Die Zeitschrift KADMOS erscheint jdhrlich in zwei Heften. Der Um- fang des ganzenJahrgangs betrdgt etwa 1.92Seiten (einschlie8lich Bild- tafeln).DerJahrgang kostet z.Z.DM 98,-. Die Abnahme des ersten Heftes verpflichtet zur Abnahme des ganzenJahrgangs. Manuskripte und auf den Inhalt der Zeitschrift beziigliche Mitteilun- gen werden an die Adresse der Redaktion (Villiam C. Brice, Cherry Tree Cottage, 14 Barlow Moor Road, Manchester,M20 8GJ, England) JoHNG. YouNcrn erbeten. Zum Druck kcinnen nur maschinenschriftliche und einseitig beschriebeneManuskripte, sowie reproduktionsflhige Abbildungsvor- AEGEAN SEALS OF THE, LATE BRONZE AGE,: lagen angenommen werden. MASTERS AND \TORKSHOPS
II. THE FIRST_GENERATIONMINOAN MASTERS'I
Synopsis of Text
The Line-Jawed Lions Group and the Cretan Popular Group (p. 117) I. The Line-JawedLions Group (p. 119) 1. The JasperLion Mastcr 2. The Vapheio-Rutsi Prism Master 3. The Master of the Lion from Ayios Ioannes T. 4 4. The Master of the Attacking Lion in Berlin 5. The Master of the Attendant Griffins Rc: Copying in tlrc USA: 6. The Bulbous*Nose Master 7. Miscellaneous Line-Jawed Lions Authorization to photoc
Illustrations I wish to thank Dr Ingo Pini ._. for his permission to reproduce drawings rnade for cMS (Figs. 1, 3-7A, n, 14, 1,6, 18,20*22,24,26,27,30,32-36,38-45,47 52, and, 58-61). Figs. 2, 11, 15,46, and 5i-55 are taken from their pri'rary publications. ' The rest are drawn by the author on the basis of published photogiaphs.- drawings in Figures .The 1-6 are an aide-m6moire to styliitic features; more dctailcd understanding is given by the primary publications cited below. The simple references below with volume and index numbers only are to the Corpus der minoischen und mykenischen Siegel(Berlin, 1964ff.). : AGDS Antike Gemmen in deutschen Sammlungen, Munich, 196gff. CMCG: A.x. Sakellariou,Les cachets minoens de la collection Giamalakis,l,tudes Cr6toisesX, Paris 1958. ffi. CS : V.E.G. Kenna, Cretan Seals,Oxford 1960. HM - Heraklion Museum seals:HMm : rings HMs : sealings. : Karo G. Karo, Die Schachtgrdbervon Mykenai, Munich t9lO. Text Nr. Ref Text Nr . Ref. A I1 1 xII 2A7 34 IX 174 2 Karo 274 JJ i 13 2 3 233a 36 IX 171 @ 4 IJ )D J/ CS 22P 5 272a 38 IV 298 o 272b 39 IV 290 A 7 xII 229 4a l 87 I I 151 4l xll 22rl 9 I 258 lll I 42 | 213 r 273 43 lv 246 11 CMCG 335 244 Y 422t 72 xII 214 45 v 422b W, 73 CS 235 46 HMs 377 @ 1.4 XIII 9 347 | 270 75 HM 1713 48 IY 257 16 v 654 49 V 677a 77 AGDS II Berlin36 5U v 677b 18 I 2A6 51 Y 677c 79 x 268 B 152 I 219 I 480 53 HMn 424 27 IV 258 54 HMm 1034 22 IV 4OD f,f, Ring from Mochlos 23 AGDS III Kassel6 256 Ring from 7 24 IX 11,2 Hogarth'sHouse II 1 25 CS 375 5/ Ring from Avgo 26 VIII 128 55 269 Fig. 1 27 XII 168 59 277 1, 2: The JasperLion Master 28 x 262 288 2-13: The Vapheio-RutsiPrism Master 29 CS 3ZP 4 67 144 )U XIII 136 5 62 CS 239 37 x 261 6i CS 23S 32 XIII 40 64 CS 297 -) -t IV 3OO bf, CS 343 workshops 113 r12 John G. Younger Aegean seals:masters and
m\@ry/ -27 4 ,@ @\
"@ 5sVwn 23 @ ,m Ftg. 2 14,15:The Master of the LIon from Ayios IoannesT.4 16, 17: The Master of the Attacking Griffin in Berlin 18, 19: The Master of the Attendant Griffins 2A-23: The Bulbous-Nose Master and Close 25*31: Popular Group, 'Women and Men 32-35: Popular Group, Animals and Monsters 24: Miscellaneous Line Jawed Lions 11,4 John G. Younger Aegean seals:masters and workshops 115 @.@,@ ''@
/-2
Fig. 4 36-41: Cretan Popular Group: Animals and Monsters (cont.) 42, 43: The Master of the Berry-Head \Waterbirds 47-51.: The Master of the Theban Butterflies 44-46: The Masrer of the Eleusis Matrix 52-55: The Master of the IsopataRing 116 John G. Younger Aegean seals:masters and workshoPs t17
A. The Line-Jawed Lions Group and the Cretan Popular GrouP
Introd.wction
About 2O'/"of sealsronesare made from the common soft (Mohs scale 57 1.5-4) srones that are often identified as varieties of serpentine or stearire in modern discussions. Serpentine (Mohs 4) is defined as a hydrous silicate of magnesium oxide, so called becauseits usually ob- scure green colour resemblesthat of snakeskin. Steatite (Mohs 2) is a varietl of talc, a silicate of magnesiumplus various impurities, and has, asthe nameimplies, a greasyor soapytexture; because of the impurities steatitecomes in manyiolors' the most common being shiny black, pale green,caramel brown, rust red, creamyellow, or any mottled combina- tion. 59 Since it is not often possible to determine petrologically whether a sealstoneis of serpentineor steatite, we therefore define these terms to an fit easily appreciaied criteria. Steatite has a greasy texture and _oily sheen; it is io soft that a fingernail would almost be able to scratch it. Serpentineis dull and grainy, usually greento grey in color;.it is suf- ar@ ficiently hard for p.nkttif., without excessivepress.ure,_only lightly " to scraich it. It should be noted that some silicateslike haematiteor jasper can often be confused with serpentine,though a minute hardness 6/- t..i on the back of the stone will resolve the issue. ,,A. No Late Bronze Age steatite seal has been excavatedfrom contexts dated earlier than the end of LH III Ai, while the serpentineseais occur mostly in LM I contexts. From the findspot it also seems extremely probable that the serpentineseals are Cretan, and that those of steatite 6sw are Mainland and Island in manufacture. Stylistically, too, there is a noticeabledifference. The serpentineseals commonly depict animals and human figures in cult scenes'pl.rt few monsters, all with fully, though " simply, modeled bodies and linear limbs. The steariteseals almost irr- Fig. 6 ,r^.Lbly depict either animals (so schematically scratched on thc scel 56, 57: The Avgo Ring Group face that their speciescannot often be determined),or plant ftlrnls tlr:tt 58-60: The Master of the Messenian Griffins on Cushions are little more than geometricdesigns. 61: The Master of the Potniai Leonton Almost all these soft-stone sealshave been found in frrirly lrtrrrr[tlr' 62, 63: The Master o{ the Ashmolean Dogs l 64, 65: The Master of Birds with Lumpy Bodies contexts:fills, simple houses,cist graves,and somc c[rrrtt[rt'tlptttl,'-
