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Determinants of Political Transnationalism Among Vietnamese Americans in the United States

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Determinants of Political Transnationalism Among Vietnamese Americans in the United States Syracuse University SURFACE Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Social Science - Dissertations Affairs 2013 Determinants of political transnationalism among Vietnamese Americans in the United States Saheli Datta Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/socsci_etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Datta, Saheli, "Determinants of political transnationalism among Vietnamese Americans in the United States" (2013). Social Science - Dissertations. 181. https://surface.syr.edu/socsci_etd/181 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Social Science - Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This dissertation examines the presence and possibilities of political transnational activism stimulated by Vietnamese Americans in Orange County, California. Transnationalism is an increasingly dominant phenomenon that characterizes the way in which diaspora groups live their lives across borders. In fact, refugee diaspora, like the Vietnamese Americans, signify a unique dimension in the arena of transnational political practices, given their potential for raising awareness about their country’s political struggles and affecting change. The central argument of this dissertation is that a stable and significant transnational field of political action connecting Vietnamese Americans with their country of origin does exist. My research demonstrates that certain practices – protests, petitions and participation in internet forums – emerge as the most frequent forms of transnational political activity that Vietnamese Americans engage in. This dissertation adds insights to the transnationalism literature from the perspective of a vehemently anti-communist community that fled from political violence or the threat thereof – thus, all three forms of political action have a strong anti-communist agenda. My dissertation speaks directly to the fact that the dynamics of political transnationalism among Vietnamese Americans are not uniform. Rather, demographic, contextual and socio- economic factors foster or hamper their political mobilization. From the logistic regression analyses, political transnationalism among Vietnamese Americans is found to be significantly associated with age, gender, college degree, arrival in the U.S., English proficiency, employment status and income. Vietnamese Americans who are most likely to engage in protesting and sign petitions are older males who arrived in the U.S. during the early waves of refugee influx and are not very proficient in English. Unemployed Vietnamese Americans with lower incomes are also more likely to attend protests, while obtaining a college degree in both the U.S. and Vietnam is associated with more frequent participation in internet forums related to homeland issues. DETERMINANTS OF POLITICAL TRANSNATIONALISM AMONG VIETNAMESE AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES By Saheli Datta B.A., University of Calcutta, 2002 M.A., University of Denver, 2005 Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Science. Syracuse University June 2013 Copyright © Saheli Datta 2013 All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Introduction 1 Statement of the Purpose 6 Argument of the Thesis 8 Organization of the Study 10 Chapter 2. Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 12 Overview of Transnationalism 12 Migrant Transnationalism 14 How do we define migrant transnationalism? 18 Is migrant transnationalism a new phenomenon? 23 In what ways is migrant transnationalism relevant? 27 Refugee Transnationalism 29 In what ways are refugee transnationals different from immigrants? 29 How does refugee status affect transnational activities? 32 Political Transnationalism 36 What constitutes political transnationalism? 37 In what ways is political transnationalism relevant? 39 Determinants of Political Transnationalism 41 Demographic Characteristics 43 Contexts of Incorporation 46 Availability of Resources 48 Chapter 3. Background and Methods 53 Background on Vietnamese Americans 53 Basic Demographic Profile 53 Why Communism Still Matters 55 Methodology 68 Research Question 68 Research Design 68 Sampling Strategy 69 Description of Research Instrument Used 71 Operationalization of Variables 74 Dependent Variable: Political Transnationalism 74 Independent Variables 76 Missing Values 77 Data Analysis 78 Scope 78 Chapter 4. Flight into Exile: The Fall of Saigon and Refugee Displacement 80 Historical Context 80 Vietnamese Refugees - in numbers 81 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Three Waves of Refugees 86 In what ways were the refugees in the 3 waves distinct? 