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Critical Dialogue Revisited: Challenges and Opportunities

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS APPROACH TO THE ROMANIAN PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSE REGARDING CULTURAL CHANGE

Adrian LESENCIUC

Department of Military and Management, Faculty of Aeronautical Management, “Henri Coandă” Air Force Academy, Brasov,

Abstract: Critical discourse analysis (CDA) contributes to the implementation of certain political, economic and scientific perspectives by giving the discourse a value of great importance for social change while involving not merely the support of verbal construct, but also its ‘materialization’ as social practice. Therefore, focused on hegemonic discourse that analyzes unequal power relations, CDA does not usually concentrate on philosophical discourse, whose major aim is to validate a particular ‘’ or to allow for the self-referential relationship with the ability of communicating, maintaining a dialogue or thinking etc. Consequently, we witness the impossibility of a scientific development. This happens due to the contrast between the logic of a discourse about (something), which has become a discourse aimed at validating a viewpoint, or at “colonizing” the , through CDA, and the logic of openness toward (something), makes relative the truth implying discursive occurrences, by projecting the unique, abstract or ideal perspective outside such occurrences. Thus, philosophical discourse occurs essentially within the boundaries of an assumed power equality, which means it occurs outside the CDA’s area of expertise. Moreover, philosophical discourse does not involve assuming discursive effects; on the contrary, it assumes the perspective itself. Nevertheless, generates major discourses that propose (and sometimes achieve) changes. Such discourses are not valued from the CDA’s perspective, at the right moment. Instead, they are later on rediscovered and reinterpreted. Philosophical discourse, apparently lacking outcomes regarding social life, causes profound long-termed mutations to societies. In this respect, we propose for debate a major discourse of the Romanian . The discourse under debate has been subjected to multiple reinterpretations, attributed ideologies and it continues to generate debates even nowadays. Accordingly, our intention is to organize the analytic construct and focus on a particular segment, namely, the , and more precisely, one of the major debates of the , with regard to cultural change. Focusing on three classical philosophical discourses (What Is Eternal and What Is Historical in Romanian Culture, Noica, 1943), our article aims at identifying their reverberations within today’s political discourse. For this purpose, we intend to find answers to the following questions generated by our study: To what extent is the illocutionary power of the philosophical discourse present within the contemporary political discourse?, and, To what extent does today’s social context allow for the appropriateness of this type of discourse to the Romanian electorate? by analyzing nineteen speeches of the Romanian leader of the National Liberal Party, Crin Antonescu.

Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, (Critical) Discourse Studies, philosophical discourse, political discourse, critical effects.

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE connections between society and symbols, we RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIETY can draw a set of linguistic equations. First of AND DISCOURSE them, according to to Ferdinand de Saussure, could be expressed as: The entire social activity reduces to to symbols. All social relationships are language (langue) = language (langage) – symbolically mediated. Regarding the speaking (parole) (1) 23 Critical Discourse Analysis approach to the Romanian philosophical discourse… more exactly: theoretical position, Charaudeau splits from the French rationalist essentialism, but accepts Évitant de stériles définitions de mots, nous the perspective of social subgroups, of the avons d’abord distingué, au sein du phénomène structuralist anthropologist Levi Strauss’ totale que représent le language, deux facteurs: cultural variants, contributing to the la langue et la parole. La langue est pour nous emergence of idea „que l’identité culturelle est le langage moins la parole/ (Saussure, à la fois stable et mouvante” (2002). 1972:112). Charaudeau places himself in the proximity of

