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Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

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MODERN HISTORY UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS INDEX No. of Page No. S.No. Topic Qns From To 01. Advent of Europeans 9 1 4 02. on the Eve of British Conquest 13 4 10 03. Socio – Religious Reform Movements – General Features 4 10 12 04. Socio – Religious Reform 2 12 12 05. 1857 Revolt 7 12 14 06. Beginning of Modern 3 16 18 07. Moderate Phase 1885 – 1905 4 18 19 08. Era of Militant Nationalism 14 19 26 09. Revolutionary Activities 1905 6 26 30 10. First World War and Nationalist Response 5 30 32 11. Emergence of 9 32 36 12. Non – Cooperation Movement 5 36 38 13. Revolutionary Activity 1920’s 1 38 38 14. Movement 13 38 46 15. Congress Rule in Provinces 5 46 48 16. The Last Decade of British Rule in India 32 48 64 17. Economic Impact of British Rule in India 9 64 69 18. A Survey of British Policies in India 24 69 80 19. Development of Education 6 80 83 20. Important Personalities & Their Contributions 46 83 108 21. Peasant Movement 1857 to 1947 6 108 110 22. Tribal Movements 3 110 111 23. Sessions & the Facts about them 12 111 116 24. Governors 14 116 122 25. Post Independence India 2 123 124

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1. Advent of Europeans 5. Which one of the following is the correct statement? 1. With reference to (now a) The modern was a Dutch till Puducherry), consider the following India's independence. statements: b) The Dutch defeated the Portuguese and built 1) The first European power to occupy Fort Williams in the modern Kochi. Pondicherry were the Portuguese c) The modern Kochi was first a Dutch colony 2) The second European power to were occupy before the Portuguese took over from them. Pondicherry the French d) The modern Kochi never became a part of 3) The English never occupied Pondicherry the British colony. Which of the statements given above is/are 6. With reference to the entry of European correct? into India, which one of the following a) 1 only statements is NOT correct? b) 2 and 3 a) The Portuguese captured Goa 1499 c) 3 only b) In 1611 English opened their first in d) 1, 2 and 3 Masulipattam 2. Who among the following Europeans were c) In Eastern India, the English first factory the last to come to pre independence Company opened its first factory Orissa in India as traders? 1633 a) Dutch d) Under the leadership of Dupleix, in 1746 the b) English French occupied madras. c) French 7. In India, among the following locations, d) Portuguese the Dutch established their earliest 3. Which one of the following was the first factory at fort constructed by the British in India a) a) Fort William b) b) Fort St George c) Cochin c) Fort St David d) Cassimbazar d) Fort St Angelo 8. Which one of the following pairs is not 4. In the year 1613, where was the English correctly matched? given permission to a) : William Hawkins set up a factory (trading post)? b) :Sir Thomas Roe a) Bangalore c) Shahjahan :Travernier b) Madras d) :Manucci c) Masulipattam d) Surat www.laex.in Page No. 1 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

9. With whose permission did the English 2. Key: C set up their first factory in Surat? Explanation: Sequence of an establishment of a) Akbar European Companies b) Jahangir 1) Portuguese (1498) c) Shahjahan 2) English East India Company (1600) d) Aurangjeb 3) (1602) 4) Danish East India Company (1616) 5). French East India Company (1664) 1.Key and Explanations Educational Objective: Advent of European 1. Key: A Powers in India Explanation: 3. Key: B The Portuguese were the first European who Explanation: landed at Pondicherry. The factory established  Fort St George (or historically, White Town) by them on the coastal area and adjoining is the first English (later British) fortress in settlement, the local people called it Poudu- India, founded in 1644 at the coastal city sery. The name is recorded in its Portuguese of Madras, the modern city of . version as Puducheria for the first time in the  Fort William is a fort in Calcutta (), map of India dated 1554. built during the early years of the The Portuguese settlement of Pudu- cheria continued till 1614 when the Portuguese Presidency of British India. had to quit for having supported the faction who  Fort St David, now in ruins, was a British lost the battle of succession to the throne of fort near the town of , a hundred Gingee. After a lapse of a decade, the Danish miles south of Chennai on the Coromandel took possession of the colony in 1624 and Coast of India. developed it . They left in 1654 for reasons  unknown. The French took possession in 1672. St. Angelo Fort is a fort facing the Arabian The British took control of the area again in Sea, situated 3 km from Kannur, a city in 1793 at the of Pondicherry amid the Wars Kerala state, south India. The fort built by of the French Revolution, and returned it to the Portuguese after the 1498 visit of Vasco in 1814. When the British gained control Da Gama to India. of the whole of India in the late , they Educational Objective: European Powers in allowed the French to retain their settlements in India the country, Pondicherry, Mahe, , 4. Key: D and Chandranagar remained a part of Explanation: The East India Company arrived until 1954. first at Surat, India in 1608 in the Educational Objective: Puducherry under ship Hector commanded by William Hawkins various European PowersThe Portuguese have and within a few years had established a been here, so have the Dutch, the Danes and the permanent factory there. Surat was the port English. By the 18th centur used by the textile manufacturers of Gujrat and www.laex.in Page No. 2 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

was the most important centre for the overseas Educational Objective: European powers trade of the . A factory was expansion in India eventually established at Surat when the Portuguese fleet was defeated by the English. 6. Key : B On the other side of India the East India Company had since 1611 been based at Explanation: Masulipatam on the of India.  The Dutch East India Company was created By 1626 it had extended its activities further in 1602 as “United East India Company” and south and established a settlement at Armagon its first permanent trading post was in taking advantage of the cheapness of cloth there. . In India, they established the first However the new site had disadvantages and the factory in Masulipattanam in 1605, followed Company accepted an invitation from the ruler of the district around Madraspatam to establish by Pulicat in 1610, Surat in 1616, a factory there in 1640. The factory was called Bimilipatam in 1641 and Chinsura in 1653. Fort St George and rapidly grew in  Dutch presence on the Indian importance as a centre for the Company’s subcontinent lasted from 1605 to 1825. trading activity in the east, replacing Bantam Merchants of the Dutch East India in 1682 as the headquarters of the eastern Company first established themselves trade. Educational Objective: English East India in Dutch Coromandel, notably Pulicat, as Company’s expansion in India. they were looking for textiles to exchange with the spices they traded in the East 5. Key: A Indies.DutchSuratte and Dutch Bengal were Explanation: established in 1616 and 1627 respectively.  The Portuguese conquest of Goa occurred Educational Objective: Advent of European when the governor of Portuguese Powers in India India Afonso de Albuquerque captured the city in 1510. 7. Key : B  The English opened their first factory in Explanation: Foreigners during Mughal the South at Masulipatam in 1611. Period-  In the Eastern part of India, Orissa was the Akbar- first state where the British first opened their  Anthony Monserrate Portuguese Priest factory in 1633.  Ralph Fisch (First English traveler)  The Battle of Madras or Fall of Madras took Jahangir place in September 1746 during the War of  Captain Hawkins (English traveler) the Austrian Succession when  William Fisch (English traveler) a French force attacked and captured the  Sir Thomas Roe (English Ambassador) city of Madras from its British garrison Shahjahan under the leadership of Joseph François  Peter Mundy () Dupleix.  Tavernier (French) Aurangzeb www.laex.in Page No. 3 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

 Manucci (Italy) Select the correct answer using the code  Bernier (French Doctor) given below.  Jean Thevnot (France) a) 1 only Educational Objective: Arrival of foreigners b) 2 only during Mughal Rule c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 8. Key: B 2. What was the immediate reason for Explanation: The British landed on Indian Subcontinent at the port of Surat, August 24, Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India and 1608 AD for the purpose of trade, but after 7 fight the ? years British got Royal order (i.e. Farman) to a) He wanted to avenge the expulsion by establish a factory at Surat under the leadership Marathas of his viceroy Timur Shah from of Sir Thomas Roe (Ambassador of James I). Following this, the East India Company also got b) The frustrated governor of Jullundhar Adina similar permission from the Vijaynagara Empire to set up their second factory in Madras. Beg Khan invited him to invade Educational Objective: Expansion of British c) He wanted to punish Mughal administration power in India for non- payment of the revenues of the Chahar Mahal (, Aurangabad, 9. Key : C and Pasrur) Explanation: C option shows correct order in d) He wanted to annex all the fertile plains of which wars happened Punjab up to the borders of to his Educational Objective: Wars during British kingdom period 3. Consider the following statements: 2.India on the Eve of British Conquest 1) In the Third Battle of Panipat, Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated Ibrahim Lodi. 1. With reference to Mughal India, what 2) Tipu Sultan was killed in the Third Anglo- is/are the difference/differences between Mysore War Jagirdar and ? 3) entered in a conspiracy with the 1) Jagirdars were holders of land assignments English for the defeat of Siraj-ud- in lieu of judicial and police duties, where daulahin the asZamindars were holders of revenue rights Which of the statements given above is/are without obligation to perform any duty other correct? than revenue collection. a) 1,2 and 3 2) Land assignments to Jagirdars were b) 3 only hereditary and revenue rights of c) 2 and3 were not hereditary. d) None

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b) 4. Which one of the following statements is c) Shah Alam II NOT correct? d) Tipu Sultan a) Ali Khan introduced the system of revenue farming in Bengal 8. The ruler of which one of the following b) set up modern States was removed from power by the foundries to manufacture cannons at Lahore British on the pretext of mis governance? c) Sawai Jai Singh of Amber had Euclid's a) 'Elements of Geometry' translated into b) c) Nagpur d) Sultan Tipu of Mysore gave money for the d) Satara construction of the idol of Goddess Sarda in 9. Which one of the following is the correct the Shringeri temple chronological order of the battles fought 5. A: Shah Alam II spent the initial years as in India in the 18th Century? an Emperor outside Delhi. a) -Battle of Battle R: There was always a lurking danger of of Ambur-Battle of Plassey foreign invasion from the north-west b) Battle of ambur- battle of plassey -battle of frontier. wandiwash - a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct c) Battle of Wandiwash-Battle of Plassey-Battle explanation of A of Ambur-Battle of Buxar b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the d) Battle of Ambur-Battle of Buxar--Battle of correct explanation of A Wandiwash-Battle of Plassey c) A is true, but R is false 10. Which of the following pairs are correctly d) A is false, but R is true matched? 6. How did the Mughal emperor Jahandar List – I (War) List – II Shah's reign come to an early end? (Period) a) He was deposed by his Wazir 1. First Anglo – War 1. AD 1767-69 b) He died due to slip while climbing down 2. Third Mysore War 2. AD 1790-92 steps 3. First Anglo – Burmese War 3. AD 1824-26 c) He was defeated by his nephew in a battle 4. Second Sikh War 4. AD 1845-46 d) He died of sickness due to too much Select the correct answer using the codes consumption of wine given below:

7. Who among the following Indian rulers a) 2 and 4 established embassies in foreign countries b) 3 and 4 on modern lines? c) 1 and 2 a) Haider Ali d) 2 and 3 www.laex.in Page No. 5 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

11. Which one of the following statements 2. Key and Explanations does not apply to the system of introduced by Lord 1. Key: A Wellesley? Explanation: a) To maintain a large standing army at other’s  Jagirdars and Zamindars were the two types expense of intermediaries that collected the land b) To keep India safe from Napoleonic danger revenue for the king during the mughal c) To secure a fixed income for the Company period. The land revenue was collected by d) To establish British paramount power over these intermediaries who paid the fixed the Indian States share of the king and enjoyed the rights of 12. Consider the following Princely States of the land. the British rule in India: The Jagirdars 1) Jhansi  The Jagirdars were the king’s officials who 2) enjoyed the land gifted from the King. They 3) Satara were the rank (mansab) holder given by the The correct chronological order in which king called mansabdar. They were allotted they were annexed by the British is non-inheritable land area equivalent to their a) 1-2-3 fee amount called Jagir. b) 1-3-2  The Jagirdars were not the permanent holder c) 3-2-1 of land so they tried to collect as much d) 3-1-2 revenue possible from the land. The peasants and Zamindars come under the 13. Match List-I with List-Il and select the Jagirdar. The Jagirdar had right to remove a correct answer by using the codes given Zamindar, detain the peasants and brought below the lists: them back in case they ran away. List-I (Year) List-II (Event) The Zamindars A. 1775 1. First Anglo-Burmese War  The holder of land is termed as the Zamindar. B. 1780 2. First Anglo-Afghan War They had the hereditary right over the C 1824 3. First Anglo-Maratha War land to claim share in the peasant’s output D. 1838 4.Second Anglo-Mysore War other than land revenues. They also have the Codes: right to detain the peasants. In most of the A B C D Mughal period the Zamindar collected land a) 4 3 2 1 revenue from the actual tillers of land and b) 4 3 2 1 for this they were allowed one tenth of the c) 3 4 1 2 collections either in cash or an equivalent d) 3 4 2 1 amount of tax free land.

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 Zamindari right was also sold and bought several gains against the smaller Maratha like goods. Zamindari right could also be garrisons in Punjab. He then joined with his mortgaged to money-lenders. Sometimes Indian allies—the Afghans of the peasants of a Village also sold away their Gangetic Doab—forming a broad coalition right to a person who became the zamindar against the Marathas. of that village.  The result of the battle was the halting of Educational Objective: To understand further Maratha advances in the north, and difference between Jgairdars and Zamindars of a destabilization of their territories, for Mughal Period. roughly 10 years. Educational Objective: To know about Battles 2. Key: A fought in Panipat and their causes. Explanation:Third Battle of Panipat (1761)  The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 3. Key: B January 1761, at Panipat, about 60 miles Explanation: (95.5 km) north of Delhi between a northern  The Third Battle of Panipat was fought expeditionary force of the between the Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah and a coalition of the King of , Durrani along with his local Rohilla and Ahmad Shah Durrani with two Indian other Pathan and Oudh allies, against the Muslim allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Maratha Empire. Doab, and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of  In the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–92), Oudh. Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore and an ally  The decline of the Mughal Empire following of France, invaded the nearby state the 27-year Mughal-Maratha war (1680– of in 1789 which was a British 1707) had led to rapid territorial gains for ally. British forces were commanded by the Maratha Empire. Under Baji Rao, Governor-General Cornwallis himself. The Gujarat and Malwa came under Maratha resultant war lasted three years and was a control. Finally, in 1737, Baji Rao defeated resounding defeat for Mysore. The war ended the Mughals on the outskirts of Delhi, and after the 1792 Siege of Seringapatam and the brought much of the former Mughal signing of the Treaty of Seringapatam, territories south of Delhi under Maratha according to which Tipu had to surrender control. Baji Rao’s son, half of his kingdom to the British East India (popularly known as ), further Company and its allies. increased the territory under Maratha  The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–99) control by invading Punjab in 1758. This saw the death of Tipu Sultan and further brought the Marathas into direct reductions in Mysorean territory. confrontation with the of  The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory Ahmad Shah Abdali. In 1759 he raised an of the British East India Company over army from the Pashtun tribes and made the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daulah and www.laex.in Page No. 7 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

his French[1] allies on 23 June 1757, under 5. Key: C the leadership of which was Explanation: possible due to the defection of Mir Jafar Ali  Ali Gohar (25 June 1728 – 19 November Khan, who was Siraj-ud-Daulah's 1806), historically known as Shah Alam II, commander in chief. The battle helped the was the sixteenth Mughal Emperor and the Company seize control of Bengal. son of Alamgir II. Shah Alam II became the The Battle is considered a great betrayal rather emperor of a crumbling Mughal empire. than a great battle.  In 1760, the invading forces of Abdali were Educational Objective: To know about Third driven away by the Marathas, led Battle of Panipat, Anglo-Mysore Wars, the Battle by SadashivraoBhau, who deposed Shah of Plassey Jahan III, the puppet Mughal emperor of Feroze Jung III, and installed Shah Alam 4. Key: A II as the rightful emperor under Maratha Explanation: control.  During the later stages of Mughals i.e.,  Shah Alam II was considered the only and during their declining days, the Ijarah rightful emperor, but he wasn't able to system or revenue farming was introduced to return to Delhi until 1772, under the boost up the state's revenue in Bengal in the protection of the Maratha general Mahadaji reign of Jahandar Shah (1712–13), who was Shinde. supported by nobel Zulfiqar Khan. Educational Objective: Learning about Later  Under this system, when peasant did not Mughals. have resources available for cultivation or due to some calamity cultivation could not 6. Key: C be done, the lands were farmed out on ijarah Explanation: to a third party called revenue farmers. The  Jahandar Shah was a Mughal Emperor who revenue officials or their relatives were not ruled for a brief period in 1712–1713. supposed to take land on ijarah. It was  He was defeated in the battle at on 10 expected that revenue farmers would not January 1713 by , his nephew extract more than the stipulated land and the second son of Azim-ush-Shan, with revenue from the peasants. The revenue the support of the Brothers. farmer paid the Government nine-tenth of Educational Objective: Learning about Later the whole collection and kept the rest as his Mughals. collection charges. 7. Key: D  Options b,c,d are correct. Explanation: Educational Objective: Learn unique  To develop foreign trade and the military information about various rulers initiatives alliance, Tipu Sultan established embassies

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with many countries viz. France, Pegu, Explanation: Battle of Ambur(1749, part of , , etc. Carnatic war)- Battle of Plassey(1757) -Battle of Educational Objective:To know about Tipu’s Wandiwash(1760) -Battle of Buxar(1764) progressive initiatives in various domains. Educational Objective: Important battles of 18th Century India 8. Key : A 10. Key : D Explanation: Explanation: The Anglo–Maratha War were Awadh Annexation- three wars fought in the Indian sub-  The of Oudh were the faithful allies continent between the Maratha Empire and of the English. Dalhousie was determined to the British East India Company: annex Oudh on whatever ground. At last  First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) towards the close of his rule he brought  Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) serious charges against the ruling Nawab  Third Anglo-Maratha War, also known as the Wazid Ali that his administration had Pindari War (1817–1818) become a complete misrule. The Nawab was Four Anglo-Mysore Wars- forced to vacate his throne and Dalhousie  The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–69) annexed Oudh on February 1856. This  The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84) annexation of Oudh was an example of  reckless . the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–92),   As Dalhousie was not able to annex Awadh The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–99) through war or , he There have been three Burmese followed this method. Wars or Anglo-Burmese Wars:  First Anglo-Burmese War (1824 to 1826)[1] Doctrine of lapse-  Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852 to 1853)  By the application of this policy he  Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885) disallowed the Indian to adopt sons There were two Anglo–Sikh wars: and whenever he would die without a  The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) natural heir his state should be taken over  by the British Government. The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)  Any adopted son of any therefore should Educational Objective: Important wars of not be a raja. Under the Doctrine of Lapse Modern Indian History

Dalhousie annexed Satara, Jaitpur, 11. Key: C Sambalpur, Bhagat, Udaipur, Jhansi and Explanation Nagpur. Key points of the Subsidiary Alliance Educational Objective: Dalhousie’s policy of 1) The allies of Indian state’s ruler were aggressive expansion in India compelled to accept the permanent garrison of within their territories and to 9. Key : B pay a subsidy for its maintenance.

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2) The Indian ruler could not employ any Dutch rule by shipping pepper, cardamom and European in their service without prior other spices, coir, coconut, and copper. The approval of British. native ethnic religious groups in the city like the , , Syrian Christian and Jewish 3) They could not negotiate with any other minorities too raked profits of the prosperity. Indian rulers without consulting the The Wiliam fort was constructed by the Dutch Governor-General. East India Company with the permission In short, Lord Wellesley’s ‘Subsidiary Alliance’ from Kingdom of Cochin in 1714. was designed to meet two objectives, namely, The British Period and Thereafter: The port to make the English the paramount power in city of Cochin had become highly developed during the time of the British rule in India. Later, India and to exterminate the French this city became the first to join influence from India for good. the Indian Union willingly after India achieved Educational Objective: Subsidiary Alliance of Independence from the British rule. It slowly Wellesley developed into not only a major commercial and industrial centre in the country, but also an 12. Key : C enticing tourist destination. This reputation, Explanation: Under Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Kochi has maintained till date. Lapse , these states were annexed.  Satara(1848) Educational Objective: The Colonial history of  Sambalpur(1849) Modern Kochi  Jhansi(1854) 3. Socio – Religious Reform Educational Objective: Doctrine of Lapse Movements – General Features

13. Key: B 1. Satya ShodhakSamaj organized Explanation: a) a movement for upliftment of tribals in The Portuguese Period: The time during which b) a temple-entry movement in Gujarat Cochin was under the Portuguese rule is very c) an anti- movement in Maharashtra interesting. It is said admiral, Pedro Cabral was sent by the Portuguese king to set up a factory d) a peasant movement in Punjab at the city. The Raja of Cochin succumbed to the 2. Consider the following statements: demand of the admiral, but mainly out of fear of 1. Bijak' is a composition of the teachings of the native Zamorins. Later, it was the legendary Saint DaduDayal. traveler Vasco Da Gama, who managed to pacify 2. The Philosophy of Pushti Marg was the Zamorins. The Portuguese then built Fort propounded by . Manuel to protect their factory from any sort of attack. Which of the statements given above is/are Dutch Period: The Dutch rule over Cochin correct? lasted from 1663 to 1795. They defeated the Portuguese and disposed the Cochin Raja. After a) 1 only landing confidently at Njarakal, they went on to b) 2 only seize the Pallippuram fort, which they later gave c) Both 1 and 2 to the Zamorins. Cochin prospered under the d) Neither 1 nor 2 www.laex.in Page No. 10 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

• Bijak' is a composition of the teachings of 3. Which one of the following pairs does not Kabir. form part of the six systems of Indian • Pusti Marg was propounded by Philosophy? a) Mimamsa and Vallabhacharya. This focuses on Krishna Bhakti. b) and • c) Lokayata and Kapalika Madhvacharya advocated dualism and realism. d) Sankhya and Educational Objective: Saints and their 4. Which of the following statements is/are teachings correct regarding Brahmo Samaj? 1. It opposed idolatry 3. Key : C 2. It denied the need for a priestly class for Explanation: Six Systems of Indian interpreting the religious texts. Philosophy 3. It popularized the doctrine that the are infallible Select the correct answer using the codes given below a) 1 only b) 3 only c) 1 and 2 only d) 1, 2 and 3

Ancient Indian 3. Key and Explanations Educational Ojective: Philosophy System 1. Key : C 4. Key : B Explanation Explanation: Brahmo Samaj teaching-  Satya shodhakSamaj was a social reform • There is only one God, who is the creator, society founded by in , and the saviour of this world. He is spirit, Maharashtra, on 24 September 1873. infinite in power, wisdom, love, justice and  It espoused a mission of education and holiness, omnipresent, eternal and blissful; increased social rights and political access • No created object, including any image or for underprivileged groups, focused idol, is to be worshipped as God, and God especially on women, Shudras, and , in alone is to be considered as infallible; • The human soul is immortal and capable of Maharashtra. infinite progress, and is responsible to God Educational Objective: Important movements for its doings; th of 19 Century India • Man's happiness in this and the next world consists in worshipping God in spirit and in 2. Key : D truth. God manifests himself directly to the Explanation www.laex.in Page No. 11 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

human soul, and no prophets or scriptures • Manusmriti by William Jones are mediators between God and the soul; • AbhigyanShakuntalam by William Jones • Loving God, holding communion with Him, Educational Objective: Books and their English and carrying out His will in all the concerns translation of life, constitute true worship; • Harmony of all scriptures, saints, and sects, 2. Key : D and for universal brotherhood without Explanation:Dialectical materialism- the distinction of caste or creed or sect. All Marxist theory (adopted as the official religious teachers and books are to be philosophy of the Soviet communists) that honored to the extent that they are in political and historical events result from the harmony with divine revelation to the soul; conflict of social forces and are interpretable as • Harmony of reason and faith, of devotion and a series of contradictions and their solutions. duty, of yoga and bhakti The conflict is seen as caused by material needs. Educational Objective: Socio-cultural The idea of Dialectic Materialism is inspired by movements of Hegel’s Dialectics. Educational Objective: Marxism’s key ideas. 4. Socio – Religious Reform 5. 1857 Revolt 1. Who amongst the following Englishmen first translated Bhagavad-Gita into 1. What was/were the object/objects of English? Queen (1858) Victoria's Proclamation a) William Jones 1) To disclaim any intention to annex Indian States b) Charles Wilkins 2) To place the Indian administration under the c) British Crown d) John Marshall 3) To regulate East India Company's trade with India 2. explained the process of class Select correct answer using the code given struggle with the help of which one of the below. following theories? a) 1 and 2 only a) Empirical liberalism b) 2 only b) Existentialism c) 1 and 3 only c) Darwin's theory of evolution d) 1, 2 and 3 d) Dialectical materialism 2. Who was the Governor-General of India 4. Key and Explanations during the ? a) Lord Canning 1. Key : B b) Lord Dalhousie Explanation: c) Lord Hardinge • Englishmen first translated Bhagavad-Gita d) Lord Lytton into English- Charles Wilkins • Hitopdesh by Charles Wilkins www.laex.in Page No. 12 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

3. With reference to the revolt of the year 5. Key and Explanations 1857, who of the following was betrayed by a friend; captured and put to death by 1. Key : A the British? Explanation: a) Nana Sahib  Following the 1857 Rebellion, the East India b) Company's rule in India came to an end. c) Khan Bahadur Khan 's Proclamation of 1 November d) Tantia Tope 1858 declared that thereafter India would be governed by and in the name of the British 4. Which one of the following territories was Monarch through a Secretary of State. not affected by the Revolt of 1857?  The policy of aggressive expansion reached a) Jhansi its peak during Dalhousie was put on hold b) Chittor and aim was to gain confidence of Indian c) states ruled by local rulers. So, policy of d) Subordinate Union was adopted. 5. Which one of the following places did Educational Objective: Queen’s Proclamation, Kunwar Singh, a prominent leader of the 1858 Revolt of 1857 belong to 2. Key : A a) Bihar Explanation b)  The Sepoy Mutiny was a violent and very c) bloody uprising against British rule in India d) in 1857. It is also known by other names: 6. "In this instance we could not play off the the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of Mohammmedons against the Hindus". To 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. which one of the following events did this  The mutiny of the Sepoy (= native troops in remark of Aitchison relate? the British army) began on , 1857, a) Revolt of 1857 when Indian soldiers who had been placed in b) Champaran (1917) irons for refusing to accept new c) Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement cartridges were rescued by their comrades. (1919-22) The turned the mutiny into d) August Movement of 1942 a wide-spread revolt. Educational Objective: Revolt of 1857 7. The educated middle class in India 3. Key : D a) Opposed the revolt of 1857 Explanation b) Supported the revolt of 1857  Tantia Tope was an intimate friend and the c) Remained neutral to the revolt of 1857 right hand of Nana Sahib, the adopted son of d) Fought against native rulers Peshwa www.laex.in Page No. 13 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

 In May 1857, Tantia Tope won the battle the Parmar of Jagdispur, currently a over the Indian troops of the East India part of Bhojpur district, Bihar, India. Company at Educational Objective: Prominent leaders of  He was the Indian leader in the Rebellion of the Revolt of 1857 1857 6. Key : A  He was known for his guerilla tactics, which Explanation: scared the British “In this instance we could not play off the  He collaborated with Rani Lakshmi Bai of Mohammedans against the Hindus.” This Jhansi to seize remark of Aitchison is related to Revolt of 1857.  Man Singh, a former in the Gwalior Aitchison,a senior British officer indirectly army, betrayed Tatia Tope's trust by accepted -Muslim unity factor of revolt falling prey to the 'Jagir' and the 1857. proposals offered by the Englishmen Educational Objective: Revolt of 1857  He was hanged on April 18, 1859, in General Meade's camp at Shivpuri. 7. Key : C Educational Objective: Revolt of 1857 Explanation 4. Key : B  The modern educated Indians also did not Explanation support the Revolt. They were repelled by  Chittor was not affected by the revolt of 1857. the rebels' appeals to superstitions and their  In Jhansi, Rani Laxmi Bai was heading the opposition to progressive social measures. revolt. • The educated Indians wanted to end the  Kunwar Singh was a leader during backwardness of the country. They the . He belonged to mistakenly believed that British rule would a Maharaja Zamindar family of help them accomplish these tasks of the Ujjainiya clan of modernization while the rebels would take the Parmar Rajputs of Jagdispur, currently a the country backward. part of Bhojpur district, Bihar, India. Educational Objective: Revolt of 1857 and  was leading revolt in response of various sections of Indian Society. Lucknow. Educational Objective: Spread of the Revolt of 1857 5. Key : A Explanation: Bihar- Kunwar Singh was a leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He belonged to a Maharaja Zamindar family of the Ujjainiya clan of

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6. Beginning of Modern Nationalism 6. Key and Explanations

1. Consider the following pairs: 1. Key: B 1) Radhakanta Deb-First President of the Explanation British Indian Association • Madras Mahajana Sabha was an Indian 2) GazuluLakshminarasu Chetty- Founder of nationalist organisation based in the Madras the Madras Mahajana Sabha Presidency. Along with the Poona Sarvajanik 3) Surendranath Banerjee-Founder of the Sabha, Association and Indian Association the Indian Association, it is considered to be Which of the above pairs is/are correctly a predecessor of the Indian National matched? Congress. a) 1 only • In May 1884., S. RamaswamiMudaliar, P. b) 1 and 3 only Rangaiah Naidu and P. Anandacharlu c) 2 and 3 only established the Madras Mahajana Sabha. d) 1,2 and 3 • The first organisation in the to agitate for the rights of Indians 2. Consider the following: was the Madras Native Association which 1) Calcutta Unitarian Committee was established by publicist Gazulu 2) Tabernacle of New Dispensation Lakshmi narasu Chetty in 1849. This 3) Indian Reform Association organisation did not survive for long and was Keshab Chandra Sen is associated with the eventually disbanded. establishment of which of the above? Educational Objective: Predecessors of a) 1 and 3 only the Indian National Congress. b) 2 and 3 only 2. Key: B c) 3 only Explanation d) 1,2 and 3 • Establishment of the Calcutta Unitarian 3. Which one of the following submitted in Committee by Rammohun Roy, 1875 a petition to the House of Commons Dwarkanath Tagore, and William Adam in demanding India's direct representation 1823. in the British Parliament? • Tabernacle of New Dispensation- In 1881 a) The Deccan Association Keshab founded the Church of the New b) The Indian Association Dispensation (NabaBidhan) for the purpose c) The Madras Mahajan Sabha of establishing the truth of all the great d) The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha religions in an institution that he believed would replace them all. • Indian Reform Association- The Indian Reform Association was formed on 29 www.laex.in Page No. 16 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