I A fcw stcatitcscals cotnc {ronr provirrci:rll,l-t III Il-(l tholoi (V l''() 741,746.19),wlrcrc rrrtrlrt r litttt'wltr:rtthcy wcrc lt() tltttlItl t'ttt" 118 John G. Younger Aegean seals:masters and workshops 11'9 The humble narure of the majority of the findspotsfor such sofr-stone sealssuggests that they tion.3 The CP lion, simple and toy-like, is, however, actually better *... ih. porr.rrior* of the common folk. The easilyacquired suited to soft stones and often looks inappropriate, though charmingly materiarsand the simpre.(whennot hasty.)engraving arguefor their both so, on hard-stoneseals (e.g., AGDS II Berlin 36, and CMS i 13, beinginexpensive, ihiie rhei,rr.f. iir.s".Jr"irpty , copious demand. 1.44and 145)or on the gold-foil cutouts(e.g., Karo, 4L,45,50) from For such reasons Mycenae Shaft Grave IIL these sealstonesconstitute the popular Groups.2 The serpentine seals found armost excrusivelyin LM r 6..irr, .o.r,.** comprise the more naturalistic popular Cretan Gro.rf ,fr. Cp Group); O....fr*, L Tbe Line-Jawed Lions Growp the steatiteseals.found m.osrry o.r th. M#il";,;.-.iio,r"tty in the Islands, and rarely in crete i' co.rte*ts dated no earlier than LH This group comprisesat leastsix major artistswho use a distinctive III Ai late, form the cruderl\4ainlandpopurar Group, *n.n *iiil. air- type of lion - the mane is stippled with short strokes or dashes and cussedin a subsequentstudy. is separatedfrom the large rectangular or broadly circular head by an Becausethe Cp figuresare simply modeted and the soft serpentine arc that is prolonged to form the lower jaw; this lower jaw usually scholarshave ofren beenmisled ]"",i:r^-;:._:1Lt:ilt: ,h.i.'pr,rp., droops either to depict an open mouth (the JasperLion Master) or to datrng. Kenna aates type of "bor, 1!;-dlstinctiv_e_ lion (the Line_Jawei type curve sharply down as if it was also doubling as a loliing tongue (the below) on X.II 207 to LM i, ." fV 274 to LM III Ai, on Vapheio-RutsiPrism Master).This latter useof the lower jaw is far more VIII-d:r_._":r_.d 125 to LM III Aii and on 80 to LM III B, and on VIi 197to common, and may stemfrom a simplifiedversion of the jaw and tongue LH III c, while Boardman illustratesrhe same ..th" lion on cs 323 (GGFR in the work of the MM artist. the Palaikastro Cat Master. 1?_:"der thegeneral heading EnJ .f ,h";;;. fl._10s-106). Orj po The actual date for the group is secure;the two sealsfrom the earliest 1. The Lion Master (Fig. 1) contexts(v 690 and Jasper I to point to a beginningrate in th. toih ..r.ru.y p c, (Knossos,ca. 1525-1500 B.C.) fhe ftl::it{:l 9P examplesf.orridrt.i.onrexts, t o*.,r..,'*... rn use rn the LM IB/LH IIA period and may indicate ih"t th. g.orrp,, BSA 74, 1.979,274-228.This master'slions are distinguishedby the floruit extendedinto the 15th century n. c.'we may postular.-rh.., , use of dots for the paws and tips of the jaws, and by a fairly rectangular phase1525- 1475B.C. for the Cretan lopulr G.otip.' neck in which the mane is depicted by rows of regular short strokes; This"CP Group is a collectio'of ,oft_rrone seals, but the basic often the tail risesfrom the lower back. JHB proposes a date early in the style can aiso be found on a numbe. :1it:::lthe of h".d_rto.,. r..tr, 15th century or late in the 16th;JGY (TUAS 6, 1,981,67)adds the gold wnose better preservation and generally more deliberately careful style spindle or pinhead Karo 274 from Mycenae Shaft Grave IV, thus raising allow us to assignthem more.Jnfid"nriy ro severarartists'who io*.,h., the date at leastto the last quarter of the 16th century B.C. make.upthe Line-Jawed Lion Group i 1(....ft"..rh; ;j"ir;; clo"p;. As Published: It is unreasonableto assume,however, th"t ih" r_y l;." ,.,;r* .r. (both 271; CMCC differentfrom the cp artists.The The Master. V 304 and 493 LH I-II); VII 90; VIII 154;X25A;XII typical'cp rion difiers from the L-J 260; 244 245; a sealingin the Stratigraphical Museum, Knossos; lion only in attitude, CS and nor in anaromititrir onry differen.. il;i; rn. rr., and a lentoid (8793-1863) in the Victoria and Albert Museum. softer :ll.r, :h. ,serpentineallows ih. ro engravewith easeand Near V 584 (LH I-II) and 690 (LM IA); X 303; AT 66; HM 661 and tluri; tlurdrty'whrle the "r,iri CopenhagenNM 1364; BSA cast 184; and a lentoid in thc Iidith llecl,s harderand more varuable ,torr.r"d.-.nd greaterself_ consciousness, collection. moreplanning, more control, more seriousness of inren_ I ll lrtists who worhed rnainly in soft stoncs put thcir h:rntl to irtxr(\, (()rntli,rrrr, ,rrr,l 2 Boardmanthinks of both groupsas expressions jrspcr, wc slrould cxpcct thc convcrsc rrntl thrrt tlrcrcforc rrol,rll scrlrcrrlin( (,r \r1.rrrr( of the."common style,,(GGFR 393). ( We preferthe term..popular,becarse sc,rlstoncs bclong to cithcr thc (lrctrrrr or Mrirrlrnd l)opulrr' irorrp lrrrt ,rrc trrrt,,rrl ',,1t ii not only i_fli", th"i, simplicityt;;;; .." notcsthcir useand value. sl,rrrc rt'ntlcrings ()l Irrtcr stylt's tlr.rt oe,rrr prt'tl,rrrirr,rtt'ly in lr.trtl slotrcr, tl',',, rr tlt t', ,listusscrl irr tlrc,rppropri.rtt srrlrst'r;rrcnt ;rllitlts. 120 younger John G. Aegean seals:masters and workshops l2l