scholars considering that the natural Considering language (langue) as a social relationship with cultural identity is achieved product, both a form and a non-substance, the not through language but through discourse, Swiss linguist stressed the necessity of taking pointing out the following: „contre une idée into account the interconnections between its bien répandue, il faudrait dissocier langue et constitutive elements. Therefore, Saussure laid culture, et associer discours et culture” the foundations of as theory, (2009). Charaudeau's clear-cut position is appealing the linguistic system as mediating different from the moderate one of Caune, who structure between the objective and the considers that, despite the interdependence subjective perception. The second equation, between language and communication, the belonging to the French linguist Émile authenticity of culture is outlined through Benveniste, is based on the same distinction, individual aspirations and interests that lead to langue-langage. The language (langue) is an adjustment of the relation individual-culture considered a system containing other through small groups, culturally independent structures that belong both to community and (Caune, 2009:91). On the contrary, the individual, while the language (langage) is Charaudeau considers that cultural values are developed within a langue. In Benveniste’s not transmitted through language, but through perspective, langue is the product of a certain discourse. In this respect, the discourse is culture that is conditioned by langage, variable, while language does not change subsumed to langue. Benveniste considered depending on the addresser and addressee. that the individual assimilates, perpetuates, Rewriting Saussure’s equation from and transmits the culture, through langue, Charaudeau’s perspective (2001:343) means, while the discourse is a component of the actually, taking into account a different langage, in an equation rewritten by Caune equation, namely: (2000:28) as follows:

discourse = language (langue) + language langage = logos (disourse + ration) (2). application (speech) (3).