86 First Wave 87 Second Wave 90 Third Wave 93 Reasons for the Prolonged Refugee Crisis 96 Profile of Arriving Vietnamese Refugees 97 Initial Challenges Faced by Vietnamese Refugees 101 Assistance Offered to Vietnamese Refugees 102 Economic Progress of Vietnamese Refugees 104 Diversity of Occupations among Vietnamese Refugees 106 Vietnamese Refugees in California 107 Conclusion 110 Chapter 5. Determinants of transnationalism – A Quantitative Analysis 114 Introduction 114 Data and Methods 115 Research Design 116 Sampling Strategy 117 Dependent Variables 118 Independent Variables 122 Ordinal Logistic Regression 126 Results and Interpretation 128 Protests 128 Petitions 133 Internet Forums 137 Overlaps across all three activities 141 Conclusion 148 Chapter 6. Transnationalism Political Activism –A Qualitative Analysis 152 Introduction 152 Transnational Political Activism in the Early Period of Resettlement 153 Transnational Political Activism Today 157 Protests 160 Petitions and Letters to Government 168 Internet Forums 177 Discussion of the Regression Analysis Results 183 Significance and Direction of Independent Variables 183 Overlaps across all three activities 190 Conclusion 191 Qualitative Conclusions 191 Quantitative Conclusions 193 v TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter 7. Conclusion 196 Conclusions based on Qualitative Analysis 197 Protests 199 Petitions 199 Internet Forums 199 Conclusions based on Quantitative Analysis 200 Significance and Direction of Explanatory Factors 201 Expectations from Theoretical Literature 203 Limitations 207 Changing Nature of Vietnamese Political Transnationalism 208 Future of Vietnamese Political Transnationalism 211 Appendix A. Interview Questionnaire 214 Appendix B. Survey Instrument 216 Appendix C. Petition 217 Appendix D. Letter Writing Campaign 218 References 219 Vita 238 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIALS LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Vietnamese Refugees in the U.S. (1975-1998) 85 Table 2: Protests 118 Table 3: Petitions 119 Table 4: Internet Forums 120 Table 5. Descriptive Statistics of Independent Variables 122 Table 6. Logit Coefficients from the Regression of Participating in Protests on Selected Independent Variables 129 Table 7. Logit Coefficients from the Regression of Participating in Petitions on Selected Independent Variables 134 Table 8. Logit Coefficients from the Regression of Participating in Internet Forums on Selected Independent Variables 138 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Refugee Arrivals in U.S. (1975-2000) 82 Figure 2: Indochinese Refugee Arrivals in U.S. (1975-2000) 82 Figure 3: Distribution of Vietnamese Population in the U.S. (2000 Census) 83 Figure 4: Distribution of Vietnamese Population in California (2000 Census) 84 Figure 5: Vietnamese Refugees in the U.S. (1975-1998) 85 Figure 6: Vietnamese Population in Orange County (1980-2000) 109 Figure 7: Protests 118 Figure 8: Petitions 120 Figure 9: Internet Forums 121 Figure 10: Age Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Never” Participate in Political Transnationalism 142 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIALS - Continued Figure 11: Age Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Sometimes” Participate in Political Transnationalism 142 Figure 12: Gender Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Never” Participate in Political Transnationalism 143 Figure 13: Gender Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Sometimes” Participate in Political Transnationalism 143 Figure 14: Educational Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Never” Participate in Political Transnationalism 144 Figure 15: Educational Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Sometimes” Participate in Political Transnationalism 144 Figure 16: Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Never” Participate in Political Transnationalism by Arrival in U.S. 145 Figure 17: Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Sometimes” Participate in Political Transnationalism by Arrival in U.S. 145 Figure 18: Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Never” Participate in Political Transnationalism by English Proficiency 145 Figure 19: Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Sometimes” Participate in Political Transnationalism by English Proficiency 145 Figure 20: Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Never” Participate in Political Transnationalism by Employment Status 146 Figure 21: Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Sometimes” Participate in Political Transnationalism by Employment Status 146 Figure 22: Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Never” Participate in Political Transnationalism by Income 147 Figure 23: Distribution of Vietnamese Americans who “Sometimes” Participate in Political Transnationalism by Income 147 viii 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Transnationalism is an
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