Add: (note the waterbirds' legs on I273). The careful detailing of The Master (1) probably animals \JI.29? from Crete,and a gold spindleor pinhead(2 = Karo 274)from.Mycenae the bird wings on I273, eventhe pin featherson both sidesa and b _ ShaftGrave IV (LH D. Close. a) Note.thelargeheads, short dotted muzzli anddotted hind leg. (unillustrated), all stand in direct contrast to the more impressionistic Onehand: IX 114and IXTD andAT 97. renderingof the birds onI233a; perhapsthe slightly greatersize of the Close: V 585from Kasarma(LH I_II). birds on I273 might account for their better details. Near: Kn Hys 1-s8(KS-I R32),and Kn HMs 303(KSPI R23). b) One hand:AT 45 andKZ fi9. I 151 (8) from Mycenae T. 51S (LH I-II), 258 (9) from Vapheio (LH IIA), and 273 Dependent. (forgery- g, (10) from Rutsi (LH IIA); AT 94 and 95; and CMCG 335 (11) from Lasithi. Gill, BICS 1961,Z-13; authentic_ Kenna,CS s.n 157\. CS i5Z from Ayia pelagia(said to be LM IIA). Close. XII 214 (12) probably from Crete. Near, I 150 from MycenaeT. 518 (LH I-II)
Alerions: 2. The Master of the Vapheio_Rutsiprisms (Fig. 1) (ca. 1525-1500 B. C.) The wings are carefully executed, similar to those of the preceding waterbirds. A small curvilinearline separatesthe head from the body, This artist probably a carry-over from the line that demarcatesthe master's lion uses a simple linear style with fewer dots than does the lower jaws. Note how this line becomesa loop about the Jasper Lion Master. The deeply engiaved shoulder rine thai.orrti.,.r., manesand to form the foreleg eye on soft stones(see CP Alerion below). On AT 17 and 18 a leg is resembleshl. demarcation that forms arso the Iower, drooping jaw. -irr. depicted(cf . CS 423, CP Monstersin V-R Prism Master'sStyle below). These traits are found on almost all Cp seals, revealingthe V-R Prism Master as rhe most influential of the eroup. The CS235 (13); and AT lo- tt. prisms r 233,272, and 273 u,ith waterbirds are all ,-"ll'"rrJ'"[ of amethyst; the stag.o1 | 272bshows a lumpy body, drooping raii that tnrckensar rhe end, Iargehooves, and dotted elbow/kneejoinisas does 3. The Master of the Lion from Ayios IoannesT.4, HM 1713(Fig.2) the buli c:n I233b - io*p"r. the lions on IX 114 and,7D,.lor. ,o the J-L Masrer. This masteruses L-J Lion traits for the headand mane, a dot eye and alarger dot nose, and a broad Cut Style treatmentof the body. Lions, Bulls, Stags, Boars: XIII 9 (14), and HM 1713 (1,5)from Ayios IoannesT. 4 (LM IB-II; BSA 51' 1956, TheMaster. and272 (5, 6)from Rutsi (both LH ilA). 93 fig.5 and pl. 14). Close ].31j 11:al_{:_.1Jap!9io YIII 137; XIII 22; HM 2096from Knossos(LM IB; AR 1959-1960 :r' fig.270);and XII 229(7\ *", r) , .', ,
\flaterbirds: 4. The Master of the Attacking Griffin in Berlin, AGDS II Berlin 36 (Fig.2) The two prisms r 233 and 272 areobviously by the same master; the connection between this pair and r 273 is more tenuous. The material Like the precedingmaster, this artist usesL-J Lion traits (the mane- for all thr.ee.prismsis the same; the diameter of the faces i, ,rr. to-jaw line, long claws, harsh shoulder) and Cut-Style traits (tubular sameon all three seals;in all threecases ".rrif sidea) is right sideup to siie b); drill marks on the griffin's wings and for the eyes, and long sieek r 233 and 272 have the sametype of gold mount, oihil. p...o.,ar inspec- bodies). tion of r 273 revealsthe. post for a similar golh fossibiy within II Berlin 36 (17) saiclto bc lr,rtrr the stringhole;a and the lumpy, ir,.oh...r,tLodelling"is -o;;; V 654 (16) from IalysosT.20 (LH III Ci), and AGDS rt-r.,r-. ro. Athens. "tt a This type of gold mount, a single ring of gold, is, however, fairly con_rmon(on posrs: r 44,74' 233' 250,255,272; or."pi, v orr) and decoratesearry sealstones. t22 younger John G. Aegean seals:masrers and workshops 123
5. The Master of the Attendant Griffins (Fig. 2) II. The Cretan Popular Growp (Figs.3,4)
. .Probabiy the same as the Master of the Attacking Griffin in Berlin, This group is admittedly alarge mixed group of serpentineseals that this master also uses tubular drill marks on his iriffin,s ---o" U.r, carry figures more or lessperfunctoriiy engraved.The human figures are employs dots for the eyesand the occasionalpaw. -irr*, subdividedby costume,the animalsby style. from l1q6.ql) ProsymnaT.2]LH rr-IrrA), X268 (19),XrII 39,AT 96,AM 1e38. 1073(CS pl.20), and HM 127 pediados frorn Avdou iArchEph 1907 pls.O_S no. rO:;. \flomen: Close. (note the use of the solid drill instead of the tubular drill): X 242; and a) The dressis decoratedwith long horizontal strokes: HM 1753from,Sphakia Siteias (praktika 1955pl. 110 gamma). Dependent (the addition CS 375 (25) from Smyrna and HM 148a from Mochlos Pediados (PM II fig. 19ab). of the radius with dotted clbows and caipal pad, rescmbles some of the Associated sealings:KZ 4 and 5. later work of the,school of the Mycenae_V"pi"io Lion Master): CS J5 I from Psychro(CGFR pl. 145) b) The dressis decoratedwith two verrical rows of convex arcs meering to form V-shapes: VIII 128(26), AT 123,and CMCG 367. c) The dress is decoratedwith a register of vertical strokes bounded 6. The Bulbous_NoseMaster (Fig.2) by two horizontallines: XII 158(27) and2T6aboth probably from Crete; XIII 5D; CMCG 361from Knossosl Like the Master of the Lion from Ayios Ioannes T.4, this master CS 252,253 from Knossos, 282-4 and 41P; HM 183 from Ayia Triada (LM IB; use.sa large dot for the animal'snose, bur also employs the samesized ArchBph 1972pI.948),2A0 from Knossos (BSA 8, lDAl 2,8),393 from Gournia drill.for,!9.gy._,and placesboth dots closetogither if not actually (ArchEph 1972 pl.94c), 395 from Gournia (Gournia p. 54, fig. 28.8: "oldest part of touching. vith the exceptionof the three close seirs,the Bulbous-Nose town"), and944; and FlorenceMuseum 84208from Korai ncar Knossos(SMEA 10, lions. have 1969,7-18, no.4). ro.p."