The first two equations are important in This perspective explains best how the order to establish the relationships between effects of a previous philosophical discourse language (implicitly between discourse) and are reactivated within a new discursive society/community. Benveniste’s assertion, la framework – a political one – maintaining the langue contient la société, sustained by E.T. language as an invariant. Therefore, in Hall’s expression, culture is communication, Charaudeau’s terms, speaking about discourse communication is culture, applied through the community is more adequate than speaking equations (1) and (2), is designed to stress the about language community. liaison between the society and the forms of A community of discourse (sometimes language that express the society. Without seen as a community of discourse and practice, establishing lineages in terms of relations with Skovira, 2010:370), represents a dynamic Saussure’s structuralism, the French scholar structure, with boundaries placed depending Patrick Charaudeau approaches equation (1), on the discursive context. Moreover, a noting that his perspective can (and need to) be community of discourse includes people nuanced. In an article explaining his sharing ideologies and context patterns (or 24 Critical Dialogue Revisited: Challenges and Opportunities context models). Regarding our area of inclination towards social cognition and interest, this kind of association implies the representation of power and dominance that profound elements that highlight the could be roughly be expressed as follows: transmission of the cultural values through discourse. In this case, the philosophical Roughly speaking, discourse analysis would discourse coagulates the language around the only describe practices, whereas critical core of the cultural values. The community of approaches to texts and talks would show how discourse could be considered community only these hide power relations, prejudices, if deep fundamentals lead to fastening discrimination, and so on. (Maingueneau, 2006:229) relations between individuals. Thus, this community of discourse is one of profoundly Thus, CDA focuses on the colonist philosophically and culturally based discourse. discourse, on the discourse that colonizes the The philosophical discourse, that unifies discursive area related to a perception of truth membership and identity and permits the based on a particular certitude (ideologically development of an ideology of the cultural marked) and on a particular moral correctness. area, constitutes a rhetorical genre. Yet, the The critical discourses’ purpose does not philosophical discourse incorporates a weaker specifically to maintain or deepen the power of the enunciator, balanced by an inequality, but this inequality is preserved emotional effervescence that carries the through the discourse capacity to maintain the potential power towards other possible relations of power. CDA is characterized by discourses. Moreover, assumed power equality the common interest in demystifying power represents one of the fundamental features of ideologies1 as long as the critical discourse the philosophical discourse. The philosophical represents the engine of society: discourse does not involve any assuming discursive effects. Is therefore, the analysis of (…) discourse is socially constitutive as well as critical effects of a philosophical discourse socially conditioned – it constitutes situations, possible, as long as the philosophical discourse objects of , and the social identities does not involve power imbalance, direct of and relationships between people and groups social change or assumption? All these three of people. (Wodak & Meyer, 2009:6). characteristics of critical effects are subjects of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Maingueneau (2006:229-230) distinguishes three foremost levels of critical discourse that 2. CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS emerge from three steps in differentiation PERSPECTIVE between discourse analysis and critical discourse analysis: (i) a level focused on the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) critical orientation in relationships with social operates with a particular definition of phenomena, that are ethically or politically discourse. Out of this perspective, the negative; (ii) a level implying the behavioral discourse is seen as an instrument used in disciplines in the global project of society performing macro-social changes, related to change, meaning Kritische Theorie in terms of major social events. It represents a the ; and (iii) a level communicational construction that expresses a regarding the research in discourse analysis particular kind of social behavior. Therefore, area with the purpose of searching a critical the discourse analyzed by CDA is a orientation of discourses. Taking into account hegemonic discourse, one that produces this taxonomy and analyzing the ideological unequal relationships. Generally speaking, CDA refers to power relationships, to social inequality, to gender discourse, to racial 1 „Critical theories, thus also CDA, want to produce engagements and to other kinds of discourses and convey critical knowledge that enables human to emancipate themselves from forms of implying or (re)producing inequalities. In domination through self-reflection”, noted Wodak & Maingueneau’s terms, there is a particular Meyer (2009:7) 25 Critical Discourse Analysis approach to the Romanian philosophical discourse… dimension – one of the most important operationalization vs. detailed linguistic dimensions of critical discourse that lay the operationalization. Wodak & Meyer proposed foundation of its hegemony – we could the following taxonomy: consider that the first level poses an important ideological charge, the second one is Social actors approach ideologically neutral2, and the third could be a meta-ideological level. In the intention to Sociocognitive studying the critical effects of previous approach philosophical discourses on current political discourses, our interest results from an Dispositive oscillation between the first and the third analysis Maingueneau’s levels. We need to equally investigate the direct effects of political broad linguistic operationalization detailed linguistic operationalization discourses, therefore the ideological charge of Discourse-historical this