally used inin coins.

In the area, manganese concentrations are high around Kapedo, Nginyang and Kositei with levels of up to 135135 ppm. This points the sources to be Tirioko and Chepanda Hills areas.

N LEG END I", - Markels Manganese Ruads | |1:a-|35 l m” Lakes 10:— us Admln boundary 35 - 102 j as. 35 | | 5:— 53 ﬁlm 35- 52

- |:| 13-35 S [ | 1 - 18 ’ _Ch£' r1 “1,.” . Kept-1 .\

.UIJl‘m

_T.I-rgm

I» Naian Akm'chmi; . D .__ .Makavy

k uh I

r ....

I 'u":

It------_ L'nkwmom

1. p4. 5_ 2 5 o 5 10 IS :0 :5 Km Hem-

Map 16:16: Map showing manganese concentration distribution in the area

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKositei Page 54 Page 54

Mineral Exploration and AssessmeAssessmentnt of Geological Materials anandd GeotourismGeolourism Sites in ALRMP Project Area, BaringoBoringo and East PokotPol

Gold Gold is dense, soft, shiny and the most mamalleablelleable and ductile pure metal known. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionallytraditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without rustinrustingg in air or water.

The highest concentrations in the area measure 0.75 ppm near Natan and Akwichatis. This points the source of ththee concentrations to the areas south east of Akwichatis and Natan area.

N A LEGEND Mantels (30M (a_i V ‘—‘ ”mm", Roads 0.66 » 0.?5 ‘ ‘ Lakes 7‘ 0,56 » 0.55 Admin boundary ’7

AKoium: 4‘?

,-\OI aylum ‘Ea'pella KQMO ' U D ,

Moron O V nil-I’m

7mm H mm”: Arm”.

Olmnlnguv ; L‘-‘

Drum

qm , z , C» ”\lcokwvlvio , L, am“... 5 2.5 0 5 10 15 20 25K" L" - - i ”“3 - mi: Map 17:17: Map showing gold concentrationconcentration distributiono’I'str/but/on in the area

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul and Julius KasitetKosilel Page 55 Page 55

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion 1.1. The exploration done has shown that ththereere are minerals in the Project area. These include fluorite, gemstones, and trona.trona. Traces of other minerals were also found in laboratorylaboratory analysis of the stream sediment samples collected.

2. Rock sources for construction materials (building stone, ballast and sand) are abundant in the area. their exploitation is however restricted by inability of the localslocals to exploit and poor road network inin the area

3. There are many geo-tourism sites in the area. These include Lakes, hot springs and gas vents, caves, scenery, and histhistoricalorical sites. These can be used to promote tourism in the area and indirindirectlyectly improves business opportunities and

infrastructure.infrastructure.

4. The poorly developed roadsroads and commucommunicationnication networks, hilly terrain and harsh climatic conditions, low awareness of the locals on mineral exploration and exploitation, and insecurity are among the problems experienced during the exploration

5. The development of the mineral and geotougeotourismrism sectors will generate sources of incomeincome for the locals,locals, government and locallocal authorities through employment, infrastructureinfrastructure development and business opopportunities.portunities. It will also offer an alternative activity other ththanan dependence on livestock.

6. With the development of the sectors, coconstructionnstruction materials will be available from within, therefore reducing unnecessary transport expenses

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 56 Page 56

Recommendations 1.1. Detailed exploration for minerals that have been found is required to determine the quantities of the minerals

2. A more representative stream sediment and anthill sampling is required so as to increaseincrease the accuracy of the results. Follow up to determine the source of the high concentrations may lead to deposits of the minerals.

3. Local groups need the susupportpport of the government through ALRMP, CDF and Local Authorities to develop their activitiactivitieses in building material quarries. These includeinclude building stone, sand and ballast quarries. The issues of concern should be development of the quarries, employmemploymentent creation and environmental issues.

4. The locals need awareness crcreationeation on development and exploitation of minerals, construction materials and development and conservation of geotourism and

historical sites in the area.

5. Good roads should be constructed to the construction materials sites and Geotourism sites in order to facilitate ththeireir development. The roads should also benefit other sectors both directly and indirectly.

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, JudithJudilh J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 57 Page 57

REFERENCESREFERENCES 1.1. Adrian P. Jones, 2000, Collins WiWildld Guide —– Rocks and Minerals

2. Robert Webster, 1983,1983, Gems —– Their soursources,ces, descriptions and identification

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.orq/wiki/

4. Said S. Hussein, Enoch K. Kipseba et al, 2006, Report on Ruby Exploration and Stream Sediment Sampling and AnalysisAnalysis inin Baringo and Koibatek Districts

5. Enoch K. Kipseba et al, 2007, Report on Natural Resource Survey in Baringo and East Pokot Districts

6. Enoch K. Kipseba et al, 2005, Report On Natural Resource Availability, Community Awareness, Management anandd Development in Baringo District

7. Google Earth satellite imagery

By EnochEnoch K.K. Kipseba,Kipsebo, Judith J. KotutKolul andond Julius KasitetKosilel Page 58 Page 58