October 1870 with KeshubChunder Sen as lawyers, inamdars, pensioners, pleaders, president. It represented the secular side of teachers, journalists and government the Brahmo Samaj and included many who servants in the judicial and education did not belong to the Brahmo Samaj. The departments. objective was to put into practice some of the  The organisation also had people drawn from ideas Sen was exposed to during his visit to the earlier similar organisations of western Great Britain. India. Educational Objective: Socio-Religious-Political  The Sarvajanik Sabha had wanted to be an Movements of 19th Century organisation on modern democratic lines and hoped to be a representative of the people of 3. Key: D the region. So, its first 95 members were Poona Sarvajanik Sabha elected from among 6000 people.  The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was established  The organization organised lecture tours and on 2 April 1870 at Poona originally because meetings and tried to foster national pride of the discontent of the people over the among the people. It also organised relief running of a local temple. work during .  The Deccan Association formed in 1850 and  Basically, it meant to serve as a link between the Poona Association formed in 1867 had the government and the people in order for become defunct within a few years and the the former to be more in conformity with the western educated residents of Poona felt the wishes and interests of the latter. need for a modern socio-political  Even though the members were mostly from organisation. the upper-middle classes, the membership  , an eminent lawyer was open to people of all and classes. and scholar from the Bombay Presidency  The Sabha represented to the government was also a keen social reformer. He played a the interests of the peasants and also major part in the formation of the Sarvajanik opposed the forest laws, the salt laws and Sabha. the press laws.  The other answer members who helped in its  It had a quarterly journal through which it formation were BhawanraoShriniwasrao propagated its ideas and also urged Indians Pant Pratinidhi (ruler of the Aundh State to unite and press for economic and political who was also the organisation’s first reforms. president), Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi and S H  The Sabha even encouraged Swadeshi and Chiplunkar. sent its member Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi to  Other important members of the Sabha the (1877) in hand-spun included M MKunte, Vishnu M Bhide, Bal attire. It is interesting to note that khadi had Gangadhar Tilak and . made its appearance on the Indian political The members were mostly from the educated landscape well before Gandhi made it a middle class of society and comprised of www.laex.in Page No. 17 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

symbol of . At the Durbar, Select the correct answer using the code Joshi read out a citation demanding “Her given below. Majesty to grant to India the same a) 1 only political and social status as is enjoyed by b) 1 and 2 only her British subjects.” c) 2and 3 only  The Sabha was in many ways a precursor to d) 1,2 and 3 the Indian National Congress that was 3. Consider the following statements: formed in 1885. Many members from the The most effective contribution made by Sabha became members of the INC as well. DadabhaiNaoroji to the cause of Indian  By 1895 the Sarvajanik Sabha split owing to National Movement was that he political differences amongst its members. 1. Exposed the economic exploitation of India Educational Objective: Poona Sarvajanik by the British Sabha 2. Interpreted the ancient Indian texts and restored the self-confidence of Indians 7. Moderate Phase 1885 - 1905 3. Stressed the need for eradication of all the 1. With reference to the period of colonial social evils before anything else rule in India * "Home Charges" formed an Which of the statements given above is/are important part of drain of wealth from correct? India. Which of the following funds a. 1 only constituted "Home Charges"? b. 2 and 3 only 1) Funds used to support the in c. 1 and 3 only d. 1,2 and 3 2) Funds used to pay salaries and pensions of British personnel engaged in India. 4. A : The basic weakness of the early 3) Funds used for waging wars outside India by nationalist movement lay in its narrow the British. social base. Select the correct answer using the codes R : It fought for the narrow interests of the given below social groups which joined it. a) 1 only (a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct c) 2 and 3 only explanation of A b) 1 and 2 only (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a d) 1, 2 and 3 correct explanation of A

2. Who of the Following was/were economic (c) A is true but R is false critic/critics of in India? (d) A is false but R is true 1) DadabhaiNaoroji 2) G Subrammanialyer 3) R.C. Dutt www.laex.in Page No. 18 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

• Many such works by economic critics helped 7. Key and Explanations expose exploitative British rule in India. e. 1. Key : A Educational Objective: Economic critics of Explanation: colonialism in India and their works. Home Charges 3. Key: A Home Charges’ which referred to the Explanation expenditure incurred in England by the • Naoroji’s book Poverty and Un-British Rule Secretary of State on behalf of India. in India brought attention to the draining of Components: India's wealth into Britain. In it he explained  The Home Charges were annually remitted to his wealth drain theory. England “to pay interest on money expended • He was first Indian to be a British MP in India on railways and irrigation works and • Naoroji is remembered as the "Grand Old for other purposes of the Government, to pay Man of Indian Nationalism" for stores, charges for effective and non- • He was of opine that social issues should not effective services of British troops on the be raised from Congress platform and Indian establishment, furlough and retired Congress should act as political organization pay of Civil and Military -Officers and specifically. servants of the Government and other • Swami Vivekanand and many other leaders expenditures. Interpreted the ancient Indian texts and  Another component of Home Charges restored the self-confidence of Indians, but consisted of purchases made abroad for not Naoroji. government stores in India. Educational Objective: Moderates in Indian Educational Objective: Drain of wealth during National Congress British Rule 4. Key-C 2. Key: D Explanation: Early Nationalist Movement was Explanation dominated by Hindus, that too higher caste • In the book Poverty and Un-british rule in hindus. However, the main focus of early India, Naoroji gave drain of wealth theory. nationalist movement was to fight for political • In the book Economic Aspects of British Rule rights of all Indians without discrimination on in India by G Subrammanialyer Provides the basis of religion. exhaustive information on the state Educational Objective:Early nationalist of economic affairs when the British movement ruled this subcontinent. • In the book the Economic , 8. Era of Militant Nationalism R.C. Dutt talked about economic history of india of Victorian age. 1. With reference to , consider the following statements. www.laex.in Page No. 19 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

1) It contributed to the revival of the indigenous d) Civil Disobedience Movement artisan crafts and industries. 5. The Partition of Bengal made by Lord 2) The National Council of Education was Curzon in 1905 lasted until established as a part of Swadeshi Movement. a) The First World War when Indian troops Which of the statements given above is / are were needed by the British and the partition correct? was ended a) 1 only b) King George V abrogated Curzon's Act at the b) 2 only Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911 c) Both 1 and 2 c) Gandhiji launched his Civil Disobedience d) Neither 1 nor 2 Movement 2. The 'Swadeshi' and 'Boycott' were adopted d) The in 1947 when East as methods of struggle for the first time Bengal became East during the.

a) Agitation against the Partition of Bengal 6. The Indian Muslims in general, were not b) Home Rule Movement attracted to the Extremist movement c) Non-Cooperation Movement because of the d) Visit of the to India a) Influence of Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan

3. What was the main reason for the split in b) Anti-Muslim attitude of Extremist leaders the Indian National Congress at Surat in c) Indifference shown to Muslim aspirations 1907? d) Extremists policy of harping on Hindu past a) Introduction of communalism into Indian 7. Which one of the following defines politics by Lord Minto extremist ideology during the early phase b) Extremists' lack of faith in the capacity of the of Indian freedom movement? moderates to negotiate with the British a) Stimulating the production of indigenous Government articles by giving them preference over c) Foundation of Muslim League imported commodities d) Aurobindo Ghosh's inability to be elected as b) Obtaining self-government by aggressive the President of the Indian National means in place of petitions and Congress constitutional ways c) Providing national dedication according to 4. Which one of the following movements the requirements of the country has contributed to a split in the Indian d) Organizing coups against the National Congress resulting in the through military revolt emergence of 'moderates' and 'extremists'? a) Swadeshi Movement 8. What was the immediate cause for the b) launch of the Swadeshi movement? c) Non-Cooperation Movement a) The partition of Bengal done by Lord Curzon www.laex.in Page No. 20 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

b) A sentence of 18 months rigorous b) In 1898, the scheme of national education imprisonment imposed on LokmanyaTilak was formulated by Satish Chandra c) The arrest and deportation of LalaLajpat Rai Mukherjee and Ajit Singh; and passing ofthe Punjab c) The Bengal National College was founded in Colonization Bill 1906 with Aurobindo as the principal d) Death sentence pronounced on the d) Tagore preached the cult of Atmashakti, the Chapekar brothers main plan of which was social and economic regeneration of the villages 9. Four resolutions were passed at the famous Calcutta session of Indian 12. Who among the following gave a National Congress in 1906. The question systematic critique of the moderate of either retention OR of rejection of politics of the Indian National Congressin these four resolutions became the cause a series of articles entitled New Lamps for of a split in Congress at the next Congress Old? session held in Surat in 1907.Which one a) Aurobindo Ghosh of the following was not one of those resolutions? b) RC Dutt a) Annulment of partition of Bengal c) b) Boycott d) Viraraghavachari

c) National education 13.In the context of the Indian freedom d) Swadeshi struggle, 16th October 1905 is well known

10. The song '' written for which one of the following reasons? during the Swadeshi Movement of India a) The formal proclamation of Swadeshi inspired the liberation struggle of Movement was made in Calcutta town hall and was adopted as the b) Partition of Bengal took effect National Anthem of Bangladesh. Who c) DadabhaiNaoroji declared that the goal of wrote this song? Indian National Congress was a) Rajni Kanta Sen d) LokmanyaTilak started Swadeshi Movement b) Dwijendralal Ray in Poona c) Mukunda Das 14. The paintings of Abanindranath Tagore d) are classified as 11.With reference to the period of extremist a) Realistic nationalist movement in India with its b) Socialistic spirit of Swadeshi, which one of the c) Revivalist following statements is not correct? d) Impressionistic a) Liakat Hossain led the Muslim peasants of in their agitations

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Swadeshi and Social Boycott 8. Key and Explanations A man selling or buying foreign goods or in any 1. Key: C way opposing the swadeshi Movement and Explanation: helping Government in putting it down would be • The positive element of economic swadeshi subjected to various degrees of humiliation. was the regeneration of indigenous goods. Swadeshi and National Education The movement was started with boycott of A National Council of Education to organize a Manchester cloth but extended to promotion system of education—literary, scientific and of indigenous goods. Consequently Swadeshi technical—on national lines and under national Textile Mills, Soap, Match Factories, control. The number of national schools also Tanneries, Banks, Insurance Companies, grew apace with time. Shops etc were set up. Swadeshi, culture and press • A National Council of Education to organize Rabindranath's Amar Sonar Bangla, written at that time, was to later inspire the liberation a system of education—literary, scientific struggle of Bangladesh and was adopted as the and technical—on national lines and under National Anthem of the country on January 24, national control. The number of national 1950. Similarly, there were great improvements schools also grew apace with time. in . Educational Objective: Swadeshi Movement Educational Objective: Swadeshi Movement 2. Key: A 3. Key: B Explanation: Explanation: • The Swadeshi movement started with the • Moderates believed in the policy of partition of Bengal by the Viceroy of settlement of minor issues with the India, Lord Curzon in 1905 and continued government by deliberations. But the up to 1911. extremists believed in agitation, strikes, • In the economic sense, Swadeshi would and boycotts. Nationalists led represent both a positive and a negative by Lokmanya Tilak agitated against the element. These have been discussed as Moderates. under:- • The split between these two sections became • The positive element of economic swadeshi visible at the end of Congress' Banaras was the regeneration of indigenous goods. Session (1905). Lokmanya Tilak and his The boycott of foreign goods led to the followers held a separate conference and increase in demand for indigenous goods formed the Extremist Party. However they especially clothes that felt short of supply. decided to work as a part of the INC. The • The negative element(This can be considered difference between moderates and extremists negative only about the British) of the widened in Congress' Calcutta Session of economic swadeshi was the boycott and (1906) and attempts were made to elect one burning of foreign goods. of them as the president. www.laex.in Page No. 22 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

• The moderates opposed the resolutions • The movement on Ideological and approach on Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott of foreign front widen the rift between Moderates and goods and National Education and requested Extremists to withdraw from the policy laid down in the • Moderates believed in the policy of Calcutta session. But the extremists were settlement of minor issues with the not ready to do so. government by deliberations. But the • In Surat Session (1907), Extremists wanted extremists believed in agitation, strikes, and Rai or Tilak as a presidential candidate and boycotts. Nationalists led by Lokmanya Moderates supported Ghosh to be the Tilak agitated against the Moderates. The President. But Rai stepped down and Ghosh split between these two sections became became the President. visible at the end of Congress' Banaras The British Government immediately Session (1905). Lokmanya Tilak and his attacked the extremists and Extremist followers held a separate conference and newspapers were suppressed. Lokmanya formed the Extremist Party. However they Tilak, their main leader, was sent to decided to work as a part of the INC. The Mandalay jail for six years. difference between moderates and extremists Educational Objective: widened in Congress' Calcutta Session of (1906) and attempts were made to elect one 4. Key: A of them as the president. The moderates Explanation: opposed the resolutions on Swaraj, Swadeshi, • Swadeshi movement- The Swadeshi Boycott of foreign goods and National movement started with the partition Education and requested to withdraw from of Bengal by the Viceroy of India, Lord the policy laid down in the Calcutta session. Curzon in 1905 and continued up to 1911. It But the extremists were not ready to do so. was the most successful of the pre-Gandhian • In Surat Session (1907), Extremists wanted movement. Its chief architects Rai or Tilak as a presidential candidate and were Aurobindo Ghosh, Lokmanya Bal Moderates supported Ghosh to be the Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra President. But Rai stepped down and Ghosh Pal and , V. O. Chidambaram became the President. Pillai, Babu Genu. Swadeshi, as a strategy, The British Government immediately was a key focus of , who attacked the extremists and Extremist described it as the soul of Swaraj (self rule). newspapers were suppressed. Lokmanya It was strongest in Bengal and was also Tilak, their main leader, was sent to called the Vandemataram movement. Mandalay jail for six years. • Swadeshi Movement strengthen the Educational Objective: Congress and Surat extremists popularity among masses . Split

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5. Key: B Educational objective: to know about the Explanation: Partition of Bengal took place in extremist movement in India. 1905. Bengal partition was intentionally, to 7. Key: B weaken NATIONALIST FORCES as Bengal was Explanation: the epicenter of Nationalist Movement. So, in the Methods /ideology of Extremist Leaders name of efficient administration, Bengal was  partitioned. The extremist goal was ‘swaraj’. This, at Towards the end of 1910 India had a new that time either meant complete Viceroy, Lord Hardinge, and a new Secretary of autonomy and freedom from British State, Lord Crewe, in place, respectively, of Lord control, or a total Indian control over the Minto and Lord Morley. Both Lord Hardinge and administration but not necessarily a Lord Crewe felt that the unrest in India was breakaway from Britain’s imperial reign.  chiefly due to the Partition of Bengal, and there This was in contrast to the moderates’ would be no peace until this grievous wrong was demand of only an increase in the share of remedied. The initiative in the matter was taken Indians in the administration and military by the Secretary of State, Lord Crewe, but the upper echelons. new Viceroy, Lord Hardinge was afraid to take  The extremist leaders involved wider sections any step as it was opposed by all the high of people in the movement. They involved officials whom he consulted. But as soon as Lord lower middle class people also. Hardinge realised the seriousness of the  They did not stick to constitutional methods situation in the two , he made up his to protest and demand. They resorted to boycotts, strikes, etc. They also burned mind and carried his whole Council with him. foreign-made goods. Advantage was taken of the visit of their Royal  They believed in confrontation rather than majesties, George V and Queen Mary, to India to persuasion. announce the new proposals in the Delhi Durbar  The Swadeshi movement gathered on 11th December, 1911. momentum in India because of the Educational Objective: Bengal Partition and extremists’ support. This led to the annulment of the same establishment of Indian banks, mills, factories, etc. 6. Key: D  They were strongly against British Explanation: Indian Muslims in general, were imperialistic policies in India. not attracted to the Extremist movement  They took pride in Indian culture and history. because of the extremist’s policy of harping on They looked at the ancient scriptures for Hindu past like: Tilka used Ganesh, inspiration and courage. utsav, Aurbindo gosh talked about aryanizing  They believed in sacrificing everything the whole world in Bhavani Mandir including life for the cause of the motherland. Further rituals like oath taking in front of  They opposed of Indian goddess Kali etc. society by the British. www.laex.in Page No. 24 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

 Tilak famously said, “Swaraj is my birth right  Many leaders were imprisoned and deported and I shall have it.” like Bal GangadharTilak, LalaLajpat Rai,  They were very vocal in their opposition to and Aurobindo Ghosh. the British rule unlike the moderates who  Many Indian lost their job and student who had faith in British justice. took part in movement were not allowed to  They tried to instill self-respect and enter college and school premises. patriotism in the people by invoking past  During the movement, singing heroes like Ashoka, Shivaji, Maharana VandeMataram was meant to sedition. This Pratap and Rani Laxmibai. was the first instance in which use of  They did not believe in loyalty to the British Indigenous goods were taken an account. Crown. Educational objective: to know about the Conclusion extremist movement in India. An important aspect of the Swadeshi movement was the emphasis placed on self-reliance orAtmashakti (According to Rabindra 8. Key: A Tagore). Explanation: Several exclusive Indian industrial ventures,  Swadeshi Movement was started against Bengal Chemical Swadeshi Stores (Opened by partition of Bengal and got formal PC Ray), Lakshmi Cotton Mills, Mohini proclamation of the movement was on Mills and National Tannery were started. August 7, 1905 at a meeting held at the Educational objective: to know about Swadeshi Calcutta Town hall. movement  It was suggested by Krishan Kumar Mitra’s journal Sanjivani in AD 1905. 9. Key: A  In this movement, Swadeshi leaders appeal Explanation: The resolution of Swadeshi was to Indian for boycotting of government adopted in 1906 Calcutta session of the Indian service, courts, schools and colleges and of National Congress. Dada Bhai Nairobi headed foreign goods, promotion of Swadeshi goods, this session. Further, in the same session Promotion of National Education through the Congress passed four resolutions on self- establishment of national schools and government, boycott movement, Swadeshi colleges. Hence, it was not only political but and national education. economic movement as well. Educational objective: to know about  The Swadeshi Movement was a great success. Swadeshi movement In Bengal, even the landlords joined the 10. Key: D movement. The women and students took to Explanation: Many during Swadeshi movement picketing. Students refused using books sang the song “Amar Sonar Bangla”, composed made of foreign paper. by Rabindranath Tagore. Many were seen walking bare foot to the Ganga singing

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Vandemataram. Hindus and Muslims tied rachis  In May 1908, Aurobindo was arrested in on each other’s hand as a symbol of unity connection with the Conspiracy Case Educational objective: to know about the or Alipore Bomb Case swadeshi movement. Educational objective: to know about the important personality linked to India’s freedom 11. Key: A struggle Explanation: Liakat Hossain was leader of Muslim League. 13. Key: B Ashwini Kumar Dutta led the Muslim peasants Explanation: Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of of Barisal in their agitations India from 1899 to 1905. The partition of the Educational objective: to know about the Bengal province came into effect during his extremist movement in India. viceroyalty on 16th October 1905. Educational objective: to know about the 12. Key: A impact of Partition of Bengal Explanation: Aurobindo Ghosh 14. Key: C  He passed the ICS examination securing the Explanation: Abanindranath Tagore (1871-1951) 11th rank out of 250 candidates. He joined was a nephew of Rabindranath Tagore. He was King’s College for the training but had born at Jorasanko and was educated at the himself disqualified for an exam by arriving Sanskrit College, Calcutta. He led the revivalist deliberately late as he had no interest in the movement in Bengal in the field of modern ICS Indian paintings with the help of a band of disciples such as Nandlal Bose, A.K. Halder,  He was much influenced by the American etc. The first major exponent of Swadeshi values Revolution, revolts in Italy and the medieval in Indian art, he is known to have founded the French revolts against England. Bengal School of Art or Neo-Bengal School.  He attended Congress sessions and at the Educational objective: to know about famous same time, helped establish the painting of Abindranath Tagore and the cultural AnushilanSamiti of Calcutta in 1902. movement linked to Swadeshi movement in  He gave a systematic critique of the Bengal moderate politics of the Indian National Congress in a series of articles entitled 9. Revolutionary Activities 1905 New Lamps for Old  He and his brother revolutionary BarinGhose 1. Who was the leader of the Ghadar party? contributed articles to the magazine a) which inspired many young people b) Lala Hardayal to take up revolutionary work. c) Bal GangadharTilak  In 1905, Aurobindo started an English d) VD Savarkar newspaper called BandeMataram. www.laex.in Page No. 26 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

2. TheGhadr (Ghadar) was a Codes: a) Revolutionary association of Indians with A B C D headquarters at San Francisco a) 1 3 4 2 b) Nationalist organization operating from b) 1 3 2 4 c) 3 1 2 4 c) Militant organization with headquarters at d) 3 1 4 2 d) Communist movement for India's freedom 6. Where were the Ghadar revolutionaries, with headquarters at Tashkent who became active during the outbreak of the based? 3. Abhinav Bharat' a secret society of a) Central America revolutionaries was organized by b) North America a) c) West America b) VD Savarkar d) South America c) PrafullaChaki d) Bhagat Singh 9. Key and Explanations 4. The native state of became 1. Key: B involved in the Freedom movement early Explanation: Lala Hardayal was the leader of in the 20th century because Ghadar Party. a) The kings of Tripura were always anti British Educational objective: to know about Ghadar b) The Bengal revolutionaries took shelter in movement Tripura c) The tribes of the state were fiercely freedom 2. Key: A loving Explanation: Ghadar Party d) There were already some groups fighting  The Ghadar Party was an organization against the kingship and its protector, the founded by Punjabi Indians, in the United British States and with the aim to gaining India's independence from British 5. Match List-I with List-II and select the rule. correct answer using the codes given  The party was built around the weekly paper below the lists: The Ghadar, which carried the caption on List – I List – II the masthead: Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman (an A. Armoury 1.Kalpana Dutt Rao enemy of the British rule). B. Abhinav Bharat 2. Guru Ram Singh  Answer members of the party included Lala , ,Kartar C. 3.Vinayaka Singh Sarabha, and . Damodar Savarkar  After the outbreak of World War I, Ghadar D. Kuka Movement 4. Aurobindo Ghosh party members returned to Punjab to agitate www.laex.in Page No. 27 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

for rebellion alongside the Babbar Akali “The Indian War of Independence 1857”. The Movement. In 1915, they conducted British government immediately enforced a revolutionary activities in central Punjab and ban on the publication in both Britain and attempted to organize uprisings, but the India. Later, it was published by Madame British Government crushed their attempts. BhikaijiCama in Holland, and was smuggled  After the conclusion of the war, the party in into India to reach revolutionaries working America split into Communist and Anti- across the country against British rule. Communist factions. The party was formally  When the then British Collector of Nasik, dissolved in 1948. A.M.T. Jackson was shot by a youth, Veer Educational objective: to know about Savarkar finally fell under the net of the thekamagathamaru incident British authorities. He was implicated in the murder citing his connections with India 3. Key: B House. Savarkarwas arrested in London on Explanation: March 13, 1910 and sent to India. VD Savarkar  In 1920, many prominent freedom fighters  In Pune, Savarkar founded the “Abhinav including Vithalbhai Patel, Mahatma Gandhi Bharat Society”. and Bal GangadharTilak demanded the  He was also involved in the Swadeshi release of Savarkar. On May 2, 1921, movement and later joined Tilak’s Swaraj Savarkar was moved to Ratnagirijail, and Party. His instigating patriotic speeches and from there to the Yeravada jail. In Ratnagiri activities incensed the British Government jail Savarkar wrote the book ‘Hindutva: who so much that they withdrew his B.A. degree. is hindu?’  In June 1906, Veer Savarkar, left for London  Vinayak Savarkar was a president of Hindu to become Barrister. However, once in Mahasabha from 1937 to 1943. When London, he united and inflamed the Indian congress ministries offered resignation on students in England against British rule in India. He founded the . The 22nd oct 1939, Hindu mahaasabha under Society celebrated important dates on the his leadership cooperated with Muslim Indian calendar including festivals, freedom league to form government in provinces like movement landmarks, and was dedicated to , Bengal and NWFP. furthering discussion about Indian freedom. Educational objective: to know about the He believed and advocated the use of arms to important personality linked to India’s freedom free India from the British and created a struggle network of Indians in England, equipped 4. Key: D with weapons. Explanation: The native state of Tripura became  In 1908, brought out an authentic informative researched work on The Great involved in the Freedom movement early in the Indian Revolt, which the British termed as 20th century because there were already some “Sepoy Mutiny” of 1857. The book was called groups fighting against the kingship and its protector, the British www.laex.in Page No. 28 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

Educational objective: to know about the  The Samiti was involved in a number of various freedom movement of northeast India. noted incidents of revolutionary attacks against British interests and administration 5. Key: A in India, including early attempts to Explanation: Chittagong Armory Raid 1930 assassinate officials. On April 18, 1930, there was an attempt to raid  These were followed by the 1912 attempt on the armory of the Police and Auxiliary forces the life of the Viceroy of India, and the from the Chittagong armory in Bengal. Seditious conspiracy during World War I, led The leader of this conspiracy & raid was Surya by Rash Behari Bose and Jatindranath Sen. Mukherjee respectively. Apart from , other prominent figure Kuka Movement involved in the incident were ,  The Kuka Movement marked the first major Lokenath Bal, Nirmal Sen, Ambika Chakrobarty, reaction of the people in the Punjab to the Naresh Roy, Sasanka Datta, ArdhenduDastidar, new political order initiated by the British HarigopalBal ,TarakeswarDastidar, Ananta after 1849. Singh, Jiban Ghoshal, Anand Gupta, Pritilata  The Namdhari Movement, of which the Kuka Waddeda, Kalpana Dutta, Vinayak Damodar Movement was the most important phase, Savrkar established Abhinav Bharat aimed at overthrowing the British rule. AnushilanSamiti  The Namdharis were also known as “Kukas”  It was a Bengali organization that supported because of their trademark style of reciting revolutionary violence as the means for the “Gurbani” (Sayings/Teachings of the ending British rule in India. Guru).  The organization arose from a  This style was in a high-pitched voice called conglomeration of local youth groups and “Kook” in Punjabi. Thus, the Namdharis gyms () in Bengal in 1902. were also called “Kukas”.  It had two prominent, somewhat  Satguru Ram Singh, son of a poor independent, arms in East and , carpenter, who was born on 3rd February, AnushilanSamiti (centred in Dhaka, 1816 in a small village of Bhaini, around 7 modern day Bangladesh), and the Jugantar kilometres away from Ludhiana, founded group (centred at Calcutta). the Namdhari Sect on 12th April, 1857 at  The nationalists Aurobindo Ghosh and his Bhaini Sahib. brother Barindra Ghosh led it,  He asked his followers to boycott everything,  It was influenced by philosophies as diverse which bore the stamp of the British as Hindu Shakta philosophy, as set forth by Government. In course of time, Baba Ram Bengali authors Bankim and Vivekananda, Singh became a secular chief of Kukas. Italian Nationalism, and the Pan-Asianism of  He would go about surrounded by horsemen KakuzoOkakura. and held his court every day. He appointed www.laex.in Page No. 29 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

Governors and Deputy Governors to organize  After the conclusion of the war, the party in Kukas in different districts of the Punjab. He America split into Communist and Anti- also inspired young men by giving them Communist factions. The party was formally dissolved in 1948. military training. Educational objective: to know about the  The Kuka Movement made the people aware of their serfdom and bondage. It evoked the feelings of self respect and sacrifice for the 10. First World War and Nationalist country. Within a few years, the followers of Response the Kuka Movement increased manifold. They called for boycott of educational 1. In 1920, which of the following changed institutions of British and laws established its name to "Swarajya Sabha"? by them. They were rigid in their clothing a) All India Home Rule League and wore only hand-spun white attire. The b) Hindu Mahasabha Kuka followers actively propagated the civil c) South Indian Liberal Federation disobedience. d) The Servants of India Society

Educational objective: to know about the 2. When Congress leaders condemned the various important events. Montague- Chelmsford Report, many moderates left the party to form the 6. Key: B a) Explanation: Ghadar Party b) Indian Freedom Party  The Ghadar Party was an organization c) Independence Federation of India founded by Punjabi Indians, in the United d) Indian Liberal Federation States and Canada with the aim to gaining India's independence from British 3. A: In 1916, Maulana Mohammad Ali and rule. resigned from the  The party was built around the weekly paper Legislative Council. The Ghadar, which carried the caption on R: The was passed by the the masthead: Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman (an Government in spite of being opposed by enemy of the British rule). all Indian members of the Legislative  Answer members of the party included Lala Council. HarDayal, Sohan Singh Bhakna,, and Rash behari Bose. (a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct  After the outbreak of World War I, Ghadar explanation of A party members returned to Punjab to agitate (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a for rebellion alongside the Babbar Akali correct explanation of A Movement. In 1915, they conducted (c) A is true but R is false revolutionary activities in central Punjab and (d) A is false but R is true attempted to organize uprisings, but the British Government crushed their attempts.