discourse, and the indirect effects of approach philosophical discourse, a purpose that could Corpus linguistics be reached through the agency of a meta- Dialectical-relational approach ideological approach. In these terms, including approach the enunciator`s intends to obtain benefits structure from the ideological charge – I mean “ideology” in relationship with critical Fig.1 Linguistic depth of field and level of discourse analysis seen as “an elaborate story aggregation (apud Wodak & Meyer, 2009:22) told about the ideal conduct of some aspects of human affairs” (Locke, 2004:33)3 – of his Due to the openness involved by the socio- discourse, respectively to use an important cognitive approach as an analytical strategy, discourse that produces long time before other especially due to the possibility to plunge into social effects, without necessarily aiming at a multidisciplinary field, we`ve chosen this the same effects, but conveying a meta- perspective as being satisfactory for the ideological reference. purpose of our study. As our topic is concerned, the philosophical discourse, approached though 3. (CRITICAL) DISCOURSE STUDIES the political discourse, constitutes a form of PERSPECTIVE transmigration from the ideologically neutral level (or from the meta-ideological one) to the With roots in philosophy, , level focused on the critical orientation in linguistics, rhetoric, psycho-sociology, etc., relationship with social phenomena. In order Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) can be to study the possible critical indirect effects of approached through the agency of a broader the philosophical discourse, it is important to disciplinary field, (Critical) Discourse Studies select an adequate research strategy depending or (C)DS, based on a proposal of labeling on two sets of polar values: agency vs. initiated by Teun A. Van Dijk in 2009. (C)DS structure, respectively broad linguistic suggests that a critical approach does not imply only an analytical perspective, but also a critical theoretical engagement, external 2 Regarding the second level, of Kritische Theorie, references, applications and methods. Maingueneau (2006:229) noted “From this viewpoint, Logically, it is suggested that the family of the analyst may study phenomena that, at first glance, analytical methods does not belong to CDA, might seem ideologically neutral.” 3 In a different perspective, more nuanced, the but to (C)DS that, understood as disciplinary ideologies, seen as that represent social field, is not limited to a method, but to a cognitions by van Dijk, are defined as „representations „critical perspective, position or attitude of aspects of the world which contributes to establishing within the discipline of multidisciplinary and maintaining relations of power, domination and Discourse Studies” (van Dijk, 2009:62). This exploitation” (Wodak & Meyer, 2009:8) 26 Critical Dialogue Revisited: Challenges and Opportunities multidisciplinary approach is closer than The most important dimension of (C)DS in others (as CDA, for example, whose terms of our analysis is related to the study of philosophical roots could allow such an the language use context functions, issue to be approach) to our intention to analyze the dealt with later. From this perspective, van critical effects of the philosophical discourse Dijk that the relationship between taken through the political discourse. This discourse and society is not direct, but multidisciplinary approach is closer to ours mediated by so-called context models, by a set that analyzes the critical effects through of contextual patterns (culturally shaped, and philosophical discourse over political extended to a local or micro dimension and to discourse than trying vicinity through the a global or macro dimension), that CDA, whose philosophical roots may allow such an approach. In addition, (C)DS (...) are organized by a relatively simple schema represents for van Dijk rather a problem consisting of fundamental categories, such as: oriented (or theory oriented) than a  a spatiotemporal setting disciplinary field. Being on the way to truth –  participants the truth of interpretation – and not imposing o identities, roles, relationships the truth approach the subject of our analysis o goals by (C)DS (nu are predicat). It is worth oknowledge o ideologies mentioning that (C)DS is limited, according to  the ongoing social action. (van Dijk, Dutch scholar, to the analysis of a particular 4 2009:73-74) class of social problems , whose overcome, however, is not the subject of our study. Context models are considered to be, Intention of critical effects of philosophical par excellence, the interference zone between discourse analysis, whose semantic discourse and society and to play, therefore, an macrostructures are taken through political important role in critical discourse analysis. discourse, is not apart from van Dijk Moreover, these contextual patterns imply projection. In this respect, now, it is not appealing to the discursive criterion of necessary to discuss the possibilities of relevance, to a relative relevance, regarding broadening the field of study. knowledge, goals, desires, interests and (C)DS field dimensions extend the personal of participants in possibilities of our subject, due to the interest discursive act, filtered by the enunciator. In in real language and real users of ’naturally our case, the relative relevance derives from a occuring’ language, focusing on larger units general framework, a framework of culture, of (such as texts, for example) and not on words common knowledge regarding culture, became and isolated sentences, the linguistics particular through the subjective filter of extending beyond sentence grammar towards participants in discourse. the study of action/interaction, extending towards study of nonverbal aspects of 4. CASE STUDY: PHILOSOPHICAL communication, the orientation towards DISCOURSE POLITICALLY UPDATED interactional strategies, the study of contexts of language use (social, cultural, situative, or In 1943, in a speech within a conference in cognitive) functions, respectively the analysis , entitled “Ce e etern şi ce e istoric în of a large number of phenomena of text filosofia românească” (What Is Eternal and grammar and language use (Wodak & Meyer, What Is Historical in Romanian Culture), the 2009:2). Romanian philosopher Constantin Noica said:

4 (C)DS „aim to analyse, and thus to contribute to the We do not want anymore to be the eternal understanding and the solution of, serious social villagers of history. (...) Economically and problems, especially those that are caused or politically, culturally and spiritually, we feel exacerbated by public text and talk, such as various forms of social power abuse (domination) and their that we cannot live in a patriarchal, villageois, resulting social inequality.” (van Dijk, 2009:63) ahistorical Romania. An historical Romania is 27 Critical Discourse Analysis approach to the Romanian philosophical discourse…

no more satisfactory for us, we need a current Antonescu’s political discourses, and the units Romania.5 (Noica, 1991:7-8) of interpretation are the semantic macrostructures from these discourses that This fragment from an ample and reasoned reflect the eternal/historical relationship. The discourse is, in fact, a notorious piece of sources of information are the liberal leader’s Romanian cultural philosophy on the conflict discourses, recorded and transcribed on the between eternal and historical, whose roots website http://crinantonescu.ro/Public/cat/16/ are present in the Romanian way of thinking Discursuri.html. Intending a qualitative from the early eighteenth century. Dimitrie analysis on the critical effects of the Cantemir, prince of Moldavia and philosophical discourse taken by the political encyclopedic scholar, identifying a crisis of discourse, the research questions are: To Romanian , projects the Western what extent is the illocutionary power of the system of values onto the , philosophical discourse present within the intending to get them out of apathy and of the contemporary political discourse?, and, To influence of oriental values. If in Cantemir’s what extent does today’s social context allow text (1714/1973) the political and for the adequacy of this type of discourse to philosophical discourses are intertwined, after the Romanian electorate? The designed the eighteenth century this topic became only research is a standard one, using the study of the a privileged one in the philosophical documents. The research is based on the discourse, finding his highest expression in circular process proposed by Wodak and Noica’s work, that formulated so, in a Meyer (2009:22): theory → syntactical manner, one of the Romanian [conceptualization; selection of theoretical conscience’s dramas. But, as Professor concepts and relations, assumptions] → Grigore Georgiu noted (2007:239), the issue of operationalization → [procedures and the relationship between eternal and historical, instrument] → discourse/text →[selection of as it was called by Noica, is one of the issues information] → interpretation → [examination “that the Romanian nation, with its history full of assumptions] → theory, taking into account of discontinuities and fractures, failed to the (C)DS perspective of Dutch Teun van Dijk overcome it even nowadays, in the hour of its (2009:62-88). Concerning the phases of European integration”. critical discourse analysis, the focus is Given this preamble whereby we naturally oriented towards linguistically announced the subject of our analysis, it is oriented phase involving a fine analysis on important for us to point out the context, text surface and rhetorical means, and methodological itinerary regarding the case not towards content-oriented phase that study. The overall objective is to identify the implies a structure analysis. coverage of the issue regarding the The first observation on the coverage of the relationship between eternal and historical in Romanian philosophical matter regarding the the contemporary Romanian political cultural change under the mark of the discourse. The study corpus consists of a set of eternal/historical relationship, mediated by nineteen major discourses of the liberal leader Noica, in Crin Antonescu’s political discourses rd Crin Antonescu, performed between 3 of is related to the presence of this issue in five rd April 2007 - 23 of January 2012. Studying paragraphs within three discourses of a total of the effects of a topic of the Romanian political nineteen, roots of this topic being found in discourse (originated in the philosophical three more discourses. Crin Antonescu, by discourse), the units of analysis are refusing to quote6 directly well-known phrases

