BARINGO COUNTY 2014 SHORT RAINS FOOD SECURITY ASSESSMENT REPORT

A Joint Report by the Food Security Steering Group (KFSSG)1 and the Steering Group

February 2015

1 Jackson Matheka - Ministry of Health and Geoffrey Kimathi - UN World Food Programme

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 County Background ...... 1 1.2 Current Factors Affecting Food Security ...... 1

2 County Food Security Situation ...... 2 2.1 Current Food Security Situation ...... 2 2.2 Food Security Trends ...... 2 2.3 Rainfall Performance ...... 3 2.4 Current Shocks and Hazards ...... 3

3 Impact of Rainfall Performance on Shocks and Hazards ...... 3 3.1 Crop Production ...... 3 3.2 Livestock Production ...... 5 3.3 Water and Sanitation ...... 7 3.4 Markets and Trade ...... 8 3.5 Health and Nutrition ...... 10 3.6 Education ...... 12 3.7 Coping Mechanisms...... 13 3.8 Current Interventions ...... 13 3.9 Sub County Ranking ...... 15

4 Food Security Prognosis ...... 15 4.1 Prognosis Assumptions ...... 15 4.2 Food Security Outcomes from March to May ...... 15 4.3 Food Security Outcomes from June to August ...... 15

5 Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 16 5.1 Conclusion ...... 16 5.2 Summary of Recommendations ...... 16

6 Annexes ...... 17 6.1 Food Interventions Required...... 17 6.2 Annex I: Non-food Interventions Proposed ...... 17

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1 Introduction

1.1 County Background Baringo County borders Turkana and Samburu Counties to the North, Laikipia to the East, Nakuru and Kericho to the South, Uasin Pastoral livelihood zone Gishu to the South West, and 31% Elgeyo - Marakwet and West 43% Agro pastoral livelihood Pokot to the West. The County zone covers an area of 11,015.3 square Irrigated agriculture kilometres (Km²) with an livelihood zone estimated population of 555,561 Mixed farming livelihood persons (Kenya National Bureau of zone Statistics, 2009 census report). The 22% County includes 165 Km² of Lake 4% Baringo, and Lake Kamnarok and Lake 94. Figure 1: Population distribution by livelihood zone The County has a bimodal rainfall pattern with the long rains season occurring in March to May and short rains season from August to November. Temperatures range from 10 degrees in the Tugen highlands to 37 degrees in the lowlands with the hottest months being January to early March. The district is divided into four livelihood zones (LZ) namely, Mixed Farming, Pastoral, Agro Pastoral and Irrigated Cropping. The proportion of the population in each livelihood is 43, 31, 22 and 4 percent respectively as seen in Figure 1. The County has an altitude ranging from 800 metres in the low lands to 3000 metres in the highlands and receives an annual rainfall of 500 millimetres (mm) in the lowlands and up to 1,500 mm in the highlands around Kabartonjo, Kabarnet, Sacho and Barwessa divisions which cover 20 percent of the County. Administratively the County is divided into six sub-counties namely: Mogotio, Baringo North, Baringo Central, East Pokot, Koibatek, and Marigat.

1.2 Current Factors Affecting Food Security The current factors affecting food security in the County are as follows:  Crop pests and diseases especially Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) across the County and postharvest losses due to weevils and larger grain borer.  Conflicts which lead to closure of markets and displacement of population especially in pastoral livelihood zones of Tiaty and Baringo South Sub County.  Poor infrastructure.  Communal land tenure systems in the marginal mixed farming and agro pastoral zones.  Inadequate farm machinery during land preparation and planting.  Unpredictable and unreliable changes in seasons.

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2 County Food Security Situation

2.1 Current Food Security Situation Pastoral, large areas of agro-pastoral and parts of the mixed farming livelihoods are classified as stressed (IPC Food Insecurity Phase 2). Mixed and the irrigated cropping areas are classified as none or minimal phase. Despite good performance of the short rainfall within the County which has led to improvement of pasture and browse condition as well as body conditions of most livestock species, thus improving the terms of trade, the pastoral and agro-pastoral zones are faced with outbreaks of livestock diseases such as foot and mouth disease (FMD) which has led to closure of some markets. Insecurity incidences are also prevalent in these areas hence limiting household access to food as well as disrupting other socio-economic activities. Pastoral areas have also recorded the lowest water consumption of between 8 - 12 litres per person per day (lpppd). Consumption of milk is low in agro-pastoral and pastoral zones averaging between 0.5 - 1.5 liters per household. The percentage of children at risk of malnutrition based on Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) was 17.6 in January 2015, which was within the five year average of 17.4 percent.