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4. A: The did bring the Educational Objective: Home Rule League urban Muslims into the fold of the National 2. Key: D Movement. Explanation: When the Montagu report of 1918 R: There was a predominant element of was made public, there was a divide in the anti-imperialism in both the National and Congress over it. The moderates welcomed it Khilafat Movements. while the extremists opposed it. This led to a (a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct division in the Congress with moderate leaders forming the "Indian National Liberal explanation of A Federation" in 1919. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a SurendraNathBanarjea founded the party (INLF) correct explanation of A and some of its prominent leaders were Tej (c) A is true but R is false Bahadur Sapru, V. S. SrinivasaSastri and M. R. (d) A is false but R is true Jayakar. Educational objective: to know about liberal 5. What was Komagata Maru? : and their contribution in India’s freedom a) Apolitical party based in struggle b) Peasant communist leader of c) A naval ship on voyage to Canada 3. Key- D d) A Chinese village where Mao Tse Tung began Explanation: Rowlatt Act was passed in March, his Long march 1919. The act authorized the government to imprison any person without trial and conviction 10. Key and Explanations in a court of law. Maulana Mohd. Ali and Abul Kalam Azad resigned from the legislative council in 1919 during the Khilafat Movement and not 1. Key: A in 1916. Explanation Educational Objective: Nationalist leaders • The Indian Home Rule movement was a response to British Imperial Actions movement in British India on the lines 4. Key: A of Irish Home Rule movement and Explanation: Gandhiji extended his support to other home rule movements. Khilafat Movement as he considered the demand • The movement lasted around two years of just. Along with this ,he wanted between 1916–1918 and is believed to have to bring the urban Muslims into the fold of the set the stage for the independence National Movement. movement under the leadership of Annie The Khilafat movement had element of anti- Besant and to the imperialism which provided an opportunity to educated English speaking upper class converge this movement with Nationalist Indians. movement . • In 1921 All India Home Rule League Educational Objective: Khilafat Movement changed its name to Swarajya Sabha www.laex.in Page No. 31 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

5. Key: C 1) Mahatma Gandhi was instrumental in the Explanation: abolition of the system of ‘indentured labour'. 2) In Lord Chelmsford's 'War Conference',  The Komagata Maru incident is about a Mahatma Gandhi did not support the Japanese steamship called ‘Komagata resolution on recruiting Indians for World Maru’ that voyaged from (part of War. British Empire) to , British 3) Consequent upon the breaking of Salt Law Columbia in Canada passing through by , the Indian National Shanghai, China to Yokohama (Japan) in the Congress was declared illegal by the colonial year 1914, carrying 376 passengers from rulers. Punjab, part of British India. Which of the statements given above are  Out of all the passengers 24 were admitted correct? to Canada, but the other 352 passengers a) 1 and 2 only were not allowed inside Canada and the ship b) 1 and 3 only was forcefully returned to India. c) 2 and 3 only  The emotions ignited after this incident were d) 1,2 and 3 taken advantage of by the Indian 2. Which one of the following is a very revolutionaries, particularly, the significant aspect of the Champaran GhadarParty members to gather support Satyagraha? from the people for their cause. a) Active all-India participation of lawyers,  Many meetings were held in California in students and women in the National 1914 by Ghadarites to the Indian community Movement there where the Ghadar leaders used this b) Active involvement of and Tribal incident to appeal to the community for their communities of India in the National engagement with their cause. People were Movement also recruited to the movement in the wake c) Joining of peasant unrest to India’s National of this unfortunate incident. Prominent Movement Ghadar leaders included , d) Drastic decrease in the cultivation of Barkatullah and Sohan Singh. plantation crops and commercial crops Educational objective: to know about the 3. With reference to Rowlatt Satyagraha, Komagata Maru Incident which of the following statements is/ are correct? 11. Emergence of Gandhi 1. The Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of the 'Sedition Committee'. 1. With reference to the British colonial rule 2. In Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhiji tried to in India, consider the following utilize the Home Rule League. statements: www.laex.in Page No. 32 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

3. Demonstrations against the arrival of Simon d) All the` statements (a), (b) and (c) are correct Commission coincided with Rowlatt in this context Satyagraha. Select the correct answer using the code 7. After returning from South Africa, given below. Gandhiji launched his first successful a) 1 only Satyagraha in b) 1 and 2 only a) ChauriChaura c) 2 and 3 only b) Dandi d) 1,2 and 3 c) Champaran d) Bardoli 4. The Rowlatt Act aimed at a) Compulsory economic support to war efforts 8. The first venture of Gandhi in all-India b) Imprisonment without trial and summary politics was the procedures for trial a) Non-Cooperation Movement c) Suppression of the Khilafat Movement b) Rowlatt Satyagraha d) Imposition of restrictions on freedom of the c) Champaran Movement press d) Dandi March

5. The Congress policy of pray and petition 9. The Hunter Commission was appointed ultimately came to an end under the after the guidance of a) Black-hole incident a) Aurobindo Ghosh b) Jalianwallabagh massacre b) Bal GangadharTilak c) Uprising of 1857 c) LalaLajpat Rai d) Partition of Bengal d) Mahatma Gandhi

6. Mahatma Gandhi said that some of his deepest convictions were reflected in a 11. Key and Explanations book titled, "" and the book 1. Key: B transformed his life. What was the Explanation: message from the book that transformed • During World War One, the Viceroy of India Mahatma Gandhi? Lord Chelmsford, invited various Indian a) Uplifting the oppressed and poor is the moral leaders to attend a War conference. Gandhi responsibility of an educated man was also invited. He accepted the invitation b) The good of individual is contained in the and went to Delhi. Gandhi had supported good of all the government’s resolution on recruiting. c) The life of celibacy and spiritual pursuit are Gandhi stuck to the belief he held at that time that ‘absolutely unconditional and essential for a noble life whole-hearted co-operation with the government on the part of educated India www.laex.in Page No. 33 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

will bring us within sight of our goal of 3. Key: B Swaraj as nothing else will’. • Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Explanation: Educational Objective: British colonial rule in • The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes India Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act or Black Act, was a 2. Key: C legislative council act passed by the Imperial Explanation: Legislative Council in Delhi on 21 March • The of 1917 was 1919, indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, the first Satyagraha movement led incarceration without trial and judicial by Gandhi in India and is considered a review enacted in the Defence of India Act historically important revolt in the Indian 1915 during the First World War. It was Independence Movement. It was a farmer's enacted in light of a perceived threat from uprising that took place revolutionary nationalists to organisations of in Champaran district of Bihar, India, during re-engaging in similar conspiracies as during the British colonial period. The farmers were the war which the Government felt the lapse protesting against having to grow indigo with of the DIRA regulations would barely any payment for it. enable.TheRowlatt Act was based on the • When Gandhi returned to India from South recommendations of the 'Sedition Africa in 1915, and saw peasants in Committee' northern India oppressed by indigo planters, • M. K Gandhi started campaign against he tried to use the same methods that he Rowlatt bill and set up Satyagraha Sabha th had used in South Africa to organize mass 24 February AD 1919 at Bombay. The three uprisings by people to protest against organizations viz, the Home Rule league, injustice. Muslim league and the Satyagraha Sabha • Champaran Satyagraha was the first popular along with some other small organizations satyagraha movement. coordinated and organized the biggest • Gandhi and his associates toured the Satyagraha ever. villages and held open discussions with the • Simon Commission came in 1927. So, no villagers. Having heard their grievances, he correlation between Anti Rowlatt Act successfully demanded that tinkathia system agitation and Anti Simon Commission should be abolished and farmers should be agitation . compensated for illegal dues. As a result, Educational Objective: Rowlatt Satyagraha European planters left the area for good in

the next few years. Mohandas Karamchand 4. Key: B Gandhi’s experiments in India had begun. Explanation: The Anarchical and Educational Objective: Gandhian Movements Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly in Initial Phase. known as the Rowlatt Act or Black Act, was a www.laex.in Page No. 34 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

legislative council act passed by the Imperial 1) : Uplifting the oppressed and poor Legislative Council in Delhi on 21 March 1919, is the moral responsibility of an educated indefinitely extending the emergency measures man of preventive indefinite detention, incarceration 2) The good of individual is contained in the without trial and judicial review enacted in good of all the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First 3) The life of celibacy and spiritual pursuit are World War. It was enacted in light of a perceived essential for a noble life threat from revolutionary nationalists to Educational objective: to know about life ideals organisations of re-engaging in of Mahatma Gandhiji similar conspiracies as during the war which the 7. Key: C Government felt the lapse of the DIRA Gandhi ji returned from South regulations would enable. Explanation: Africa in 1915 and in 1917, he launched his Educational Objective: Rowlatt Act, 1919 first successful Satyagraha in Champaran in 5. Key: D Bihar against the indigo planters at the Explanation: In1915, Gandhiji returned to India request of permanently and joined the Indian National Educational objective: to know about various Congress with as his movement led by Gandhiji mentor. 8. Key: B Gandhi's first major achievement was in 1918 Explanation: Rowlatt Satyagraha was in when he led the Champaran and Kheda response to the British government enacting the agitations of Bihar and Gujarat. He also led Non- Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act. Movement, and Quit-India movement against Gandhiji called for a countrywide campaign the British government against the Rowlatt Act. Gandhi identified his overall method of non- Rowlatt Act violent action as Satyagraha. Gandhiji's  Satyagraha influenced eminent personalities This act was passed on the such as and Martin Luther in recommendations of Sedition Committee their struggle for freedom, equality and social chaired by Sir . justice. Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha was  This act had been hurriedly passed in the based on true principles and non-violence. Imperial Legislative Council despite the Educational objective: to know about various united opposition of the Indian members. movement led by Gandhiji  It gave the government enormous powers to 6. Key: D repress political activities and allowed Explanation: From the book "Unto this Last" detention of political prisoners without trial Gandhiji received message on for two years.

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Response to Gandhi's Call Educational objective: to know about all the  Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil movements launched by Gandhiji disobedience against such unjust laws, 9. Key: B which would start with a on 6 April Explanation: 1919. Hunter Commission  But before it could be launched, there were  The government formed a committee of large-scale violent, anti-British inquiry to investigate the Jallianwala Bagh demonstrations in Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi, shootings. Ahmedabad, etc. '  On October 14, 1919, the Government of  Especially in Punjab, the situation became India announced the formation of the explosive due to wartime repression, forcible Disorders Inquiry Committee. recruitments, and ravages of disease.  The committee was commonly known as  In towns across North and West India, life Hunter Commission after the name of came to a standstill, as shops shut down chairman, Lord William Hunter. It also had and schools closed in response to the bandh Indian members. call.  In the final report submitted in March 1920,  During the intense anti-British the committee unanimously condemned demonstrations, Punjab also witnessed the Dyer’s actions. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre  However, the Hunter Committee did not Nationalist Response impose any penal or disciplinary action  Rabindranath Tagore renounced his against General Dyer knighthood in protest. Educational objective: to know about all the  Mahatma Gandhi gave up the title of Kaiser- movements launched by Gandhiji i-Hind, bestowed by the British for his work during the Boer War. 12. Non – Cooperation Movement  Gandhi was overwhelmed by the atmosphere 1. Which one of the following events was of total violence and withdrew the movement characterized by Montague as 'Preventive on April 18, 1919. Murder'?  The Indian National Congress appointed its a) Killing of INA activists own non-official committee that included b) Massacre of Jallianwala Bagh , C.R. Das, , M.R. c) Shooting of the Mahatma Jayakar, and Gandhi to look into the d) Shooting of Curzon-Wylle shootings. 2. The name of the famous person of India  Congress put forward its own view. This view who returned the Knighthood conferred criticized Dyer’s act as inhuman and also on him by the British Government as a said that there was no justification in the introduction of the martial law in Punjab. www.laex.in Page No. 36 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

token of protest against the atrocities in 12. Key and Explanations Punjab in 1919 was a) 1. Key: B b) Ashutosh Mukherjee Explanation: Montague as ‘Preventive Murder’ c) Rabindra Nath Tagore characterized massacre of Jallianwala Bagh d) Syed Ahmad Khan Educational objective: to know about the jaliianwala massacre 3. Which one of the following aroused a wave of popular indignation that led to the 2. Key: C massacre by the British at Jallianwala Explanation: Bagh? Jallianwala Bagh Massacre a) The Arms Act  The massacre took place on 13 April 1919 b) The Public Safety Act when troops of the British c) The Rowlatt Act under the command of Col. d) The Vernacular Press Act fired rifles into a crowd of Indians.  The civilians had assembled for a peaceful 4. During the Indian Freedom Struggle, why protest to condemn the arrest and did Rowlatt Act arouse popular deportation of two national leaders, Satya indignation? Pal and . a) It curtailed the freedom of religion  Dyer without warning ordered his troops to b) It suppressed the Indian traditional fire at the unarmed crowd which included education children as well. c) It authorized the government to imprison  The indiscriminate firing went on for about people without trial 10 minutes which resulted in the deaths of d) It curbed the trade union activities at least 1000 people and injured more than 5. A: Gandhi stopped the Non-Cooperation 1500 people. Movement in 1922. Aftermath R: Violence at ChauriChaura led him to stop  In protest against the massacre, the movement. Rabindranath Tagore gave up his a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct knighthood. explanation of A  Gandhiji relinquished his title ‘Kaiser-e-hind’ b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct bestowed on him by the British for his services during the Boer War in South Africa. explanation of A  Michael O’Dwyer, the then Lieutenant c) A is true but R is false Governor of Punjab, who had approved the d) A is false but R is true actions of Dyer, was assassinated by Udham Singh in London in 1940 as revenge against the massacre. www.laex.in Page No. 37 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

 The heroic treatment to Dyer’s heinous act 13. Key and Explanations again set a benchmark of colonial arrogance.  Montague characterized it as 'Preventive 1. Key: B Murder' Explanation: Surya Sen organized the famous Educational objective: to know about rowlatt act, khilafat movement Educational objective: to know about the various important events. 3. Key: C Explanation: See the explanation given in the above question. 14. Civil Disobedience Movement Educational objective: to know about Rowlatt act, Khilafat movement 1. With reference to Indian freedom struggle, consider the following events: 4. Key: C 1) Mutiny in Royal Explanation: Rowlatt Act arouse popular 2) Quit India Movement launched indignation because It authorized the government to imprison people without trial 3) Second Round Table Conference Educational objective: to know about Rowlatt What is the correct chronological sequence of Satyagraha the above events? a) 1-2-3 5. Key: A b) 2-1-3 Explanation: Causes of withdrawal of the Non- c) 3-2-1 cooperation Movement: (i) Due to the Chauri d) 3-1-2 Chaura incident where 22 policemen were burnt alive, Mahatma Gandhi decided to 2. With reference to , withdraw the movement. (ii) He felt consider the following statements: the movement was turning violent in many 1. It advocated the boycott of British goods and places and satyagrahis needed to be trained evasion of taxes. properly for mass movement. 2. It wanted to establish the dictatorship of Educational Objective: Non-Cooperation proletariat. Movement 3. It advocated separate electorate for 13. Revolutionary Activity 1920’s minorities and oppressed classes.

1. Who among the following organized the Which of the statements given above is/are famous Chittagong armory raid? correct? a) Laxmi Sehgal a) 1 and 2 only b) Surya Sen b) 3 only c) Batukeshwar Dutta c) 1,2 and 3 d) JM Sengupta d) None

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3. Who of the following organized a march 6. Mahatma Gandhi undertook fast unto on the Tanjore coast to break the Salt death in 1932, mainly because Law in ? a) Round Table Conference failed to satisfy a) V.O. Chidambaram Pillai Indian political aspirations b) C. Rajagopalachari b) Congress and Muslim League had differences c) K. Kamaraj of opinion d) c) Ramsay Macdonald announced the Communal Award 4. agitated against the d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given arrival of Simon Commission because above is correct in this context a) Indians never wanted the review of the working of the Act of 1919 7. Simon Commission of 1927 was boycotted b) Simon Commission recommended the because abolition of Dyarchy (Diarchy) in the a) There was no Indian member in the Provinces Commission c) There was no Indian member in the Simon Commission b) It supported the Muslim League d) The Simon Commission suggested the c) Congress felt that the people of India are partition of the country entitled to Swaraj d) There were differences among the members 5. During the freedom struggle, the National Social Conference was formed. What was 8. With reference to, the period of Indian the reason for its formation? freedom struggle, which of the following a) Different social reform groups or was/were recommended by the Nehru organizations of Bengal region united to form report. a single body to discuss the issues of larger 1) Complete Independence for India. interest and to prepare appropriate 2) Joint electorates for reservation of seats for petitions/ represent tations to the minorities. government 3) Provision of fundamental rights for the b) Indian National Congress did not want to people of India in the Constitution. include social reforms in its deliberations Select the correct answer using the codes and decided to form a separate body for such given below: a purpose a) 1 only c) Behramji Malabari and M.G Ranade decided b) 2 and 3 only to bring together all the social reform groups c) 1 and 3 only of the country under one organization d) 1,2 and 3 d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this context. 9. With reference to Simon Commission's recommendations, which one of the following statements is correct? www.laex.in Page No. 39 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

a) It recommended the replacement of diarchy 3) The Indian National Congress did not take with responsible government in the part in the Third Round Table Conference. provinces Which of the statements given above are b) It proposed the setting up of inter-provincial correct? council under the Home Department a) 1 and 2 c) It suggested the abolition of bicameral b) 2 and 3 legislature at the Centre c) 1 and 3 d) It recommended the creation of Indian Police d) 1, 2 and 3

Service with a provision for increased pay 13. A : The effect of labour participation in the and allowances for British recruits as Indian nationalist upsurge of the early compared to Indian recruits 1930s was weak.

10. Consider the following events during R : The labour leaders considered the India's freedom struggle: ideology of Indian National Congress as 1) Chauri-Chaura Outrage bourgeois and reactionary. 2) Minto-Morley Reforms (a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct 3) Dandi March explanation of A 4) Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A Which one of the following is the correct (c) A is true but R is false chronological order of the events given above? a) 1-3-2-4 (d) A is false but R is true b) 2-4-1-3 c) 1-4-2-3 14. Key and Explanations

d) 2-3-1-4 1. Key: C 11. Which one of the following began with Explanation: the Dandi March? • Second Round Table Conference(1931) a) Home Rule Movement • Quit India Movement launched (August, b) Non-Cooperation Movement 1942) c) Civil Disobedience Movement • Mutiny in Royal Indian Navy (February, 1946) d) Quit India Movement Educational Objective: Important events in India’s Struggle for Independence 12. Consider the following statements: 2. Key: D 1) In the First Round Table Conference, Dr. Explanation: The Congress Socialist Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for Party (CSP) was a socialist caucus within the depressed classes. the Indian National Congress. It was founded in 2) In the Poona Act, special provisions for 1934 by Congress members who rejected what representation of the depressed people in the they saw as the anti-rational mysticism local bodies and civil services were made. www.laex.in Page No. 40 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi as well as the Educational Objective: Civil Disobedience sectarian attitude of the Communist Party of Movement and it’s spread across India under India towards the Congress. local leaders. Congress Socialist Party 4. Key: C Founder Jai Prakash Narayan, Ram Explanation: Manohar Lohia, Acharya The Simon Commission was a group of 7 MPs Narendra Deva from Britain who was sent to India in 1928 to

Founded 1934 study constitutional reforms and make recommendations to the government. 1948 Dissolved The Commission was originally named the CSP demands were Contradictory to the above Indian Statutory Commission. It came to be given statements known as the Simon Commission after its Educational Objective: Learning about chairman Sir John Simon. Congress Socialist Party Indian Response:  Indians were outraged at their exclusion 3. Key: B from the Commission. Explanation  The Congress Party decided to boycott • Inspired by the Dandi March by Mahatma the Commission at their session at Madras Gandhi which triggered a civil disobedience in 1927. movement across the country, a group of  The Muslim League led by M A Jinnah also 100 men led by C Rajagopalachari marched boycotted it. A certain section of members to Vedaranyam,a small coastal town in led by Muhammad Shafi supported the then Tanjore District and extracted salt government. from sea water in April1930 to break the the  The in the South decided to salt law imposed by the British. Justice Party side with the government on this issue. • VallinayaganUlaganathan Chidambaram (5  September 1872 – 18 November 1936), When the Commission landed in February 1928, there were mass protests, and known as KappalottiyaTamizhan "The Tamil Helmsman", was an Indian freedom black flag demonstrations all over the fighter and leader of Indian National country. Congress. Founder of Swadeshi Steam  People were chanting the slogan, ‘Simon Go Navigation Companyin 1906 to compete Back.’ against the monopoly of the British India  The police resorted to lathi charges to Steam Navigation Company (BISNC). He was suppress the movement. Even senior leaders a disciple of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. like Pandit Nehru were not spared.  In Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai, who was leading the demonstration against the Simon

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Commission, was brutally lathi-charged. He the separate electorate to depressed Classes died later that year due to injuries sustained (now known as the Scheduled Caste) and then. other minorities.  Dr B R Ambedkar had submitted a report • The separate electorate was introduced on behalf of the BahishkritaHitakarini Sabha in Act 1909 for on the education of the depressed classes in Muslims and extended to , Indian the Bombay Presidency. Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans The Simon Commission led to the Government by Government of India Act 1919. of India Act 1935 which acted as the basis for • The separate electorate was now available to many parts of the current Indian Constitution. the ForwardCaste, Scheduled Educational Objective: Simon Commission Caste, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans and 5. Key: D Depressed Classes (now known as the Indian (National) Social Explanation: Scheduled Caste) etc. Conference was founded by M.G. Ranade and • The 'award' attracted severe criticism Raghunath Rao. It was virtually the social from Mahatma Gandhi. His criticism and reform cell of the Indian National Congress. led to . Its first session was held in Madras in December • The Poona Pact refers to an agreement 1887. The Conference met annually as a between B. R. Ambedkar and Mahatma subsidiary convention of the Indian National Gandhi on behalf of depressed classes and Congress, at the same venue, and focused upper caste Hindu leaders on the reservation attention on social reform. The Conference of electoral seats for the depressed classes in advocated intercaste marriages and opposed the legislature of British India government. kulinism and polygamy. It launched the famous Contrary to popular belief, Gandhi was not “Pledge Movement” to inspire people to take an involved in signing the pact. It was made on oath to prohibit child marriage. 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Educational Objective: National Social Jail in Poona, India. It was signed by Conference Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes 6. Key: C and Madan Mohan Malviya on behalf of the Explanation: Upper Caste Hindus as a means to end • The Communal Award was made by the fast that Gandhi was undertaking in jail the British prime minister Ramsay as a protest against the decision by British MacDonald on 16 August 1932 and it prime minister Ramsay MacDonald to extended separate electorate. The Communal give separate electorates to depressed Award also known as MacDonald Award was classes for the election of members of announced after Round Table provincial legislative assemblies in British Conference(1930-32) and extended India. www.laex.in Page No. 42 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

Educational Objective: Communal Award and Unionists in Punjab and Justice Party in the Poona Pact south decided not to boycott the commission. Conclusion 7. Key: A . Simon Commission, led to acceptance of the Explanation: Indian Statutory Commission, challenge of Birkenhead by Indians to frame popularly known as Simon Commission was a constitution on its own, which resulted in appointed by the British government in 1927 of 1929. under the chairmanship of John Simon to review . Arrival of Simon Commission and its the workings of Government of India Act 1919 subsequent protests at pan India level united and suggest future measures. It consisted of 7 the Indians against the British might. British Members of Parliament, including the Educational objective: to know about the Chairman. important events leading to independence of General Response of the Indians India . The announcement of Simon Commission 8. Key: B evoked a sense of anger among the Indians. Explanation: . The exclusion of Indians from the all- Recommendations of the Nehru report white commission was seen a violation of  Dominion status for India (like Canada, the principle of self-determination, and as Australia, etc.) within the British a deliberate insult to the self-respect of Commonwealth. (This point was a bone of Indians. contention with the younger set of leaders . A nationwide bandh was observed and mass including and Subhas rallies were held. The commission was met Chandra Bose who favoured complete with black flags and calls of ‘Simon Go Back’ independence.) wherever it went.  . The police came down heavily on protestors. Nineteen fundamental rights including the In one such incidence of lathi-charge, senior right to vote for men and women above 21 leader Lala Lajpat Rai was severely injured years of age, unless disqualified.  and succumbed to his injuries. This further Equal rights for men and women as citizens. infuriated the masses and revolutionaries.  No state religion.  No separate electorates for any community. Response of Political Organizations It did provide for reservation of minority . The Indian National Congress in its 1927 seats. It provided for reservation for seats for Madras session decided to boycott Muslims at the centre and in provinces commission at every stage and every form. where they were in a minority and not in . Other parties like the Muslim League, Liberal Bengal and Punjab. Similarly, it provided for Party, Hinduahasabhaetc also decided to reservation for non-Muslims in the NWFP. boycott the Simon Commission. However,  A federal form of government with residual powers with the centre. There would be a www.laex.in Page No. 43 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

bicameral legislature at the centre. The less just like Modern day election procedure ministry would be responsible to the as Proportional Representation legislature. Educational objective: Simon Commission  Governor-General to be the constitutional 10. Key: B head of India. He would be appointed by the Explanation: British monarch. What was the ChauriChaura incident?  A proposal for the creation of a Supreme On 5 February 1922, participants of the Non- Court. cooperation movement clashed with police  The provinces would be created along resulting in the deaths of about 22 policemen linguistic lines. and 3 civilians at ChauriChaura in the  The language of the country would be Indian, Gorakhpur district in the United Provinces written either in Devanagari (Sanskrit/), (present-day Uttar Pradesh). Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Bengali, Marathi or Morley-Minto Reform Gujarati in character. Usage of English to be  It was another name of Indian Council Act permitted. of 1909, AD which was named after the Educational objective: to know about the secretary of state and the Viceroy. It was Nehru report. instituted to placate the moderates. 9. Key: A  According to this act, the membership of the Explanation: central and provincial legislative councils Recommendations of Simon Commission was enlarged.  Provincial Diarchy should be abolished  However, the number of elected members in and responsibilities of ministers to the these councils was less than half of their provincial legislatures should be enlarged. total membership.  The special power for the safeguarding of  It may also be remembered that the elected province and the protection of minorities members were not elected by the people but comes under the Governor Powers. by landlords, organizations or traders and  The representation of provinces and other industrialists, universities and local bodies. areas constituted based on population at the  The British also introduced communal Federal Assembly (at the Centre). electorates as a part of these reforms. This  Recommended Dominion Status for Burma was meant to create disunity between with its own Constitution. Hindus and Muslims. Some seats in the  Recommended the representation of Council councils were reserved for Muslims to be of State could not be chosen on the basis of elected by Muslim voters. Direct Election but by Indirect Election DANDI MARCH through Provincial Council which is more or People involved: It was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in led by Mahatma

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Gandhi. He started this march with around 80 Explanation: Civil Disobedience Movement volunteers. Many people joining him on the way. began with the Dandi March Duration: The 24-day march lasted from 12 Educational objective: to know about Civil March 1930 to 6 April 1930. Disobedience Movement Journey: Gandhi led the Dandi March from 12. Key: C , 240 miles to the coastal Explanation: village of Dandi, which was at a small town Issues discussed in the First Round Table called (in Gujarat). Conference Objective: It was a direct-action campaign of tax  Federal structure resistance and nonviolent protest against the  British salt monopoly under the 1882 British Provincial constitution Salt Act.  Provinces of Sindh and NWFP Objective was to produce salt from the seawater  Minorities in the coastal village of Dandi, as was the  Defence services practice of the local populace until British  Franchise officials introduced taxation on salt production  Executive responsibility to the legislature and deemed their sea-salt reclamation activities  Dr B R Ambedkar demanded separate illegal. electorates for the ‘untouchables’. Significance: The march directly followed the  Tej Bahadur Sapru moved the idea of an All- PoornaSwaraj declaration of sovereignty and India Federation. The Muslim League self-rule by the Indian National Congress on 26 supported this. The princely states also January 1930. supported this on the condition that their It started the nationwide Civil Disobedience internal sovereignty is maintained. Movement. When Gandhi broke the salt laws on The Poona Pact 6 April 1930, it sparked large scale acts of civil  It refers to an agreement between B. R. disobedience against the British Raj salt laws by Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi on behalf of millions of Indians. depressed classes and upper caste Hindu Government of India Act, 1919 also known as leaders on the reservation of electoral seats Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms which came into for the depressed classes in the legislature of force in 1921. It was instituted in the British British India government. Indian polity to introduce the Diarchy, i.e., rule  Contrary to popular belief, Gandhi was not of two which means executive councilors and involved in signing the pact. It was made on popular ministers. 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail Educational objective: to know about in Poona, India. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms  Ambedkar signed it on behalf of the depressed classes and Madan Mohan 11. Key: C Malviya on behalf of the Upper Caste Hindus. www.laex.in Page No. 45 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

 As a means to end the fast that Gandhi was That's why their participation in the Indian undertaking in jail as a protest against the nationalist upsurge was limited. decision by British Prime Minister Ramsay Educational Objective: Labour Participation in MacDonald to give separate electorates to Indian Nationalist Movement. depressed classes for the election of members of provincial legislative assemblies 15. Congress Rule in Provinces in British India. 1. The plan of Sir envisaged Third Round Table Conference (November that after the Second World War 1932– December 1932) a) India should be granted complete The third Round Table Conference took place independence between 17 November 1932 and 24 December b) India should be partitioned into two before 1932. granting independence Participants of the Third Round table c) India should be made a republic with the conference condition that she will join the  Only 46 delegates in total took part in this Commonwealth conference. d) India should be given Dominion status  The INC and the Labor Party decided not to 2. The Congress ministries resigned in the attend it. (The INC wasn’t invited). seven provinces in 1939 because  Princes and divans represented Indian a) The Congress could not form ministries in princely states. the other four provinces  British Indians were represented by the Aga Khan (Muslims), b) Emergence of a 'left wing' in the Congress  Depressed classes made the working of the ministries  Women, Europeans, Anglo-Indians and labor impossible groups. c) There were widespread communal Outcome disturbances in their provinces Not much was achieved in this conference also. d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given The recommendations of this conference were above is correct published in a White Paper in 1933 and later 3. In which one of the following provinces discussed in the British Parliament. The was a Congress ministry not formed under recommendations were analyzed and the the Act of 1935? Government of India Act of 1935 was passed on a) Bihar its basis. b) Madras Educational objective: to know about all the c) Orissa round table conference d) Punjab 13. Key-A 4. Consider the following statements: Explanation: The labour leaders were 1) The "Bombay Manifesto" signed in 1936 influenced by communist ideology and openly opposed the preaching of socialist considered INC as bourgeoisie and reactionary. ideals www.laex.in Page No. 46 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

2) It evoked support from a large section of representation and partly nominated by the business community from all across India princes. Which of the statements given above is/are 3. The British Government would accept the correct? new constitution subject to two conditions; a) 1 only o Any province not willing to join the Union b) 2 only could have a separate constitution and form c) Both 1 and 2 a separate Union, d) Neither 1 nor 2 The new constitution- making body and the 5. Assertion (A): The Congress Ministries in o British Government would negotiate a treaty all the provinces resigned in the year 1939. to effect the transfer of power and to Reason (R): The Congress did not accept the safeguard racial and religious minorities. decision of the Viceroy to declare war 4. In the meantime, defence of India would against Germany in the context of the remain in British hands and the governor- Second World War. general’s powers would remain intact. a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct Educational Objective: explanation of A 2. Key: D b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct Explanation: Second World War was a factor explanation of A and the ministries resigned in protest against c) A is true but R is false India being dragged into war without d) A is false but R is true consultation with Indians. Other factors include- 15. Key and Explanations • The weakening of Congress internally due to 1. Key: D corrupting effects of power.Confusion in Explanation: ministries on how to deal with popular The main proposals of the mission were as protests by Left. If they used police, they follows: were accused of being hand in gloves with 1. An Indian Union with a dominion status; British.If they didnt, the British could use would be set up; it would be free to decide its that as an excuse to prove administrative relations with the Commonwealth and free to incapability of Indians. participate in the United Nations and other • The "Day of Deliverance” was a celebration international bodies. day marked by the All-India Muslim 2. After the end of the war, a constituent League and others on 22 December 1939 assembly would be convened to frame a new during the Indian independence movement. constitution. Members of this assembly It was led by Muslim League would be partly elected by the provincial president , and assemblies through proportional intended to rejoice the resignation of all members of the rival Congress party from