5 “Noi nu mai vrem să fim eternii săteni ai istoriei. (...). 6 Crin Antonescu even mocks at the practice of direct Economiceşte şi politiceşte, culturaliceşte şi reference, of uncritical tacking of well-known phrases, spiritualiceşte, simţim că nu mai putem de mult trăi într- anticipating the indirect connection with the text from o Românie patriarhală, sătească, anistorică. Nu ne mai the Romanian cultural philosophy (meaning a direct mulţumeşte o Românie istorică, vrem o Românie connection with the major ideas of the Romanian actuală”, in original. cultural philosophy): „Ar trebui, la final, să spun lucruri 28 Critical Dialogue Revisited: Challenges and Opportunities of Romanian philosophy, relates indirectly to social phenomena, with negative ethical or them. In fact, his professional and educational political issues (therefore, ideologically background recommends the analysis and the charged). Moreover, we can distinguish the critical taking over of Romanian cultural presence of the meta-ideological level that philosophy’s major issues, Crin Antonescu permits recreation or targeting a new ideology, being a graduate of the Faculty of History and indirectly assumed. Antonescu’s discourse, as Philosophy, University of , thus shown in this undertaken analysis, is itself a a rarity in the contemporary discourse plus discourse analysis (at a critical Romanian political landscape. level), through the critical relationship with a This refusal of direct connection to the large corpus of inadequate Romanian political philosophical discourse – that implies the logic discourses. of openness toward (something), that makes Given that the post communist political relative the truth implying discursive language is approached to a little extent (Bidu- occurrence, projecting a unique, abstract or Vrânceanu, 2004; Guţu Romalo, 2005 etc.), ideal perspective outside occurrence, differing that the political communication studies therefore from by the discourse that is created (Beciu, 2002; Ficeac, 2006) “does not pay in order to validate a perspective, to „colonize” much attention to language particularities” the truth - is due to the need to pass through (Zafiu, 2007:28), predominantly focusing on the filter of contextuality, respectively through pragmatic issues, engaging in a linguistic the filter of relativity ideas that fuel a analysis of Antonescu’s discourse is both nascent ideology. This refusal of direct difficult and little satisfactory regarding the connection to the text (support for the goals of our study. An analysis of philosophical discursive performance) or to reconsideration the relationship some phrases from the original text, a text eternal/historical in the current political previously engramed? by a different discourse is more important and more author/enunciator, a text carrying by itself a appropriate, more suitable in our approach. great illocutionary force, leads to a different There are, at the semantic level, two perspective on Romanian discursive approach. approaches of Antonescu to the already- The Romanian philosophical discourse’s announced topic: critical effect in Crin Antonescu’s speeches is - the first one, within the conjunctive logic, created through discussed and indirectly a personal redrafting of Noica’s theme, approached text in a meta-discursive manner, requiring rebalancing and repositioning revealing Noica’s perspectives on cultural depending on the interpretative nuance, as change. In Maingueneau’s terms, we can follows: observe the prevalence of the level focused on the critical orientation in relationships with I believe in Romania of those who work, in Romania of those who learn, in Romania of those who try, in Romania of those who respect memorabile, să dau un citat din vreu clasic – dacă aş and are united, in Romania of those who have face-o în latină aş fi chiar asimilat unui intelectual aspirations, have hopes, have plans for them, rafinat -, şi ridicându-mi vocea ar trebui să creez un for their children, for their country.7 (speech moment dramatic” „In the end, I should say, memorable on 17th of August, 2009, presenting the things, quote some classical author – if I’d do it in presidential program, entitled Stă în puterea Latin, I would be even assimilated with a refined noastră să schimbăm puterea lor8) intellectual – and, raising my voice, I should create a dramatic moment” (speech on the 7th of May, 2009, National Liberal Party candidates for Euro parliamentary election release). The liberal leader irony 7 Eu cred în România celor care muncesc, în România intends to make the amendment of discourses celor care învaţă, în România celor care încearcă, în inconsistent with the current of Romanian România celor care ştiu să respecte şi să fie solidari, în nation and Romanian state, a good reason for designing România celor care au aspiraţii , au speranţe, au his future campaign for presidency under a logo being a planuri pentru ei, pentru copiii lor, pentru ţara lor, in processed phrase from the Romanian cultural original; philosophy, Romania of common sense. 8 It is in our power to change their power; 29 Critical Discourse Analysis approach to the Romanian philosophical discourse…

