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Languages After Brexit How the UK Speaks to the World editor Languages after Brexit Michael Kelly Editor Languages after Brexit How the UK Speaks to the World Editor Michael Kelly Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics University of Southampton Southampton, UK ISBN 978-3-319-65168-2 ISBN 978-3-319-65169-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65169-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017956098 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans- mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Cover design by Fatima Jamadar Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland For Jo Preface The UK has always needed people who speak other languages and under- stand other countries. Now that negotiations to leave the EU have begun, we have more need than ever of such people. Without them, our country will struggle to renegotiate its cultural and commercial relationships with the rest of Europe, and will struggle to build new relationships with other international partners. Initially, the result of the referendum vote encouraged a spate of public hostility towards languages other than English. If sustained, this would make it more difficult to develop our country’s capacity to engage with the wider world, just when we have greatest need. More recently, evi- dence has emerged that the prospect of Brexit has prompted larger num- bers of people to start learning other languages, whether through formal classes or through informal routes. If this continues, it could help to close the gap between our language needs and our capability. The essays that follow aim to spell out what language capability the UK is likely to need in in the new climate, how well prepared we are and what we can do to be better prepared. There is no area of social life where languages have no impact, and we look at a selection of areas where lan- guage needs are a prominent issue. Language capability can take many forms and we focus on the main ways in which language support is pro- vided across the UK. The discussion is designed to respond to the par- ticular circumstances of the UK in the period of uncertainty opened by vii viii Preface the referendum. This does not mean that all of the language issues are unique to the UK. On the contrary, we share many of them with other English-speaking countries, with other European countries and with other countries around the world. That could be the basis of another book. Brexit is a loosely defined and contested concept, but the title ‘Languages after Brexit’ recognises that the result of the referendum marked a significant change in our country’s position in Europe and in the wider world. Consequently, it has brought our relationship with other languages into sharper perspective. Contributors have emphasised the impact of Brexit in its most general sense rather than focus on the situation at a given moment, but our texts undoubtedly reflect the state of affairs at the time of writing or revising. The chapters of this book were all completed by the middle of June 2017 and do not reflect political changes since then. There have been many twists and turns over the past year. No doubt there will be many more to come. The idea for this book came from a short piece I wrote for the French Studies Bulletin in autumn 2016, asking ‘What Does the Brexit Vote Mean for Us?’ Judith Allan at Palgrave Macmillan suggested that it would be timely to publish a book on the impact of Brexit on languages while the negotiation process was under way. I jumped at the suggestion and proposed an edited book that would bring together specialists in different areas of language and language policy. I was sure they would rapidly be able to distil their knowledge in a form that would be clear and succinct, presenting the current state of play, and looking forward while learning the lessons of the past. They responded with enthusiasm to the challenge. Part I provides views on the UK’s situation in a multilingual world. It looks at why many people are resistant to other languages, and why the international role of English brings definite benefits but also the drawbacks of being dependent on the goodwill of others. Part II asks what the UK needs in languages. It explores the needs of the economy, business, science and social services, such as the legal system or sup- port for refugees. And it looks at the potential benefits of working in several languages, both for social development and individual mental development. Preface ix Part III assesses where the UK currently stands in language capacity. It pays particular attention to language education in the four home nations, with a particular focus on schools. It looks at what is provided in higher education, in community-based learning and in informal learning. It also examines the UK’s capacity in translators, interpreters and language teachers. Part IV draws together recommendations for steps that need to be taken to improve our capability in languages and help our country to thrive in the new international environment. It suggests public initia- tives, potential actions by government and a long-term strategy for the UK. The recommendations are outlined in summary form in the Appendix. I am grateful for the enthusiasm of so many friends and colleagues who encouraged me to work on this book, for the support of the editorial team at Palgrave Macmillan and for the helpful comments of the anony- mous reviewers. I am grateful to the 25 contributors, who have worked to tight deadlines, bringing together a huge amount of knowledge and fresh insights about this complex area. I am particularly grateful to my wife, Jo Doyle, whose love and support has been a sine qua non throughout. Southampton, UK Michael Kelly Contents 1 Introduction 1 Baroness Jean Coussins and Philip Harding-Esch Part I Living in a World of Languages 11 2 Why Are Many People Resistant to Other Languages? 13 Michael Kelly 3 Trouble with English? 25 Jennifer Jenkins 4 A Language-Rich Future for the UK 35 Maria K. Norton Part II What the UK Needs in Languages 47 5 This Post-Brexit Linguanomics 49 Gabrielle Hogan-Brun xi xii Contents 6 Speaking to a Global Future: The Increasing Value of Language and Culture to British Business Post-Brexit 61 Bernardette Holmes 7 Science and Languages 75 Charles Forsdick 8 Languages in the Eye of the Law 85 Ann Carlisle 9 Language Plenty, Refugees and the Post-Brexit World: New Practices from Scotland 95 Alison Phipps 10 What Every Policymaker Needs to Know About the Cognitive Benefits of Bilingualism 109 Dina Mehmedbegovic Part III Where the UK Stands in Language Capacity 125 11 Languages in English Secondary Schools Post-Brexit 127 Teresa Tinsley 12 Modern Languages in Scotland in the Context of Brexit 137 Hannah Doughty and Marion Spöring 13 Speaking from Wales: Building a Modern Languages Community in the Era of Brexit 149 Claire Gorrara Contents xiii 14 Languages in Northern Ireland: Policy and Practice 159 Janice Carruthers and Mícheál B. Ó Mainnín 15 Building Capacity in UK Higher Education 173 Jocelyn Wyburd 16 Support Unsung Heroes: Community-­Based Language Learning and Teaching 185 Kate Borthwick 17 Language Learning by Different Means: Formal and Informal Developments 195 Tim Connell 18 Translation and Interpreting in a Post-­Brexit Britain 207 Myriam Salama-Carr, Svetlana Carsten, and Helen J. L. Campbell 19 Language Teacher Supply: The Vicious Cycle, the Effects of the EU Referendum and Attempts to Solve Supply Shortage 219 René Koglbauer Part IV What Can Be Done to Make the UK Language- Ready? 229 20 Collaboration, Connectedness, Champions: Approaches Within Government 231 Wendy Ayres-Bennett xiv Contents 21 Speaking to the World About Speaking to the World 241 David Crystal 22 Conclusion: Steps Towards a Strategy for the UK 251 Michael Kelly Appendix: Summary of Proposals 257 Index 263 Notes on Contributors Wendy Ayres-Bennett is Professor of French Philology and Linguistics, University of Cambridge. She specialises in the history of French and the history of linguistic thought, on which she has published widely. Her research interests include standardisation and codification, linguistic ideology and policy, varia- tion and change. She is Principal Investigator on the multidisciplinary, multi-­ institution research project, Multilingualism: Empowering Individuals, Transforming Societies, funded by the AHRC under its Open World Research Initiative (2016–20).
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