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Comparative Analysis of the Flora of the Ketpen-Temerlik in Kazakhstan and China (Northern Tian Shan)

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Comparative Analysis of the Flora of the Ketpen-Temerlik in Kazakhstan and China (Northern Tian Shan) Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2020.01.20 Revised: 2020.03.21 Volume 21, Issue 4, May 2020, pages 70–81 Accepted: 2020.04.04 Available online: 2020.04.17 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/119803 Comparative Analysis of the Flora of the Ketpen-Temerlik in Kazakhstan and China (Northern Tian Shan) Gulbanu Sadyrova1*, Gani Sadyrov2, Saule Zhamilova3, Nursulu Jusupbekova3, Duman Baizhygitov3, Marzhan Dauletbaeva1, Aigul Urymbayeva1 1 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan 2 Kazakh National Women’s Teacher Training University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan 3 Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan * Correspondinfg author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The article provides a comparative analysis of the flora and endemism of the western and eastern part of the Ketpen- Temerlik range in Kazakhstan and China, which is the eastern tip of the Northern Tian Shan. The flora of the entire Ketpen-Temerlik range includes 1890 species of vascular plants belonging to 593 genera and 120 families. In the western part of the ridge (in Kazakhstan), 1747 species were identified, belonging to 585 genera and 111 families and in the eastern part (in China), 1673 species belonging to 577 genera and 117 families. Angiosperms make up 98.4% of the ridge flora, 80.0% of which are dicotyledonous and 18.5% are monocotyledonous. The analysis of the largest flora families of the entire Ketpen-Temerlik range allowed us to identify 28 of the largest families by the largest number of species. The families with the largest number of species are Asteraceae (308 species), Poaceae (166), Fabaceae (133), Brassicaceae (105), Caryophyllaceae (93), Rosaceae (90), Lamiaceae (81), Chenopodiaceae (75), Ranunculaceae (74) and Scrophulariaceae (57). The major genera are Astragalus (43 species), Artemisia (38), Taraxacum (34), Carex (33), Allium (33), Potentilla (31), Ranunculus (22), Oxytropis (21), Veronica (20), Poa (18), and Saussurea (18). Keywords: Kazakhstan, China, flora, North Tian-Shan, Ketpen, Temerlik. INTRODUCTION mountainous areas of the Northern Tien Shan with the aim of preserving biodiversity and endemism The Ketpen-Temerlik range is located in the is related to the fact that the flora of the Ketpen- desert zone of the Northern Tian Shan on the ter- Temerlik range located in Kazakhstan and China ritory of two countries – Kazakhstan and China. has been practically unexplored until today. Ad- The eastern part of the range located in Kazakh- ditionally, the excessive and prolonged exploita- stan is called Ketpen and the western part in tion of mountain pastures in some cases has led China, is called Temerlik. The Ketpen-Temerlik to irreversible changes in the pristine biocenosis, range is a mountainous region which is clearly the reduction of habitats and the disappearance of delineated geographically and historically and rare plant species in this ridge. For the first time, has a rich flora which differs from the floras of a comparative analysis of the flora of the western the adjacent regions (Dzhungarian Alatau, Cen- and eastern parts of the Ketpen-Temerlik range in tral and Western Tian Shan) with a concentration Kazakhstan and China revealed the peculiarities of relict elements representing different times, of its heterogeneous flora, the formation of which different genesis, and different histories. A thor- resulted from the impact of various floristic con- ough floristic study of the Ketpen-Temerlik range centrations and different time periods involving allowed us to form a complete picture of the gen- formation of individual taxa, as well as the ef- eral development of the mountain flora of the fects of deserts in Central Asia. The flora of the range. The relevance of the floristic study of the Ketpen-Temerlik range includes the endemic and 70 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(4), 2020 rare plant species of considerable scientific inter- of a number of authors were taken into account, est. The identification of rare and endangered spe- including: M.S. Baitenov, A.I., Bykov, N.V. cies of the studied flora, the identification of their Rubtsov and others [Rubtsov, 1948; Baitenov, habitat boundaries, and their protection in order 1985; Bykov, 1979]. to preserve the natural gene pool are now becom- ing increasingly important and relevant. RESULTS MATERIALS AND METHODS The material for this study consists of the collections gathered by the authors during field The main methods of research for endan- expeditions and observations from 2003 to 2017. gered rare, endemic and subendemic plant spe- More than 25 floristic expeditions were conduct- cies of the Ketpen-Temerlik range were the gen- ed along the Ketpen-Temerlik range in Kazakh- erally accepted classical methods of botanical stan and China (Figure 1). and floristic research and traditional methods The researched Ketpen-Temerlik range be- of geobotanical research, the traditional route- longs to the Northern Tian Shan system, being reconnaissance method was used in the field. In its most eastern extremity. The length of the the process of determining the herbarium, mul- whole ridge is more than 400 km, and the width tivolume reports were used as sources: “Flora is 40–50 km. The Ketpen-Temerlik range is lo- of the USSR” [1934–1964], “Flora of Kazakh- cated between 44º 00′ N 79º 30′ E and 43º 20′ N stan” [1956–1966], “Plants of Central Asia” 85º 00′ E. [1963–1989], “Guide to the Plants of Central According to the physical-geographical zon- Asia” [1968–1993], “Illustrated Guide to Plants ing of Kazakhstan [Chupakhin, 1970], the Ket- in Kazakhstan ” [1962–1975], “Flora of China” pen range is in the Central Asian country, the [1994, 2003], “Flora Xinjiangensis” [1992–2004] Tian Shan region, the North Tian Shan province, and others. In order to clarify the species and ge- Chilik-Ketpen district and two regions: the north- neric names, the latest reports of S.К. Cherepa- ern slope of the Ketpen ridge and Kegen-Tekes nov, S.A. Abdulina[Cherepanov, 1995; Abdulina, region (Figure 2). 1998] were used. When justifying the relictism of The highest peak of the Ketpen-Temerlik individual rare, endemic and subendemic plant range is 3680 m high and located in the east- species of the Ketpen ridge, the scientific works ern part near the border with China (mountain Figure 1. The Ketpen-Temerlik ridge in Kazakhstan and China 71 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(4), 2020 Figure 2. Map of the Ketpen range Podnebesnaya);it gradually decreases to 3400 m 1972]. The authors investigated specific (elemen- to the west. The peaks of the mountains do not tary) flora in the western and eastern part of the reach the snow line and have no glaciers. In Ka- Ketpen-Temerlik range in two countries – Ka- zakhstan, the Ketpen ridge borders by the Dzun- zakhstan and China. gar Alatau in the north, which is divided by the Ili A detailed floristic analysis of two specific depression; in the west with the Kungey Alatau; flora of the Ketpen-Temerlik ridge with a total in the east, the Ketpen range gradually passes area of 20,925 km², our field studies, as well as into the Temerlik range, where it merges with the a generalization of all available literature data on Borohoro range. In China, the eastern part of the the topic, revealed 1890 species of vascular plants Ketpen range continues under the name of the Te- belonging to 593 genera and 120 families, which merlik, where it further goes into the Borohoro is 63.0% of the total flora of the Northern Tien mountain range [Atlas of the Kazakh SSR. Natu- Shan, numbering 3000 species [Rubtsov, 1948]. ral conditions and resources, 1982]. The quantitative characteristics of the flora and, above all, the richness of its species are Analysis of the flora the most important indicators demonstrating the of the Ketpen-Temerlik range degree of heterogeneity in the flora’s territory, the diversity of the physiographic conditions, When analyzing the flora of the Ketpen-Te- and the peculiarities of the genesis of the flora merlik range, the authors used the “concrete flora” [Yurtsev, 2000]. which represents the elementary natural flora at The species composition of both the total the regional level. Each of the concrete floras has flora of the specific territories, and its individual a specific species composition and differs from sections (western and eastern) of the Ketpen-Te- the others within the same sub-province, as a rule, merlik range, is dominated by the Magnoliophyta by less common species (endemic, relict, rare at group, which accounts for 1860 species (98.4%) the distribution border) [Pavlov, 1959; Yurtsev, and only a small number of species (30, or 1.6%) 2000; Malyshev, 1972; Gellie, 2005; Moreno et belong to Pinophyta, Polypodiophyta, Lycopodi- al., 2018; Chen et al., 2009; Chang et al. 2012]. ophyta, and Equisetophyta (Figure 2). This ratio The comparison of floras is one of the most of groups is characteristic of the floras of moun- important aspects of the floristic research. A com- tainous Central Asia and the Holarctic as a whole parative analysis contributes to the establishment [Camelin, 1973]. The ratio of monocotyledonous of sources and formation of this flora, the iden- and dicotyledonous groups in the flora of the Ket- tification of its specific features determined by pen-Temerlik ridge is approximately 1:5.4, i.e. the modern natural conditions of the area and the Magnoliopsida (dicotyledonous plants) prevail characteristics of the course of florogenesis. Ad- over Liliopsida (monocotyledonous) by the spe- ditionally, comparative floristic studies enable to cies and genus composition by more than 5 times. identify the geographical patterns of changes in The total number of monocotyledonous com- the composition and structure of floras [Malyshev, prises 350 species or 18.4% of the total number; 72 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol.
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