Most of the food stocks held within the county are in the mixed farming zone with more than 50 percent of the stocks. In the irrigated cropping, farmers have substantial income from seed maize. In the mixed farming zones, families sell about 1.5 litres of milk and consume 1litre at the household level. Markets in these zones are still operational.

2.2 Food Security Trends The food security situation has improved from crisis to stressed phase in parts of the pastoral zone compared to six months ago. The rest of the pastoral and agro-pastoral areas have remained stressed and a few areas of the mixed farming livelihood zone have moved to minimal from the stressed phase six months ago. Current total maize stocks in the County are 56 percent of normal, a reduction from 79 percent after the 2014 long rains season. The terms of trade have improved to 56 kilograms (Kg) of maize per sale of one goat compared to 28 Kg, six months ago. Water consumption has improved from 3 – 6, 5 – 9, 6 – 10 to 8 – 10, 15 – 20 and above 20 lpppd in the pastoral, agro pastoral and mixed and irrigated cropping livelihood zones respectively. The nutrition status of children under the age of five years based on Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) has remained stable. Trends of the children at risk of malnutrition (MUAC <135mm) declined from July 2014 to January 2015 although malnutrition rates (GAM) increased from poor to critical levels in the pastoral areas of East Pokot Sub-county.

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2.3 Rainfall Performance The County received off season rains between August and September. The onset of the short rains was timely with rains occurring in the first dekad of October 2014 and substantial amount occurring in the second dekad the month. Most of the county received normal to above normal rains. Some parts in the northern and eastern areas of the county received 140 -200 percent of normal while two pockets in Kabartonjo and Kolowa received 60 – 75 percent of normal. Spatial distribution was even while temporal distribution was good. Cessation was normal in the first week of January.

2.4 Current Shocks and Hazards The current shocks and hazards affecting food security in the County include outbreak of livestock diseases such as FMD and crop diseases specifically MLND. Other shocks and hazards include insecurity and livestock rustling that have interfered with access to pasture and water for livestock in addition to causing displacements of people. This is particularly so in the pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of East Pokot and Baringo North Sub-counties. Figure 2: Rainfall estimate

3 Impact of Rainfall Performance on Shocks and Hazards

3.1 Crop Production The short rains season in Baringo provide cushion to farmers and always supplement the harvest from the long rains season especially when the long rains season is inadequate, at the same time it recharges water bodies used for irrigation. The short rains are important in that farmers can plant short maturing crops like vegetables, beans, cowpeas, sweet potatoes, irish potatoes and maize. Crop production in Baringo is both for income as well as food. It contributes the following percentage to food and income.

Table 1: Percentage contribution of crop production to income and food Livelihood zone % contribution to food % contribution to income Mixed Farming 20 35 Agro Pastoral 10 4 Irrigated 5 60

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Rain fed crop performance

Table 1: Rain fed crop Production Crop Area planted Long Term Average 2014 Short rains Long Term Average during 2014 Short area planted during season production production during the rains season the Short rains (90 kg bags) Short rains season (Ha) season (Ha) Projected/Actual (90 kg bags) Maize 0 1685 0 16750 Beans 711 4685 3273 54900 Cowpeas 58 190 263 975

There was no maize production during the short rains season as the County was placed under a closed production system due to the spread of MLND. In addition occurrence of off-season rains in August affected long rains maize harvest as well as land preparation for short rains cropping. In reference to table 1, the area planted beans and cowpeas during the short rains season was 15.2 and 31 percent of the Long Term Average (LTA) which yielded six and 27 percent of the LTA respectively.

Irrigated crops performance

Table 2: Irrigated crop production Crop Area planted during Short Term 2014 Short rains Short Term Average the 2014 Short rains Average (3 years) season production (3 years) production season area planted during (90 kg bags) during 2014 Short rains (ha) Short rains season Projected/actual season (ha) (90 kg bags) Maize 420 1736 10410 42040 Kales 46 291 211 1446 Tomatoes 84 635 558 4795

The County has immense potential for irrigated agriculture both small scale and large scale schemes at 50,000 hectares (ha). In reference to table 2, during the short rains season the area under irrigated maize, kales and tomatoes declined to 24, 16 and 13 percent, yielding 25, 15 and 12 percent of Short Term Average (STA) respectively. Majority of maize under irrigation was contract seed maize production by seed companies’ especially in Baringo South Sub-county and contributes about five percent to food stocks.