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provincial and central offices in protest over government protects indigenous industries their not having been consulted over the against foreign competition in local markets. decision to enter World War II alongside Britain. People associated with the Bombay Plan Educational Objective: Indian National 1) Mr. J. R. D. Tata Congress 2) Mr. G. D. Birla 3) P. Thakurdas 3. Key: D 4) KasturbhaiLalbhai Explanation: Congress ministries were formed 5). Sir Shri Ram, ArdeshirDalal in July 1937 in several provinces, including the 6) Mr. A. D. Shroff United Provinces, Madras, the , 7) Dr. John Matthai Bombay, Bihar, Orissa, and after sometime in Educational objective: to know about The the North-West Frontier Provinces (NWFP). It Bombay Plan also formed coalition ministries in Sind and Assam. Only Bengal and Punjab had non- 5. Key: A Congress minis-tries. Explanation:The Congress ministries resigned Educational objective: to know about the in Oct and Nov 1939, in protest against Viceroy various welfare measure taken by congress Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be ministry. a belligerent in the Second World War without 4. Key: A consulting the Indian people. Explanation: The Bombay plan was a set of Educational Objective: Congress Ministries proposal of a small group of influential business between 1937-1939 leaders in Bombay for the development of the post-independence economy of India. This plan 16. The Last Decade of was published in two parts or volume- first in British Rule in India 1944 and second in 1945. 1. The Radcliffe Committee was appointed Objectives of the Bombay Plan to The prime objectives of the plan were to achieve a) solve the problem of minorities in India a balanced economy and to raise the b) give effect to the Independence Bill standard of living of the masses of the c) delimit the boundaries between India and population rapidly by doubling the present Pakistan per capita income within a period of 15 years d) enquire into the riots in from the time the plan goes into operation. This plan envisages that the economy could not 2. With reference to the Cabinet Mission, grow without government intervention and Which of the following statements is/are regulation. In other words, the future correct? 1) It recommended a federal government. www.laex.in Page No. 48 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

2) It enlarged the powers of the Indian courts. a) The principle of two-nation theory was then 3) It provided for more Indians in the ICS. acceptable to them Select the correct answer using the code b) It was imposed by the British Government given below, and the Congress was helpless in this regard a) 1 only c) They wanted to avoid large-scale communal b) 2 and 3 riots c) 1 and 3 d) India would have otherwise lost the d) None opportunity to attain freedom 7. What is the correct sequence of the 3. Quit India Movement was launched in following events? response to 1) Tilak's Home Rule League a) Cabinet Mission Plan 2) Kamagatamaru incident b) Cripps Proposals 3) Mahatma Gandhi's arrival in India c) Simon Commission Report Codes: d) Wavell Plan a) 1, 2, 3 4. With reference to Indian History, the b) 3, 2, 1 Members of the Constituent Assembly c) 2, 1, 3 from the Provinces were d) 2, 3, 1 a) Directly elected by the people of those

provinces 8. What is the correct sequence of the b) Nominated by the Indian National Congress following events? and the Muslim League 1) The August Offer c) Elected by the Provincial Legislative 2) The INA Trial Assemblies 3) The Quit India Movement d) Selected by the Government for their 4) The Royal Indian Naval Ratings Revolt expertise in constitutional matters Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 5. At the time of India's Independence Codes: Mahatma Gandhi was a) 1, 3, 2, 4 a) A member of Congress Working Committee b) 3, 1, 2, 4 b) Not a member of the Congress c) 1, 3, 4, 2 c) The President of Congress d) 3, 1, 4, 2 d) The General Secretary of the Congress 9. Which one of the following observations is

6. The Indian National Congress agreed in not true about the Quit India Movement 1947 to the partition of the country of 1942. mainly because a) It was a non-violent movement b) It was led by Mahatma Gandhi c) It was a spontaneous movement www.laex.in Page No. 49 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

d) It did not attract the labour class in general c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 10. With reference to Indian freedom struggle, 14.When the Indian Muslim League was Usha Mehta is well known for inducted into the interim government in a) Running the secret Congress Radio in the 1946, Liyaqat Ali Khan was assigned the wake of Quit India Movement b) Participating in the Second Round Table portfolio of Conference a) Foreign affairs c) Leading a contingent of Indian National b) Home Army c) Finance d) Assisting in the formation of Interim d) Defense Government under Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 15.Who headed the Interim Cabinet formed 11.With which one of the following in the year 1946? movements is the slogan "Do or die" a) associated? b) Jawaharlal Nehru a) Swadeshi Movement c) Sardar b) Non-Cooperation Movement d) Rajagopalachari c) Civil Disobedience Movement d) Quit India Movement 16.Lord Mountbatten came to India as Viceroy along with specific instruction to 12. During the freedom struggle, Aruna Asaf a) Balkanize the Indian sub-continent Ali was a major woman organizer of b) Keep India united if possible underground activity in c) Accept Jinnah's demand for Pakistan a) Civil Disobedience Movement d) Persuade the Congress to accept partition b) Non-Cooperation Movement 17. 'It made its proposals in May. It still c) Quit India Movement wanted a united India. There was to be a d) Swadeshi Movement federal Union composed of British 13. Consider the following statements: provinces’. The above question is related 1) Lord Mountbatten was the Viceroy when to took place. a) Simon Commission 2) Indian Navy Revolt, 1946 took place when b) Gandhi-Irwin Pact the Indian sailors in the Royal Indian Navy c) Cripps Mission at Bombay and rose against the d) Cabinet Mission Government. 18. Who of the following Prime Ministers sent Which of the statements given above is/are Cripps Mission to India? correct? a) James Ramsay MacDonald a) 1 only b) Stanley Baldwin b) 2 only c) Neville Chamberlain www.laex.in Page No. 50 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

d) Winston Churchill 23.Which one of following leaders of the Congress was totally in favour of Cabinet 19. Consider the following statements: The Mission Plan? Cripps Proposals include the provision for a) Mahatma Gandhi 1) Full independence for India. b) Jawaharlal Nehru 2) Creation of Constitution-making body. c) Sardar Patel Which of the statements given above is/are d) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad correct? 24. At the time of partition of India, which a) 1 only one of the following provinces of British b) 2 only India came forward with a plan for a c) Both 1 and 2 united and independent existence? d) Neither 1 nor 2 a) Punjab 20. Who among the following were official b) Assam Congress negotiators with Cripps Mission? c) Bengal a) Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel d) Bihar b) AcharyaJ. B. Kripalani and C. Rajagopalachari 25. The (INA) came into c) Pandit Nehru and Maulana Azad existence in 1943 in d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Rafi Ahmed Kidwai a) Japan b) Burma 21. The last opportunity to avoid the c) Singapore partition of India was lost with the d) Malaya rejection of 26. An important aspect of the Cripps Mission a) Cripps Mission of 1942 was b) Rajagopalachari Formula a) That all Indian States should join the Indian c) Cabinet Mission Union as a condition to consider any degree d) Wavell Plan of autonomy for India b) The creation of an Indian Union with 22. As an alternative to the partition of India, dominion status very soon after the Second Gandhiji suggested to Mountbatten that World War he c) The active participation and cooperation of a) Postpone granting of independence the Indian people, communities and political b) Invite Jinnah to form the government parties in the British war effort as a c) Invite Nehru and Jinnah to form the condition for granting independence with full sovereign status to India after war government together d) The framing of a constitution for the entire d) Invite the army to take over for some time Indian Union, with no separate constitution for any province, and a Union constitution to be accepted by all provinces

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27. Which one of the following suggested the b) Reconstitution of the Central Executive reconstitution of the Viceroy Executive Council in such a way that all its members, Council in which all the portfolios except the Governor General and the including that of War Members were to be Commander-in-Chief should be Indian held by the Indian leaders? leaders a) Simon Commission c) Fresh elections to the Central and Provincial b) Simla Conference Legislatures to be held at the end of 1945 c) Cripps Proposal and the Constitution making body to be d) Cabinet Mission convened as soon as possible

28. Consider the following statements: d) A solution for the constitutional deadlock On the eve of launch of Quit India Movement, 31. A: Lord Linlithgo described the August Mahatma Gandhi Movement of 1942 as the most serious 1. Asked the government servants to resign. revolt after the Sepoy mutiny. 2. Asked the soldiers to leave their posts. R: Peasants joined the movement in 3. Asked the Princes of the Princely States to large number in some places. accept the sovereignty of their own people. (a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct Which of the statements given above is/are explanation of A correct? a) 1 and 2 (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A b) 2 and 3 c) 3 only (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true d) 1,2 and 3 32. A: The Congress rejected the Cripps 29. Who among the following was the proposals. Chairman of the Union Constitution R: The Cripps Mission consisted solely of Committee of the Constituent Assembly? whites. a) BR Ambedkar (a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct b) JB Kripalani explanation of A c) Jawaharlal Nehru (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a d) AlladiKrishnaswamiAyyar correct explanation of A

30. After Quit India Movement, C. (c) A is true but R is false Rajagopalachari issued a pamphlet (d) A is false but R is true entitled "The Way Out". Which one of the following was a proposal in this pamphlet? 16. Key and Explanations

a) The establishment of a "War Advisory 1. Key : C Council" composed of representatives of Explanation: In order to determine exactly British India and the Indian States which territories to assign to each country, in

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June 1947, Britain appointed Sir 2) Group B: Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Cyril Radcliffe to chair two Boundary Baluchistan Commissions—one for Bengal and one for 3) Group C: Bengal and Assam Punjab. After arriving in India on 8 July  The Muslim-majority provinces were grouped 1947, Radcliffe was given just five weeks to into two groups and the remaining Hindu- decide on a border. majority in one of the groups. Educational Objective: India –Pakistan  The central government at Delhi would have Partition powers over the defence, foreign affairs, communications and currency. The rest of 2. Key: A the powers would be vested with the Explanation: The Cabinet Mission came provinces. to India aimed to discuss the transfer of power  A constituent assembly would be set up for from the British government to the Indian writing a new constitution for the country. leadership, with the aim of preserving India's An interim government would be established unity and granting it independence. Formulated until a new government was formed on the at the initiative of , the Prime basis of the constitution written by the Minister of the , the mission had constituent assembly. Lord Pethick-Lawrence, the Secretary of State Educational Objective: Cabinet Mission for India, Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade, and A. V. Alexander, 3. Key: B the First Lord of the Admiralty. Explanation: The Quit India Movement also Objectives of Cabinet Mission known as the August Movement, was a  To obtain an agreement with the Indian movement launched at the Bombay session of leaders as to the framing of a constitution for the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma India. Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II,  To formulate a constitution-making body demanding an end to British Rule of India. (the Constituent Assembly of India). The Cripps Mission had failed, and Gandhi  To establish an Executive Council with the made a call to Do or Die in his Quit India support of the major Indian parties. speech delivered in Bombay at the Gowalia Tank .The All-India Congress

Important Provisions of the Plan- Committee launched a mass protest demanding  The would be granted what Gandhi called "An Orderly British independence, without any partition. Withdrawal" from India.  The provinces would be divided into three Educational Objective: Quit India Movement groups/sections: 4. Key: C 1) Group A: Madras, Central Provinces, UP, Explanation: Bihar, Bombay and Orissa

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• The Constituent Assembly of India was Explanation: elected to write the . Home rule league Following India's independence from British  There were two home rule leagues launched. Government in 1947, its members served as  Tilak launched the Indian Home Rule League the nation's first Parliament. in April 1916 at Belgaum. • An idea for a Constituent Assembly was  Annie Besant launched the Home Rule proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of League in September 1916 at Madras. the Communist movement in India and an  They had the common objective of achieving advocate of radical democracy. self-government in India. • Constituent Assembly members were  There was an informal understanding elected indirectly by members of the between both the leagues wherein Tilak’s newly elected provincial assemblies, and league worked in Maharashtra (except initially included representatives for those Bombay), , Berar and the Central provinces that formed part of Pakistan (some Provinces. Besant’s league worked in the rest of which are now in Bangladesh). of the country. The Constituent Assembly had 299  Tilak’s league had its headquarters in Delhi. representatives, including fifteen women. It had 6 branches. Besant’s league had 200 Educational Objective: Constituent Assembly branches and was a looser organisation compared to Tilak’s. 5. Key: B  The two leagues worked closely with one Explanation: At the time of India's another. However, they did not merge to Independence Mahatma Gandhi was not a avoid friction between both the leaders member of the Congress. Komagata Maru Incident Educational objective: to know about the The Komagata Maru incident is about a sequence of events that lead to partition and Japanese steamship called ‘Komagata Maru’ independence. that voyaged from Hong Kong (part of British 6. Key: C Empire) to Vancouver, British Columbia in Explanation: After Jinnah, movement Ab Canada passing through Shanghai, China to Larkelenge Pakistan there was large-scale Yokohama (Japan) in the year 1914, carrying communal violence. To stop and to avoid large- 376 passengers from Punjab, part of British scale communal riotsthe Indian National India. Out of all the passengers 24 were Congress agreed in 1947 to the partition of the admitted to Canada, but the other 352 country. passengers were not allowed inside Canada and Educational objective: to know about the the ship was forcefully returned to India. sequence of events that lead to partition and In1915, Gandhiji returned to India independence. permanently and joined the Indian National Congress with Gopal Krishna Gokhale as his 7. Key: D www.laex.in Page No. 54 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

mentor. Gandhi's first major achievement was session of the All-India Congress Committee in 1918 when he led the Champaran and Kheda in . agitations of Bihar and Gujarat. He also led Non-  The movement had begun from Gawalia Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Tank Maidan in Mumbai and the day is Movement, Swaraj and Quit-India movement observed as August Kranti Day every year. against the British government.  After the failure of the Cripps Mission, Educational objective: to know about the Gandhiji gave the call “Do or Die”’ in his important events leading to independence of speech delivered at the Gowalia Tank Maidan, India now popularly known as August

8. Key: A KrantiMaidan. Explanation:  Gandhiji was soon imprisoned at Aga Khan August offer Palace in Pune and almost all leaders were During the course of the 2nd World War, in order arrested. to secure the cooperation of the Indians, the  New leaders like Aruna emerged out British Government made an announcement on of the vacuum of leadership. 8 August 1940, which came to be known as the  The Britishers declared the INC to be an ‘August Offer’, which proposed – unlawful association.  Dominion status as the objective for India.  Over 100000 people were arrested and the  Expansion of viceroy’s executive council & government resorted to violence in order to setting up of a constituent assembly after the crush the agitation. war consisting of Indians to  Gandhiji was released in 1944 on health  decide their constitution according to their grounds. However, in the absence of any social, economic and political conceptions central leadership, there were some  subject to fulfillment of the obligation of the incidences of violence. Government regarding defense, minority  Muslim League, the Communist Party of rights, treaties with states & all India India and the Hindu Mahasabha did not services support the movement. The Indian  No future constitution to be adopted without bureaucracy also did not support the the consent of minorities. movement. India’s Reaction to August offer  The League was not in favour of the British  The Congress rejected the August Offer leaving India without partitioning the  Nehru said, “Dominion status concept is country first. dead as a door nail”  The Communist party supported the British Quit India movement since they were allied with the .   On 8th August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi Meanwhile, ,organised gave a clarion call to end the British rule and the Indian National Army and the launched the Quit India Movement at the government from outside the country. www.laex.in Page No. 55 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

 As, C Rajagopalachari was not in favour of guilty of brutality or active complicity, was complete independence he resigned from the due to be made by the end of August 1945. INC.  However, before this statement could be  There were strikes and demonstrations all issued. Nehru raised the demand for over the country and workers provided the leniency at a meeting in on 16th support by not working in the factories. August 1945. The defense of the INA  At some places (Ballia, , Satara etc.) prisoners was taken up by the parallel governments were also set up. Congress ., Tej Bahadur  Women took active participation in the Sapru, K.N. Katju, Nehru and Asaf Ali movement. Female leaders like Usha Mehta appeared in court at the historic has helped set up an underground radio trials. station which led to the awakening about the  The Congress organized an INA relief and movement. enquiry committee, which provided small  popularly known as the sums of money and food to the men on their 'Grand Old Lady' of the Independence release, and attempted to secure Movement is known for hoisting the Indian employment for them. flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Mumbai  The INA agitation was a landmark on many during the Quit India Movement. counts: Firstly, the high pitch or intensity at  While the Quit India campaign was crushed which the campaign for the release of INA in 1944, with the British refusing to grant prisoners was conducted was unprecedented. immediate independence, saying it could This was evident from the press coverage happen only after the war had ended, they and other publicity it got, from the threats of came to the important realization that India revenge that were publicly made and was ungovernable in the long run due to the alsofiom the large number of meetings held. cost of World War II. The Royal Indian Naval Ratings Revolt The INA Trial The began at Bombay  The end of World War II marked a dramatic harbouron 18 February 1946 and soon spread change. The end of the war was greeted in to other parts of British India. Over 10000 India with a vast sigh of relief. However, the sailors came to be involved in the mutiny which issue, which most caught the popular was suppressed by the British using force. imagination, was the fate of the members of Educational objective: to know about the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's Indian important events leading to independence of National Army (INA), who were captured by India the British in the eastern theater of the war. 9. Key: A  An announcement by the Government, Explanation: There was large-scale violence in limiting trials of the INA personals to those quit India movement, parallel government

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were farmed at many places. Therefore, it Council, and opposed to the Congress was a violent movement. nominating Muslim members. This was Educational objective: to know about the quit because Jinnah wanted the League to be the India movement. sole representative of Muslims in India. Congress would never agree to this demand. 10. Key: A  In the Wavell Plan, there were six Muslim Explanation: Usha Mehta is well known for representatives out of 14 members, which running the secret Congress Radio in the wake was more than the Muslim share of the of Quit India Movement population. Despite this, the League wanted Educational objective: to know about the quit the power of veto to any constitutional India movement proposal, which it believed was not in its 11. Key: D interest. Congress opposed this Explanation: Refer to the explanation given in unreasonable demand also. above question.  Jinnah refused to give the names to the Educational objective: to know about the council unless the government acknowledged important events leading to independence of that only the Muslim League was the India exclusive representative of Indian Muslims. 12. Key: C  The Wavell Plan, thus, was dissolved with Explanation: Aruna Asaf Ali was a major the failure of the conference. In addition, woman organizer of underground activity in Quit with it the last chance to avoid partition. India Movement.  After this, the war ended and a new Labor Educational objective: to know about the government was elected in Britain. This new important women leader associated with the government was intent on giving struggle for independence of India independence to India without much delay 13. Key: B and sent the Cabinet Mission with that Explanation: purpose. What happened at the Conference?  The failure of the Wavell Plan and the Shimla  Lord Wavell invited 21 political leaders Conference was a watershed moment for the including Mahatma Gandhi and M A Jinnah Indian Independence struggle. All steps to Shimla, the summer capital of British taken to prevent partition had been met with India to discuss the Wavell Plan on June failure, meaning that it was inevitable 25th, 1945. Educational objective: to know about the  The conference was a failure because the important events leading to independence of League and the Congress could not settle India their differences. 14. Key: C  Jinnah insisted that only League members Explanation: Liyaqat Ali Khan was assigned the could be the Muslim representatives in the portfolio of defense www.laex.in Page No. 57 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

Educational objective: to know about members restore peace between the two warring of interim government sections and keep India united if possible. 15. Key: B Educational objective: to know about role of Explanation: Lord Mountbatten Members of the Interim Government The Cabinet of the Interim Government of India 17. Key: D composed of the following members: Explanation: On 22nd January 1946, the President of the Executive Council (Viceroy and decision to send Cabinet Mission was taken Governor-General of India): Viscount Wavell (till and on 19th February 1946, the British PM C.R February 1947); Lord Mountbatten (from Attlee Government announced in the House of February 1947) Lords about the mission and the plan to quit Commander-in-Chief: Sir India. A high-powered mission of three British Vice President, Also in charge of External Cabinet members- Lord Pethick-Lawrence, the Affairs and Commonwealth Relations: Secretary of State for India, Sir Stafford Cripps, Jawaharlal Nehru (INC) President of the Board of Trade, and A. V. Home Affairs, Information and Broadcasting: Alexander, the First Lord of the Admiralty Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (INC) reached Delhi on 24th March 1946. Agriculture and Food: Rajendra Prasad (INC) Purpose of the Mission Commerce: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (ML)  To resolve political deadlock between the Defence: Baldev Singh (INC) Indian National Congress and the All-India Finance: (ML) Muslim League at their stance to prevent a Education and Arts: C Rajagopalachari (INC) communal dispute whether British India Health: (ML) would be better-off unified or divided. Labour: (INC)  The Congress party wanted to obtain a Law: JogendraNath Mandal (ML) strong central government with more powers Railways and Communications, Post and Air: as compared to state governments. AbdurRab Nishtar (ML)  All India Muslim League under Jinnah Works, Mines and Power: C H Bhabha (INC) wanted to keep India united but with Educational objective: to know about members political safeguards provided to Muslims of interim government such as ‘guarantee’ of ‘parity’ in the legislatures. 16. Key: B  On 16 May 1946, this plan was announced Explanation: To take necessary steps for the and preceded by Shimla Conference of 1945. transfer of power to the Indians Lord Wavell was Recommendations of Mission recalled and Lord Mountbatten was appointed  The unity of India had to be retained. the new Viceroy of India. Lord Mountbatten  assumed the office of the Viceroy and Governor- It proposed a very loose union of all the Indian territories under a centre that would General in 1947. His immediate task was to www.laex.in Page No. 58 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

control merely defence, the Foreign Affairs War Cabinet of Prime Minister Winston and the Commucation. The Union would Churchill, headed the mission. have the powers necessary to raise the  Cripps was sent to negotiate an agreement finances to manage these subjects. with the nationalist leaders, speaking for the  All subjects other than Union subjects and majority Indians, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, residuary power would vest in the provinces speaking for the minority Muslim population. of British India.  Cripps worked to keep India loyal to the  The Princely Legislatures would then elect a British war effort in exchange for a promise Constituent Assembly or a Constitution of full self-government after the war. making body with each province being  Cripps promised to give dominion status allotted a specified number of seats after the war as well as elections to be held proportionate to its population. after the war.  The proposed Constituent Assembly was to  Cripps discussed the proposals with the consist was to consist of 292 member from Indian leaders and published them. British India and 93 from Indian States.  Both the major parties, the Congress and the  The Mission proposed an immediate League rejected his proposals and the formation of Interim Government at the mission proved a failure. center, enjoying the support of major  Cripps had designed the proposals himself, political parties and with the Indians holding but they were too radical for both Churchill all the portfolios. and the Indians; no middle way was found. Educational objective: to know about Cabinet  Congress moved towards the Quit India Mission movement whereby it refused to cooperate in the war effort, while the British imprisoned 18. Key: D practically the entire Congress leadership for Explanation: Winston Churchill was the prime the duration of the war. minister at the time of Cripps mission to India.  Jinnah was pleased to see that the right to Educational objective: to know about Cripps opt out of a future Union was included. Mission  Indians were given promise of liberty to 19. Key: B frame their own constitution. Explanation: Contents of Draft Declaration prepared by Sir  The Cripps mission was an attempt in late Cripps:- March 1942 by the British government to  According to the preamble of the Draft secure full Indian cooperation and support Declaration, the object was ‘the creation of a for their efforts in World War II. new Indian Union which shall constitute a  Sir Stafford Cripps, a senior left-wing Dominion associated with the United politician and government minister in the Kingdom and other Dominions by a common allegiance to but equal to them in www.laex.in Page No. 59 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

every respect, in no way subordinate in any  Gandhi seized upon the failure of the aspects of its domestic and external affairs’. Mission and called for voluntary British  The Declaration also stated that any withdrawal from India. It resulted in the province not willing to accept the 'Quit India' Movement. constitution would be given ‘the same full Educational objective: to know about Cripps status as the Indian Union’, designed to Mission appease the Muslim League’s call for 20. Key: C Pakistan. Explanation: Pandit Nehru and Maulana Azad  The Indian National Congress, however, was were official Congress negotiators with Cripps not satisfied with the fact that its demand for Mission. immediate complete independence had been Educational objective: to know about Cripps rejected. Mission  Furthermore, Congress did not accept the 21. Key: C provision that ‘His Majesty’s Government Explanation: The last opportunity to avoid the must inevitably bear the responsibility for partition of India was lost with the rejection of and retain the control and direction of the Cabinet Mission. Defense of India as part of their world war Educational objective: to know about Cabinet effort’. Mission Results:  The Indian National Congress Working 22. Key: B Committee rejected the Declaration on 7 Explanation: As an alternative to the partition April 1942. of India, Gandhiji suggested to Mountbatten that  On 9 April, Cripps made one last effort to heInvite Jinnah to form the government. persuade the Indian leaders to accept the Educational objective: to know about idea and Declaration, but once again, Congress ideology of Gandhiji declined.  United States President Roosevelt tried to 23. Key: C persuade Cripps to renew his efforts, but Explanation: Sardar Patel was totally in favour Cripps had already left India. of Cabinet Mission Plan  The failure of the Cripps Mission is generally Educational objective: to know about view of attributed to a variety of factors, especially important leaders regarding Cabinet mission the constraints within which Cripps had to 24. Key: C operate. Explanation: On May 12, 1947 Abul Hashim  Some analysts see the Mission merely as an and Sarat Bose met Mahatma Gandhi to appeasement of Chinese and American discuss the United Bengal scheme and concerns with British imperialism. received his blessings. However, the day afterward, on May 13, 1947, the president of the www.laex.in Page No. 60 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

Indian National Congress, JB Kripalini,  Despite all his differences with Gandhiji, dismissed any notions to "save the unity of Bose did not forget to ask for the blessings of Bengal". the ‘Father of the Nation’ while starting his In reply to the plea, made by Ashrafuddin enterprise. Chowdhury, a Muslim nationalist and peasant  Indian prisoners of war in Japanese camps leader from Tippera, Kripaliniwrote: "All that the provided a ready recruiting ground for the Congress seeks to do today is to rescue as many I.N.A., which was able to rally about 20,000 areas as possible from the threatened out of the 60,000 prisoner of wars, and domination of the League and Pakistan. It wants financial aid and volunteers came from to save as much territory for a Free Indian Union Indian trading communities settled in South as is possible under the circumstances. It East Asia. therefore insists upon the division of Bengal and  The I.N.A. was essentially non-communal, Punjab into areas for and Pakistan with Muslims quite prominent among its respectively” officers and ranks, and it also introduced the Educational objective: to know about all the innovation of a women’s detachment named plans that were taken into consideration for after the . transferring power  Between March and June 1944, the I.N.A.