*: (see the Master of the Attendant Griffins). The Munich amygdaloid,however, carricsa lio' whose heaciis in t(e Bul- d) The dressis decoratedwith two parallelV's separatingrwo regisrers bous-Nose. style,.but the paws are dotted and a radius is added ending of vertical strokes(cf. IV 295in Lions a. In the V-R Prism Master's in a,dotted carpal.pad(see the Master of the Attendant Griffins, De_ style,p. 124below): pendent, above);the masterof the Kasseland AM lentoids belo* rr-ruy I51l from Crete; IX 163 from Ligortyno near Gortyn; X262 (28);XII 239probably hav_e^^workedprimarily in soft stones (cf. Cp Women Srrbg.o.rf, from Crete, CMCG 360 from Knossos; HM 86 from Kalyvron Mylopotamou p. 129 below). "rrd (ArchEph 1902pls. 6-8, no. 86), 143from Knossos(ArchEph 19OZpls, 6-8, no. 111), 9l94reruTylioeos.(ArchEph 1912; pl. 16a), and 1282 (ArchEph 1972 pl.94d). I 480 (20) from Crete; IV 25g (21) from Kousse in the Messara, and 4OD (22) from Eleounda;IX 13D; HM 1899from knossos; and AT 49. e) MiscellaneousWoman: close' a) AGDS i IV 283b from Fortetsa and 302 from Roussochoria Y 253 from Armenoi T. 24 (LM III Munich Meros and perhaps HM 1317from Mavrospelio ^66_from T. III (BSA 28,1926-7, no. III. 13) Aii-Bi); VII 134;VIII 95; IX 164;X 1.6Aand270 XII264 and 12D both probably from b) One hand: AGDS, Crete; XIII 135 probably from Crete; CMCG 164 from Knossosand 366; HM 213 III Kassel6 (23) fron the Menidi Tholos (LH III B), CS 352 from the Knossos area. from Knossos(ArchEph 1972,p|.94 cta) and 226 from Knossos(ArchEph 1902,pls. 6-8, no. 126);Kn HMs 669 (KSPI C8); AT 105and 122;Sk 15; and two lentoidsfrom Mallia (EtCr6toises XI p. 142f., nos. 2 arrd 5, pl. LII. 7 and 8). ii*."i r ,1 ) '! 7. MiscellaneousLine-Jawed Lions (Fig. 2) Men: a) The robe is decoratedwith a zig-zag band filled with short strokes: I 17.2kom Mycenae, 194 from Midea, 254 from Vapheio (LH IIA), 405 from Kou_ CS 37P (29) and AGDS I Munich 8T from Crete. kaki near Athcns, 506 from Crete; IV 229 from Siieia; V 602 from Mycenae (LH et, Vt1 \24); X 135; XU 213; CS b) Two men behinclfigure-8 ].I,t'-tuttr(l 329 lrom C.,rtr"l Cr",", shieldswalk.left: rn LUyp,",'2,,..II_Jt2 HM l8 (ArchEph ""a:lO Da7.!lr. O-S no.5O), 20, and 30; BSA Cast I83. Xlll ll(, (30) rntl r lortoitl in tlrc (1. S. Kirk collcctiorr. , L
I 124 younger John G. Aegean seals:masters and workshops 1,25
c) MiscellaneousMen (see prism IV 293 in Lions a. In v-R Master's c) With StriatedNecks: Style, below): IV 284 from Lastros and 299 from Knossos; V 282 from Armenoi T' 64 (t'M III Aii I X 161; HM 33and 1,40a (ArchEph 19OZ pls. 6-8 nos.61 and 109); 1589 from Malria context); VIII 156; IX Va )\II 272 probably from Cretc; XIII 111 rnd 132; t{ ,,-!. (EtCr6toises Q\; ^1 IX pl.XVI); and Sk 1; and XIII 16Db. CS 3OO,312 from near Herakleion, and 388; AGDS I Munich 38 from Crete; and i n.,(, ); ; HM 72 {rom the Psychro Cavc (ArchEph 1902pls. 6-8' no. 28). - i{,.'l Cult: d) Miscellaneous: 1 492and 496, both frorn Crete;IV 280from Lastros,289 from the Messara,305 from X 261(31); and Kn HMs152 (R91); and I Supp.114. Knossos,and 306 from Sitcia;VIII 96 probablyfrom Crete;IX 1ZD;XII 209,278' and297, all probablyfrom Cretc;CMCG 232,233,and 245; CS 387;HM 34 and 35 (ArchEph 1.907pis.6 8, nos.62 and 63),lg2 and203, both from Knossos,384 '' (ArchEph1907 pls.6-8, no. l4O),end 1196. I r ' l I 1 Lions: "' a) In the V-R Prism Master'sStyle: phaistos, ] 503-l from crete;rY-274 from 293from v5xrni, and 295 from Knossos; Agrimi: Y .222from Epidauros (LH I-II context),24r and).rliromArmenoi r. if?ru irr a) In the V-R PrismMaster's Style: Aii context),and 511 from Korakou(LH IIA conlext);vlr 197 and198 boih r.o- HM 915from Tylissos (ArchEph 1912 fl' f55)- crete;vIII 25,80, and 125 arlpro6a6ry from crete; IX t+: and148; x 150;trl 243; XIII 40(32), and 125; CMCG 270,287,291,297,298, and 28g,2gA, and 3OO all b) Miscellaneous: three from Knossos; cs J69, 373, and.3op; AGDS I Munich 54 and II Berlin 42 IV 288 and 303 fronr tlrc Messara, 296 from Tsoutsouros, and 309 from Aphrati; lX both from Crete; HM 57, 96 from Ma\lia, 923 from Tylissos qf tC.Otolr", if iiig. ,o;, 173 (also near the Group of the Couchant Agrimi); XII 96, 274,275, and 308, all 1.217,1,61,5,2123 from Knossos (LM IB conrexr; ArchRep lgil_2 ftg. lS), and Ztlt; probably from Crcte; HM 16, 128, and 138 from Tylissos (ArchEph 19OZpls' 6-8' HM,s 256a (R88?) and 257 (R81; AJA 5n 74, 1970, +O+_ij; AT +"0arj 42; and a nos. 48, 102, and 10t|);end Kn HMs 155 (G12). lentoid from the Unexplored Mansion, Knossos. b) Miscellaneous: Deer: I 1i0 from Mycenae T. 28, and 502 and 5Ogboth frorn Cretcl lV 276,2g2,2g5, 3A2, a) In the V-R Prism Master'sStyle: and 310 all five from Knossos,277 from Atsipadcs,279from Mailia,319 from Ama- rrano; v 182' 264 from In amethyst: Armenoi r. 39 (LM III Aii lii); vII 238 from the Knossos areal VIIIZJ,79,and1,24 I 13(35) from Mycenacshaft Grave III (LH I) andHM 225lrom a Geometrictomb et all probablyfromCrete;IX180;Xi53_5,and304;XII 208,273, and'2ee att probably (ArchEph1902 pls.6-8' no. 125). from crete; xrrr 124 and 19D-2rD; cMCG"uf and 289, both Knossos from Knossos, 265 phaistos, -65 and 269 from and,272,299, and:Ot; 370,2gp, and 36P; AGDS IV Hamburg In serpentine: 8; HM 3/, 93 from Mallia,'and 362 fromxnossos'(ArchEph (lM(l(i J9O7pls..6-8, I 501from Crete;IX 170and 171 (36);X279;Xfi 302probably from Cretcl no. 136); AT 36 and 38; a disk? from Gournia (Gournia, fig.28.1O); and 256;CS 25P,and 26Pfrom Palaikastro;AGDS I Munich86 from Crctc;FIM 'll'' gold-foil cur-ours (Karo 50) from Mycenae Shaft Grave rrrir-u i..",."r,i from Knossos,and 216; and KZ 103.