Table 3: Maize stocks Food stocks held Quantities held currently (90-kg Long Term Average quantities held (90-kg by bags) bags)

House Holds 330,851 635,922 Traders 47,139 53,690 Millers 11,579 10,575 NCPB 26,400 39,400 Total 415,969 739,587

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Total maize stocks in the County reduced from 79 percent after the long rains season to 56 percent of the LTA. In reference to table 3, 80 percent of the total stocks were held by the households, 11 by traders, three by millers and six by the NCPB. In comparison to the LTA, households held 52, traders 88, millers 109 and NCPB 67 percent. Most of the maize was held in the mixed farming livelihood zone at 50 percent, which is expected to last for the next 3 months. Normally stocks in the mixed farming areas would last for 6 to 8 months. In the agro pastoral livelihood zones households have none or minimal stocks expected to be depleted by end of February. No stocks are held by households in the pastoral livelihood zones and households are purely dependent on the markets for food.

3.2 Livestock Production Introduction The major livestock species in the County are cattle that is, dairy and zebu, goats, sheep and camels. Honey production is a major income generating activity in the agro-Pastoral and pastoral livelihood zones. Poultry is gaining prominence across the livelihood zones. Livestock contributes 23, eight, 50, and 88 percent of income and 25, 25, 20 and 21 food in mixed Farming, irrigated cropping, agro-pastoral and pastoral livelihood zones respectively. Goats and sheep are mainly sold for purchase of other food commodities as well as for meat and milk, while cattle are mainly for milk production and also for sale mainly to cater for school fees and other household expenditures.

Pasture and Browse condition The pasture condition was below normal at fair to poor in the pastoral and agro pastoral livelihood zones. It was fair in the irrigated cropping and good to fair in the mixed farming areas respectively. Browse was fair to poor and below normal in the pastoral livelihood zones and fair to good in the rest of the livelihood zones. The pasture and browse is expected to last for four weeks in the pastoral and agro pastoral areas and six weeks in the irrigated and mixed farming livelihood zones. There was limited access to pasture in some areas due to conflicts especially Mukutani in Arabal Baringo south and Kalabata in Baringo North Sub-counties.

The trend of pasture and browse is worsening, due to the dry spell and high day temperatures leading to increased evapo-transpiration rates and very poor soil moisture content. Main factors affecting access to browse and pasture are conflicts over pasture and water, cattle rustling and increasing trekking distance from pastures to water sources.

Livestock Productivity

Livestock body condition The body condition for cattle and small stock is fair in agro-pastoral and pastoral livelihood zones but good in mixed farming and irrigated livelihood zones. Foot & Mouth Disease innBartabwa, Barwessa and Saimo Soi wards in Baringo North, Kapel in Baringo South, Komolion and Kolowa in East Pokot and Tuyobei in Mogotio Mogotio affected livestock body conditions negatively. Poor body conditions reduces the value and productivity of livestock. Camels and donkeys are in good condition in all livelihood zones. The body condition for all species are expected to decline in the next two months.

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Birth rate There were 20 percent calving and kidding rates across all livelihood zones in the months of September, up to December, 2014. This was within normal ranges.

Milk Availability and Consumption The average milk production was slightly below normal at 3 – 5 litres per day in the mixed and irrigated cropping livelihood zones compared to normal of six litres per day. Milk production in agro pastoral areas was 1 – 2 litres per day which is normal at this time of the year. The pastoral areas have the least milk production at 0.5 litres compared to 1.5 litres normally. Many households from pastoral zones depended on the mixed farming zones for milk and from the neighboring Counties. In other areas especially East Pokot, households were purchasing packed milk.

Milk Consumption The consumption of milk in agro-pastoral and pastoral zones reduced to 0.5 – 1.5 litres per household compared to 3 – 4 normally due to the reduce milk production. Milk sales in agro- pastoral and pastoral zones were very low, resulting in depressed incomes, which in turn impacted negatively on livelihoods. In the mixed farming zones, families could sell about 1.5 litres and consume one litre at the household level. The reduced milk production has pushed up the prices of milk from an average of Kenya shillings (Kshs.) 50, to 60 in mixed farming and irrigated zones, Ksh. 60, to 75 in agro-pastoral zones and Ksh. 60, to 90 in pastoral zones.

Tropical livestock units (TLUs) The average Tropical Livestock Units (TLU) per household is currently one in the mixed farming and irrigated cropping livelihood zones, 2.5 in the agro-pastoral and four in the pastoral livelihood zones. The herd number for each household has decreased from same time last year since more livestock have to be sold to meet the household food needs. The poor comprising 60 percent of the population have a TLU much below the normal at 1.67. The medium class constituting 30 percent of the population has a TLU slightly below the expected of four TLUs at 3.67.

Water for Livestock The water sources for the livestock are bore holes, water pans, lake, springs, rivers and sub- surface wells in seasonal rivers. The main rivers include Kerio, Amaya, Perkerra, Molo and Arabal. All the water sources except seasonal rivers and 70 percent of water pans in pastoral zones are currently providing water. The water pans with water are currently 40 – 60 percent full of water in agro-pastoral and 25 percent in pastoral livelihoods respectively.