Nowadays, we know or we try to arrange in our “Romania”, from the nominals “Romanians”, mind and in our action what we can do for “Romanian people” etc. (possible Romania, but, unfortunately, we know in accompanied by demonstratives with deictic addition what today’s Romania, the official 9 th value, as: that, these, etc.), used as marks of Romania can do for you. (speech on 29 of emphasis. The meta-discursive and meta- August, 2009, held on the occasion of 10 ideological dimensions of Antonescu’s Crin for Young) discourse save falling into populism generally If my Romania I talked about and I will talk specific to contemporary Romanian political about all the time during this campaign and of discourse. Moreover, his irony saves gross my political life, is inclusively your Romania, approach. The attacks (at the limits of the defend it.11 (speech on 29th of August, 2009, disjunctive thinking of opponents) are done held on the occasion of Crin for Young event) not explicitly, through evaluation, but implicitly, through repeated statements, - the second one, of correction of his intending the reconfiguration of thinking opponents’ (mainly members of the Democrat- framework. Considering nonverbal Liberal Party) poor understanding of the performative aspects, such as emphasis, relationships between the two completely intonation, firm attitude, verbal flow control, opposable Romanias, within a disjunctive expressive gestures (mainly the illustrators, logic, due to the optics of the „arrogant, nonverbal elements that accompany the inefficient state” (speech on 17th of August, discourse) etc., we can find an appropriation to 2009, presenting the presidential program, the entry into the complex issues of intended entitled Stă în puterea noastră să schimbăm cultural change. puterea lor): Addressing to a specific target group (very large) in each case of analyzed discourses, There is no two Romanias, Mr. Prime Minister. associating to the group as member of it (...) You may think that there is a second (envisioning, therefore, the ideological charge Romania. Sunday’s Romania. Televisual that will be approached), emphasizing their Romania. Romania of Băsescu’s spondulicks good intentions in relationship with the bad and of Geoană’s giant weddings.12 (speech on th intentions and the inappropriate actions of the the 24 of September, 2009, before the joint chambers of the Romanian Parliament, in opponents, trying to globalize, to generalize debating of the motion initiated by the National the meanings, Crin Antonescu proposes a Liberal Party) discourse with critical effects. These effects are evident not only due to the force of his This distinction realized by Antonescu, a own construction, but they are originated, as fine distinction regarding the subject of our we observed, in the Romanian philosophical study, is able to bring up the two approaches: discourse on the Cantemir’s conflict ideological and meta-ideological (configuring eternal/historical taken through Noica’s possible choices between ideological ways). discourse. His engagement differs from the cliché Remaining within the semantic macrostructures (and emphasizing the 9 Astăzi ştim sau încercăm să aşezăm în mintea noastră nonverbal elements that represent a particular şi în acţiunea noastră ce puteţi face voi pentru România, subject of van Dijk’s sociocognitive dar, din nefericire, mai ştim ce poate face România de approach), we can find the expression critical azi, România oficială pentru voi, in original; effects of Antonescu’s discourse despite the 10 Wordplay; In Romanian, Crin means Lily; 11 Dacă România mea, despre care am vorbit şi voi vorbi fact that the roots of this discourse are hidden tot timpul acestei campanii şi în tot timpul vieţii mele in the Romanian philosophical discourse soil. politice, e şi România voastră, apăraţi-o, in original; 12 Nu există două Românii, domnule prim-ministru. (…) 5. CONCLUSIONS Dumneavoastră credeţi poate că există şi o a doua Românie. România de duminică. România de televizor. 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[cit. 5 regarding the convergence between the februarie 2011] Romanian electorate and the political 7. Cantemir, Dimitrie. [1714] (1973). discourse philosophically grounded, the deep Descriptio Moldaviae. Demetrii Romanian roots and the theme argumentation Cantemirii Moldaviae principis Descriptio appealing to the common knowledge represent Antiqui et Moderni Status Moldaviae ad two important indicators of effects to be Fidem Codicum in Bibliotheca Academiae achieved. Mosquitanae Scientiarum Servatorum Generally speaking, we can firmly affirm Post Alexandrum Papiu-Ilarian Iterum that philosophy generates major discourses Edita. Translated from Latin by Gheorghe that propose social change. This kind of Guţu. Bucharest: discourses has not short-termed consequences, Publishing House. but long-termed mutations into society that can 8. Caune, Jean. [1998] (2000). Cultură şi be observed due to them. We can conclude comunicare. Convergenţe teoretice şi that the political discourse based on a classical moduri de mediere. Translation by philosophical discourse may produce 31 Critical Discourse Analysis approach to the Romanian philosophical discourse…