In gold: Bulls: Foil cut-outs(Karo 45, 46) from MycenaeShaft Grave III (I-H I). a) In the V-R PrismMaster's Style: b) Miscellaneous: Irr"' . r 479 from crete; IV 281from Aphrati and 3oo(33) from choumeni; vIII 126pro- I497,499and5OO,allfromCrete;IV3TTfromCrete;X 156;CM('(i 'l''lr"rrr bablyfrom crete; X 169,and 297;xrr r29, and130; GMCG 246frorn Knossos; sos;and CS 27P. cS 385; and HM 91,7from Tylissos(ArchEph 1912pr.r5[.), 19s9from Knoss.s, 2299 from ArchanesTholos B (LM III Ai iontext); and z62t fro^ Iouktas peak Sanctuary. Boars: I Supp.96 from Crete;IX 177;arrtl A'l' ll0. b) Dappled: IV 278 from Kapetaniana and 322 from the Messara; yrr 243;rX 1.2r.;and HM 142 Waterbircl s : (Archliph 1907pls.6-8, no.1tO). lsupp.gglrrtrtr ()l r'lt'; Krr llMul,5r)(llll/)',rrr,l lt'l ({,)l'l ) 126 John G. Younger Aegean seals:masters and workshops '127
Octopus: Krrossos, and 375 and 424; CS 365, 376, and 377; AT 102-4; and HM 1954 from CS 195 (= FM 21.1: LH IIA); IX 1OD. Knossos,Field of Terracottas. Agrimi-'$floman: Monsters: XII 276b probably frotn Crctc. A) In the V-R prism Master,sStyle Genius: Babylonian Dragon - dappled like Cp Deer and the griffin on IV Cs 338 and 380 frorr Knossos;KN HMs 360 (Q16), and371. 282, below (40): (37);S* 11;and gold-foil Griffin: cut-outs(Karo 41) from MycenaeShaft Grave III ;Yii\"__ _/. iV 313 from Tylissos; lX 179: XIII 56; CS 368 from Milatos; AGDS I Murrich 55 i:rom Crete; HM 1902 from Knossos, and Kn HMs 316/317 (R49). Alerion - looped eyes: IV 298 (38), and XII 225 probably from Crete. Eagle-\floman- looped eyes: IV 29A fromEmbaros; III. LesserCP/L-J Lion Artists of Birds and Bwtterflies Q9) VII 143;XIII 3; AGDSII Berlin58 from Syra; CS 324; and HM 614 from Axos. rVaterbirdsancl butterflies seem to be favorite motifs of thc first Grif f in: generationMinoan artists.The oneslisted below, however, are not vcry irnpressive;withtheir bulbous bodiesand featherscut, asit werc, rrcross a) Dappled like cp Deer and the Babylonian Dragon on cS 22p, Prism Master'sbirds, wirosc above: rhc flesh theseare vapid copiesof the V-R slcek bodies complementthe sharp outlines of the wing feathcrs.'l'hc IV 287 (q from the Messara; and X 220. eompositionshere are also more static: rows of waterbirclsstrrrrclirrg b) Looped eyes and horizontally striated necks: ,rlrout, usually flanked by an obligatory papyrus. Thc buttcrllics too IV 248from Skarani,2g3a from Fortetsa, phaistos; merrncr. and 318from IX 138and 1zg; ,rrcrendered in a purely conventionaland repetitive (41)probably from F:I::: Crete, and253;XItt s+; CS 32p ancl35p; (ccFR pl. 1eo). andHM 65
c) Looped eyes and vertically striated necks: 1. The Master of the Berry-Head Waterbircls(lrig. a) ?VII 24Afrom Hellenika (Knossos). (: The TraganaDuellist Master?) d) Looped eyes and plain neck: (Knossos?,ca. 1500-1475?B.C.) I 510from Crete;XII 266.-p_robably from Crete;XIII 55; AGDS II Berlin31 from Crete;and Kn HMs 635(U66). The waterbird's S-shapedneck, plump body, and largc tlot lor tlrt' ,'yclhead are the diagnostictraits. The dappled cat (CS 344) ;rrrtlrlr,' Griffin-Eagle: lrirds'striatedwing feathers(even on glass,I21.3 and probtbly h'l' .l/) CMCG 423 from Knossos. ,rr.cstandard CP types.The masteruses both serpentincand l)itr'(lst()rr(', irrcludingglass. B) In Miscellaneous Styles: | )13 (42) frorn Prosymna T. 13 (samc sealtype as AT 27? bclorv) rntl '171 lt.ttt ( ,rctll Alerion: lV 246 (41) fronr Mochlos; V 234 frorn Chania; IX 15a (by tltc'l'r,rgrn,t l)rcllist lVl,rrt,r ), ( XII 254 probably from Crete;.HM 41 \ .124 frorn Crctc; XII 2Ol; CM(l(l ll2 ancl 328; CS 2119,290 ltttttt l\,rt,, lrot t,, tt, tt from Crete (ArchEph 1,9a7 pls.6_8, no. 68), and HMs t Arcltrrttt'st I lM l09, I16, l9l (rll irr Arclr L1'lr l',0 / (' ii, 568 from Mallia (LM IB context). ',rrrrria, antl 144 fronr l,l" rr,rs.')2, lO(', and l2.l), 194 Irorrr (iorrlrrir/Avgo, 5(r5 lrrtttt l';rl,rik.tslt,' l\l Il; )l Eagie-Voman: il ll ",', l')sA, 77 lOll, no. (]5), rnrl l')00 lroru I\ttossos; rrrtl A'l l'l .rrrrl .l/ ('..rtrr, .r' ",,rltt 1,, I 468from Crete;y 274 from | l? ,rlrorr'). Armenoir 55 (LM III Aii-Bicontexr); vrr 141and..r44; 'l iX 165; XII 277 pro6$ly from Cretc; CMCG lli-, st+,376, and,422,all forsr Irom I l,,tr'. X 106. 128 younger John G. Acgc:rrrseals: masters and workshops 129
2. The Masterof the y EleusisMatrix, a22 Fig. a) X 95 anclgoltl cut-outsof butterflies(Karo 51)from My,:t:nrc:Slrrlt (lrrvtr (Knossos,ca. 15OO-1415 B. C.) ril (l.fr t).
The matrix Y 422 for gold-plated ring bezelscarries a cult scenewith women in dressesthat are varianrs of Cp Vomen Subgroup D, and anorher scenewith waterbirdsamongsr plants and dotr. fh. di.Jr'hrrr. B. The Monutncntal Minoan Artists of thc l,rrtc l6rlr ovoid bodieswith heavystriations foi the wings folded Century B. C. Tlre heads "gri.rrrth"-b".k. consist of a long line on the botto"m s,r.motirted by an arc for the crown a1!