The average trekking return distance was 1 – 3 Km in the mixed farming zones, 3 – 7 in the agro pastoral and 8 – 15 Km in pastoral zones. The trend currently is deteriorating and the available water for livestock is expected to last for one and half months. This is normal at this time of the year. The trekking distance has resulted to fair livestock body condition which translates to slight decrease in milk yields and livestock prices. Watering frequency was daily in the mixed farming livelihood zone for all species and once in two days in the pastoral and agro pastoral livelihood zone.

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Migration There were no migrations in Koibatek and Baringo Central sub-counties. The normal migratory routes at this time of the year include  Mogotio:- Kamar – Maji moto – Lake Bogoria  Nakuru County:- Kisanana – Menengai – Rongai Barnita  East Pokot:- Masol – Kerio – Lokus – along Turkana Boundary (Pastures)

Due to insecurity in some areas in Baringo South and North, there has been unusual migratory routes such as  Baringo South: - Arabal/Mukutani – ilchamus and Loboi Swamp due to insecurity  Baringo North: - Yatya – Barwessa – Bartabwa – Barwessa – Sibilo

The migration due to insecurity has caused convergences to hosting communities hence increasing chances of land degradation in those areas. Some Pokot Communities have moved due to fear of KDF presence in the areas of Silale Ward. The migrations have also led to rapid spread of Foot and Mouth Disease.

Livestock Diseases and Mortalities Confirmed cases of FMD in agro-pastoral and pastoral livelihood zones in Komolion East Pokot have caused closure of Tangulbei and Amaya Markets. Other affected areas Baringo North are Sibilo, Yatya, Bartabwa and Barwesa, in Mogotio Sub-county are Kipsogon, Ngubereti, Majimoto and Molosirwe, in Baringo Central, parts of Tugen Hills and Tuyobei in Baringo South. There was occurrence of East Coast Fever (ECF) in Kisanana, Ngubereti and Sagasagic in Mogotio Sub-county and Barbarchun in Baringo North. Other reported diseases included Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Ewalel, Sibilo and Yatya, Contagious Caprine Pleural Pneumonia (CCPP) in most parts of agro pastoral and pastoral livelihood areas. FMD vaccination is ongoing. Mortality rate is approximately 3 percent for all species across all livelihood zones. This may increase if measures are not taken to have blanket vaccination against FMD in the County.

3.3 Water and Sanitation

Major Water Sources The main water sources in Baringo County include rivers, springs, lakes, boreholes, swamps, dams and pans. Most of the rivers have catchments in the southern part of the County that is Koibatek Sub-county and Tugen hills and drains northwards to . Rivers that have their catchment in the pastoral areas of Kolowa and Nginyang largely drain northwards to . Generally, short rain performance was normal to above normal and most water sources were fully recharged except those that were non-functional. Currently surface water sources are filled up to 40 and 60 percent capacity which are likely to last 1 – 1.5 months.

Distances to Water Sources and Waiting Time The average distance to water sources for domestic use was 2.8 Km as compared to the long term average of 3.3 Km a slight increase from 2.5 Km in December 2014. The waiting time ranges from 2 – 20 minutes depending on the livelihood zone. In some of the areas especially along the rivers, dams and water pans, no waiting was observed.

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The cost of water In most areas within the County, water is available for free. In water kiosks’ the cost ranges from Ksh. 2 – 5 per 20 litre jerry can at source. There is also the cost of water transport which is directly proportional to the distances from the source and varies from zone to zone and the mode of transport. Pastoral livelihood zone are the most expensive as it involves long distances of carrying water and waiting time.

Water Consumption Water consumption varies across the livelihood zones. The lowest consumption of 8 – 12 lpppd was recorded in the pastoral livelihood zones and was less than normal. In agro pastoral, water consumption was 15 – 20 lpppd while mixed farming zone and the irrigated cropping, above 20 lpppd both of which were lower than normal. These variations are normal at this time of the year.

Table 4: Water consumption Livelihood Zone Distance from Waiting time Cost Consumption source(km) (minutes) (Kshs) (Liters/person/day)

Pastoral 4-6 10-30 5-20 8-12

Agro-Pastoral 1-3 10 - 20 10-20 15-20 Irrigated zone 0.2-0.5 0-10 2-5 Above 20 Mixed 0.2-0.7 0-10 2-5 Above 20

Sanitation and Hygiene Currently no outbreak of water borne diseases has been reported in the County but sporadic cases of typhoid, diarrhea and skin infections are continuously reported in health facilities. These cases are attributed to low uptake of hygiene practices, open defecation along laagers in pastoral areas, animal wading directly into open water sources as well as lack of protection for most of the water sources within the County. Latrine coverage in the County differed from one livelihood zone to another. Coverage immixed farming, irrigated cropping, agro pastoral and pastoral livelihood zones was 45, 32, 16 and 7 percent respectively and this was higher compared to December 2013.