24. Key: D was in action on Indian soil, besieging Explanation: (Manipur) along with Japanese troops in a campaign which ended in total Azad Hind Fauz failure.  In 1940’s the major inspiration for carrying  on a relentless struggle against Britain came The Japanese collapse in 1945 made the from Subhas Bose’s adventures abroad. I.N.A. men prisoners again, while Bose mysteriously disappeared, allegedly killed in  Bose had set up an in Berlin an air-crash which some still believe to have in 1941, but developed difficulties with the been faked Germans when they tried to use it against : to know about the INA , and decided to go to South East Asia. Educational objective trial  He reached Japanese-controlled Singapore from Germany in July 1943, issued from 26. Key: B there his famous call, ‘Delhi Chalo’, and Explanation: announced the formation of the Azad Hind Cripps Mission: In March 1942, a mission Government and the Indian National Army headed by Stafford Cripps was sent to India with on 21st . constitutional proposals to seek Indian support  The link with the old revolutionary tradition for the war. was emphasized by giving a post of honour Main Proposals in the government to Rashbehari Bose, who  An Indian Union with a dominion status had been living in exile in Japan since 1915. would be set up; www.laex.in Page No. 61 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

 It would be free to decide its relations with general being only the constitutional head the Commonwealth and free to participate in had not been accepted the United Nations and other international The Muslim League objection: bodies.  Criticized the idea of a single Indian Union  After the end of the war, a constituent  Did not like the machinery for the creation of assembly would be convened to frame a new a constituent assembly and the procedure to constitution. decide on the accession of provinces to the  Members of this assembly would be partly Union elected by the provincial assemblies through  Thought that the proposals denied to the proportional representation and partly Muslims the right to self-determination and nominated by the princes. the creation of Pakistan  The British Government would accept the Educational objective: to know about various new constitution subject to two conditions - plans that were discussed for transfer of power  any province not willing to join the Union 27. Key: C could have a separate constitution and form Explanation: Cripps Proposal suggested the a separate Union, and reconstitution of the Viceroy Executive Council  the new constitution making body and the in which all the portfolios including that of War British Government would negotiate a treaty Members were to be held by the Indian leaders. to effect the transfer of power and to Educational objective: to know about various safeguard racial and religious minorities. plans that were discussed for transfer of power  In the meantime, defence of India would 28. Key: C remain in British hands and the governor- Explanation: Gandhi’s instructions to various general’s powers would remain intact. sections of the public:  Government servants: do not resign your job The Congress objected to: but proclaim loyalty to the INC.  The offer of dominion status instead of a  Soldiers: be with the army but refrain from provision for complete independence firing on compatriots.  Representation of the states by nominees  Peasants: pay the agreed-upon rent if the and not by elected representatives landlords/Zamindars are anti-government; if  Right to provinces to secede as this went they are pro-government, do not pay the rent. against the principle of national unity  Students: can leave studies if they are  Absence of any plan for immediate transfer confident enough. of power and absence of any real share in  Princes: support the people and accept the defence sovereignty of them.  The governor general’s supremacy had been retained, and the demand for governor-

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 People of the princely states: support the Sub-Committee ruler only if he is anti-government; declare House Committee B. themselves as part of the Indian nation. PattabhiSitaramayya Educational objective: to know about the Minorities Sub- H.C. Mukherjee situation leading towards quit India movement Committee 29. Key: C Order of Business K.M. Munshi The committees of substantive Explanation: Committee affairs include: States Committee Jawaharlal Nehru Major Comittees of the Steering Committee Rajendra Prasad Indian Constituent Chairmen Assembly Union Constitution Jawaharlal Nehru Committee Ad hoc Committee on the Rajendra Prasad National flag Union Powers Committee Jawaharlal Nehru

Advisory Committee on Vallabhai Patel Educational objective: to know about major Fundamental Rights committee of constituent assembly. Committee on the G.V. Mavalankar 30. Key: D Functions of the Constitution Assembly Explanation: C R Formula (the way out) Committee on Minorities Vallabhai Patel  The Muslim League would join hands with and Tribal and Excluded Areas the INC to demand independence from the British. Committee on the Rules Rajendra Prasad  Both parties would cooperate and form a of Procedure at the centre. Special Committee to Alladi Krishna  After the war, a commission would be Examine the Draft Swami Ayyar entrusted with the task of demarcating those Constitution areas with an absolute majority of Muslims Provincial Constitution Vallabhai Patel and a plebiscite to be held in those areas Committee where all the inhabitants (Muslims and non- Muslims) would vote on the basis of adult Drafting Committee B.R. Ambedkar suffrage whether to form a separate Excluded and Partially A.V. Thakkar sovereign nation or not. Excluded Areas Sub-  In case of partition, joint agreements to be Committee made for the safeguarding of defence, Finance and Staff Rajendra Prasad communications and commerce. Committee  The above terms to come to fruition only if Fundamental Rights J.B. Kripalani Britain transfers full powers to India. www.laex.in Page No. 63 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

Educational objective: to know aboutC R a) 1 only Formula (the way out) b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only 31. Key-A d) 1, 2 and 3 Explanation: In rural west Bengal, the Quit India Movement was fueled by peasants' 2. With reference to Ryotwari Settlement, resentment against the new war taxes and the consider the following statements: forced rice exports. There was open resistance to 1) The rent was paid directly by the peasants to the point of rebellion in 1942 until the great the Government of 1943 suspended the movement. 2) The Government gave Pattas to the Ryots Karnataka model of peasant revolt during Quit India Movement was very popular, where 3) The lands were surveyed and assessed before peasant used to work in their field during day being taxed. time and engage in revolt during night . Which of the statements given above is/are Educational Objective: August Movement of correct? 1942 a) 1 only 32. Key: A b) 1 and 2 only Explanation: Causes of withdrawal of the Non- c) 1, 2 and 3 cooperation Movement: (i) Due to the where 22 policemen were burnt d) None alive, Mahatma Gandhi decided to 3. The tendency for increased litigation was withdraw the movement. (ii) He felt visible after the introduction of the land the movement was turning violent in many settlement system of Lord Cornwallis in places and satyagrahis needed to be trained 1793. The reason for this is normally properly for mass movement. traced to which of the following Educational Objective: Non-Cooperation provisions? Movement a) Making Zamindar's position stronger vis-a- 17. Economic Impact of vis the ryot British Rule in India b) Making East India Company an overlord of Zamindars 1. Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of c) Making judicial system more efficient Ryotwari Settlement in India during the d) None of the (a), (b) and (c) above British rule? 1) Lord Cornwallis 4. Under the of 1793, 2) Alexander Read the Zamindars were required to issue 3) Thomas Munro pattas to the farmers which were not Select the correct answer using the code' issued by many of the Zamindars. The given below: reason was www.laex.in Page No. 64 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

a) The Zamindars were trusted by the farmers d) A system of tribunals and a ban on strikes b) There was no official check upon the 7. Consider the following statements: Zamindars 1. The Factories Act, 1881 was passed with a c) It was the responsibility of the British view to fix the wages of industrial workers government and to allow the workers to form trade d) The farmers were not interested in getting unions. pattas 2. N.M. Lokhande was a pioneer in organizing

5. Match List-I with List-II and select the the labour movement in British India correct answer using the codes given Which of the above statements is/are correct? below the lists: a) 1 only List-I List-II b) 2 only A. Land allotted to big 1. Jagirdari c) Both 1 and 2 feudal landlords System d) Neither 1 nor 2 B. Land alloted to 2. Ryotwari 8. The staple commodities of export by the revenue farmers or System English East India Company from Bengal rent collectors in the middle of the 18thcentury were C. Land alloted to each 3. Mahalwari a) Raw cotton, oil-seeds and peasant with the right System b) Sugar, salt, zinc and lead to sublet, mortgage, c) Copper, silver, gold, spices and tea transfer, gift or sell d) Cotton, silk, saltpetre and opium D. Revenue settlements 4. Zamindari 9. Economically, one of the results of the made at village level System British rule in India in the 19th century Codes: was the A B C D a) Increase in the export of Indian handicrafts a) 1 3 2 4 b) Growth in the number of Indian owned b) 1 4 2 3 factories c) 3 4 1 2 c) Commercialization of Indian agriculture d) 2 1 3 4 d) Rapid increase in the urban population 6. The Trade Disputes Act of 1929 provided for 17. Key and Explanations a) The participation of workers in the 1. Key : C management of industries. Explanation: b) Arbitrary powers to the management to quell Ryotwari System industrial disputes.  The Ryotwari system was started c) An intervention by the British Court in the by Alexander Reed in Bara-mahal in 1792 event of a trade dispute. www.laex.in Page No. 65 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

and was continued by Thomas Munro in 3. Key : D 1801. Explanation:  Major areas of introduction include Madras, Permanent Settlement: Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorgh  Landlords or Zamindars were recognised as provinces of British India. the owners of the land. They were given  In Ryotwari System the ownership rights hereditary rights of succession of the lands were handed over to the peasants. British under them. Government collected taxes directly from the  The Zamindars could sell or transfer the peasants. land as they wished.  The revenue rates of Ryotwari System were  The Zamindars’ proprietorship would stay as 50% where the lands were dry and 60% in long as he paid the fixed revenue at the said irrigated land. date to the government. If they failed to pay,  Lord Cornwallis was associated with their rights would cease to exist and the land Permanent Settlement. would be auctioned off. Educational Objective: Ryotwari System and  The amount to be paid by the landlords was people associated with the same. fixed. It was agreed that this would not increase in future (permanent). 2. Key : C  The fixed amount was 10/11th portion of the Explanation: revenue for the government and 1/10th was Ryotwari System for the Zamindar. This tax rate was way  The Ryotwari system was started higher than the prevailing rates in England. by Alexander Reed in Bara-mahal in 1792  The Zamindar also had to give the tenant a and was continued by Thomas Munro in patta which described the area of the land 1801. given to him and the rent he had to pay the  Major areas of introduction include Madras, landlord. Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorgh provinces of British India. Reason for increased litigations-  In Ryotwari System the ownership rights  The Court Fee was removed and now were handed over to the peasants. British everybody could drag anybody to courts. Government collected taxes directly from the  The extension of right to appeal. peasants. 4. Key: B  The lands were surveyed and assessed before Explanation: Under the Permanent Settlement being taxed.The revenue rates of Ryotwari of 1793, the Zamindars were required to issue System were 50% where the lands were dry pattas to the farmers which were not issued by and 60% in irrigated land. many of the Zamindars because there was no Educational Objective: Important Land official check upon the Zamindars. Revenue Systems of British India

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Educational Objective: Permanent Settlement  Mid-day meal interval, 4 holidays/ month and its limitations and fencing of machinery in the factory also provided. 5. Key: B  This act applicable only to factories using Explanation: Right answer explains various mechanical powers, employing not less than land revenue systems and difference among 100 works and working for not more than 4 them. months in a year limitations: Educational Objective: Various land revenue  In 1890, Indian factory commission systems appointed and on its report the next factory 6. Key: D act of 1891, was passed. Explanation: The Trade Disputes Act of 1929 Narayan MeghajiLokhande (1848–1897) was a provided for pioneer of the labour movement in India. He is Tribunals: The most object of the 1929 Act was remembered not only for ameliorating the to create provisions for institution of Courts of working conditions of textile mill-hands in the Inquiry and Boards of Conciliation with a read to 19th century but also for his courageous analyze and settle trade disputes. initiatives on caste and communal issues. Strikes: The Act prohibited strikes or lock-outs Educational Objective: Labour Issues in hastily publicly utility services; it additionally British India created any strike or lock-out outlaw that had 8. Key: D any object apart from the furtherance of a trade Explanation: India was the exporter of cotton dispute at intervals the trade or business. and silk to the European markets in the ‘early  To protest against the passing of two years of the 1750s’. repressive bills, the Public Safety Bill and Later, in the nineteenth century, export of other the Trade Dispute Bill Shaheed Bhagat commodities like opium, indigo and raw cotton Singh and BatukeshwarDutt bombed the saltpeter started Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, Educational objective: to know about the 1929. evolution of European trade in India Educational Objective: Trade Disputes Act of 1929 9. Key: C 7. Key: B Explanation: Explanation Economic Impact of British Rule The Factory Act -1881 (1st Act) There was hardly any aspect of the Indian  Children between ages of 7-12, were to work economy that was not changed for better or for for 9 hours/ day. Employment of worse during the entire period of British rule  Children below 7 years was prohibited down to 1947. Disruption of Traditional Economy

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The economic policies followed by the British led  The process of transfer of land from to the rapid transformation of Indian’s economy cultivators was intensified during periods of into a colonial economy whose nature and scarcity and famines. structure were determined by the needs of the  By the end of the 19th century, the money- British economy that totally disrupted the lender had become a major curse of the traditional structure of the Indian economy. countryside and an important cause of the

Ruin of Artisans and Craftsmen growing poverty of the rural people.   There was a sudden and quick collapse of In 1911, the total rural debt was estimated the urban handicrafts, which had for at Rs 300 crores and by 1937, it was 1,800 centuries made India’s name a byword in the crores. markets of the entire civilized world.  The pressure of taxation and growing poverty  Indian goods made with primitive techniques pushed the cultivators into debt, which in could not compete with goods produced on a turn increased their poverty. mass scale by powerful steam-operated  The growing commercialization of machines. agriculture also helped the money-  The development of railways enabled British lendercum-merchant to exploit the cultivator. manufactures to reach and uproot the  The Permanent Settlement in North Madras traditional industries in the remotest villages and the Ryotwari Settlement in the rest of of the country. Madras were equally harsh.  The gradual destruction of rural crafts broke Stagnation and Deterioration of Agriculture up the union between agricultural and Following were the major reasons for stagnation domestic industry in the countryside and and deterioration of agriculture − thus contributed to the destruction of the  Overcrowding of agriculture; self-sufficient village economy.  Excessive land revenue demand;  In the very beginning of British rule in  Growth of landlordism; Bengal, the policy of Clive and Warren  Increasing indebtedness; and Hastings of extracting the largest possible  The growing impoverishment of the land revenue had led to such devastation cultivators. that even Cornwallis complained that one-  Indigo manufacture was introduced in India third of Bengal had been transformed into “a at the end of the 18th century and flourished jungle inhabited only by wild beasts.” in Bengal and Bihar.  Over a period of time, the British rule  Indigo planters gained notoriety for their introduced the concept of transferability of oppression over the peasants who were land; likewise, the British revenue system compelled by them to cultivate indigo. The enabled the money-lender or the rich famous Bengali writer Dinbandhu Mitra in peasant to take possession of land. his play “Neel Darpan” vividly portrayed this oppression in 1860. www.laex.in Page No. 68 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

 The invention of a synthetic dye gave a big  Another famine in 1943 carried away nearly blow to the indigo industry and it gradually 3 million people in Bengal. declined.  These famines and the high losses of life in Poverty and Famines them indicate the extent to which poverty  The poverty of the people found its and starvation had taken root in India. culmination in a series of famines, which Educational objective: to know about the ravaged all parts of India in the second half impact British administrative policies on India of the 19th century.  The first of these famines occurred in 18. A Survey of British Policies in Western U.P. in 1860-61 and cost over 2 India lakh lives. 1. Consider the following statements about  In 1865-66, a famine engulfed Orissa, 'the Charter Act 1813 Bengal, Bihar, and Madras and took a toll of 1) It ended the trade monopoly of the East India nearly 20 lakh lives; Orissa alone lost 10 Company in India except for trade in tea and lakh people. trade with China.  Perhaps the worst famine in Indian history 2) It asserted the sovereignty of the British till then occurred in 1876-78 in Madras, Crown over the Indian territories held by the Mysore, , Maharashtra, Western U. Company. P., and Punjab 3) The revenues of India were now controlled by  Madras lost nearly 35 lakhs, the British Parliament.  Maharashtra lost 8 lakh people, Which of the statements given above are  Mysore lost nearly 20 per cent of its correct? population, and a) 1 and 2 only  U. P. lost over 12 lakhs. b) b) 2 and 3 only  The famine of 1896-97 affected over 9.5 c) 1 and 3 only crore people of whom nearly 45 lakhs died. d) 1, 2 and 3 The famine of 1899-1900 followed quickly and caused widespread distress. 2. In the federation established by The  In spite of official efforts to save lives through Government on India Act of 1935, the provision of famine relief, over 25 lakh residuary power were given to the people died. a) Federal Legislature  Apart from these major famines, many other b) Viceroy local famines and scarcities occurred. c) Provincial Legislature William Digby, a British writer, has d) Provincial Governors calculated that, in all, over 28,825,000 3. In the context of Indian history, the people died during famines from 1854 to principle of 'Dyarchy (diarchy)' refers to 1901. www.laex.in Page No. 69 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

a) Division of the central legislature into two Select the correct answer using the codes houses. given below: b) Introduction of double government i.e., a) 1 only Central and State governments. b) 2 and 3 only c) Having two sets of rulers; one in London and c) 1 and 3 only another in Delhi. d) 1,2 and 3 d) Division of the subjects delegated to the 7. Consider the following statements: provinces into two categories. 1) The Charter Act 1853 abolished East In Company's monopoly of Indian trade 4. The object of the Butler Committee of 2) Under the Government of India Act 1858, the 1927 was to British Parliament abolished the East India a) Define the jurisdiction of the Central and Company altogether and undertook the Provincial Governments. responsibility of ruling India directly. b) Define the powers of the Secretary of State Which of the statements given above is/are for India. correct c) Impose censorship on national press. a) 1 only d) Improve the relationship between the b) 2 only Government of India and the Indian States. c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 5. The Government of India Act of 1919 clearly defined 8. Consider the following statements: a) The separation of power between the The Government of India Act, 1935 provided judiciary and the legislature for b) The jurisdiction of the central and provincial 1) The provincial autonomy governments 2) The establishment of Federal Court c) The powers of the Secretary of State for India 3) All India Federation at the centre and the Viceroy Which of the statements given above are d) None of the above correct? 6. Which of the following is/are the principal a) 1 and 2 feature(s) of the Government of India Act, b) 2 and 3 1919? c) 1 and 3 1. Introduction of diarchy in the executive d) 1, 2 and 3 government of the provinces 9. Consider the following statements: 2. Introduction of separate communal 1) was the first Governor electorates for Muslims General who established a regular police 3. Devolution of legislative authority by the force in India on the British pattern centre to the provinces

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2) A Supreme Court was established at b) To report on existing conditions of labour Calcutta by the Regulating Act, 1773. and to make recommendations 3) The came into effect in the c) To draw up a plan for financial reforms for year 1860 India Which of the statements given above are d) To develop a comprehensive scheme for Civil correct? Services in India a) 1 and 2 13.Which one of the following provisions was b) 2 and 3 NOT made in the Charter Act of 1833? c) 1 and 3 a) The trading activities of the East India d) 1, 2 and 3 Company were to be abolished 10. The Montagu-Chelmsford Report formed b) The designation of the supreme authority the basis of was to be changed as the Governor-General a) The Indian Councils Act, 1909 of India-in. Council b) The Government of India Act, 1919 c) All law-making powers to be conferred on c) The Government of India Act, 1935 Governor- General-in-Council d) The Indian Independence Act, 1947 d) An Indian was to be appointed as a Law Member in the Governor-General's Council 11. Consider the following statements: Some of the main features of the Government 14.With reference to colonial rule in India of India Act, 1935 were the what was sought by the Illbert Bill in 1) Abolition of diarchy in the Governors' 1883? provinces a) To bring Indians and Europeans on par as 2) Power of the Governors to veto legislative far as the criminal jurisdiction of courts was action and to legislate on their own concerned 3) Abolition of the principle of communal b) To impose severe restrictions on the freedom representation of the native press as it was perceived to be Which of the statements given above is/are hostile to colonial rulers correct? c) To encourage the native Indians to appear a) 1 only for examinations by conducting b) 1 and 2 them in India c) 2 and 3 d) To allow native Indians to possess arms by d) 1, 2 and 3 amending the Arms Act 12. During the colonial period in India, what 15. Which one of the following Act of British was the purpose of the Whitlay India strengthened the Viceroy's Commission? authority over his executive council by a) To review he fitness of India for further substituting "portfolio" or departmental political reforms system for corporate functioning? www.laex.in Page No. 71 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

a) Indian Council Act, 1861 19.The Montague-Chelmsford Proposals were b) Government of India Act, 1858 related to c) Indian Council Act, 1892 a) Social reforms d) Indian Council Act, 1909 b) Educational reforms c) Reforms in police administration 16. The real intention of the British to d) Constitutional reforms include the princely states in the Federal Union proposed by the Government of 20.The Illbert Bill controversy was related to India Act of 1935 was to the a) Exercise more and direct political and a) Imposition of certain restrictions to carry administrative control over the princely arms by the Indians states b) Imposition of restrictions on newspapers and b) Involve the princes actively in the magazines published in Indian languages administration of the colony c) Removal of disqualifications imposed on the Indian magistrates with regard to the trial of c) Finally effect the complete political and the Europeans administrative take-over of all the princely d) Removal of a duty on imported cotton cloth. states by the British d) Use the princes to counter-balance the anti- 21. The distribution of powers between the imperialist doctrines of the nationalist Centre and the States in the Indian leaders Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the 17. The most short-lived of all the Britain's a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909 constitutional experiments in India was b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919 the c) Government of India Act, 1935 a) Indian Council Act of 1861 d) Indian Independence Act, 1947 b) Indian Council Act of 1892 c) Indian Council Act of 1909 22. Consider the following: 1) Assessment of land revenue on the basis of d) Government of India Act of 1919 nature of the soil and the quality of crops 18. The term 'Imperial Preference' was 2) Use of mobile cannons in warfare applied to the 3) Cultivation of tobacco and red chillies a) special privileges on British imports in India Which of the above was/were introduced into b) racial discrimination by the Britishers India by the English? c) subordination of Indian interests to that of a) 1 only the British b) 1 and 2 d) preference given to British political agents c) 2 and 3 over Indian Princes d) None

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23. Which one of the following is NOT a  The Act gave more powers for the courts in feature of the Government of India Act of India over European British subjects. 1935?  Another important feature of this act was to a) Diarchy at the Centre as well as in the grant permission to the missionaries to come provinces to India and engage in religious b) A bicameral legislature proselytization. The missionaries were c) Provincial autonomy successful in getting the appointment of a d) An All-India federation Bishop for British India with his headquarters at Calcutta in the provisions of 24.Consider the following statements: the Act. 1) The discussions in the Third Round Table  The act provided for a financial grant Conference eventually led to the passing of towards the revival of and the Government of India Act of 1935. the promotion of science. 2) The government of India Act of 1935  provided for federal form of government. The company was also to take up a greater role in the education of the Indians under Which of the statements given above is/are them. It was to set aside Rs.1 Lakh for this correct? a) 1 only purpose. b) 2 only The revenue of India controlled by British c) Both 1 and 2 Parliament through Act of 1858 Charter Acts of d) Neither 1 nor 2 Educational Objective: Company 18. Key and Explanations 2. Key : B 1. Key: A Explanation:Features of the Act- Explanation:Provisions of the Charter Act ,  It provided for the establishment of an All- 1813 India Federation consisting of provinces and  This Act asserted the Crown’s sovereignty princely states as units. The Act divided the over British possessions in India. powers between the Centre and units in  Company’s rule and trade monopoly in terms of three lists—Federal List (for Centre, India was extended to another 20 years. with 59 items), Provincial List (for provinces, Monopoly was ended except for the trade with 54 items) and the (for in tea and with China. both, with 36 items). Residuary powers  It empowered the local governments to tax were given to the Viceroy. However, the people subject to the jurisdiction of the federation never came into being as the Supreme Court. princely states did not join it.  The company’s dividend was fixed at 10.5%.  It abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced ‘provincial autonomy’ in its place.

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 It provided for the adoption of dyarchy at the The Indian states committee appointed a Centre. committee under the Chairmanship of Sir  It further extended the principle of Harcourt Butler which was popularly known as communal representation by providing ‘the Butler Committee’ to investigate and clarify separate electorates for depressed classes the relationship between the paramount power (scheduled castes), women and labour and the Princes of Princely States in AD 1927. (workers). The committee visited16 States and submitted  It abolished the Council of India, established its report in 1929. by the Government of India Act of 1858. The Educational Objective: Evolution of secretary of state for India was provided with relationship between Indian states and a team of advisors. Government of India during Imperial rule  It provided for the establishment of a Reserve 5. Key : B Bank of India to control the currency and Explanation: The Government of India Act of credit of the country. 1919 is also known as Montagu-Chelmsford  It provided for the establishment of a Federal Reforms (Montagu was the Secretary of State for Court, which was set up in 1937. India and Lord Chelmsford was the Viceroy of Features of Acts Educational Objective: India). brought by Imperial British Power in Indian Features of the Act Colony 1) It relaxed the central control over the 3. Key : D provinces by demarcating and separating the Explanation central and provincial subjects. The central  Dyarchy, system of double government and provincial legislatures were authorised introduced by the Government of India to make laws on their respective list of Act (1919) for the provinces of British subjects. However, the structure of India. It marked the first introduction of government continued to be centralised and the democratic principle into the executive unitary. branch of the British administration of 2) It further divided the provincial subjects into India. two parts—transferred and reserved. The  The Government on India Act of 1935 transferred subjects were to be administered abolished diarchy in province and extended by the governor with the aid of ministers it in center. responsible to the Legislative Council. The Educational Objective: Understanding Dyarchy reserved subjects, on the other hand, were to with reference to India be administered by the Viceroyand his executive council without being responsible 4. Key : D to the Legislative Council. This dual scheme Explanation: of governance was known as `dyarchy'—a Butler Committee of 1927 term derived from the Greek word di-arche www.laex.in Page No. 74 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

which means the double rule. However, this report on its working after ten years of its experiment was largely unsuccessful. coming into force. 3) It introduced, for the first time, bicameralism  The powers of the Secretary of State for India and direct elections in the country. Thus, the and the Viceroy by 1858 Act Indian Legislative Council was replaced by a  The separation of power between the bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper judiciary and the legislature by Act of 1935 House () and a Lower House Educational Objective: The Government of (Legislative Assembly). The majority of India Act of 1919 members of both the Houses were chosen by 6. Key: C direct election. Explanation: 4) It required that the three of the six members • Refer question 35 solution for of the Viceroy's Executive Council (other understanding feature(s) of the than the commander-in-chief) were to be Government of India Act, 1919. Indian. • Introduction of separate communal 5) It extended the principle of communal electorates for Muslims is by Act of 1909. representation by providing separate Educational Objective: Various Acts electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians, implemented in British India Anglo-Indians and Europeans. 6) It granted the franchise to a limited number 7. Key: B of people on the basis of property, tax or Explanation: education.  Charter act of 1813 ended the monopoly of 7) It created a new office of the High the East India Company in India;however the Commissioner for India in London and company's monopoly in trade with china and transferred to him some of the functions trade in tea with India was kept intact. hitherto performed by the Secretary of State  The charter Act, 1833 deprived company of for India. its commercial privileges which it enjoyed so 8) It provided for the establishment of a public far. service commission. Hence, a Central Public  Government of India Act 1858 provided Service Commission was set up in 1926 for that India was to be governed directly and recruiting civil servants. in the name of the crown. This act 9) It separated, for the first time, provincial abolished the company rule, abolished the budgets from the Central budget and Court of directors and abolished the Board of authorised the provincial legislatures to control. This act abolished the enact their budgets. Dual Government introduced by the Pitt's 10) It provided for the appointment of a India act statutory commission to inquire into and Educational Objective: Various acts to regulate British India by Imperial Power

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8. Key : D Chelmsford, Viceroy of India between 1916 and Explanation: Salient Features of the 1921. Government of India Act 1935 were as follows: Educational Objective: The Government of  Abolition of provincial dyarchy and India Act, 1919 introduction of dyarchy at centre. 11. Key : A  Abolition of Indian Council and introduction Explanation: Salient Features of the of an advisory body in its place. Government of India Act 1935 were as follows:  Provision for an All India Federation with  Abolition of provincial dyarchy and British India territories and princely states. introduction of dyarchy at centre.  Elaborate safeguards and protective  Abolition of Indian Council and introduction instruments for minorities. of an advisory body in its place.  Supremacy of British Parliament.  Provision for an All India Federation with  Increase in size of legislatures, extension of British India territories and princely states. franchise, division of subjects into three lists  Elaborate safeguards and protective and retention of communal electorate. instruments for minorities.  Separation of Burma from India  Supremacy of British Parliament. Educational Objective: Government of India  Increase in size of legislatures, extension of Act, 1935 franchise, division of subjects into three lists 9. Key : B and retention of communal electorate. Explanation:  Separation of Burma from India. • Lord Curzon was the first Governor General Educational Objective: Government of India who established a regular police force in Act 1935 India on the British pattern 12. Key : B • Option 2 and 3 are correct. Explanation: The Royal Commission on Administration’s Educational Objective: Labour or the Whitley Commission on evolution during British India Labour was set up in 1929 to inquire into the

10. Key : B existing conditions of labour in industrial Explanation:The Montagu–Chelmsford undertakings and plantations in India. The Reforms or more briefly known as Mont-Ford Commission was chaired by John Henry Whitley. Reforms were reforms introduced by the colonial The commission submitted its report in [1] government in British India to introduce self- 1931. The report surprised many by governing institutions gradually in India. The concurring with the criticisms of Mahatma reforms take their name from Edwin Montagu, Gandhi and others that poverty was the cause of the Secretary of State for India during the latter India's social and industrial problems. It was parts of the First World War and Lord also critical of British employers' role in perpetuating the problems.

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Educational Objective: Important Commissions  The contents of the bill stated that from now of British India on, British and Europeans subjects would be tried in session courts by Indian judges, who 13. Key : D were senior enough in the civil service to Explanation: Charter Act of 1853 introduced, preside over such proceedings. It was this for the first time, local representation in the provision that would be a source of great Indian (Central) Legislative Council. Of the six anger among the European community. new legislative members of the governor- Educational Objective: Illbert Bill 1883 general’s council, four members were appointed by the local (provincial) governments of Madras, 15. Key : A Bombay, Bengal and Agra. However, that Explanation: doesnot ensured Indian entry into Governor  Canning had introduced the Portfolio General Council system in 1859 that divided into several  The Indian Councils Act 1909 empowered branches, which entrusted to different the Governor General to nominate one members of the Governor General's council. Indian member to the Executive Council It also envisages that the member in-charge leading to the appointment of Satyendra of his department could issue final orders Prasanna Sinha as the first Indian with regard to matters which concerned his member. The Government of India Act 1919 department. increased the number of Indians in the  Indian Council Act of 1861was council to three. institutionalized to serve the necessities of  Option a, b, c are associated with Charter cooperation of Indians in the administration Act of 1833. of the country. The act restored the power Educational Objective: Various Charter Acts of the Government and the composition during British India of the Governor General’s council for executive & legislative Purposes. 14. Key : A Educational Objective: Indian Council Act, Explanation: 1861  The Illbert Bill was a bill introduced in 1883 during the Viceroyship of the Marquess of . Before the introduction Ripon 16. Key : D of the bill, British subjects in 1873 had been Explanation: The real intention of the British to exempted from trial by Indian magistrates. include the princely states in the Federal Union For cases that involved death or proposed by the Government of India Act of transportation, they could only be tried by a 1935 was to use the princes to counter-balance higher court. the anti-imperialist doctrines of the nationalist  This scenario changed with the introduction leaders, as the national movement was gaining of the Illbert Bill in 1883.