-eye;.thistype of head resemblesth. typ. The dominarrt stylc of thc cP and L-J arrist is sirrrPlisri, .rrrtl,l,il,l tor-mally "r;J;o.. by the MM artist,rhe Birds in Veeds Master Vii 44,V to thc soft serpentines than to tltc lr;rr-tlsl(,lr('\ ()rr l() xrlr 1cf. 23g, like, more suited 122). ri,hich the style w,rs occasionally translated. Thc botlics t,l ,ttrirtr.tl',,tt, V 422(44,45) from stiltltl,'s (,lt','t ',()rrr(' EleusisT. Hn 3; X 305;Kn HMs 162(e13),201, J58 (KSPI L?), ricnerally rouncl ancl sleek, highly decorated with , HMs 372100(a6; KSPI VA;,c:[ die krctischimykenischeClyptik'und ;ir." g"g"r*;rrg" l.lLrlls,and lion marrcs), short strokes (lion mancs ancl clollrirrli), ,rrrrl,1,'t', Probleme, 34*6, ftg.3);and AT 22, 23, and93: HM 2A4t. ^nd, (rhe tips of jaws, 1-tltws,and tails). Compositions rlre oltt'tr t,rtt'lr"' Close CMCG 3 13 and HM 21 1, both from Knossos, and KZ 89. it is often impossibleto know if tlrc ,r|tist tt Near. XII221 lcgsbend so that 'r" 'l' and a lentoid in thc Velay Collection from a Geometric tomb north sitting;s()nr('lilr(..i tlrr'lil( ,,'rrr r)nl of Knossos(GGFR pl. 96). f,ictingan animalrunning, lying down, or gl-llllll\ .rll,r'.tl l,rr l!rrri'1.,| | r l,ositionsl)()Sltlons even appcar si1ly,sllly, likehke the smallSmall lior-rsllolls antlln(l gr.illirrr rlrcirfar largerprty (c.g., XII 228in CP Monstcrs A. ( lrillirr. rrr'l 'l I in CP lions a., pp. 126, 124 above). 3. The Master of the Theban Butterflies(Fig. 5) Other Minoan artists, however, were begintlipg ttt rlt'v,'l1p ,r rrr('rt (Knossos,ca. l5OOB. C.) nr()numental stylc, finally transferring the figurcs ,,tt tlt, ,.rrr',,1 l\l\l tone vases to seals, rendering muscles as thick crr, ir,lrrrli rt'l'i ., .rrrrl The ltttrl',, master's dragonflies are fairly rearistic, but the butterflies are riiving the figurcs, animal and human, dran.raticpt,s,'. lil,,' '.lrr lr more conventional ( (.n.r,'\'.';'lr, r,, and patterned,:.thewings, like sunglasses,sweep up striding, and gesturing. The best of these artists is tlrt. lVl\ to a point, and are decorated with a centiar dot and a doubre profile Lion Master, who wili be discussed in thc followirrli.trtr' l'' line above; ,lr,l the antennae draw together to form a heart; ,.rd tl*o o. In spite of the difference in emphasis, thcsc lttotrttt'r'trl.rl .ttrr'.r'. more lines tl,, connect eachwing to the abdomen. The spectacre-shapeof lrorrow some stylistic traits from their morc sirrlplislt, ,,,11,.t11tr,' the wings and their central d6t resemble the butterfli.i or *r. g.ii-r.il Master of the Potniai Leonton from Myccnac'l'.511 rr'r,rrrr',tlr, lrr,' cut-outs (.uslti,,tr', ,l Karo 51 from Mycenae Shaft Grave III (contrastthe"cut-outs i.rwed lion. the Master of the Messenian Griffins ort ll,, 1,,,'1,, Karo l' 2/82 and 4 from. the samegrave). Kenna (CS s.n. 302) connects t'ye and long claws, and the Master of the Ashrrtttl'.',rillr"l: tl" l"' CS 302, HM 840, and AT 35; IV Z5i hasa waie.bi.d very line. similar to 'houlder cs 302. This more monumental and formal approirclr t)t.tl lrr' r"' rrl" 'l r" I_27,a Lilyptic'slast major technicalinnovation in tht'l',t"rr,"' ,\!l' tl,, 'l 17)!o_\ ll,:i,!!T.lI1); rY 2s7(48) from Mailia; V 6t7 (4e-51)from Thebes, Norofrkr 1..17 (LH.III ' ,.rl.,r,r,l1'1, Ai); VIII 152; CS 234, and 302 from near Knossos; HM 197 rir:rvingof stonemoulds for r-netalrings, rnctrllrrrr,l til.r',', trom Gournia, 840 from Knossos,sand, 1736 from GypsadesT.2 (LM III Ai*ii; BSA ,rrrd{lictrcc iewelry. Thc dcvclopnlentof lhis lt'tlrrri,1rr, ,lr,lrr,,ttrl, 1958-9 pl. 62.3); Kn HMs 3ZO;AT ' 29 a:r,drls; andKi 7t,72, and'74. no longcr" llrlrl :r ccntury, lrc'girtrrirrli* rrlr rlr, 1,,,,1,1l"rl , l,,ng, t.crtlilly sl()ll(' \'(',',rl" ,,vcrl,tys of MM st()tt('v:ls(s. Scvcllrl of tlrcsc 'rrll 1'r' ' ' ' s cs s.n. 302 says this scal came I r-:lc('s()l tlrt'ir t,rigirrrtl g,,ltl , r,vt'rittg.t' from houses south of Knossos which should make its corrtext LM iA. PM I zo-5-6 identifies this seal,however,wirh a sealingfrom the Little l)eiacc,while PM IV 490 dcrivesthis-Lsealing'more vaguely f.o- p"1".. '''rir :: "ti'" s;," * 'l'.W.rrtltt, lVlitt,,.trt\t,rrr, lllsl', 'l N ll.)\\(rs- 1'1''l''(r',tstsIt,,tttI'lr'rr"t,'t'rr'1lIi\l t)/ : I'r',rli S.rrr, ttt,tty tl,t t,,rr lt",rr /.tl'ttt), (l lM (,"). r,l,l I ll\l ! \'1 r" I i ll I ' 130 John G. Younger lJ I That most of the gold is goneand only rracesrernain on mosr ex- amples GravesIII-V rrlt'i,l.'rrt i, ,rl,.r rr, I rrrtrst have been produced by hammering is not surprising;it undoubtedlyhas been ripped otiit . u.r..tr, gold sheetsov('r'st()r( rrr,,rrlrls,rrrclthen enhancingthem with further somerimeswith suchforce that they shattered. $/e mayalso imagine the chasing:the tri;r,rrtitt .,lrrrrr,'(l(,rro242-4); sequins(Karo 11) which rnilsilsheads of Mycenae'sLion catc to havebe.n simirarry gori-l.rt.d are further errrbcllislr.,l;l,,ils (l(lr-o 9) that either retain their rnargin .rndthus removedduring somesack of MVcenae.T Though warren or haveit cut:rwiry;,rrrrl irrl.rys (Klro 119/Qq depictinglions attackrng . dates-theinception of gtra;ngstone vessels to MM II based on phaist"os a bull eitherlcl't ol lirilrt. lrr l:rrgcrrlcsigns some main elementscoultl be rhe excavator'sdate for Room LI,B we shall else_ producedfrorrr ,r sirr;il, rrr,,rrltl: tlrc spiraldesign on the brcastplateKrrro where in this seriespropose a date of 1675B.C. fo-t.,.rl'rg.-torrrra there. 625wastaken Ir',,rrr,,rr,.'r,r,rrrl.l appliedfourtimes - top and bottorn,:rrrcl To gild srone top right and Iclr sitl,s; tlr,'tli,rtlcnrsKaro232 and 3 couldhave bccn pro- . vesselsis hardry different from gilding sronesears, and ducedfrom a sinlil,'rrr,,rrl,lc,rch, shaped like that which procluccdthc three still preservetheir gold_cov91lng:V 197(cylinder), IX 204 (len_ 5 ,,r' toid), and.cs 203 (cushiotr;. diadem rays K;u,, Iilit' tl-rcivory object with raiscclbosscs of t" addition, there is the gold coveringfor a lost cushion graduallyincrt',rsirr1i srz.t'llorr.r MH I Lerna.loOther main clcrrcnrsrn seal IV 39D, at-rda goli rentoid v 2oo made of two largerdesigns w('r(' r.rl,.,'rr individually from separatemoulds: thc goltl soldered gold cs 2.03als., pri,ides -plates. added technical i..lir, tit (-ir.,rvt' the glue that fixed " crown from Ill t,,vt'r-cclwitl-r multiple applicationsof vari 7 1il/ace, .fGY following AJA 32, 1978,298fn. 32. I-{espcrie 23, 1954,22, pl. 9r:, witlr lt'lt'rcrrcts lo livi otlrcr,, u \Wrrrrcn, 'l's()unl.ls, "Milrprrr op.cit., p. 162-3. For bcrrtls, c.ll., rrri Er11,r1I k Nll(rl\'(,ry. ,\r,l,l 1,1, ()7 " l(;Y, IJSA 74, 1979,25u_268, esp.pp. 265,66. 