3.4 Markets and Trade

Market Operations The main markets in the County include Kabarnet, Eldama Ravine, Tenges, Barwessa, Marigat, Nginyang, Kipsaraman, Kapindasum, Chemolingot, Loruk, Churo, Iloti and Kapchorua. The agro pastoral and pastoral zones largely depended on food sourced from the neighboring Counties of Keiyo, Nakuru, West Pokot, and Laikipia and sometimes as far as Trans Nzoia. Food commodities sold are maize, beans, Irish potatoes, sorghum and finger millet while livestock include goats, sheep, cattle and camels. Market operations were normal except for Barwessa, Kapel and Amaya markets which had been closed for more than seven months due to Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak. Other markets especially in the pastoral and the corridor between pastoral and agro-pastoral zones were affected by inter communal conflicts that have been running and intensified in 2013.

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Maize Prices The current average maize price in the county is Ksh. 42, a 2.8 Average (2009-2013) 2013 2014 2015 percent decrease from the 60 month of December 2014. In the pastoral areas, the price is 50 Ksh. 43.8 and 40 for mixed and irrigated livelihood zone. 40 Maize prices were on the decline since August 2014 30 although were still above the LTA as seen in figure 3. The

Price (Ksh. / (Ksh./ kg) Price 20 reduction in price was attributed to available stocks at household 10 level as well as imports from neighboring counties. These 0 prices are likely to remain Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec unchanged until the start of long rains season. Figure 3: Trends in maize prices Goat Prices The current price of a medium Average (2009-2013) 2013 2014 2015 sized goat is Ksh. 2,361 which 3500 is five percent above LTA and 3.32 percent lower than the 3000 December 2014 price as seen in 2500 figure 4. The prices have remained above LTA since 2000 September 2014 and are likely 1500 to remain the same until the start of long rains 2015. (Ksh.) Price 1000

500

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 4: Trends in goats’ prices

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Terms of Trade The terms of trade have Average (2009-2013) 2013 2014 2015 improved to 56 Kg of maize 80 per sale of one goat compared 70 to 28 Kg six months ago. This is still below the long term 60 average for January which is 50 65 Kg as seen in figure 5. 40 Other prices 30 Price of pulses have increased

Kilograms ofKilograms maize 20 from November and is slightly exchanged goatfor a above the LTA. Price of cattle 10 has decreased by 9.1 percent 0 from December 2014 and Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec sheep prices have increased by 4.13 percent compared to December 2014. Figure 5: Trends in terms of trade

3.5 Health and Nutrition

Morbidity and mortality patterns The top five diseases in the County were upper respiratory tract infections, malaria, diarrhea, skin infection and eye infection in children under five years. In the general population, the top five diseases included upper tract respiratory tract infections, malaria, skin infections, diarrhea and rheumatism.

Trends for diseases increased from July to December 2014 in children under five compared to a gradual increase in general population from January to October for both 2013 and 2014. The high prevalence of diarrhea, skin infection and upper respiratory tract infection could be associated with poor hygiene and sanitation and unsafe drinking water.

The Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) is 0.08 deaths per 10,000 persons per day while that of the Crude Mortality Rate (CMR) is 0.16 deaths per 10,000 persons per day which fall within the normal threshold.

Immunization and Vitamin A supplementation According to the Baringo District Health Information System (DHIS), the overall immunization coverage for all children aged less than five years is 58 percent while vitamin A supplementation is 16 percent across the county. The coverage is lower in the pastoral livelihood zone of Marigat, Baringo North and East Pokot due to sporadic insecurity during the period between January to August 2014 and persistent from September to December 2014. The security issues are now being addressed and the facilities are operational in the three Sub-counties. Immunization and Vitamin A supplementation coverage is below the national target of 80 percent.

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Nutrition Status and Dietary Diversity According to Food Security Outcome Monitoring (FSOM) report of December 2014, 73 percent of the households had acceptable Food Consumption Score (FCS), 22 percent had borderline and only 5 percent had poor. Households are currently consuming 1 – 2 meals per day in the pastoral and agro pastoral livelihood zones and 2 – 3 in mixed and marginal mixed farming livelihood zones depicting a normal situation at this time of the year. Current meals consumed are majorly carbohydrates obtained from maize meal in the pastoral zones, whereas in the mixed farming zones, carbohydrates and proteins of animal origin like milk, meat and plant protein sources like legumes mainly beans are consumed. In the mixed farming livelihoods vegetables and fruits are consumed as well. According to the Rapid SMART Nutrition Survey done in East Pokot sub County in June 2014, the Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) and severe acute malnutrition rates were 21.1 and 3.4 percent respectively. GAM rates increased from poor to critical levels in East Pokot Sub-county.

