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GIS-Mapping of Fluoride Contaminated Groundwater in Nakuru & Baringo District, Kenya

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2005:198 CIV MASTER'S THESIS GIS-mapping of Fluoride Contaminated Groundwater in Nakuru & Baringo district, Kenya Jörgen Näslund Ingemar Snell Luleå University of Technology MSc Programmes in Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Sanitary Engineering 2005:198 CIV - ISSN: 1402-1617 - ISRN: LTU-EX--05/198--SE GIS-mapping of Fluoride Contaminated Groundwater in Nakuru & Baringo district, Kenya A Minor Field Study SUPERVISORS Sweden Jörgen Hanæus Professor Division of Sanitary Engineering Luleå University of Technology 971 87 Luleå Sweden Kenya Susan Murcott Research Engineer Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Ma. 02139-4307 USA Peter Jacobsen Technical Advisor Catholic Diocese of Nakuru, Water Quality Programme P.O. Box 938 20100 Nakuru Kenya KEYWORDS Minor Field Study, Kenya, Nakuru, Lake Baringo, GIS, Fluoride, Groundwater I Jörgen Näslund – Ingemar Snell GIS-mapping of Fluoride Contaminated Groundwater in Nakuru & Baringo district, Kenya A Minor Field Study ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This Master’s thesis constitutes our final degree project in Environmental Engineering at Luleå University of Technology, Sweden. The work was commissioned by The Ministry of Water, Nairobi, Kenya and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. The project has been carried out as a Minor Field Study in Nairobi and Nakuru, Kenya during the period January – April 2005 and was completed in May –June in Luleå, Sweden. The field work was performed in Baringo District in the northern part of Rift Valley Province. This project has throughout the time continuously undergone changes. Changes in form of object, area, time, supervisors, organizations and people involved. The time in Kenya has been challenging but also very profitable and we are grateful that we got the opportunity to work in this interesting country. Despite that the project developed in a slightly different way from what we planned for in the beginning we hope that the result of this study will benefit the people of Kenya and be useful for the involved organizations. While working with this project we met and were introduced to many people. First of all we would like to send a great Thank You to our Professor, Jörgen Hanæus, at Luleå University of Technology for helping us with advice from Sweden. Also thanks for contacting and introducing us to Susan Murcott at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the U.S. We would also like to thank the employees at the GIT (Geographic Information Technology) department in Luleå, especially Fredrik Salén, for the great support and supervising after we came back from Kenya. For all help and support in Kenya we would like to thank Susan Murcott at MIT, Peter Jacobsen and the rest of the people at Catholic Diocese of Nakuru Water Programme. You really made our visit pleasant and enjoyable. Without you we would still be struggling with inadequate information. Last but not least, we would like to thank the Swedish International Development and Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and Internationella Programkontoret for providing the main financial funding. To all the helpful people of Kenya that we met along the road: Asante Sana, you will not be forgotten! Luleå - Sweden, June 2005 Jörgen Näslund Ingemar Snell II Jörgen Näslund – Ingemar Snell GIS-mapping of Fluoride Contaminated Groundwater in Nakuru & Baringo district, Kenya A Minor Field Study ABSTRACT This Master of Science thesis has been carried out in Nakuru and Baringo Districts in the Rift Valley Province in Kenya. The thesis was performed as a Minor Field Study (MFS) financed by the Swedish International Development and Cooperation Agency (SIDA), through the “Internationella Programkontoret”. High fluoride levels in the ground water are a major problem that leads to diseases related to a high fluoride intake amongst people. In the Rift Valley Province, Kenya the bedrock consists of fluoride bearing minerals which contaminate the water. High levels are more common in deeply drilled boreholes than in surface water. Catholic Dioceses of Nakuru (CDN) is a non – governmental organization stationed in Nakuru working with defluoridation methods to remove fluoride from drinking water. In 1985 they started a Water Programme with extensive activity within water supply and quality. In their continuous work a GIS- map over fluoride levels in boreholes would be useful. This thesis summarizes the work with creating a GIS –map. The map shows location and 6 other parameters of interest from 195 boreholes drilled by CDN. Except from the work with the GIS –map this report also summarize results from a field study in an area around Lake Baringo in Baringo District. The aim with the field study was to investigate and overview the water situation. All in all 52 water sources were found, 7 permanent and 45 seasonal. The results and conclusions from the field study are presented in this report. They will hopefully facilitate the decision-making process for CDN. A CD with data files concerning the GIS-map can be received from Division of Sanitary Engineering at Luleå University of Technology. III Jörgen Näslund – Ingemar Snell GIS-mapping of Fluoride Contaminated Groundwater in Nakuru & Baringo district, Kenya A Minor Field Study TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1 2 BACKGROUND.................................................................................................2 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE..............................................................................3 4 METHOD ...........................................................................................................4 4.1 PREPARATORY STUDIES..................................................................................4 4.2 GIS-MAP OVER BOREHOLES IN NAKURU DISTRICT.............................................4 4.3 SURVEY OF THE WATER SITUATION AROUND LAKE BARINGO...............................4 5 DESCRIPTION OF AREA AND ORGANIZATION ............................................5 5.1 REPUBLIC OF KENYA ......................................................................................5 5.1.1 Geographic Regions .............................................................................6 5.1.2 Climate..................................................................................................6 5.2 NAKURU DISTRICT..........................................................................................7 5.3 BARINGO DISTRICT.........................................................................................9 5.3.1 The area of investigation.....................................................................10 5.4 CATHOLIC DIOCESE OF NAKURU....................................................................11 5.4.1 Background.........................................................................................12 5.4.2 Choice of defluoridation method .........................................................13 5.4.3 CDN Defluoridation Filters ..................................................................13 5.4.4 Household Filter..................................................................................14 5.4.5 Institutional Filter.................................................................................14 5.4.6 Community Filter.................................................................................15 5.4.7 Waterworks Filter................................................................................15 6 PERFORMANCE.............................................................................................16 6.1 PREPARATORY STUDIES................................................................................16 6.2 DATA COLLECTION .......................................................................................16 6.2.1 Nakuru ................................................................................................16 6.2.2 Baringo ...............................................................................................17 6.3 DATA AND MAP PREPARATION.......................................................................19 6.3.1 Preparation of water characteristics data from CDN...........................19 6.3.2 Preparation of data from Baringo District............................................20 6.3.3 Preparation of digital spatial data layers .............................................20 6.3.4 Laboratory test methods .....................................................................21 7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................22 7.1 FLUORINE....................................................................................................22 7.1.2 Field of utilization ................................................................................22 7.1.3 Fluoride in water .................................................................................23 7.1.4 Distribution on earth............................................................................23 7.1.5 Human exposure ................................................................................24 7.1.6 Health impacts and guideline values...................................................25 Jörgen Näslund – Ingemar Snell GIS-mapping of Fluoride Contaminated Groundwater in Nakuru & Baringo district, Kenya A Minor Field Study 7.2 FLUORIDE IN WATERS IN KENYA.....................................................................26
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