1r28' I'.. Vcrnrtrrlt, h.rrlrn,rs 5, l()6(,, l,l.l 6; ,rrr,l l,'r ,,,.r1,,,\tl 'r.' '' N J','llirrr'r'r Iirsttr. l'll^\ r', l(rsl, ', lr, r32 John G. Younger A,11,',rrrst',rls: masters and worksltol'r lll 1 on the other hand, the samemetal plates could have becr cffected material attaclrt'tl lo tlrt' ltoop with rivets (c.g., \lt',llllF, :t;!riii | 't- "r i: ll" from moulds with their designsin relief; the metal leaf woulcl havebeen bronze as on tlr,' r'ilrlis l|oltt Hogarth's Hottsc 0t lt,tttt '{ip-t't Iaid over.the design, tlpped and worked to produce its imagc also in otherringsall lrrrvelr.,z.,lsconstructedfrorngoltl rlrt','tqrrl isltlrtFtlrt'l' 'rg.r, relief, and then lifted off. Though no suchmatrix has survived,'itvrould nessoften ovcr l)t()l/(..,,r'..r. These gOld shccts lt,t,l ttt,rrt ,,1llt, 1t ,lr l,= , be reasonableto imaginethat such might be more suitablefor the larger transferred t9 tlrt.rl l;9trr st96e matrices; t|c lirr,rl ltt,rnl,tt,p,",'rrl,l plaques,Iike those (Karo 808-811) for the wooden box, ancl for the been accomplislrctl st'p:t;rttcly. Many ring-c()llllrpltltlltr lltr I r l',t, t ' complex sceneson either the Silver SiegeRhyton from Shaft Grave IV semble thosc orr otltt'l lttctrrlobiects that sirnilrrl'lytt't r'l\'.rl ll1it rl:=t5*= jt1" or the silver krater from Grave V at Mycenae. frOm engraVctls(,,1t,'nlttriccs, and On SealStCrt-lt's..'l'ltt'1.,t.,,,r:ir'!i- llit = Matrices l, .'t'| = carved in relief but locatedwithin a tondo recesscdin the and similar c.tttP.sit i.t* c,rnbc found, both orl t lrt' 1i,,lrI 'tl', 1'lr'Ir' stone die are necessaryforthe production of glassseals, whose clesigns, and on the rirr11s:tlr,. li1lrr rxmpant in front 1l ,r lrrrll ,ttt,l .rtl,r'I'r1ts i1= r.I by definition, musr resembleintaglio work. FJrtunately one such matrix head on thc loil lt:tt'o I 19/l2O can be secn ()ll ll',' I't"rr='r rurF I exists,XII 262 from Poros, \l(',rlrl'| 1" rl" crete. Though both Evans (pM rl237- g) from the Veplrt'ir, Oisr (l.H IIA) with rivctcd "1. ""' and Kenna (cs p. 77 and cMS xII p. :sr; identified it eithcr as a torted stag .i,' tl', g,,1,1Plaque Karo 808-ttll t,'r,'trrl'l' ' rlr"1"'l"i' practrceplece or as a mould for gold or glass,it can only be a rnould hunted stag ()n tlr..g.rltl ring I 15 from Shaft (llrlvt' l\/; llr,'li',tr rriitirrrlF: to produce glasslentoids: the much-usediondo with staniing goat XII inflyinggallopis,rl,trrrili,rrmotif thatappcarsoltllr,'trr,'ll"'l,rg,p.'t t":r" 262c.co.uld ea_sily have produced a figure-8 shaped gl"r, l.ntii similar 395, on t[c gr,ltl ,.'UPlr,rtro 656, and, as a pair, ()ll llt(' llrrli, rtltrlrrril'!''llr t blue glass one V 5.98from 0l n'f 146,K2 105,ancl Krr llM', l.'l l""l'l li Mycenae,s Hous"e of the Idols (LH b' ilded,that irttpt.'ssctl !g !h: '11,, III Bii), and the contorted positions ln stylc, t()(), rrriltty |ings resemble scalst.rttt't. tt trrlrr "rr of both agrimi 262a andbull262b ',,' ' as well as their peculiarly square muzzle r.rd l"rg. hooves are dia- AT 135 : SK | ,trrtl KZ 8 and the women's tttltt's ,'tt A I ll' 'i''l l" '' gnostic featuresof the mass-producedglass lentoidi f.o- the Medeon 3/HMs 277 ctc. r'cscnrblcthe dress of CP Wt,tttt'tt Srtl'1',r,rrrl'rl .r',1 ,'l cemetery:compafe, especially,v 255, 25g, and 3gl/92. Y253. Thc bold clrcck-ridges of the lions ()rr llr('Bolrl r rrrlrrr',, ; 1" .11i'l If the innovation of producing gold objectsfrom moulds camein the rhyton Karo 273 by thc Mycenae-Vapheio l,it,rr M.r,,l,.r l,',,1' rrrrg,g,r,, late 16th cenruryB.c., it *ould siem reasonableto suppose oriatelv harcl on thc scalstone I250. The btrll ,trr tlrt' ll,'tr,rl,rrrttf \ 1'!i thar, once ^has glassas a material was tlrt' lr'ttl' ttt'rrrt l',11" known, its manufacture as beadi or sealswould straight-linc Icgs trnclprofile lines along 't" '1" ,t|,,,,i havefollowed immediately.Hood (r97g: 136)suggests that glassmanu- on seals. An.l th.. gr.illirr on Sellopoulo bczcl I lMrrr lrll'' lrr | facture was introduced to the Aegean i., th..rilj, 15th ceitury B.C. and sleek body canted at the hip, as if thc Pr'()l()l)/lr(' \r,r" I l:rtlllr "l evidenceof presumably locally-made sc'al. ": !h. objects from Kakovatos a Cut-Styl.' Tholos.A rrlit-tii I (LH iiA): but this date should be pushed earlier, into the It would seem therefore that some' Pcrll:ll)s llr,lll\', 'r"rl ' j,rlr', late 1,6thcentury 8.c., if we decide that the faiencebeads from the were also ring-engravers, a natural duplicatiorr 9l lrrl ir rr t.tl t' r rl Mycenae Shaft Graves are local products, and that the style of the sons. The functions of sealstonesand rings wt'r't'ollt'tt lltr""tttt' l" '' Poros matrix and glass lentoids from Medeon - the .o.rto.ted por.. objects and ro adorn the person. Since it is llrl,rsr ((.rt.