However trends of the children at risk (MUAC Average (2009-2013) 2013 2014 2015 <135mm) have been declining from July to 25.0

December 2014, 20.0 indicating an improving nutrition situation. The 15.0 percentage of children at risk of malnutrition based 10.0 on Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) 5.0 was 17.6, which was risk' (MUAC<135mm)'at 0.0 within the five year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average of 17.4 depicting a stable situation, refer Figure 6: MUAC trends of children under five years to Figure 6. The current nutrition status is attributed to availability of food in mixed farming and agro pastoral and milk in the pastoral livelihood zone due to good performance of the short rains. Some hotspots in the pastoral areas recorded high levels of malnutrition which could be associated with other factors such as diseases like diarrhea which ranked third in the County.

Malnutrition and disease incidences were majorly attributed to inadequate dietary intake, poor mother-child care practices, food insecurity at household level, poor access to health facilities, coupled with poor health seeking behavior, Poor hygiene and sanitation practices, unsafe drinking water and alcoholism. Current threats to malnutrition include the persistent insecurity, drought, foot and mouth diseases affecting livestock resulting to closure of market which destabilize livelihoods and households. Insecurity in East Pokot Sub-county has affected nutrition programming at the community and health facility level.

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3.6 Education

Enrolment The enrolment for boys increased by 0.5 percent compared to third term 2014 that is from 99,495 to 100,032 while that of girls increased by 0.06 percent from 95,633 to 95,693 in the same period, table 5. The enrolment was constrained by the teachers strike at the beginning of the term and insecurity in the northern part of the County. The ratio of boys to girls both at ECD and primary level is 1:0.9 although this varied from one sub-county to another. One of the reasons for the variation was parent’s preference to educate boys than girls and early marriages especially in Tiaty Sub-county.

The school attendance has declined as compared to the same period last year as boys get engaged in grazing and girls are engaged in household chores while parent engage in casual labor. This has been aggravated by the insecurity situation especially in the pastoral areas.

Table 5: Enrolment and attendance Indicator Term I – 2014 Term II – 2014 Term III 2014 Term I - 2015 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls

Enrolment 91,736 85,037 98,246 96,981 99495 95633 100032 95693 Attendance 80981 82195 75904 73613 72420 67998 91178 85853 Drop out 2896 3631 1574 1673 3276 3066 3872 3838

Drop Out and Transition Rates As compared to term 1 2014, drop out cases increased both for boys and girls from 2,896 to 3,872 and for boys from 3,631 to 3,838 respectively, table 6. This is attributed to late enrollment due to the teachers strike, insecurity in some parts of the county and closure of some schools. This is affecting the overall activities and education system within the county.

Transition Rate The transition rate from ECD to primary for boys reduced from 78.4 to 76.4 percent in 2015 while that of girls increased from 74.9 to 80.5 percent. Most of the boys were withdrawn from ECD when they reach the age of going to graze livestock. The transition rate from primary to secondary improved for both boys and girls. The rate for boys increased from 68.8 to 72.4 percent and girls from 69.4 to 75.1 percent respectively. These transition rates are likely to be affected by the current inter-communal conflicts and it’s important for both County and national government to enhance peace and co-existence environment.

School Meals Program The number of schools under RSMP is 111 with a total population of 26,375 pupils who are benefiting. There are 242 schools under are HGSMP with population of 65,472. Community school meals program (CSMP) in Baringo Central, Koibatek and Mogotio decreased due to poor or no harvests from the short rains season. Where food was available it was noted that there had been consistency in attendance and performance.

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3.7 Coping Mechanisms The coping strategy index improved from 38 in May 2014, 23 in September 2014 to 21 in December 2014 implying that households were employing less severe coping mechanisms across all livelihoods which was an improvement compared to 25 in December 2013. The employed methods included borrowing food from relatives, support from churches, purchase of food on credit, skipping and reduction in size of meals.

3.8 Current Interventions

Food Interventions General Food Distribution was done by the national and county government and School Meals Programme by development partners targeting 91,847 pupils.