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traction among masses under leadership of 20. Key: C Mahatma Gandhi. Explanation: Educational Objective: Government of India • The IIlbert Bill was a bill introduced in Act of 1935 1883 during the Viceroyship of the Marquess of Ripon. Before the introduction 17 Key : C of the bill, British subjects in 1873 had been Explanation: Time span of given acts: exempted from trial by Indian magistrates.  Indian Councils Act of 1861 – 31 years; For cases that involved death or  Indian Councils Act of 1892 – 17 years; transportation, they could only be tried by a  Indian Councils Act of 1909 – 10 years; higher court.  Government of India Act 1919 – 16 years. • This scenario changed with the introduction Indian Council Act of Educational Objective: of the in 1883. 1909 • The contents of the bill stated that from now 18. Key : A on, British and Europeans subjects would be tried in session courts by Indian judges, who Explanation: Imperial preference, historically, were senior enough in the civil service to a commercial arrangement in which preferential preside over such proceedings. It was this rates (i.e., rates below the general level of an provision that would be a source of great established tariff) were granted to one another anger among the European community. by constituent units of an empire. Imperial Educational Objective: Illbert Bill preference could also include other sorts of preference, such as favourable consideration in 21. Key: C the allocation of public contracts, indirect Explanation: Government of India Act, 1935 subsidies to shipping, and preferential access to provided for the establishment of an All-India the capital market. Federation consisting of provinces and princely Educational Objective: Imperial Preference and states as units. various ways through which idea is applied. The Act divided the powers between the Centre and units in terms of three lists—Federal List 19. Key: D (for Centre, with 59 items), Provincial List (for Explanation: The Montagu–Chelmsford provinces, with 54 items) and the Concurrent Reforms or more briefly known as Mont- List (for both, with 36 items). Ford Reforms were reforms introduced by the Residuary powers were given to the Viceroy. colonial government in British India to introduce The distribution of powers between the self-governing institutions gradually in India. Centre and the States in the Indian The provinces were to follow the Dual Constitution is based on the scheme provided Government System or Dyarchy. in this Act. Constitutional reforms Educational Objective: Educational objective: to know about in British India. Government of India Act of 1935

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22. Key: D came into effect in 1937 and was Explanation: discontinued in 1939.  Assessment of land revenue based on nature 3) It provided for the adoption of dyarchy at the of the soil and the quality of crops was the Centre. Consequently, the federal subjects one of the principle suggested by various were divided into reserved subjects and lawmaker in ancient India like Chanakya transferred subjects. However, this provision  Mughal rulers in India used use of mobile of the Act did not come into operation at all. cannons in warfare in large scale. 4) It introduced bicameralism in six out of  Cultivation of tobacco and red chilies were eleven provinces. Thus, the legislatures of contribution of Portuguese. Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam and Educational objective: to know about the United Provinces were made bicameral development taking in various fields like science, consisting of a legislative council (upper agriculture etc. house) and a legislative assembly (lower house). However, many restrictions were 23. Key: A placed on them. Explanation: 5) It further extended the principle of Features of the Government of India Act of communal representation by providing 1935 separate electorates for depressed classes 1) It provided for the establishment of an All- (scheduled castes), women and labour India Federation consisting of provinces and (workers). princely states as units. The Act divided the Educational objective: to know about the powers between the Centre and units in Government of India Act of 1935 terms of three lists—Federal List (for Centre, with 59 items), Provincial List (for provinces, 24. Key: C with 54 items) and the Concurrent List (for Explanation: Third Round Table Conference both, with 36 items). Residuary powers were (November 1932– December 1932) given to the Viceroy. However, the federation The third Round Table Conference took place never came into being as the princely states between 17 November 1932 and 24 December did not join it. 1932. 2) It abolished dyarchy in the provinces and Participants of the Third Round table introduced ‘provincial autonomy’ in its place. conference The provinces were allowed to act as  Only 46 delegates in total took part in this autonomous units of administration in their conference. defined spheres. Moreover, the Act  The INC and the Labor Party decided not to introduced responsible governments in attend it. (The INC was not invited). provinces, that is, the governor was required  Princes and divans represented Indian to act with the advice of ministers princely states. responsible to the provincial legislature. This www.laex.in Page No. 79 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

 British Indians were represented by the Aga 3) Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy Khan (Muslims), Select the correct answer using the code  Depressed classes given below:  Women, Europeans, Anglo-Indians and labor a) 1 and 2 only groups. b) 2 only Outcome c) 1 and 3 only Not much was achieved in this conference also. d) 1,2 and 3 The recommendations of this conference were 3. With reference to educational institutes published in a White Paper in 1933 and later during colonial rule in India, consider the discussed in the British Parliament. The following pairs : recommendations were analyzed and the Institution Founder Government of India Act of 1935 was passed on 1. Sanskrit College, William Jones its basis. The government of India Act of 1935 Benaras provided for federal form of government. 2 Calcutta Madarsa Warren Hastings Educational objective: to know about the 3. Fort William College Arthur Wellesley government of India Act of 1935 Which of the pairs given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 19. Development of Education b) 2 only 1. Regarding Wood's Dispatch, which of the c) 1 and 3 following statements are true ? d) 3 only

1. Grants-in-Aid system was introduced. 4. The aim of education as stated by the 2. Establishment of universities was Wood's dispatch of 1854 was recommended. a) The creation of employment opportunities for 3. English as a medium of instruction at all native Indians levels of education was recommended. b) the spread of Western culture in India Select the correct answer using the code c) the promotion of literacy among the people given below: using English medium of language a) 1 and 2 only d) the introduction of scientific research and b) 2 and 3 only rationalism in the traditional Indian c) 1 and 3 only education d) 1, 2 and 3 5. A: The first ever Bill to make primary 2. Which of the following led to the education compulsory in India was introduction of English ? rejected in 1911. 1) Charter Act of 1813 R: Discontent would have increased if 2) General Committee of Public Instruction, every cultivator could read. 1823 www.laex.in Page No. 80 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct  Teaching of Language: - The Wood's explanation of A Dispatch of 1854 gave importance to b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct teaching of English, but at the same time, it explanation of A also stressed on the teaching of Indian c) A is true but R is false languages. The Indian natives should be d) A is false but R is true given training in their mother tongue also.  6. In collaboration with David Hare and Education of Women: - The Wood's Alexander Duff, who of the following Dispatch of 1854 stressed on female established Hindu College at Calcutta education. a) Henry Louis Vivian Derozio  Training of Teachers: - The Wood's b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Dispatch of 1854 recommended the c) Keshab Chandra Sen establishment of teacher training schools in d) Raja Rammohan Roy each of the provinces.  Professional Education: - The Wood's 19. Key and Explanations Dispatch of 1854 encouraged professional education. 1. Key : A  Introduction of network of Graded Explanation: Schools all over India  Department of Education: The Wood's Educational Objective: Wood’s Dispatch Dispatch of 1854, for the first time, 2. Key : D recommended the creation of a Department Explanation: of Public Instruction in each of the five  The Charter Act of 1813 made a State provinces of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, the system of Education in India officially. Punjab and the North Western provinces. This clause of Charter Act of  Expansion of Mass Education: - Another 1813 compelled the East India Company to major recommendation of the Wood's accept responsibility for the education of the Dispatch of 1854 was the expansion of mass Indian people by granting one lac rupees. education.  In 1823, the Governor-General-in Council  Establishment of Universities: - The appointed a “General Committee of Public Wood's Dispatch of 1854 recommended the Instruction”, which had the responsibility to establishment of universities at Calcutta, grant the one lakh of rupees for education. Bombay and Madras. That committee consisted of 10 European  Grant - in-aid system: - The Wood's members of which Lord Macaulay was the Dispatch of 1854 recommended the sanction president. The committee decided to spend of a grant-in-aid system in the Indian major portions from the grant for the educational system. improvement of oriental literature.

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 Although it was the first act through which Objectives of the Dispatch: the education system was formally laid down (i) To confer upon the natives of India those in India, yet it had created a controversy vast and material blessings which flow from between the anglicist and classicist on the the general diffusion of Western knowledge. medium of instruction. Also the Charter Act (ii) To raise the moral character of those who of 1813 did not clarify the objectives of partake of the above advantage, education and the methods for improvement (iii) To supply the East India company with of literature of the learned natives in India. reliable and capable public servants, The Charter Act had given stress on allotting (iv) To secure for England a large and more the one lakhs rupees only; no specific certain supply of many articles, necessary regulations were granted for establishing the for her manufactures and were extensively schools and colleges in India. consumed by her population. Educational Objective: Introduction of English Educational Objective: Wood's dispatch of Education in India 1854

3. Key : B 5. Key: A Explanation: Explanation:  Banaras Sanskrit College was established  Gopal Krishna Gokhale, was the first person by Jonathan Duncan in 1791 to encourage who put his best efforts to introduce free the study of ancient Sanskrit texts that and compulsory primary education in would be useful for the administration of the phased manner. country  In 1910, Sri Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a  Calcutta Madrasah, the first educational Member of the Imperial Legislative Council, institution was set up in the Indian moved a Resolution (Bill) in the Council urging the Government to make primary subcontinent by Warren Hastings, the education free and compulsory for the age then Governor General of East India group of 6 to10 years, throughout the Company in 1870. It became a leading centre country. This was the first and definite of Islamic and Muslims' education. demand on the part of an Indian.  Fort William College, Calcutta was an  The bill for the same was taken for academy of Oriental studies and a centre of discussion in Imperial Legislative Council in 1912 and was defeated by 38 votes to 13. learning. Founded on 10 July 1800, within Educational Objective: Attempts of Socio- the Fort William complex in Calcutta by Lord Political reforms by Indian Leaders in British Wellesley( Richard Wellesley,1st Marquess India. Wellesley) 6. Key : D Educational Objective: Educational institutes Explanation: during colonial rule in India • Founders of Hindu College Calcutta: Ram 4. Key : C Mohan Roy, David Hare, Rani Explanation: www.laex.in Page No. 82 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

Rashmoni, Radhakanta Deb, Sir Edward 2) All India Kisan Swami Sahajanand East, Baronet, RasamayDutt. College Sabha Saraswati Established in 1817. 3) Self-Respect E.V. Ramaswami • formerly Movement Naicker Central Hindu College, is a public central Which of the pairs given above is/are university located in , Uttar correctly matched? Pradesh. It is founded by‎ Madan Mohan a) 1 only Malaviya‎ ; ‎ Annie Besant in 1916. b) 1 and 2 only Educational Objective: Education Institutes c) 2 and 3 only in British India d) 1, 2 and 3

3. He wrote biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi, 20. Important Personalities & Their Shivaji and Shrikrishna; stayed in Contributions America for some time; and was also elected to the Central Assembly. He was 1. Match List-I with List-II and select the a) Aurobindo Ghosh correct answer b) Bipin Chandra Pal List I List II c) Lala Lajpat Rai A. The First Indian 1. Rabindranath d) Motilal Nehru War of Independence Tagore 4. Who among the following were the B. Anand Math 2. founders of the "Hind Mazdoor Sabha" C. Life Divine 3. Bankim established in 1948? Chandra a) B. Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and Chatterjee K.C. George D. Sadhana 4. Vinayak b) , DeenDayal Upadhyay Damodar Savarkar and M.N. Roy A B C D c) C.P. Ramaswamy lyer, K. Kamaraj and a) 4 3 2 1 VeeresalingamPantulu b) 3 4 1 2 d) Ashok Mehta, TS Ramanujam and G G c) 4 3 1 2 Mehta d) 3 4 2 1

2. Consider the following pairs: 5. Which among the following events Movement/ Leader happened earliest? Organization a) Swami Dayanand established . 1) All India Anti- Mahatma Gandhi b) wrote Neeldarpan. Untouchability c) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote League Anandmath.

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d) became the first 1) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar founded the Indian to succeed in the Indian Civil Services Bethune School at Calcutta with the main Examination. aim of encouraging education for women 6. Annie Besant was 2) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay was the 1) responsible for starting the Home Rule first graduate of the Calcutta University. Movement 3) Keshav Chandra Sen's campaign against 2) the founder of the Theosophical Society led to the enactment of a law to ban Sati by 3) once the President of the Indian National the then Governor General. Congress Which of the statements given above is/are Select the correct statement/statements correct? using the codes given below. a) 1 only a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 c) 1 and 3 only d) 1,2 and 3 d) 1, 2 and 3 11. Consider the following statement: 1) Arya Samaj was founded in 1835. 7. Who among the following started the 2) Lala Lajpat Rai opposed the appeal of Arya newspaper Shome Prakash? Samaj to the authority of Vedas in support of a) Dayanand Saraswati its social reform programmes. b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 3) Under Keshab Chandra Sen, the Brahmo c) Raja Rammohan Roy Samaj campaigned for women's education. d) Surendranath Banerjee 4) founded the Sarvodaya Samaj 8. Who among the following wrote the book to work among refugees. Bahubivah? Which of these statements are correct? a) Raja Rammohan Roy a) 1 and 2 b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar b) 2 and 3 c) PanditaRambai c) 2 and 4 d) Rabindranath Tagore d) 3 and 4 9. "Lectures from Colombo to Almora" is 12.With reference to Indian National based on the experiences of which one of Movement, consider the following pairs: the following? a) Veer Savarkar Person Position held 1) Sir Tej Bahadur : President, All India b) Annie Besant Sapru Liberal Federation. c) RamkrishnaParamhansa 2) K.C. Neogy : Member, The d) Swami Vivekanand Constituent 10. Consider the following statements Assembly 3) P.C. Joshi : General Secretary, www.laex.in Page No. 84 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

Communist Party b) The author of the play 'Ghashiram Kotwal' is of India Vijay Tendulkar Which of the pairs given above is/are c) The play 'Navanna' by Nabin Chandra Das correctly matched? was based on the famine of Bengal a) 1 only d) Urdu theatre used to depend heavily on Parsi b) 1 and 2 only theatre c) 3 only d) 1,2 and 3 16. That the per capita was Rs 20 in 1867-68, was ascertained for the 13.Which of the following parties were first time by established by Dr.B.R. Ambedkar? a) MG Ranade 1) The Peasants and Workers Party of India b) Sir W Hunter 2) All India Scheduled Castes Federation c) RC Dutta 3) The Independent Labour Party d) DadabhaiNaoroji Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 17.What was the purpose with which Sir a) 1 and 2 only and W. S. Caine had b) 2 and 3 only set up the Indian Parliamentary c) 1 and 3 only Committee in 1893? d) 1,2 and 3 a) To agitate for Indian political reforms in the House of Commons 14. Which of the following pairs are correctly b) To campaign for the entry of Indians into the matched? Imperial Judiciary 1) Theodore : Mohammedan Beck c) To facilitate a discussion on India's Anglo-Oriental College, Independence in the British Parliament 2) Illbert Bil : Ripon d) To agitate for the entry of eminent Indians 3) Pherozeshah Mehta: Congress into the British Parliament 4) Badruddin Tyabji : Muslim League 18. Who among the following was a proponent Select the correct answer using the codes of Fabianism as a movement? given below: a) Annie Beasant a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 b) AO Hume b) 2 and 4 c) Michael MadhusudanDutt c) 1, 3 and 4 d) R Palme Dutt d) 1, 2 and 3 19. Who among the following used the phrase 15. Which one of the following statements is 'Un-British' to criticize the English not correct? colonial control of India? a) Neel Darpan was a play based on the a) Anand Mohan Bose exploitation of the indigo farmers b) BadruddinTyabji www.laex.in Page No. 85 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

c) DadabhaiNaoroji b) 3 2 1 4 d) Pherozeshah Mehta c) 2 3 1 4 d) 3 2 4 1 20.Which party was founded by Subhash 23.Consider the following statements about Chandra Bose in the year 1939 after he Madam BhikajiCama : broke away from the Congress? 1) Madam Cama unfurled the National Flag at a) Indian Freedom Party the International Socialist Conference in b) Azad Hind Fauj in the year 1907. c) Revolutionary Front 2) Madam Cama served as private secretary to d) Forward Block DadabhaiNaoroji. 3) Madam Cama was born to Parsi parents. 21. With reference to Indian freedom struggle, Which of the statements given above is/are which one of the following statements is correct? NOT correct? a) 1, 2 and 3 a) The Rowlatt Act aroused a wave of popular b) 2 and 3 only indignation and led to the Jallianwala Bagh c) 1 and 2 only massacre d) 3 only b) Subhas Chandra Bose formed the Forward Bloc 24.Which Indian nationalist leader looked c) Bhagat Singh was one of the founders of upon the war between Germany and Hindustan Republican Socialist Association Britain as a godsent opportunity, which d) In 1931, the Congress Session at Karachi would enable Indians to exploit the opposed Gandhi-Irwin Pact situation to their advantage? a) C Rajagopalachari 22.Match List-I with List-II and select the b) MA Jinnah correct answer by using the codes given c) Subhash Chandra Bose below the lists: d) Jawaharlal Nehru List-I (Persons) List-II (Journals) 25. The Balkan Plan for fragmentation of A) Shyamji Krishna 1. BandeMatram India was the brainchild of Verma a) W Churchill B) Madame 2. Indian b) MA Jinnah BhikajiCama Sociologist c) Lord Mountbatten C) Annie Besent 3. The Talwar d) VP Menon D) Aurobindo Ghosh 4. Commonweal Codes: 26.During the Indian Freedom Struggle, who A B C D of the following raised an army called a) 2 3 4 1 'Free Indian Legion'? a) Lala Hardayal www.laex.in Page No. 86 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

b) Rashbehari Bose 31.During the Indian freedom struggle, the c) Subhas Chandra Bose KhudaiKhidmatgars, also known as Red d) V D Savarkar Shirts, called for 27.A London branch of the All India Muslim a) The Union of Pashtun tribal areas in north- League was established in 1908 under the west Afghanistan b) The adoption of terrorist tactics and methods presidency of for terrorising and finally ousting the colonial a) Aga Khan rulers b) Ameer Ali c) The adoption of communist revolutionary c) Liaquat Ali Khan ideology for political and social reform d) MA Jinnah d) The Pathan regional nationalist unity and a struggle against colonialism 28. Who among the following leaders proposed to adopt Complete 32.With reference to the Indian freedom Independence as the goal of the Congress struggle, which one of the following inthe Ahmedabad session of 1920? statements is not correct? a) Abul Kalam Azad a) was one of the leaders to b) Jawaharlal Nehru start a nationalist and militant Ahrar c) movement d) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi b) When the Indian National Congress was formed, Sayyid Ahmad Khan opposed it 29.During the Indian Freedom Struggle, who c) The All-India Muslim League which was among the following proposed that Swaraj formed in 1906 vehemently opposed the should be defined as complete partition of Bengal and separate electorates independence free from all foreign control? d) Maulana Barakataullah and Maulana a) Mazharul Haque Obeidullah Sindhi were among those who b) Maulana Hasrat Mohani formed a ProvisionalGovernment of India in c) Hakim Ajmal Khan . d) Abdul Kalam Azad 33. The leader of the 30. Who among the following was the (1928) was President of the All-India States Peoples' a) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Conference in 1939? b) Mahatma Gandhi a) Jaya Prakash Narayan c) Vithalbhai J Patel b) Jawaharlal Nehru d) c) Sheikh Abdullah d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 34.In October 1920, who of the following headed a group of Indians gathered at Tashikent to set up a ? www.laex.in Page No. 87 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

a) HK Sarkar a) Udaygiri b) PC Joshi b) Rapur c) MC Chagla c) Pochampalli d) MN Roy d) Venkatagiri 35.Who among the following drafted the 39. Who among the following wrote the poem, resolution on fundamental rights for the Subh-e Azadi? Karachi Session of Congress in 1931? a) SahirLudhiyanvi a) Dr BRAmbedkar b) Faiz Ahmed Faiz b) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru c) c) Dr Rajendra Prasad d) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

36.Who among the following was not 40.Which one of the following was a journal associated with the formation of UP Kisan brought out by Abul Kalam Azad? Sabha in February 1918? a) Al-Hilal a) IndraNarainDwlvedi b) Comrade b) Gauri Shankar Misra c) c) Jawaharlal Nehru d) Zamindar

d) Madan Mohan Malviya 41.Match List-I with List-II and select the 37. Which of the following pairs are correctly correct answer using the code given below matched? the Lists: List-I (Author) List-II (Work) Movement/ Person Actively Satyagraha Associated A. Bankimchandra 1. ShatranjKeKhilari with B. DinabandhuMitra 2.Debi Chaudhurani 1) Champaran Rajendra Prasad C. Premchand 3. Nil-Darpan 2) Ahmedabad Mill 4. Chandrakanta Workers Code: 3) Kheda Vallabhbhai Patel A B C Select the correct answer using the code a) 2 4 1 given below: b) 3 4 2 a) 1 and 2 c) 2 3 1 b) 2 and 3 d) 3 1 4 c) 1 and 3 42. Who among the following rejected the d) 1,2 and 3 title of Knighthood and refused to accept 38. Which one of the following places was a position in the Council of the Secretary associated with Acharya VinobaBhave's of State for India? Bhoodan Movement at the beginning of a) Motilal Nehru the movement? www.laex.in Page No. 88 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

b) MG Ranade Educational Objective: Books and their c) GK Gokhale authors d) BG Tilak 2. Key : D Explanation: All options are Correctly matched. Educational Objective: Organizations and their 43.Who of the following founded the leaders. Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association? a) Mahatma Gandhi 3. Key : C Lala Lajpat Rai wrote biographies b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Explanation: of Mazzini, Garibaldi, Shivaji and Shrikrishna; c) N.M. Joshi stayed in America for some time; and was also d) J.B. Kripalani elected to the Central Assembly. 44.In the 'Individual Satyagraha', Vinoba • He was popularly known as Punjab Kesari. Bhave was chosen as the first Satyagrahi. • He was elected President of the Indian Who was the second? National Congress in the Calcutta Special a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad Session of 1920 b) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Educational Objective: Leaders of Indian c). C. Rajagopalachari Freedom Struggle. d) SardartVallabhbhai Patel 4. Key : D 45. Who among the following Gandhian Explanation: followers was a teacher by profession? • The HMS was founded in in West a) AN Sinha Bengal on 29 December 1948, by b) Braj Kishore Prasad socialists, Forward Bloc followers and c) JB Kriplani independent unionists. d) Rajendra Prasad • Its founders included Basawon Singh (Sinha), Ashok Mehta, R.S. Ruikar, Maniben 46. Which one of the following Indian Kara, Shibnath Banerjee, R.A. leaders was dismissed by the British Khedgikar, T.S. Ramanujam, V.S. from the ? Mathur, G.G. Mehta. R.S. Ruikar was elected a. Satyendranath Tagore as the president and Ashok Mehta as general b. Surendranath Banerji secretary. c. RC Dutt Educational Objective: Labour Organistions of d. Subhash Chandra Bose. Independent India.

20. Key and Explanations 5. Key : B Explanation: 1. Key : A • Arya Samaj (1875) Explanation: Option A provides correct Book- • Neeldarpan(1860) Author relationship www.laex.in Page No. 89 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

• Anandmath(1882) • Bahubivah - (on banning polygamy) the first • Satyendranath Tagore succeed in exposure (1871) ICSE.(1863) • Bahubivah - the Second Book (1873) Educational Objective: Important Events of • Balyabivah (flaws of child marriage) - British India unknown publication date 6. Key : C Educational books: Bornoporichoy Explanation: The Theosophical Society was Educational Objective: Important literary officially formed in New York City, United States, works of 19th -20th Century Socio-political on 17 November 1875 by Helena Petrovna Leaders Blavatsky, Colonel Henry Steel Olcott, William 9. Key : D Quan Judge and others ,but not Annie Besant. Explanation: Lectures from Colombo to Educational Objective: Leaders of Indian Almora (1897) is a book of Swami Independence Struggle Vivekananda based on his various lectures. After 7. Key : B visiting the West, Vivekananda Explanation: reached Colombo, (now Sri Lanka) • Newspaper Shome Prakash by Ishwar on 15 January 1897. Upon Vivekananda's Chandra Vidyasagar arrival in South India, a forty-feet high • SambadKaumudi was a Bengali monument was built by the king of Ramnad on weekly newspaper published from Kolkata the spot where he landed to celebrate his by achievements at the West. He reached Calcutta • SatyarthPrakash(Literary work) by via Madras on 20 January 1897. Then DayandSaraswati Vivekananda travelled extensively and visited • The Bengalee Newspaper by Surender Nath many Indian states. On 19 June (1897) he Banerjee reached Almora. The lectures delivered by him in Educational Objective: Important literary this period were compiled into the book Lectures works of 19th -20th Century Socio-political from Colombo to Almora. The book contains Leaders reports of his 17 lectures. Educational Objective: Important literary 8. Key : B works of 19th -20th Century Socio-political Explanation: The book Bahubivah by Ishwar Leaders Chandra Vidyasagar. Important Works Literay Works: 10. Key : B • Bhrantibilash Explanation: Raja Rammohan Roy was the • BetalPanchavinsatiReform Monologues: first Indian to protest against the Sati custom. • Bidhobabivah (on widows' right to remarry) In spite of protests from orthodox Hindus, he the first exposure (1855) carried on his propoganda against the custom. • Bidhobabivah - the Second Book (1855) Educational Objective: Social reform movements in 19th Century India www.laex.in Page No. 90 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

11. Key : D 13. Key: B Explanation: Explanation: • Arya Samaj is a monotheistic Indian Hindu • The Workers and Peasants Party (WPP) (also reform movement that promotes values and known as the Kirti Kisan Party) was practices based on the belief in the infallible a political party in India, which worked authority of the Vedas. The samaj was inside the Indian National Congress in 1925– founded by the sannyasi (ascetic) Dayanand 1929. It became an important front Saraswati on 10 April 1875. organisation for the Communist Party of • In college, he reportedly developed a deep India and an influential force in friendship with Lala Hans Raj and Pandit the Bombay labour Guru Dutt Vidyarthi, all three of whom were movement. The founding leaders of deeply inspired by the teachings of Arya the party were , Hemanta Samaj, the Hindu reformist movement Kumar Sarkar, Qutubuddin Ahmad and founded by Dayanand Saraswati in 1875. Shamsuddin Hussain. Rai joined Arya Samaj in December 1882, • Ambedkar had founded the Depressed as his interest in began to take on Classes Federation (DCF) in 1930 and the a nationalistic colour. Independent Labour Party (ILP) in 1935. • Keshub Chandra Sen was • Scheduled Castes Federation (SCF) was an an Indian Bengali philosopher and social organisation in India founded by B. R. reformer. established his own breakaway Ambedkar in 1942 to campaign for the rights "Bharatvarshiya Brahmo Samaj" in 1866. of the Dalit community. Women's education was one of Keshab's • On 30 September 1956, B. R. Ambedkar had greatest concerns. This became a vital announced the establishment of the agenda of Keshab-controlled Brahma "Republican Party of India" by dismissing the Bandhu Sabha (1863). "Scheduled Castes Federation", but before • In March 1948, Gandhi's followers and the formation of the party, he died on 6 constructive workers met at . The December 1956. After that, his followers and idea of Sarvodaya Samaj (society) surfaced activists planned to form this party. and started getting acceptance. Vinoba got Educational Objective: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s busy with activities which would sooth the legacy wounds of the partition of the nation. 14. Key: D Educational Objective: Socio-Political Explanation: movements of 19th and 20th century. Aligarh Muslim University 12. Key: D  Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College was Explanation: All pairs are correctly matched founded in 1875 by Sir Syed, initially as a Educational Objective: Indian National primary school, with the intention of taking Movement and associated personalities. it to a college level institution, known as www.laex.in Page No. 91 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

Muhammedan Anglo Oriental Collegiate their men, should therefore not be given the School. right to judge cases involving English women.  Its Urdu name was  Bengali women who supported the bill MadrasatulUloomMusalmanan-e-Hind. responded by claiming that they were more  It started operations on Queen Victoria's educated than the English women opposed 56th birthday, 24 May 1875 to the bill and pointed out that more Indian  Theodore Beck was invited by Sir Syed women had academic degrees than British Ahmed Khan to serve as the Principal of women did at the time. They highlighted the the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College fact that the became in Aligarh after Mr. H.G.I. Siddon resigned one of the first universities to admit female due to poor health in 1883. graduates to its degree programs in 1878 Ilbert bill before any of the British universities had The Ilbert Bill was a legislative act introduced in done the same. 1883 during the tenure of Viceroy Ripon and Pherozeshah Mehta written by Sir Courtenay PergineIlbert. The act  Sir Pherozeshah Mehta was born on August stipulated that Indian judges could try 4, 1845 in Bombay where he spent the Europeans greater part of his life. His father, Merwanji What was the controversy regarding the Mehta, belonged to a family of merchants. Ilbert bill?  Along with Justice Telang, he founded the  The mere possibility that an Indian, whom Bombay Presidency Association (1885) the Europeans regard as inferiors, could try and served as its Secretary a European was a point of much anger and  He presided over the Congress session resentment. The bill evoked furious protests held in Calcutta (1890) and was twice among the Calcutta European business elected the President of the Reception community that comprised of tea and indigo Committee when the Congress sessions met planters as well. in Bombay (1889 and 1904)  There was even covert sympathy from many  He had a hand in the establishment of a officials as well. The controversy of that time Swadeshi bank i.e. the Central Bank of was rooted in deep-seated racial prejudices India. Mehta is remembered mainly as prevalent at the time. The propaganda that founder of the modern Bombay Municipal Indian judges could not be trusted in dealing Corporation, which he fostered and served with cases involving English females helped in a distinguished manner for nearly half a raise considerable support against the bill. century.  English women who opposed the bill further  Telang and Badruddin Tyabji along with argued that Bengali women, who they Pherozeshah Mehta were described as ‘the stereotyped as “ignorant”, are neglected by three bright boys of Bombay’)

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 He was part of the Liberal School of Indian  The play became a talking point and it urged politics. His antipathy to violent methods in the Bengali intelligentsia to lend support to politics alienated him from Tilak and Pal, his the . innate trust in constitutionalism, his dislike  Reverend James Long translated the play of regional and communal developments, into English on the authority by the made him criticize Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. Secretary to the Governor of Bengal, W S Badruddin Tyabji: Seton-Karr.  He was selected after selected as the third  The planters who were treated as villains in President of the Congress from 1887 to 1888 the play sued Rev. Long for libel. Rev. Long after W.C.Bannerjee and DadabhaiNaoroji was pronounced guilty and had to pay (1886). Rs.1000 as compensation and serve a month  Badruddin was also the first Indian to hold in prison. the post of Chief Justice of the Bombay High Ghashiram Kotwal Court.  It is a Marathi play written by playwright  He founded the Islam Club and the Islam Vijay Tendulkar in 1972. Gymkhana to promote social interaction of  The play is a political satire, written as the Muslim community. historical drama.  Badruddin introduced Resolution No. XIII at  It is based on the life of Nana Phadnavis the 1888 Congress to conciliate (1741–1800), one of the prominent ministers Muslims. in the court of the Peshwa of Pune and  He had also spoken against the zenana Ghashiram Kotwal, the police chief of the system. city.  Badruddin founded the Indian  Its theme is how men in power give rise to Parliamentary Committee in England ideologies to serve their purposes, and later along with Naoriji and Bannerjee in 1893. destroy them when they become useless.  He passed away in London in 1906 due to a Navanna heart attack. It is a drama written by Bijon Educational objective: to know about the Bhattacharya prominent personality of Indian freedom struggle. The play is about the . Parsi theatre 15. Key: D  Indo-Persian/Islamic culture has a major Explanation: (The Mirror of Indigo) influence on Parsi theatre. The play Nil Darpan (The Mirror of Indigo) by  Up until the early 20th century, Urdu was Dinabandhu Mitra written in 1858 – 59 the most widely used language in Parsi portrayed the farmers’ situation accurately. theater, due to the influence of Urdu poetry.  It showed how farmers were coerced into  The One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian planting indigo without adequate payment. Nights) also had a strong influence on Parsi www.laex.in Page No. 93 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

theater, which performed "Persianate Committee in 1893 to agitate for Indian adventure-romances", which in turn were political reforms in the House of Commons. later adapted into early Bollywood films. Further, its aim was to voice India's grievances Educational objective: to know about cultural in the House of Commons. development that took place in India Educational objective: to know about various political developments associated with India’s 16. Key: D independence. Explanation:DadabhaiNaoroji: The man who brought statistics into politics 18. Key: A  He was the first Indian to be elected to the Explanation: Fabianism House of Commons (1892). The characteristics of Fabian socialism are:  He formulated the famous drain-of-wealth  Fabian socialism is gradual in nature, a slow theory, which became India’s cornerstone and steady process. There is no place for argument against the British rule. abruptness. The socialism proceeds step by  In his late years, he was the first to give step with people participation and extension expression to the demand for Swaraj from of democratic rights. platform of Indian National Congress (1906)  It feels the necessity of ‘State’ as an ultimate  He founded RastGoftar (Truth Teller), a arbiter of all disputes. Though power shall be Gujarati fortnightly with a Persian name. It rested in the hands of the state, there shall was a progressive journal educating readers be no opportunity to exercise it arbitrarily. on duties of citizenship.  It advocates nationalization of answer  He thrice served as the President of Indian industries in the economic structure of the National Congress (1886 and 1893, 1906) society, but did not support management of besides representing India at International entire economy by state. Congress of Social Democrats at Amsterdam  State has to improve the conditions and in 1905. make way for socialism without curbing  ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’ , freedom. ‘Poverty of India’ ,’England’s Duties to  Control of state or parliament over the India’ are his famous paper in whom he economy to stop development of aberration. gave data about and  It includes parliamentary processes like linked it to drain of wealth. Universal Adult Franchise, periodic elections; Educational objective: to know about various enact laws by representatives etc. for the streams and ideologies of Indian politics functioning of society.  It is against complete revolution or armed 17. Key: A struggle as it believes that it can ensure only Explanation: William Wedderburn and W. S. temporary relief but in the long run may Caine formed Indian Parliamentary cause disastrous results.