||l rlrrr ,, rl r,,rr, of the animals, their square muzzles, and large almond eyesand hoorr., engraverswereallottedtheirsemi-preciousstottt'slrl tlr,'1'tlt,,l,rtt, i'r - is close enough to thar of the gold plaquesKaro g0g-g11 (for the cracy, the necessary gold to make into rittgs rv,ts ;'r"l'.rl'lt rll"tt"l t ' hexagonalwooden box from ShaftGrave vj to show that the ,r-. a.tirt well. Vhile the more malleable nature 9f thc lqoltl ,'l,r't,tl,,l rll r rtilttty createdthem all. In a subsequentstudy this artist will be discussedas wheel, drill, and Saw and necessitatedthc irrvt'rrtl,ttt,tl ,'tt1't'r\rrrl' l"'rrrr ' a colleagueof the Mycenae-VapheioLion Master. of various shapes and sizes, the basic pr()c(.ss()l t.rrrirrli rlr, l,',, I r' 1,, The processof producing gotd-foit cur-outs and plaquesled, appar_ on Stone matrices that empioy carving tr'cltlri,lu,r tt,,l ,lt,.tttttltt lt,,lr endy rapidly,. to. th.eproduction of gold-plated bezels io. .i.rgr. So-. those used in carving stone scals. rings had their designsentirely engraved-onto the bezel bec"ausethis ccrrrsistedof solid gold either cast along with or brazed t. the hoop (c.g., rr r" HMrn 1012from Archanesand vII 6g), or of sorncother s,,licr Ilogrrth's: Arclrl{t1, 195s, l8 l'), li1i. l0; Av1i,r; l\lA ';, l';t 134 John G. younger the other hand Aegean seals: .On goldrings had special masrersand workshops rl,".tri.fil, gualities,rheir n5 l:]::Y. irrrrrr^r, ,rlry r,nct;o"', speciar,"r;s;o,,. the.Master, though a rnid-sixteenth lflfig ;;;;;;;Tii; ,,,'i',,;,,,,, century date at #$,n:lapsffi '"" rnvltrng. presenrstill looks fifffi'Il::;#.' dT:fiH::ffi Vrl'lr.'i' .ff:;#;il ::;l; ;I I i I : Ii' 1i,'ni:tnl (521;65 250frr,rn Krr.sses; tr,'p.rrrT. f-l[,{p'4 l;]:,jiJ..?:H,,ffi:.;.,-.orwhonr s((,,, 1r'oltr, 1to', i 1rrv rB ur..rrrd rol4 ,ro, ,l^TTSriv'i,rLlrtLM rl Aiir. ;.i:lllili[ |,,\( l-"till,'":;llly;:,lill,'Jii,ili ii,,"''",',,l.iJ;.l-'1H,1':"l;J:L li:i":i . u"i Associated'H :i;,i,l.,.;; ",i nr,-na;ffi: jL, scalirtls. A'1, I4l :i,.j::.? : rTf:":.:.,:l,l il,,1 l, - IlMs277 (= v3p1R1/Rs1/R54 :;: i, i ,,,,,,,Tll,,t|;-l anclthe clay cast Ltose' . . \!22)'" -t posstl)/!/'v tl.,r'M,r,r,.r. (lS,r llMrrr lrrrrrr,{p..lxrr". (logyM( 2a,(; 196) rr"j,:i;il\f i;:fi;'i Relarcd.. i;'i';"?i;U't"J;:1"':Y'i't; ' s) V 1,,,);.ur(l l\ l l5. "',il::':::j';j:T,T,1;s,{ris uepcndent. AM l,i.t1i.1 1 I{ir:g'l Ncst.r (PM iII t+5f')' (l'M lv ,',r,.to' "'t' and the Ring of Minos ishis use :'i[i::iJ?:l;;:i:'$,1t'masrer ofbrank ov,rrs r, r r,rrs t, tr;t#*iixil jj :,i,,,iir r'rrc{u*u .::,"8i :,,fl*:r?? ii it, (Fig6) 'ili,Sou,ui,'.t., iu'1,,,,,,,, :;Jf.';* *ljif[l*Xl.::*;i'i;:'il#Jowing .ril '".|;jil*,i?..i:..?iilone,are r,.* rr,.r,,,;,,, th. rwo.r.inils, I log;rrth,.s i"r'i,1';1X'#li.,Jiar ,- ancl the Av rmpress('rlA'l \7, rlng, and the ring rh., n,*,,..,,r.,to: l ir:rrl's.li,lr..--,- ^.1 ,/rrv5u ;:.:",,, f :*,i:riI[:, ".,;]];?f l,;1,,i, 1,,,,:i,,1,, l::11':;ill""""*, 1, I ;.""",*t *: ful;I, fli',tiliift lTi:i ::T"Jilli#: t,.,1,,;; *#ti".T1;: 1p,."u.,,i,, .,II I ^', # ,l mrghr ri,, fi#: I1,, II;i, i l ;, Ii, I rr:rvr'rrt't'' anc{ :,;:-,;,;.*;;:lffil,**:l -.,"'s.rtrr.'.r I: l.{".!*,pl.rbaury*.rra sho.w j:.",i;il'il;;i:l:Jit',:1, oI ir', 1_o1 up ascrearly as :;.';i$JttiTliiif ;*li x.,i;. t":{,.1 i;:t111,,;,,,,1, 1,1,,,,, lrd', ri5in addirjrn toour rj8 I arecrose ," 'I'he ;ilii'J$,.J:fl,',t'j,';flT"o ,r'"iJ'p.,. ;rT.:xf,l:"#fulif{#:il:'rdl *i:r-yli,.iri:w.rrt'r ir ""1 compositions. ifitil I ;iir,l rr, rhisf.,rup ,""- ," u. jl':;l:.t,;J,r,r o"*-Sffintal *.:j,"d,:i'-}:;; ;,.f'i'il:llfr-i';#I' l,r; llxli'/#]':lr':xl'":"1;,:";fJi?'iJryr,n',oo1ess, 1'-1e); the ;hfruf i:,i,:iti::;; ,':'i :;,,,'r,,1' AvgoRing (52; fi*,rlli:i * Ugl: ,llr:; l ,T;l'ffiili'*",','#:ff.i'.:j:i:,i'H*;;' i,iii.;i.,, i; ;r l:,, 136 John G. younger 3. The Master of the MessenianGriffins on Cushions (Fig. 6) (At Pylos, ca. 1500-1475 B.C.) Though the masterrerains some L-J Lion traits (esp.,the long - claws, dot tail, loop eye) he also makes the animal fill the entire field by posing it like a modern show dog. The modelingtoo is more plastic.The wrngs onI27l aresimilar to thoseof the V-R Prism Master'swaterbirds, lnd the rather careless,mechanical trearment of the griffins' spirals onY 642 recalls the simple style of the Jasper-Lion Mas(er. I 269 (58) and 271 (59) from Rutsi (LH IIA), and 288 (60) from pylos T. Delta; and V 583 from Kasarma(LH I-II) and 671from Thebes. CLose. Y 642from Gouvalari(LH IIA); and CMCG 336 4. The Master of the Potniai Leonton from MycenaeT.515 (Fig. C) Thesetwo almost identical seals(I 144 is slighdy larger than I 145 .rnd hasthe lions' tails curve out rarherthan in) might havebeen done by the Master of the Messenian Griffins: they share the L-J traits ancl tl're ropey modeling of the limbs. I 144 (61) and 145 from Mycenae T. 515 (LH IIB). jl'i"i'1 (.r.,' ; r' " (.t.tt l,! l),. i ., 5. The Master of the AshmoleanDogs (Fig. 6) (ca.1500- 1475 B.C.) This master retains the L-J Lir:n traits of long claws but gives his dogs a hard look through simple modeling, sharp should..r r.rd l.riirr, and carefully controlled conrours. The round head with tiny dot cye resemblesthose of the Potniai Leonton Master (above). Kenna puts CS 238 and 250 togerher (CS p. '123s.n. 238). CS 237,239 (62), and 238 (63) and 240 both from Central Crete. Associatedsealings. AT 81 and 82, and KZ 162. 6. Group of'Birds with Lumpy Bodies (Fig.6) (ca.1s00-14/s B.C.) The heads arevery small comparedwith their over-modeleclboclics. The cornpositionsentail three or four birds arrangedsymrnetrically. AT 25 and 26; CS 297 (64) from Mirambcllo and 343 (65) fronr ](rirssos; nnd ilM i9 (Archliph 1907pls.6-fl, no. 65).