Table 6: Ongoing medium to long term interventions Intervention Objective Specific Activity Cost No. of Implem Implementati Location target (Ksh.) benef entation on iciari Time stakeholders es Frame Agriculture

Horticulture Increased All Sub Support to 5.25 5,000 July Department of development incomes, Counties 800 Million 2015 Agriculture, project productivity and households (M) County food security Government Provision of fruit tree seedling, kits and green- houses Promotion of Improve food All Sub Support to 4 M 3000 April Department of THVC crops availability. Counties 800 2015 agriculture Provision of households drought tolerant planting materials Provision of Increased maize All Sub Support to 8 M 800 July County farm inputs to production, Counties 800 2015 Government farmers to plant incomes households of Baringo, maize MOALF Livestock Off take Achieve All sub 1687 goats 19.1M 1687 August, MOALF/KCB program livestock/pastur counties goats 2014 Foundation e balance Disease Improve East 3,000 10.2 M 9200 August2 CGB,KRDP( surveillance livestock Pokot, Households 0 014- EU),Partners/ /Vaccination immunity Baringo (HH) March, Veterinary Against South, 2015 Dept FMD/CCPP Baringo North,

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Mogotio, Baringo Central Livestock Improve All sub- 20 groups 3M 20 July-Dec CGB/Livestoc upgrading production & counties group 2015 k Dept meat level s Health Implementation Improve All sub 104,276 37.95 93,44 Jul-Dec MOH,WVK, of HINI nutrition status counties under-fives M 9 2014 UNICEF Reduce and pregnant mortality and lactating Water

Improvement of Increased water All Sub Increase 181 M 5000 January County water availability Counties adequate to June Government/ infrastructure water 2015 MWI coverage WASH Increase Water All Sub Sustainable 15.5 M 1500 July GoK, activities provision Counties water HHs 2014- JICA, WV, sanitation & management June KRDP, hygiene 2015 NDMA. Action AID

Water trucking Increased water All Sub Increased 2 M 1200 July County to Institutions availability Counties water HHs 2014- Government/ availability June MWI 2015 Education

Roof water Improve access 5-10 Installation 2.2 M 2085 March- WFP/MOEST harvest and to for water. schools of gutters, 2 – Dec , NDMA, storage in in each purchase of 2014 CDF, Water schools sub tanks, ministry, county. MOH School Feeding Improve Marigat Procurement 14 M 353 July – National Program attendance Tiaty process, Scho Dec government( performance Mogotio, distribution ols 2014 moest) wfp and retention central l, 91,84 north 7 Baringo. Pupil s

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3.9 Sub County Ranking

Table 7: Sub-county food security ranking Sub County Food security rank Food security Threats (Worst to Best) Baringo South 1 Insecurity (Displacement), migration, High morbidity, Decreased quantity and quality of water, FMD outbreak, MNLD outbreak, Poor livestock prices. East Pokot 2 Poor infrastructure, livestock diseases, Insecurity, water stress, poor sanitation, GAM rates highest in county. Mogotio 3 Low crop yields (MNLD), continuous vulnerability from FMD outbreak, Influx from Insecurity (IDP’s), closure of charcoal burning, Water stress and expecting continuous depreciation of water quality, low milk production. Baringo North 4 Insecurity, Low crop yields, FMD outbreak (closed markets), milk production. Baringo Central 5 Fair crop yields, fair milk production and fair infrastructure, FMD outbreak (closed markets). Eldama Ravine 6 Good crop yields, milk production and good infrastructure.

4 Food Security Prognosis

4.1 Prognosis Assumptions  Long rains are expected to start by Mid-March 2015 and the performance is expected to be normal. Long rains being the main crop production season it is expect that there will be no planting of maize after the short rains closed season due to MLND.  Maize prices will be stable in the month of February 2015 but may increase from March 2015 as food stocks dwindle and as the rain season begins leading to transport constraints.  Forage is expected to continue deteriorating until the beginning of long rain season and improve thereon.

4.2 Food Security Outcomes from March to May The current livestock body condition is fair to good and some of the markets previously closed are likely to be open this month. This will enable both pastoralist and agro-pastoralist to access food and therefore not much change in food consumption. No livelihood change is expected. The nutrition status of children is likely to remain unchanged, however malnutrition rates in East Pokot are expected to increase if the current insecurity persists as most health facilitates remain closed and community outreach services having stopped. No change in mortality is expected.

4.3 Food Security Outcomes from June to August Food consumption at household level is expected to significantly improve in all livelihoods after the long rains as more milk will be available, water sources will be recharged, forage conditions will improve and early harvest of vegetables and pulses will be taking place. The county government has bought some tractors that will help farmers to put more land under cultivation and therefore enhance food production during the season. This is likely to encourage more agro- pastoralist to cultivate their land and improve production. Nutrition situation of children is expected to improve as more food and milk will be available.

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5 Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusion The food security status has improved in all the livelihood zones. However, this improvement has been constrained by persistent insecurity in addition to livestock and crops diseases that are threatening to reverse the gains made in the season. This is likely to change in coming season as the county has already continue initiating conflict resolution mechanisms, on-going livestock vaccinations, opening of maize planting and the onset of the long rains.