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 Permeation or privileged membership: This Explanation: Rowlatt Satyagraha was in form of socialism was also exclusively response to the British government enacting the membered by intellectuals or the higher Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of class. They were believed to directly 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act. influence or actively ensure the spread of Gandhiji called for a countrywide campaign Fabians. against the Rowlatt Act.  Emphasis on the possibility of reasonable Rowlatt Act reconstruction of government and society on This act was passed on the recommendations of what they perceived as a scientific basis. Sedition Committee chaired by Sir Sidney Famous Fabian socialists: Rowlatt.  George Bernard Shaw, Beatrice Webb, This act had been hurriedly passed in the Sidney Webb, Annie Besant etc. The Imperial Legislative Council despite the united Britain Labor Party was believed to be opposition of the Indian members. completely Fabian in ideology. It gave the government enormous powers to  India: PM Jawaharlal Nehru was inspired by repress political activities and allowed detention Fabian views and socialism. The of political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahalanobis model, and control of Subhash Chandra resigned from Congress public choices were his ways of President Ship on 29 April 1939. On 3 May implementing Fabian thought. 1939, he declared the formation of Forward Educational objective: to know about the Bloc various thread of socialist movement Bhagat Singh  He grew up in an atmosphere whichmoulded 19. Key: C him towards nationalistic ideals and Explanation: DadabhaiNaoroji used the patriotism. His father and uncle were phrase 'Un-British' to criticize the English involved in the freedom struggle. colonial control of India  When in school, he was inspired by Educational objective: to know about prominent personality in India’s freedom Mahatma Gandhi’s freedom movement and struggle. openly defied the British by burning government textbooks. 20. Key: D  He also supported the Congress Party and Subhash Chandra resigned from Explanation: the non-cooperation movement. But when Congress President Ship on 29 April 1939. On 3 Gandhi withdrew the movement after the May 1939, he declared the formation of ChauriChaura incident, he was drawn Forward Bloc. towards the revolutionary movement. Educational objective: to know about Subash  He was particularly affected by the Chandra Bose Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919) and the 21. Key: D www.laex.in Page No. 95 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

violence against unarmed Akali protestors at They also threw pamphlets around which Nankana Sahib (1921). talked about their revolution. Their intention  He read extensively many European authors was not to hurt anyone but to spread word of and was particularly inspired by Marxist and the revolution against British imperialism. leftist writings. They then courted arrest for they wanted a  He considered himself an atheist and was platform to proclaim their nationalistic ideas. also against capitalism.  Bhagat Singh along with his associates of  Bhagat Singh’s parents wanted to get him the HSRA were arrested and tried in the married when he was pursuing his BA. But Lahore Conspiracy Case. The case of the he refused saying that if he was to be assassination of Saunders also came up married in slave-India, his bride would only during interrogation, and was a part of the be death. Lahore Conspiracy Case. The trial started in  He founded the Naujawan Bharat Sabha in July 1929. 1926 to promote revolution against British  While in jail, the revolutionaries went on a rule by rallying workers and peasant youth. to protest against the shoddy He was the organisation’s secretary. treatment of political prisoners. This fast  He also founded the Hindustan Socialist drew a lot of public attention and support for Republican Association (HSRA) in 1928 the young revolutionaries. Bhagat Singh along with Chandrasekhar Azad, broke his fast upon the request of his father SukhdevThapar and others. and the Congress leadership after 116 days.  When LalaLajpat Rai died of injuries  The one-sided trial was a blot in the name of sustained in a police lathi charge in 1928. British justice and Bhagat Singh along with Bhagat Singh and his associates vowed to Rajguru and Sukhdevwere sentenced to avenge the death. They wanted to kill the death. Superintendent of Police responsible for  Despite nation-wide protests, the sentences Lajpat Rai’s death, James Scott, but in a were duly carried out on 23 March 1931 in case of mistaken identity, they shot and the Lahore Central Jail. It is said that Bhagat Singh embraced death with a smiling killed J P 0Saunders, an Assistant face and shouts of ‘Down with British Superintendent of Police. After that, Bhagat Imperialism’. Singh fled from Lahore and changed his  This was widely condemned and it appearance by shaving off his and propelled many youngsters across the cutting his hair, which he had hitherto country towards the freedom movement. maintained as a Sikh by birth. Bhagat Singh was given the title ‘Shaheed’ or  On April 8, 1929, Bhagat Singh and martyr after his death. He was only 23 years BatukeshwarDutt threw a bomb in the old when he was executed. Central Assembly amidst shouts of Educational objective: to know about ‘InquilabZindabad’ (long live the revolution). individuals involved in revolutionary activity www.laex.in Page No. 96 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

22. Key: A and her own nationalist feelings led to an Explanation: - Answer unhappy marriage. facts:  Madame Cama’s life changed in October  Shyamji Krishna varma was an Indian 1896 when a terrible famine hit the Bombay revolutionary fighter, lawyer and journalist. Presidency. Thereafter, the region was also  He founded the , hit by an episode of the bubonic plague. and The Indian Sociologist in Madame Cama plunged herself into social London. work and started providing care and relief to  An admirer of DayanandSaraswati’s those affected. Unfortunately, she herself approach of cultural nationalism, and of caught the dreaded disease but luckily Herbert Spencer, Krishna Varma believed in survived. However, her health was adversely Spencer’s dictum: “Resistance to aggression affected as a result of it. She was sent to is not simply justified, but imperative”. London to recuperate.  The India House and The Indian Sociologist  In London, she came in touch with several rapidly developed as an organised meeting Indian independence activists such as point for radical nationalists among Indian Shyamji Krishna Varma, DadabhaiNaoroji students in Britain at the time and one of and Singh Rewabhai Rana. She started the most prominent centres for revolutionary working as Naoroji’s private secretary. Indian nationalism outside India. Most  She was to return to India but received a famous among the members of this message from Britain, which said that she organisation was Veer Savarkar. would have to sign an undertaking that she  Shyamji Krishan was also an admirer of would not take part in nationalist activities. LokmanyaTilak and supported him during Madame Cama refused to sign any such the Age of Consent bill controversy of 1890. undertaking and so could not return to India. However, he rejected the petitioning, praying,  She went to Paris instead. There, along with protesting, cooperating and collaborating Rana and Muncher shah Burjorji Godrej, she policy of the Congress Party. co-founded the Paris Indian Society. BhikaijiCama  She also authored, published and  BhikaijiCama was born to Sorabji and distributed revolutionary material from Paris. Jaijibai Patel on 24th September 1861 at When the British banned the VandeMataram, Bombay. She belonged to an affluent she composed the BandeMataram. She also Gujarati-speaking Parsi family. wrote Madan’s Talwar in reaction to the  She attended the Alexandra Native Girl’s execution of . English Institution and was said to be a  A remarkable event took place on 22nd diligent student. In 1885, she was married to August 1907. The ‘Socialist Congress’ was Rustom Cama, a pro-British lawyer. Her taking place at Stuttgart in Germany. husband’s loyal attitude towards the British Madame Cama attended it and informed www.laex.in Page No. 97 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

people of the terrible famine that had struck in the Society and was elected President India and caused so many avoidable deaths. which position she held till her death on 21 She also appealed for equality, human rights September 1933. and autonomy from Britain. She also  She first came to India on 16 November 1893. unfurled the ‘Flag of Indian Independence’ In October 1913 she spoke at a great public thus becoming the first person to hoist meeting in Madras recommending that there India’s flag on foreign soil. should be a Standing Committee of the  This flag, which was a modification of the House of Commons for Indian affairs which ‘Calcutta Flag’ was designed by Madame would go into the question of how India Cama and Shyamji Krishna Varma. This flag might attain freedom. became one of the models out of which the  She founded a weekly newspaper present Indian National Flag was designed. 'Commonweal' in January 1914 for her  For her support to revolutionary activities, political work. In June 1914 she purchased the British government asked the French the 'Madras Standard' and renamed it 'New government for her extradition, but was India', which thereafter became her chosen refused. organ for her tempestuous propaganda for  Madame Cama was also a spokesperson for India's freedom. gender equality and women’s rights.  She called this freedom ‘Home Rule’ for India.  She remained in France throughout the First She was a delegate to the Indian National World War but he stay was difficult there Congress in 1914. In 1915, in Bombay, at a since Britain and France were now allies. meeting called by her, she explained her plan  She petitioned to the British government to for the establishment of the Home Rule allow her to return home in India owing to League. ill-health. In 1935, she agreed to relinquish  In 1916 this work intensified. People eagerly seditionist activities and returned to her read the 'New India' for of the progress native land in November that year. of the movement and read Dr Besant's  She died none months later at the Parsi editorials in the paper. The Home Rule General Hospital, Mumbai. League was started on 1 September 1916.  She left most of her wealth to charity.  She failed in her first effort to persuade Bal  In 1962, the Indian government released a GangadharTilak to combine their two postage stamp in her honour. In 1997, the movements. In June 1917, with G. S. Indian Coast Guard commissioned a vessel Arundale and B. P. Wadia, two of her after her, naming it ‘ICGS BikhaijiCama’ principal workers, she was interned at Annie besant Ootacamund.  She joined the Theosophical Society in May  Because of the wide protest all over India 1889 and became Blavatsky's devoted pupil and abroad, the internment order was and helper. She became a prominent worker withdrawn, and in August 1917 she was www.laex.in Page No. 98 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

made the President of the Calcutta Session In 1905, Aurobindo started an English of the Indian National Congress. As a result newspaper called BandeMataram. of her campaign and because of the pressure Educational objective: to know about of public opinion in India, the Montagu - newspapers published by prominent personality. Chelmsford proposals were enacted by the 23. Key: B British Parliament. Explanation: See the explanation given in the  In 1920 Gandhi ji launched his campaign of above question. Satyagraha, and at the Congress of 1920 in Educational objective: to know about Lahore Annie Besant with five others stood prominent personality associated with India’s against the overwhelming flood of support in freedom struggle favour of Gandhi ji's plan. A whole lifetime of fighting by constitutional means and within 24. Key: C the law left her with a deep distrust of Explanation: Subhash Chandra Bose looked massive law - breaking in whatever cause it upon the war between Germany and Britain as a might be. For holding these views, her god sent opportunity, which would enable popularity swiftly waned. Indians to exploit the situation to their  However, her creative work for India went on. advantage. He took the same stand while Between 1922 and 1924, in consultation Ramgarh Session (1940) of congress. But his with such colleagues as Sir Tej Bahadur view was supported neither by Gandhi nor Sapru, Sir C. P. Ramaswarni Aiyar, Sir P. S. Nehru. SivaswamiAiyar, Rt. Hon. V. S. Educational objective: to know about all the SrinivasaSastri, Sir movements launched by Subash Bose.

PurshottamdasThakurdas, Sir Hari Singh 25. Key: C Gour and others, she drafted the Explanation:Plan Balkan Commonwealth of India Bill which was  Between March and May of 1947, presented in Parliament by Mr. George Mountbatten decided that the Cabinet Lansbury in December 1925. However it did Mission Plan had become untenable and not go beyond the first reading stage. formulated an alternative plan.  In 1917 she started the Women's Indian  This plan envisaged the transfer of power to Association to which she gave her powerful separate provinces (or to a confederation, if support. In 1924 the Association had 51 formed before the transfer) branches. In 1927 the first All India  Punjab and Bengal were given the option to Women's Conference was held in Poona and vote for partition of their provinces. it became a permanent and powerful body.  The various units thus formed along with the She was in the forefront of all constructive princely states (rendered independent by work done during the forty years of her lapse of paramountcy) would have the option active service in India.

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of joining India or Pakistan or remaining political movements in the princely states of the separate. British Raj, which were variously called  The plan was quickly abandoned after Nehru PrajaMandals or LokParishads. reacted violently to it. The first session of the organization was held in Educational objective: to know about all the Bombay in December 1927. plans that were taken into consideration for The Conference looked to the Indian National transferring power Congress for support, but Congress was reluctant to provide it until 1939, when 26. Key: C Jawaharlal Nehru became its president, Explanation: Refer explanation of above serving in this position till 1946. question. After the Indian Independence, however, the Educational objective: to know about the role Congress distanced itself from the movement, of Subash Bose in India’s freedom struggle. allying itself with the princely rulers via its 27. Key: B national government's accession relationships. Explanation: established the Educational objective: to know about London Muslim League in 1908. This thepeoples movement in princely state. organization was an independent body and 31. Key: D not a branch of All India Muslim League. Explanation: KhudaiKhidmatgar (literally Educational objective: to know about the major "servants of God") was a Pashtun nonviolent political party of pre independence India against the British Raj in 28. Key: C the North-West Frontier Province. It initially Explanation: Hasrat Mohani proposed to adopt targeted social reformation Pathan regional Complete Independence as the goal of the nationalist unity and a struggle against Congress in the Ahmedabad session of 1920 colonialism and launched campaigns against Educational objective: to know about the major . resolutions discussed and passed in different Educational objective: to know about khan congress session. abdulGaffar khan.

29. Key: B 32. Key: C Explanation: Maulana Hasrat Mohani proposed Explanation: AHRAR MOVEMENT that Swaraj should be defined as complete  Ahrar Movement was a movement founded in independence free from all foreign control 1910 under the leadership of Maulana Educational objective: to know about Maulana Muhammed Ali Hakim Ajmal Khan. Hasrat Mohani  This movement was in opposition to the loyalist politics of the ; its 30. Key: B members advocated active participation in Explanation: The All India States Peoples' the nationalist movement. Conference (AISPC) was a conglomeration of www.laex.in Page No. 100 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

 Ahrar movement was moved by the modern interpretations of Islamic scriptures. Many ideas of self-government; its member orthodox groups of that time declared him to advocated active participation in the be a ‘kafir’. nationalist movement.  He was an advocate of Urdu as the lingua Sayyad Ahmad Khan franca of all Indian Muslims. His works  Hakim Ajmal Khan, Iqbal, CR Das, Sir Mian propagated the language and also proposed Muhammad Shafi and leaders of Ahrar were to the government to use Urdu officially. against the . The issue of  He was nominated to the Viceroy’s separate electorates got prominence in the Legislative Council in 1878. He supported Muslim majority provinces by the late 1920s DadabhaiNaoroji and Surendranath Banerjee due to the unwise weightage formula of the in obtaining representation for Indians in the Lucknow Pact. government and the civil services.  He set up many educational institutes to  However, he was wary of the rise of Indian propagate education, the most significant nationalism as he thought power would being the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental pass into the hands of the Hindus alone. College (MAOC) which he set up in 1875. He advocated Muslims to have loyalty to This later became the Aligarh Muslim the British. In his own words, “we do not University. The MAOC was instrumental in want to become subjects of the Hindus the Aligarh Movement of the 19th century instead of the subjects of the people of which was an important movement of the Book.” renaissance among Indian Muslims. This  He is regarded as one of the founders of the had lasting ramifications on the politics, Two-Nation Theory, which says that Hindus religion and culture of the country. An and Muslims cannot be one nation. unintended effect was the propounding of  The British knighted Sir Syed in 1888. the two-nation theory that ultimately led to Formation of Muslim League and its calls for creating Pakistan. Objectives  Sir Syed is believed to be the first Indian The partition of Bengal created a communal Muslim who understood the need for a fresh divide. On December 30, 1906, Muslim orientation of Islam. league was formed under the leadership of  He founded the Scientific Society of Aligarh Aga Khan, the and modelling it on the Royal Society of England. NawabMohsin-ul-Mulk to the notion to This society held annual conferences and safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims and published and distributed scientific material support partition of Bengal. in English and Urdu. Sir Syed knew that Provisional government-in-exile established orthodox Muslim hostility to modern science in Kabul and technology will come in the way of socio-  The Provisional Government of India was a economic improvement. He also gave rational provisional government-in-exile established www.laex.in Page No. 101 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

in Kabul, Afghanistan on December 1, 1915  From the camps, volunteers issued news by Indian nationalists, during World War I bulletins, campaigns and made speeches with support from the Central Powers. educating the masses about the need to be  Its purpose was to enroll support from the disciplined and prepared for austerity. Door- Afghan Emir as well as Tsarist (and later to-door campaigning was also done. Bolshevik) Russia, China, and Japan for the  A large number of women took active part in Indian Movement. the movement. These women gave Patel the  Established at the conclusion of the Kabul moniker ‘Sardar’. Mission composed of members of the Berlin  Peasants were asked to take oaths in the Committee, German and Turkish delegates, name of god that they would not pay the the provisional government was composed of taxes. MahendraPratapas President, Maulana  Those who paid taxes or were supportive of Barkatullah as Prime Minister, the British were socially boycotted. DeobandiMaulaviUbaidullah Sindhi as Home  They also worked for the betterment of the Minister, DeobandiMaulavi Bashir as War Kaliparaj caste (farmers who worked as Minister, and Champakraman Pillai as landless laborers). Foreign Affairs Minister.  They refused non-essential goods to  The provisional government found significant government offices in the area. support from the internal administration of  They resisted eviction and confiscation (jabti) the Afghan government, although the Emir in unique ways. They had informers in the refused to declare open support, and government offices who would give prior ultimately, under British pressure it was information as to if and when a jabti notice forced to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1919. was going to be carried out. The whole village Educational objective: to know about major would then move to another place and the events of India’s freedom struggle officers would be faced with an empty village when they arrived to confiscate the property. 33. Key: A  K M Munshi and Lalji Naranji resigned from Explanation: the Bombay Legislative Council. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: The leader of the  Although the movement was local, it received Bardoli Satyagraha nation-wide attention and support.  Sardar Patel was an exemplary commander Educational objective: to know about Sardar of his non-violent ‘army’ in Bardoli. patel and his contribution in India’s freedom  He divided the taluk into camps and struggle organized hundreds of men and women 34. Key: D under the camps. Explanation: On 20 October 1920, M.N. Roy  The volunteers came from different had been in Russia to attend the second communities and social background. congress of communist international. Here Roy, www.laex.in Page No. 102 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

Abani Mukherji, Rosa Fiting, Mohammad Ali,  Provision of free and compulsory education Mohammad Shafiq Siddiqui and MPST Acharya by the state. founded the Communist Party of India in Educational objective: to know about Karachi Tashkent. Session of Indian National Congress. Educational objective: to know about pre 36. Key: C independence communist movement. Explanation: The UP Kisan Sabha was formed 35. Key: B in February 1918 under the leadership of Gauri Resolution on fundamental rights at Indian Shankar Mishra and Indra Narayan Dwivedi. National Congress Karachi Session in Madan Mohan Malaviya supported its 1931(Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru drafted this) formation.  In the Karachi Session 1931, Indian National Soon, the UP Kisan Sabha expanded and set up Congress adopted two resolutions one on 450 branches by June 1919. Some important fundamental rights and other on the leaders associated with the kisansabha were national economic programme, which made Jhinguri Singh, Durgapal Singh, and Baba the Karachi resolution memorable. The Ramchandra. resolution on fundamental rights had On the insistence of Baba Ramchandra, following features: Jawaharlal Nehru visited the villages of the  Freedom of speech and expression of opinion, province in June 1920, which resulted in Nehru right to free association and right to developing close contacts with the villagers. assemble peacefully without arms. Educational objective: to know about pre  Freedom of conscience and propagation of independence farmer agitation. religion, subject to public order and morality. 37. Key: C  Protection of language, culture and script of Explanation: minorities. Champaran Satyagraha  Equality before law irrespective of religion,  Champaran district is a historic region which caste, creed or gender. now forms the East Champaran district, and  Equality of opportunity in public the in Bihar, India. employment, office of power, honour etc.  In 1914 and 1916, the farmers in this region  Right to keep arms in accordance with the had revolted against the British against the regulations and reservation made in that conditions that they imposed for indigo behalf. cultivation.  Universal adult franchise.  Mahatma Gandhiji was persuaded by Pandit  Freedom of movement, stay and settle in any Raj Kumar Shukla one such oppressed part of the country and follow any Indigo cultivator to visit the region. occupation, and acquire property.  As a result of Gandhiji’s visit. The ChamparanSathyagraha began. An ashram www.laex.in Page No. 103 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

was established by Gandhi established an to Champaran and hence, the Champaran ashram in Champaran. A detailed survey Satyagraha began. Gandhiji arrived in and study of the villages was organised Champaran on 10 April 1917 with a team of where Gandhiji’s handpicked group of eminent lawyers i.e., eminent lawyers like Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha BabuBrajkishorePrasad,Dr.Anugrah and Acharya Kripalani. Narayan Sinha and Dr.Rajendra Prasad Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) accounted the general state of degenerate Gandhi used Satyagraha and hunger strike for living, atrocities and terrible episodes of the first time during an industrial dispute sufferings of the indigo farmers. between the owners and workers of a cotton mill  The first Satyagraha movements inspired by in Ahmedabad. Mahatma Gandhi occurred in Champaran The owners wanted to withdraw the plague district of Bihar in the year 1917. The bonus to the workers while the workers were Champaran Satyagraha was the first to be demanding a hike of 35% in their wages. started, but the word Satyagraha was used During the peaceful strike led by Gandhi, he for the first time in Anti Rowlatt Act agitation. underwent a hunger strike.  Champaran, a district in the state of Bihar The strike was successful and the workers were where tens of thousands of landless serfs, granted the wage hike they wanted indentured labourers and poor farmers were Kheda Satyagraha (1918)—First Non- forced to grow indigo and other cash crops Cooperation Movement instead of the food crops which were  Because of drought in 1918, the crops failed necessary for their survival. These goods in Kheda district of Gujarat. were bought from the farmers at a very low  According to Revenue Code, if the yield was price. Suppressed by the brutal militias of less than 1/4th of the normal produce, the the landlords, they were given negligible farmers were entitled to remission. compensation, leaving them in extreme  The authorities refused to grant remission. poverty. Even in the throes of a devastating  Gandhi supported the peasants cause and famine, the British government levied a asked them to withhold revenue. heavy tax on them and insisted on  The authorities, not willing to openly concede increasing the rate. Without food and money, the peasants demands, issued secret the situation was growing progressively instructions that only those who could afford unbearable and the peasants in Champaran to pay should pay. revolted against the government in indigo  During the Kheda Satyagraha, many young plant cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and in nationalists such as Sardar Patel and 1916 at (Turkaulia). IndulalYagnik became Gandhi’s follower  Raj Kumar Shukla, who was an indigo Educational objective: to know about all cultivator, persuaded Mahatma Gandhi to go movements launched by Gandhiji www.laex.in Page No. 104 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

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38. Key: C  He is commonly remembered as Maulana Explanation: Azad (word Maulana is honorific meaning Bhoodan Movement ‘Our Master’) and he had adopted Azad (Free)  Bhoodan literally means donation of land. As as his pen name. implied by the name, in this movement,  He was first Minister of Education of landlords voluntarily give up land to be Independent India. distributed to landless laborers, who would  He had played important role in foundation then cultivate the land. of JamiaMilliaIslamia at Aligarh in Uttar  This is aimed at reducing the gap between Pradesh. the rich and the poor. Here, the land donors  He assisted in shifting campus of university are not given any compensation. from Aligarh to in 1934.  VinobaBhave in Pochampally initiated Freedom Movement this.  During his young age, he rose to prominence  This movement went on for 13 years during through his work as journalist, publishing which time Bhave travelled all over India. He works critical of British Raj and espousing collected 4.4 million acres of land to be causes of Indian nationalism. distributed to landless famers.  He became leader of Khilafat Movement,  In 1954, he started the Gramdan movement, during which he came into close contact with which involved the voluntary donation of Mahatma Gandhi. whole villages.  He later became enthusiastic supporter of  These movements attracted worldwide Gandhi’s ideas of non-violent civil admiration for being stellar examples of disobedience and worked to organise the voluntary social justice. non-co-operation movement in protest of the Educational objective: to know about principle 1919 Rowlatt Act. of Sarvodaya  He was committed to Gandhi’s ideals, 39. Key: B including promoting Swadeshi (indigenous) Explanation: Faiz Ahmed Faiz wrote the poem, products and cause of Swaraj (Self-rule) for Subh-e Azadi India. Educational objective: to know about famous  In 1923, at age of 35, he became youngest literary personality. person to serve as President of Indian 40. Key: A National Congress. Explanation: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad  He was one of main organizers of the  Born on 11 November 1888 and died on 22 Dharasana Satyagraha in 1931 and emerged February 1958. as one of the most important national  He was senior Muslim leader of Indian leaders of the time, prominently leading National Congress during Indian causes of Hindu-Muslim unity as well as independence movement. espousing secularism and socialism. www.laex.in Page No. 106 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

 He served as Congress president from 1940 also to affirm the right of Speech. The Congress to 1945, during which Quit India rebellion once again asked Gandhi to take command was launched. towards the end of 1940 and that was lead to a  He also worked for Hindu-Muslim unity mass struggle with broad strategic perspective. through the Al-Hilal newspaper. Aims of individual Satyagraha Educational objective: to know about  To show that nationalist patience was not prominent personality linked to India’s struggle due to weakness for independence.  To express people’s feeling that they were not interested in the war and that they made no 41. Key: C distinction between Nazism and the double Explanation:"ShatranjKeKhilari" (The Chess autocracy that ruled India. Players) is a 1924 Hindi short-story written by  To give another opportunity to the MunshiPremchand. Government to accept Congress’s demands DinabandhuMitra wrote Nil-Darpan peacefully. Bankimchandra wrote Debi Chaudhurani The demand of the Satyagrahi was using Educational objective: to know about famous freedom of Speech against the war through an literary personality anti-war declaration. If government did not 42. Key: C arrest the Satyagrahi, he or she will move Explanation: GK Gokhale rejected the title of repeating it in villages and start march towards Knighthood and refused to accept a position in Delhi (“Delhi Chalo Movement”).Thecenterpiece the Council of the Secretary of State for India of Individual Satyagraha was non-violence, Educational objective: to know about which could be achieved only selecting the prominent personality linked to india’s struggle Satyagrahis. Acharya Vinoba Bhave, Pt. for independence. Jawaharlal Nehru and Brahma Dutt were the first, second and third the selected 43. Key: A Satyagrahi respectively. Explanation: In the year 1918 father of the Educational objective: to know about The nation Mahatma Gandhi along with Anasuya August offer and Individual Satyagraha Sarabhai and Shankerlal Banker founded the 45. Key: C Ahmadabad textile labour association. Explanation: Jivatram (also spelled Jiwatram) Educational objective: to know about history of Bhagwandas Kripalani was born labor movement in India in Hyderabad in Sindh in 1888. Following his 44. Key: B education at Fergusson College in Pune, he Explanation: Individual Satyagarh was the worked as a schoolteacher before joining the resultant of August offer. It was started with the freedom movement in the wake of Gandhi's mass Civil Disobedience Movement but M.K return from South Africa. From 1912 to 1917 Gandhi on Individual Satyagarh. This was Kripalani worked as a lecturer of English and movement for not only to seek independence but www.laex.in Page No. 107 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

history in L.S. College (then known as Grier BB 3. The demand for the Tebhaga Peasant College), Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Movement in Bengal was for Educational Objective: To Know About a) The reduction of the share of the landlords Freedom Struggle Leaders from one- half of the crop to one-third b) The grant of ownership of land to peasants 46. Key –B as they were actual cultivators of the land Explanation: Surendranath Banerji cleared the c) The uprooting of Zamindari system and the competitive examination in 1869, but was barred owing to a dispute over his exact age. end of serfdom After clearing the matter in the courts, Banerjee d) Writing off all peasant debts cleared the exam again in 1871 and was posted as assistant magistrate in Sylhet. However, 4. What was the reason for Mahatma Gandhi Banerjee was dismissed soon from his job owing to organize a Satyagraha on behalf of the to racial discrimination. Satyendranath Tagore peasants of Kheda? in 1863 became the first Indian to qualify the 1) The Administration did not suspend the land ICS. revenue collection in spite of a drought. Educational Objective: To Know About 2) The Administration proposed to introduce Freedom Struggle Leaders Permanent Settlement in Gujarat. Which of the statements given above is/are 21. Peasant Movement 1857 to 1947 correct? 1. Which one of the following revolts was a) 1 only made famous by Bankim Chandra b) 2 only Chatterjee in his novel Anand Math? c) Both 1 and 2 a) Bhil uprising d) Neither 1 nor 2 b) Rangpur and Dinapur uprising 5. Consider the following statements: c) Bishnupur and Birbhum rebellion 1) Dr. Rajendra Prasad persuaded Mahatma d) Sanyasi rebellion Gandhi to come to Champaran to investigate 2. Consider the following events: the problem of peasants. 1) Indigo Revolt 2) Acharya J. B. Kriplani was one of Mahatma 2) Gandhi's colleagues in his Champaran 3) Deccan Riot investigation. 4) Mutiny of the Sepoys Which of the statements given above is/ are The correct chronological sequence of these correct? events is: a) 1 only a) 4, 2, 1,3 b) 2 only b) 4, 2, 3, 1 c) Both 1 and 2 c) 2, 4, 3, 1 d) Neither 1 nor 2 d) 2,4, 1, 3