Mădălina Bălăşescu. Bucharest: Cartea 19. Wodak, Ruth & Meyer, Michael. [2001] Românească. (2009). Critical Discourse Analysis: 9. de Saussure, Ferdinand. [1916] (1972). history, agenda, therory and methodology. Cours de linguistique générale. Paris: In Ruth Wodak & Michael Meyer, Bibliothèque scientifique Payot. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. 10. Fairclough, Norman. [2001] (2009). Thousand Oaks, CA: Publications Relational approach to Critical Discourse Inc. 1-33. Analysis in social research. In Ruth 20. Zafiu, Rodica. (2007). Limbaj şi politică. Wodak & Michael Meyer, Methods of Bucharest: University of Bucharest Critical Discourse Analysis. Thousand Publishing House. Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc. 162- 188. Analyzed discourses: 11. Ficeac, Bogdan. (2006). Tehnici de 21. Antonescu, Crin. (2007). National Liberal manipulare. Ed. a VI-a. Bucharest: C.H. Party candidates for Euro parliamentary Beck Publishing House. election release. Speech on 7th of May. 12. Georgiu, Grigore. (2007). Istoria culturii [online]. URL: http://crinantonescu.ro/ române moderne. Bucharest: articole/ 74/Lansarea-candida-ilor-PNL- comunicare.ro. la-europarlamentare-7-Mai-2009.html. 13. Guţu Romalo, Valeria. (2005). Aspecte ale [consulted on May, 2012]. evoluţiei limbii române. Bucharest: 22. Antonescu, Crin. (2009). Stă în puterea Humanitas. noastră să schimbăm puterea lor. Speech 14. Locke, Terry. (2004). Critical Discourse on 17th of August, for presenting the Analysis. London: Continuum presidential program. [online]. URL: International Publishing Group. http://crinantonescu.ro/articole/43/St-n- 15. Maingueneau, Dominique. (2006). Is puterea-noastr-s-schimb-m-puterea- discouse analysis critical? Critical lor.html. [consulted on May, 2012]. Discourse Studies. vol.3, no.2, October: 23. Antonescu, Crin. (2009). Speech on 29th 229-230. of August, held on the occasion of event 16. Noica, Constantin. [1943] (1991). Ce e Crin for Young. [online]. URL: http:// etern şi ce e istoric în cultura românească. crinantonescu.ro/articole/153/Discursul- In Constantin Noica, Pagini despre sustinut-de-Crin-Antonescu-cu-ocazia- sufletul românesc. Bucharest: Humanitas. evenimentului-Crin-pentru-Tineri.html. 17. Skovira, Robert. (2010). Toward a theory [consulted on May, 2012]. of informing objects. In Eli B. Cohen 24. Antonescu, Crin. (2009). Speech on 24th (ed.), Information in Motion. Issues in of September, before the joint chambers Informing and Information of the Romanian Parliament, in debating Technology. Vol.7. Santa Rosa, CA: of the motion initiated by the National Informing Science Press. 377-402. Liberal Party. [online]. URL: http:// 18. van Dijk, Teun A. [2001] (2009). Critical crinantonescu.ro/articole/160/Discursul- Discourse Studies: a sociocognitive pre-edintelui-PNL-Crin-Antonescu-la- approach. In Ruth Wodak & Michael dezbaterea-mo-iunii-de-cenzur-PNL.html. Meyer, Methods of Critical Discourse [consulted on May, 2012]. Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc. 62-88.

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