5.2 Summary of Recommendations  Expansion of irrigations schemes  Rangeland re-seeding and promotion of camel rearing  Improve livestock market infrastructure  Livestock disease surveillance and vaccination.  De-silting of dams and pans, provision of storage water tanks in schools  Scale up of high impact nutrition interventions, strengthen community screening for malnutrition and referral  Roof water harvesting and storage in schools

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6 Annexes

6.1 Food Interventions Required

Table 8: Proposed population in need of food assistance Sub Population in Pop in Area in need. Wards Proposed mode county the sub county need of intervention (2009 ( percent Population range Census) min – max ) Baringo 80, 871 25-30 Kiserian, sirata, Loitip, Mukutani, GFD/FFA/CFA South Losamburmbur, Kailer, Ilchamus, Marigat, Meisori, Salabani, Bekibon, Mochongoi Kimorok, Tinomoi, Kibingor, Barsemoi, Chebinyiny, Arabal, Mbechot, Ngelecha. East 133, 189 20-25 Butero, Nachurur, Nasur, Churo Amaya, GFD/FFA/CFA Pokot Matunda, Kitailin. Silale, Tangulbei, Leyamorok, Ribkwo, Tirioko, Kolowa Mogotio 60, 959 15-20 Cheberen, Radad, Molos, Emining GFD/FFA/CFA Kamar, Kimose, Majimoto, Oterit, Kaplelwa, Chemoinoi, Kabogor. Baringo 93, 780 15-20 Sibilo, Kipkata, Bartabwa Saimosoi, GFD/FFA/CFA North Bartabwa, Baringo 81, 480 10-15 Kapkelelwa, Manach, Sacho, Kapropita, GFD/FFA/CFA Central Kapropita soi, Kabarnetsoi, Kabarnet, Lelmen Ewalelchapchap. Eldama 0 - - GFD/FFA/CFA Ravine 105, 273

6.2 Annex I: Non-food Interventions Proposed

Table 9: Recommended Non Food Intervention per Sector Sub County Intervention Ward No. of Proposed Required Available Time beneficiari Implementers Resources Resources Frame es Agriculture

All Sub Water All 50,000 HH County 10 M Human 2015- counties Harvesting Government, resource, 2016 for food MOALF suitable production land, /Crop sufficient Diversificatio water n All Sub Post- Harvest ALL 10,000 HH County 4.5 M Trained 2015/ Counties management Government, Human 2016

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MOALF Resource Agencies All Sub Management ALL 50,000 HH County 1.5 M Human 2015/ Counties of MNLD Government, resource 2016 MOALF, Development Agencies Livestock County wise Vaccination All 120,000 County 24.7 M 10.5 M and Feb-May, against wards Cattle and government, personnel 2015 FMD/CCPP 900,000 NGOs/Partners , Disease goats Surveillance Baringo Reseeding Barwess 500 Ha GOK, KRDP, 0.5M Land Feb-May South, a, Livestock, 2015 Baringo Bartabw Partners North, a, Saimo Baringo Soi, Central, Eat Marigat, Pokot. Ilchamu s, Mukuta ni, Mochon goi(Ara bal) Salawa County wise Training on All 1000 HH CGB/ 0.7M Personnel, Feb-May Livestock wards MOALF/Partn Vehicles 2015 Improvement ers & Marketing Education Baringo Up scaling All Baringo National and 4.2m 1.5 M MARCH central, School wards south, county – Dec north, Feeding central, government, 2017 Mogotio Program north, wfp, world south, and Mogotio, vision, koibatek koibatek redcross, acted, action aid

Health Whole Active case 115,862 Baringo MOH, WVK, 9,000,000 Skilled labor March- County finding and under County and health Septembe outreaches 5s, facilities r 2015 26,716 pregnant and lactating mothers

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Whole Train new 180 Baringo MOH,WVK 2,000,000 Skilled labor March- County health health County and health Septembe workers on workers, facilities r 2015 IMAM, ECD 200 teachers on ECD growth teachers monitoring, , 200 commun ity health workers Whole Community 37 Whole MOH ,WVK 1, 100,000 Skilled labor March- County sensitization commun County and health Septembe WASH ity facilities r 2015 health units Water All Sub Provision of All 60 County 1 M Improved June counties PVC tanks to Institutions Government, roof 2015 institutions MOALF, structures NGOs All Sub Provide ALL 1500 HH County 4.5 M Water June Counties fuel/diesel Government, infrastructur 2015 subsidy to NGOs al facilities community W/s All Sub Water ALL 30,000 HH County 4.2 M Human June Counties trucking and Government, resource 2015 Water NGOs treatment Chemicals All Sub Construction All 55,000 HH County 1.5 Billion Land/ 2015/ Counties of Multi- Government, (B) technical 2016 purpose NGOs expertise Dams

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