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6. At which one of the following places did sharecroppers used to hold their tenancy on Mahatma Gandhi first start his fifty-fifty basis of the share of the produce. In Satyagraha in India? land control parlance such crop sharing system a) Ahmedabad was known as barga, adhi, bhagi, etc., all b) Bardoli meaning half share. The sharecroppers were c) Champaran commonly called bargadars, adhiars etc. The d) Kheda traditional system of dividing the produce between the sharecroppers and owners came under challenge in 1946-47, when the 21. Key and Explanations sharecroppers called the traditional system 1. Key : D unjust and claimed two-thirds share of the Explanation: whole produce on the ground of their investment  The Sannyasi rebellion or Sannyasi Revolt and labour input. During the winter or aman were the activities of sannyasis and fakirs in harvest of 1946, sharecroppers of some north Bengal against the East India Company rule and northeastern districts of Bengal and their in the late 18th century. It is also known as supporters had gone to fields and cut down the Sannyasi rebellion which took place crops and thrashed them on their own khalan around and Baikunthupur (harvest processing field). forests of • The tebhaga struggle was successful in so far  The song, VandeMataram, which was written as it has been estimated that about 40% of in 1876, was used in the book Anandamath the sharecropping peasants got tebhaga right in 1882 granted willingly by the landholders. Educational Objective: Revolts in British India • The movement had definitely influenced the 2. Key : D passage of the EAST BENGAL STATE ACQUISITION Explanation: AND TENANCY ACT of 1950.  Santhal Rebellion(1855) Educational Objective: Peasant Movements  Mutiny of the Sepoys(1857) 4. Key: A  Indigo Revolt(1859) Explanation: Refer to the explanation above  Deccan Riot(1875) Educational objective: to know about all Educational Objective: Various revolts of movements launched by Gandhiji British India. 5. Key: B 3. Key: A Explanation: Raj Kumar Shukla, who was an Explanation:Tebhaga Movement was the indigo cultivator, persuaded Mahatma Gandhi to sharecroppers' movement demanding two thirds go to Champaran and hence, the Champaran of the produce from land for themselves and one Satyagraha began. Gandhiji arrived in third for the landlords. Tebhaga literally means Champaran on 10 April 1917 with a team of 'three shares' of harvests. Traditionally, www.laex.in Page No. 109 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

eminent lawyers i.e.Brajkishore Prasad, d) Neither 1 nor 2 Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha and 3. Which one of the following mountain Acharya Kripalani. tribes did the British first come into Educational objective: to know about all contact with after the grant of Diwani in movements launched by Gandhiji the year 1765 6. Key: C a) Garos Explanation: See the explanation given in the b) Khasis above question. c) Kukis Educational objective: to know about all d) Tipperahs movements launched by Gandhiji 22. Key and Explanations 22. Tribal Movements 1. Key : D 1. Which amongst the following provided a Explanation: common factor for tribal insurrection in  Taxation of tribal products is very vague India in the 19th century? statement a) Introduction of a new system of land revenue  Not every tribal area would have witnessed and taxation of tribal products. option b and c b) Influence of foreign religious missionaries in  D option reflects overall exploitation.Major tribal areas. tribal and peasant movements- santhal and c) Rise of a large number of money lenders, munda uprising, Eka, tebehaga, telangana traders and revenue farmers as middlemen movement, indigo revolt, Bardoli satyagraha in tribal areas. Educational Objective: Tribal Revolts in British d) The complete disruption of the old agrarian India order a the tribal- communities. 2. Key: C 2. After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what Explanation: Both 1 & 2 are correct. was/were the measure/measures taken by After the end of Santhal Uprising, the the colonial government? measures taken by the colonial government 1) The territories called 'Santhal Paraganas' were as follows – were created. Creation of new territories called as Santhal 2) It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer Pargana. The Santhal Pargana was created by land to a non-Santhal. partition of Bhagalpur and Birbhum. Select the correct answer using the code Ban on sale of land by a tribal to a non-tribal. given below Any such sale was declared illegal by the British a) 1 only government. b) 2 only Educational Objective: Revolts in British India c) Both 1 and 2 www.laex.in Page No. 110 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

3. Key : B a) 1 only Explanation: b) 2 only  The Khasis first came in contact with c) Both 1 and 2 the British in 1823, after the latter captured d) Neither 1 nor 2 Assam. The area inhabited by the Khasis 3. Consider the following statements: became a part of the Assam province after 1. The First Session of the Indian National the Khasi Hill States entered into a Congress was held in Calcutta subsidiary alliance with the British. 2. The Second Session of the Indian National  the Khasis revolted against the authority of Congress was held under the presidentship the British. The chiefs of various of Dada bhai Naoroji states united under the leadership of Tirhut 3. Both Indian National Congress and Muslim Singh. On 5th May 1892 a party of Khasis League held their sessions at Lucknow in raided Nunklow and massacred the 1916 and concluded the Lucknow pact. Europeans. Which of the statements given above is/are Educational Objective: British Empire’s correct? Expansion in India a) 1 and 2 b) 2 only 23. Indian National Congress c) 2 and 3 Sessions & the Facts about them d) 3 only

1. The 1929 Session of Indian National 4. Consider the following statements about Congress is of significance in the history the Indian National Congress of the Freedom Movement because the 1. was the first woman to be the a) Attainment of Self-Government was declared President of the Congress as the objective of the Congress 2. CR Das was in prison when he functioned as b) Attainment of Poorna Swaraj was adopted as the President of the Congress 3. The first Britisher to become the President of the goal of the Congress the Congress was Alan Octavian Hume c) Non-Cooperation Movement was launched 4. Alfred Webb was the President of the d) Decision to participate in the Round Table Congress in 1894 Conference in London was taken Which of these statements are correct?

2. Consider the following statements: a) 1 and 3 1. The first woman President of the Indian b) 2 and 4 National Congress was Sarojini Naidu. c) 2, 3 and 4 2. The first Muslim President of the Indian d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 National Congress was Badruddin Tyabji. 5. Where was the First Session of the Indian Which of the statements given above is/are National Congress held in December 1885? correct? a) Ahmadabad

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b) Bombay 10. The Lahore Session of the Indian National c) Calcutta Congress is very important in history, d) Delhi because 1) The Congress passed a resolution 6. The President of Indian National Congress demanding complete independence at the time of partition of India was 2) The rift between the extremists and a) C Rajagopalachari moderates was resolved in that Session b) JB Kripalani 3) A resolution was passed rejecting the two- c) Jawaharlal Nehru nation theory in that Session d) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Which of the statements given above is/are 7. While delivering the presidential address, correct? the Congress President who advocated the a) 1 only introduction of Roman script for Hindi b) 2 and 3 language was c) 1 and 3 a) Mahatma Gandhi d) None of the above b) Jawaharlal Nehru 11. For the Karachi session of Indian c) Abul Kalam Azad National Congress in 1931 presided over d) Subhash Chandra Bose by Sardar Patel, who drafted the Resolution on Fundamental Rights and 8. At which Congress Session was the Economic Programme? Working Committeeauthorised to launch a) Mahatma Gandhi a programme of Civil Disobedience? b) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru a) Bombay c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad b) Lahore d) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar c) Lucknow 12. A: Partition of Bengal in 1905 brought d) Tripuri an end to the Moderates role in the 9. Under whose presidency was the Lahore Indian freedom movement. Session of the Indian National Congress R: The Surat Session of Indian National held in the year 1929 wherein a Congress separated the Extremists from resolution was adopted to gain complete the Moderates. independence from the British? a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct a) Bal GangadharTilak explanation of A b) Gopal Krishna Gokhale b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct c) Jawaharlal Nehru explanation of A d) Motilal Nehru c) A is true but R is false d) A is false but R is true

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DadabhaiNaroji was the first Parsi to become 23. Key and Explanations the president of congress. He became president 1. Key: B of congress in the Calcutta session (second Explanation: Congress session held at Lahore session) of 1886. in 1929 is significant in Indian Freedom W.C. Banerjee was the first president of movement for following reasons- congress. He became president of congress in The Congress Working Committee met in the Bombay session of 1885. January 1930, & decided the following Badruddin Tyabji was the first Muslim to programme: become the president of congress. He became (i) Preparation for Civil Disobedience. president of congress in the madras session of (ii) As per the Poorna Swaraj resolution, the 1887. word Swaraj in the Congress Constitution Gandhi became president of congress only once would thenceforth mean complete in 1924 Belgaum session. independence or Poorna Swaraj which was Educational objective: to know about the set forth as the goal of the National important session of congress and the president Movement. of congress in that session. Further, to know (iii) Observance of 26th January as the 'Poorna when important personality became president of Swaraj' day, all over the country with the congress. hoisting of the tri colour flag. 3. Key: C (iv) Resignation by members of legislature. Explanation: The first session of the INC was (v) Withdrawal from all possible association with proposed at Poona, but because of an outbreak the British Government. of plague in Poona, the venue was shifted to A pledge was drawn up, which was to be read & Bombay. In addition, in the first session that solemnly taken while celebrating the day. was held in Bombay, at the ‘Gokuldas Tejpal Educational Objective: Congress sessions, Sanskrit Pathshala’ only 72 delegates had Presidents, place where held and important participated and most of them belonged to a decisions taken in particular session background of lawyers, and there were not any women in this session. The first president of 2. Key: B this session was W.C. Banerjee. Explanation:Annie Besant was the first Significance of Lucknow Session of women to become president of congress. She Congress(1916AD) became president of congress in the Calcutta After a lapse of about 10 years (since the Surat session of 1917. Split), both the Moderates and Extremists Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian women to were united. become president of congress. She became In the Lucknow session, the Congress and president of congress in the Kanpur session of the Muslim League signed the Lucknow Pact 1925. and build political consensus.

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Educational objective: to know about the 6. Key: B important session of congress and the president Explanation: J.B.Kripalaniwas the President of of congress in that session. Further, to know Indian National Congress at the time of partition when important personality became president of of India congress. Educational objective: to know about the important session of congress and the president 4. Key: B of congress in that session. Further, to know Explanation: Annie Besant was the first when important personality became president of women to become president of congress. She congress became president of congress in the Calcutta

session of 1917. 7. Key: D In 1921, Ahmedabad session C.R.Das was Explanation: In the Haripura session of 1938, elected as President but since he was in jail the Congress President Subhash Chandra Bose so Hakim Ajmal Khan became the acting advocated the introduction of Roman script for president. Hindi language. George Yule was first British to become the Educational objective: to know about the idea President of the Congress and ideology of Subash Chandra Bose. Alfred Webb was the President of the Congress in 1894 8. Key: B Educational objective: to know about the Explanation: Congress session held at Lahore important session of congress and the president in 1929 is significant in Indian Freedom of congress in that session. Further, to know movement for following reasons. when important personality became president of Lahore session of Indian National Congress was congress held under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru. It was held on 31st December 1929 and 1st 5. Key: B January 1930. Explanation: The first session of the INC was The Congress Working Committee met in proposed at Poona, but because of an outbreak January 1930, & decided the following of plague in Poona, the venue was shifted to programme: Bombay. In addition, in the first session that (i) Preparation for Civil Disobedience. was held in Bombay, at the ‘Gokuldas Tejpal (ii) As per the PoornaSwaraj resolution, the Sanskrit Pathshala’ only 72 delegates had word Swaraj in the Congress Constitution participated and most of them belonged to a would thenceforth mean complete background of lawyers, and there were not any independence or PoornaSwaraj, which was women in this session set forth as the goal of the National Educational objective: to know about the Movement. important session of congress and the president of congress in that session.

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(iii) Observance of 26th January as the (iv) Resignation by members of legislature. 'PoornaSwaraj' day, all over the country with (v) Withdrawal from all possible association with the hoisting of the tricolur flag. the British Government. (iv) Resignation by members of legislature. A pledge was drawn up, which was to be read & (v) Withdrawal from all possible association with solemnly taken while celebrating the day. the British Government. Educational objective: to know about the Civil A pledge was drawn up, which was to be read & Disobedience movement. solemnly taken while celebrating the day. 11. Key: B Educational objective: to know about the Civil Explanation: Resolution on fundamental Disobedience movement. rights at Indian National Congress Karachi 9. Key: C Session in 1931 Explanation: See the explanation given in the In the Karachi Session 1931, Indian National above question Congress adopted two resolutions one on Educational objective: to know about the Civil fundamental rights and other on the national Disobedience movement. economic programme which made the Karachi resolution memorable. The resolution on 10. Key: A fundamental rights had following features: Explanation: Congress session held at Lahore  Freedom of speech and expression of in 1929 is significant in Indian Freedom opinion, right to free association and right movement for following reasons. to assemble peacefully without arms. Lahore session of Indian National Congress was  Freedom of conscience and propagation of held under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru. religion, subject to public order and It was held on 31st December 1929 and 1st morality. January 1930.  Protection of language, culture and script The Congress Working Committee met in of minorities. January 1930, & decided the following  programme: Equality before law irrespective of religion, (i) Preparation for Civil Disobedience. caste, creed or gender.  (ii) As per the PoornaSwaraj resolution, the Equality of opportunity in public word Swaraj in the Congress Constitution employment, office of power, honour etc. would thenceforth mean complete  Right to keep arms in accordance with the independence or PoornaSwaraj, which was regulations and reservation made in that set forth as the goal of the National behalf. Movement.  Universal adult franchise. (iii) Observance of 26th January as the  Freedom of movement, stay and settle in 'PoornaSwaraj' day, all over the country with any part of the country and follow any the hoisting of the tricolur flag. occupation, and acquire property.

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 Provision of free and compulsory education 24. Governors by the state. Resolution on National Economic Programme 1. At a time when empires in Europe were at Karachi Congress Session 1931 crumbling before the might of Napoleon, At the Karachi Congress Session 1931 a which one of the following up Governor- resolution on a national economic programme General kept the British flag flying high also adopted. The main features of the national in India? economic programme included: a) Warren Hastings  Reform in the land revenue and rent on b) Lord Cornwallis land to give relief to small peasantry and c) Lord Wellesely exemption of revenue in case of d) Lord Hastings uneconomic land holdings. 2. Who among the following Governor  Reduction in military expenditure by at Generals created the Covenanted Civil least one half of the present scale. Service of India which later came to be  Relief from the agricultural indebtedness. known as the Indian Civil Service?  Control on usury and money lending. a) Warren Hastings  Improvements in the working conditions, b) Wellesley improvement in the living wage, limited c) Cornwallis hours of work and protection for women d) William Bentinck workers.  Right to form unions for workers and 3. By a regulation in 1793, the District peasants. Collector was deprived of his judicial  Government ownership and control of key powers and made the collecting agent industries, mines, and means of transport. only What was the reason for such  Regulation of currency and exchange rate regulation? in the National interest. a) Lord Cornwallis Felt That The District Collector's Efficiency Of Revenue Collection Educational Objective: Indian National Would Enormously Increase Without The Congress Karachi Session in 1931 Burden Of Other Work 12. Key:D b) Lord Cornwallis Felt That Judicial Power Explanation: A statement is false as role of Should Compulsorily Be In The hands Of moderates continued after partition of Bengal. Europeans While Indians Can Be Given The Extremists and moderates separated at Surat Job Of revenue Collection In The Districts session in 1907 but reunited at 1916 session at c) Lord Cornwallis Was Alarmed At The Extent Lucknow. Of Power Concentrated In The District Educational Objective: Partition of Bengal in Collector And Felt that such Absolute Power 1905 and Surat Split. Was Undesirable In One Person

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d) The Judicial Work Demanded A Deep c) Lord Curzon Knowledge Of India And A Good Training In d) Lord Hardinge Law And Lord Cornwallis Felt That District 8. Which one of the following pairs is not Collector Should Be Only A Revenue correctly matched? Collector a) Pitt's India Act : Warren Hastings 4. Who was the Viceroy of India when the b) Doctrine of Lapse : Dalhousie Rowlatt Act was passed? c) Vernacular Press Act : Curzon a) Lord Irwin d) Illbert Bill : Ripon b) Lord Reading C) Lord Chelmsford 9. Consider the following Viceroys of India d) Lord Wavell during the British rule: 1) Lord Curzon 5. Consider the following statements: 1) Robert Clive was the first Governor-General 2) Lord Chelmsford of Bengal. 3) Lord Harding 2) William Bentinck was the first Governor- 4) Lord Irwin General of India. Which one of the following is the correct Which of the statements given above is/are chronological order of their tenure? correct a) 1-3-2-4 a) 1 only b) 2-4-1-3 a) Both 1 and 2 c) 1-4-2-3 b) 2 only d) 2-3-1-4 d) Neither 1 nor 2 10.With reference to colonial period of Indian history, Match List-I with List-II and select 6. The First Factory Act restricting the the correct Key: working hours of women and children and authorizing local government to make List-I (Person) List-II (Event) necessary rules was adopted during whose A. Macdonald 1. Doctrine of Lapse time? B Linlithgo 2. Communal Award a) Lord Lytton C. Dalhousie 3. August Offer b) Lord Ripon D. Chelmsford 4. Dyarchy c) Lord Bentinck Codes: d) Lord Canning A B C D a) 3 2 1 4 7. Who among the following repealed the b) 3 2 4 1 Vernacular Press Act? c) 3 2 1 4 a) Lord Dufferin d) 2 3 4 1 b) Lord Ripon

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11. The last major extension of British Indian 24. Key and Explanations territory took place during the time of a) Dufferin 1. Key : C b) Dalhousie Explanation: Lord Wellesely(1798-1805)- Lord c) Lytton Wellesley (as Governor General) came to India in d) Curzon 1798 at a time when the British were locked in a life and death struggle with France all over the 12. The Governor-General who followed a world. spirited forward policy towards Educational Objective: Chronological knowhow Afghanistan was of Governor General’s of India a) Minto 2. Key : C b) Dufferin Explanation: c) Elgin  The present civil services of India are mainly d) Lytton based on the pattern of the former Indian

13. “The Congress is tottering to its fall and Civil Service of British India. Warren one of my great ambitions while in India, Hastings laid the foundation of civil service is to assist it to a peaceful demise" This and Charles Cornwallis reformed, statement is attributed to modernised, and rationalised it. Hence, a) Lord Dufferin Charles Cornwallis is known as 'the father of b) Lord Curzon civil service in India'. c) Lord Lytton  Cornwallis introduced two divisions of the d) None of these Indian Civil service—covenanted and uncovenanted. The covenanted civil service

14. A: According to the Wavell Plan, the consisted of only Europeans (i.e., British number of Hindu and Muslim members in personnel) occupying the higher posts in the the Executive Council were to be equal. government. The uncovenanted civil service R: Wavell thought that this arrangement was solely introduced to facilitate the entry would have avoided the partition of India. of Indians at the lower rung of the a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct administration. explanation of A Educational Objective: Evolution of Civil b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct Services in India explanation of A 3. Key : C c) A is true but R is false Explanation: By 1793 the judicial reforms of d) A is false but R is true Cornwallis took the final shape and were embodied in the famous Cornwallis Code. Separation of powers was the basis of the new reforms. The collector was deprived of all his www.laex.in Page No. 118 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

judicial and magisterial powers. The judges tried  Robert Clive’s position was of Major all civil cases in the districts. Cornwallis was General. the believer of the idea of Separation Of Educational Objective: Know about Governor Power. Generals and Viceroys Educational Objective: Reforms by Lord 6. Key : B Cornwallis- Administrtative reform, Judicial Explanation: The Factory Act -1881 (1st Act) reforms, commercial reforms, Cornwallis code  Children between age of 7-12, were to work 4. Key : C for 9 hours/ day. Employment of Explanation: Rowlatt Acts, (February 1919),  Children below 7 years was prohibited legislation passed by the Imperial Legislative  Mid-day meal interval, 4 holidays/ month Council, the legislature of British India. The and fencing of machinery in the factory also acts allowed certain political cases to be tried provided. without juries and permitted internment of  This act applicable only to factories using suspects without trial. Lord Chelmsford was the mechanical powers, employing not less than Viceroy of India when the Rowlatt Act was 100 works and working for not more than 4 passed. months in a year limitations: Educational Objective: Governor Generals ,  In 1890, Indian factory commission Viceroys and important initiatives during their appointed and on its report the next factory tenures. act of 1891, was passed. 5. Key : B Educational Objective: Factory Acts Explanation: 7. Key : B  The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first step Explanation: taken by the British Government to control  Vernacular Press Act, 1878 was proposed and regulate affairs of the East India by Lord Lytton, then Company. It designated the Governor of viceroy of India (governed 1876–80), the act Bengal as the Governor-General of Bengal was intended to prevent the vernacular and created an Executive Council of 4 to press from expressing criticism assist him. Lord Warren Hastings was the of British policies—notably, the opposition first Governor-General of Bengal. that had grown with the outset of the Second  First governor general of British India was Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80). . Charter act of The act excluded English-language 1833 made the Governor General of Bengal publications. as the Governor General of India.  Lord Ripon repealed the Vernacular Press And first such one was LORD WILLIAM Act in 1881. BENTINCK. Educational Objective: Vernacular Press Act, 1878

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8. Key : C Lord 1798 - He introduced the Subsidiary Explanation: Wellesley 1825 Alliance, under which the Indian ruler agreed to keep  Vernacular Press Act, 1878 was proposed British forces in his territory. by Lord Lytton, then viceroy of India . The first state to accept the Subsidiary Alliance was the  The Ilbert Bill was a bill introduced in State of Hyderabad. 1883 during the Viceroyship of the Lord 1828 - First to be designated as the Marquess of Ripon. Before the introduction William 1835 Governor General of India in Bentick 1828. He outlawed the practice of the bill, British subjects in 1873 had been of Sati and also introduced English education in India. exempted from trial by Indian magistrates. Lord 1848 - He introduced the infamous For cases that involved death or Dalhousi 1856 'Doctrine of Lapse'. He also transportation, they could only be tried by a e brought Railways and Telegraph to India. He is also higher court. known as the maker of modern  This scenario changed with the introduction India. of the Ilbert Bill in 1883. Lord 1856 - He was the Governor General Canning 1862 during the mutiny of 1857. He  The contents of the bill stated that from now was appointed the first Viceroy on, British and Europeans subjects would be after the war. tried in session courts by Indian judges, who Lord 1869 - He was the Viceroy of India, were senior enough in the civil service to Mayo 1872 who was killed by a convict in preside over such proceedings. It was this the . The first provision that would be a source of great census of India was conducted anger among the European community. which did not however include Educational Objective: Governor Generals , some territories in India. Viceroys and important initiatives during their Lord 1876 - The Delhi durbar or the Lytton 1880 Imperial Durbar in which tenures. Queen Victoria was proclaimed 9. Key : A Kaisar-i-Hind was held during his period on 01 Jan 1877. Governor Vernacular Press Act, 1878, for General/ Period Points to remember better control of Indian Viceroy newspapers was passed during Warren 1774 - First Governor General of his tenure. Hastings 1785 Bengal. (He was the appointed Lord 1880 - He introduced the dual system as the Governor General of Rippon 1884 of governance. The first Fort William, but he exercised complete and synchronous control over East India census of British Territories in Company officials all over India was conducted in 1881 India.) He was impeached in during his period. He was also England for his wrong-doings, associated with Ilbert Bill namely The Rohilla War, Case which sought to allow Indian of Raja Chait Singh and judges to try British offenders. Begums of Oudh. He is hailed as the Father of Lord 1786 - Permanent Settlement, an Local Self Government in India. Cornwalli 1793 agreement between the East Lord 1884 - The Indian National Congress s India Company and Bengali Dufferin 1888 was formed during his period. landlords to fix revenues to be 1899 - Partition of Bengal and launch raised from land was Lord 1905 of Swadeshi Movement. introduced during his period. Curzon

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Lord 1910 - The Capital of India was 11. Key : B Hardinge 1916 shifted from Calcutta to Delhi Explanation: Dalhousie through Doctrine of during his tenure in 1911. George V, the King of England Lapse, wars and blame of misrule (in case of visited India to attend the Awadh) enhanced the British control over large Delhi durbar in 1911. An assassination attempt was Indian territory. After which Revolt of 1857 took made on his life by Rash Bihari Bose and others. place and the Imperial power stopped the policy Lord 1916 - The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy of aggressive expansion Chelmsfo 1921 of 1919 occured during his Educational Objective: Expansion of British rd period. Montague Chelmsford reforms, Rowlatt Act, Khilafat control over India. movement are other events associated with his period. 12. Key : D Lord 1921 - Chauri Chaura incident Explanation: The viceroy during 1876 to 1880 Reading 1926 occurred during his period. Mahatma Gandhi was was Lord Lytton whose aggressive policy of imprisoned for the first time in masterly inactivity and followed towards India. Afghanistan. Anglo Afghan war was the result Lord 1926 - His period is associated with Irwin 1931 First Round Table Conference, of this policy of Lord Lytton in 1878. He is Simon Commission, Gandhi criticized for his policy towards the Afghanistan. Irwin pact and the famous Dandi March. Educational Objective: Lytton’s period as Lord 1931 - Second and Third Round Table Viceroy Willingdo 1936 Conferences were held during n his period. Communal award 13. Key: B was given by British PM Ramsay Macdonald and the Explanation:Lord Curzon served as Governor Poona Pact between Mahatma General and Viceroy of India from 6 January Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar was signed during his period. 1899 to 18 November 1905. Lord 1936 - Cripps Mission visited India Important events during his tenure include: Linlithgo 1943 and the Quit India resolution w was passed during his tenure.  Famine of 1899-1900 {Chappania Akal}, Lord 1943 - Shimla conference and Cabinet  Appointment of Famine Commission {under Wavell 1947 mission are associated with his Sir Anthony McDonnell}, period.  Commission on Irrigation {under Colin Scott 10. Key : C Moncrieff}, Explanation:  Police Commission {under Andrew Frazer},  Doctrine of Lapse(1848)  Education Commission {aka Raleigh  Dyarchy(1919) Commission},  Communal Award(1932)  Enactment of Indian University Act, 1904,  August Offer(1940)  Land Resolution of 1902, Educational Objective: Important Events under  Punjab Land Alienation Act 1900, Governor Generals and Viceroys  Establishment of Imperial Departments of Agriculture and Commerce, Industry; www.laex.in Page No. 121 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

 Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act,  The Viceroy’s Executive Council was to 1899; have all Indian members except the  Establishment of a training college for army Viceroy himself and the Commander-in- officers at Quetta; Chief.  Calcutta Corporation Act, 1899; Ancient  The council was to have a ‘balanced Monument Protection Act, 1904; representation’ of all Indians including  Military expedition to Tibet, ‘caste-Hindus’, Muslims, Depressed  Occupation of Chumbi Valley Classes, Sikhs, etc. Muslims were given  In addition, the most hated Partition of 6 out of 14 members which accounted Bengal. for more than their share of the His policy resulted in deep discontent and the population (25%). upsurge of a revolutionary movement in the Lord Wavell invited 21 political leaders including country, due to which he can be called most Mahatma Gandhi and M A Jinnah to Shimla, the unpopular Viceroy of India. summer capital of British India to discuss the “The Congress is tottering to its fall and one Wavell Plan on June 25th, 1945. of my great ambitions while in India, is to The conference was a failure because the assist it to a peace full demise" was one of his League and the Congress could not settle famous statement regarding Congress. their differences. Educational objective: to know about Partition Jinnah insisted that only League members of Bengal could be the Muslim representatives in the 14. Key: C Council, and opposed to the Congress Explanation: The Second World War had nominating Muslim members. This was caused many socio-economic problems in the because Jinnah wanted the League to be the British Empire, especially when it came to sole representative of Muslims in India. maintaining their overseas . Thus the Congress would never agree to this demand. British Government saw it fit to grant India the In the Wavell Plan, there were 6 Muslim freedom it had been demanding for so long. In representatives out of 14 members, which was addition, the Quit India Movement and an increase in revolutionary activity only made the more than the Muslim share of the population. British position in India tenuous at best. Despite this, the League wanted the power of Lord Wavell, who became the Viceroy in 1943, veto to any constitutional proposal which it was charged with presenting a formula for the believed was not in its interest. Congress future government of India that would be opposed this unreasonable demand also. acceptable to both the Indian National Congress The Wavell Plan, thus, was dissolved with the and the All-India Muslim League, allowing for a smooth transition of power. Lord Wavell was failure of the conference. And with it the last considered an apt person for this task as he had chance to avoid partition. been the head of the Indian Army and thus had Educational Objective: Wavell Plan a better understanding of the Indian situation. Wavell Plan Propose www.laex.in Page No. 122 https://elearn.laex.in Modern Indian History UPSC Previous Year Questions

The merged into the other two 25. Post Independence India "presidency banks" in British India, the Bank of

1. Consider the following events: Calcutta and the Bank of Bombay, to form the 1) The first democratically elected communist Imperial Bank of India. The Government of India party government formed in a State in India. took control of the Imperial Bank of India in 2) India's then largest bank, 'Imperial Bank of 1955, with (India's India',was renamed 'State Bank of India'. central bank) taking a 60% stake, renaming it 3) Air India was nationalised and became the the State Bank of India national carrier. In 1957, the CPI won the state elections in 4) Goa became a part of independent India. Kerala. This was the first time that a party other Which of the following is the correct than congress won control over an Indian state. chronological sequence of the above events? E. M. S. Namboodiripad became Chief Minister a) 4-1-2-3 of kerla. b) 3- 2-1-4 On 18 December 1961, the Indian government c) 4- 2-1-3 took military action against the Portuguese rule d) 3-1-2-4 in Goa culminating in the liberation of Goa and its merger with the Indian Union. 2. With reference to land reforms in Educational objective: To know about the independent India, which one of the chronology of important events of post- following statements is correct? independence history of India a) The ceiling laws were aimed at family 2. Key: B holdings and not individual holdings. Explanation: b) The major aim of land reforms was The main objectives of the Land Reforms: agricultural land to all the landless.  To make redistribution of Land to make a c) It resulted in cultivation of cash crops as a socialistic pattern of society. Such an effort predominant form of cultivation. will reduce the inequalities in ownership of d) Land reforms permitted no exemptions to the land. ceiling limits.  To ensure land ceiling and take away the surplus land to be distributed among the 25. Key and Explanations small and marginal farmers.  To legitimize tenancy with the ceiling limit. 1. Key: B  To register all the tenancy with the village Explanation: Tata Sons set up Tata Airlines in Panchayats. 1932. JRD Tata, the legendary entrepreneur,  To establish relation between tenancy and ceiling. himself flew the first flight between Karachi and  To remove rural poverty. Bombay. In 1946, Tata Airlines became a  Proliferating socialist development to lessen public company and was renamed Air India. social inequality

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 Empowerment of women in the traditionally Educational objective: To know about land and male driven society. agriculture reforms in India  To increase productivity of agriculture.  To see that everyone can have a right on a piece of land.  Protection of tribal by not allowing outsiders to take their land. Land Ceilings Act  The land ceiling acts define the size of land that an individual/family can own.  In India, by 1961-62, all the state governments have passed the landceilingacts.  However, the ceiling limits varied from state to state. To bring uniformity across states, a new land ceiling policy was evolved in 1971.  In 1972, national guidelines were issued with ceiling limits as 10-18 acres for best land, 18-27 acres for second-class land and for the rest with 27-54 acres with a slightly higher limit in the hill and desert areas.  Before 1972, the basis of land ceiling was an individual as a unit instead of family.  Since 1972, family is considered as the unit of application for land ceilings. In addition, certain exemptions were allowed for plantations of crops like tea and coffee, BhoodanYagya Committees, registered cooperatives, and other bodies.

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