RadionuclidesRadionuclides RuleRule OverviewOverview

1 OverviewOverview

¾ AbbreviationsAbbreviations && AcronymsAcronyms ¾ RadionuclidesRadionuclides andand HealthHealth EffectsEffects ¾ RuleRule BackgroundBackground ¾ RuleRule RequirementsRequirements ¾ MonitoringMonitoring RequirementsRequirements ¾ DeterminingDetermining ComplianceCompliance ¾ ViolationsViolations ¾ Beta/PhotonBeta/Photon EmitterEmitter RequirementsRequirements ¾ AdditionalAdditional ConsiderationsConsiderations ¾ Q&AQ&A

2 AbbreviationsAbbreviations && AcronymsAcronyms

µg/L Micrograms per Liter CWS Community Water System DL Detection Limit EPTDS Entry Point to the Distribution System GA Gross alpha particle activity MCL Maximum Contaminant Level MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal

3 AbbreviationsAbbreviations && Acronyms,Acronyms, cont.cont. mrem/year Millirems per Year NPDWR National Primary Drinking Water Regulation NTNCWS Nontransient Noncommunity Water System pCi/L Picocuries per Liter Ra-226 Radium-226 Ra-228 Radium-228 RAA Running Annual Average SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act

4 RadionuclideRadionuclide SourcesSources

¾¾ NaturallyNaturally occurringoccurring radionuclidesradionuclides

z RegionalRegional (e.g.,(e.g., GreatGreat Lakes,Lakes, mountains)mountains)

z GeologicalGeological (granitic(granitic formations,formations, sandstonesandstone aquifers,aquifers, shales,shales, phosphatephosphate deposits)deposits)

¾¾ ManMan--mademade radionuclidesradionuclides

z NuclearNuclear weaponsweapons && powerpower plantsplants

z Hospitals/medicalHospitals/medical facilitiesfacilities

z IndustryIndustry (labs,(labs, pharmaceuticals)pharmaceuticals) 5 TypesTypes ofof RadiationRadiation

¾¾ IonizingIonizing

z AlphaAlpha radiationradiation (uranium,(uranium, RaRa--226)226)

z BetaBeta radiationradiation (Ra(Ra--228,228, manmademanmade sources)sources)

z GammaGamma radiationradiation (Ra(Ra--226)226)

¾¾ NonNon--ionizingionizing

z MicrowavesMicrowaves

z RadioRadio waveswaves

6 HealthHealth EffectsEffects

¾¾ IonizingIonizing radiationradiation damagesdamages livingliving tissuetissue

¾¾ RiskRisk ofof cancercancer

¾¾ RiskRisk ofof congenitalcongenital defectsdefects

¾¾ KidneyKidney toxicitytoxicity (uranium)(uranium)

7 RegulatoryRegulatory BackgroundBackground

¾¾ 19761976 interiminterim regulationsregulations

z MCLsMCLs forfor grossgross alpha,alpha, RaRa--226/228,226/228, beta/photonbeta/photon emittersemitters

¾¾ 19911991 proposedproposed regulationregulation

z ReviseRevise existingexisting MCLsMCLs

z RegulateRegulate uraniumuranium andand radonradon

z RegulateRegulate NTNCWSsNTNCWSs 8 FinalFinal RuleRule RequirementsRequirements

¾ EffectiveEffective DecemberDecember 8,8, 20032003

¾ AppliesApplies toto allall CWSsCWSs

¾ SetsSets uraniumuranium MCLMCL (CA(CA –– 35ug/L)35ug/L)

¾ RetainsRetains MCLsMCLs for:for:

z Combined Ra-226 & Ra-228

z Gross alpha

z Beta particle and photon radioactivity

9 FinalFinal RuleRule Requirements,Requirements, cont.cont.

¾¾ SetsSets revisedrevised monitoringmonitoring requirementsrequirements

z EPTDSEPTDS monitoringmonitoring

z StandardizedStandardized monitoringmonitoring frameworkframework

z NoNo substitutionssubstitutions forfor RaRa--228228

10 RegulatoryRegulatory ComparisonComparison

Provision 1976 Rule 2000 Final Rule

MCLG None MCLG = 0 Uranium Not Regulated 30 µg/L MCL Monitoring 4 quarterly measurements Standardized baseline > 1/2 MCL? 4 samples/4 yrs Monitoring Framework < 1/2 MCL? 1 sample/4 yrs

Beta Particle Surface water systems > 100,000 Vulnerable systems & Photon screen at 50 pCi/L. Vulnerable screen at 50 pCi/L Emitters systems screen at 15pCi/L

11 RadionuclideRadionuclide MCLsMCLs

RadionuclideRadionuclide MCLsMCLs CombinedCombined RaRa--226/Ra226/Ra--228228 55 pCi/LpCi/L GrossGross alphaalpha particleparticle activityactivity 1515 pCi/LpCi/L

UraniumUranium (new(new MCL)MCL) 3030 µµg/Lg/L

Beta/photonBeta/photon emittersemitters 44 mrem/yearmrem/year

12 MonitoringMonitoring RequirementsRequirements

Future Grandfathered Mon. Data Determined

Conduct Initial Monitoring

Dec. 8, 2003 Dec. 31, 2007 June 2000

States can allow grandfathering of samples collected Systems collect 4 consecutive quarterly samples at each EPTDS Results determine monitoring frequency 13 GrandfatheredGrandfathered DataData

¾¾ CanCan satisfysatisfy initialinitial monitoringmonitoring

¾¾ RequiresRequires statestate approvalapproval

¾¾ CollectedCollected betweenbetween 6/006/00 –– 12/8/0312/8/03

¾¾ NotNot permittedpermitted forfor beta/photonbeta/photon emittersemitters

14 GrandfatheredGrandfathered Data,Data, cont.cont.

¾¾ SystemSystem sampledsampled atat EPTDS,EPTDS, oror

¾¾ SystemSystem hashas 11 EPTDSEPTDS andand collectedcollected samplessamples fromfrom distributiondistribution system,system, oror

¾¾ StateState findsfinds distributiondistribution systemsystem datadata areare representativerepresentative ofof allall EPTDSEPTDS

15 InitialInitial MonitoringMonitoring

¾¾ CompleteComplete byby DecemberDecember 31,31, 20072007

¾¾ 44 quarterlyquarterly samplessamples atat EPTDSEPTDS

z StateState cancan waivewaive lastlast 22 quartersquarters

¾¾ CompositingCompositing isis permittedpermitted

¾¾ ComplianceCompliance basedbased onon runningrunning annualannual averageaverage (RAA)(RAA) 16 InitialInitial Monitoring,Monitoring, cont.cont.

¾¾ SamplesSamples areare notnot inin consecutiveconsecutive quarters:quarters:

z BaseBase RAARAA onon numbernumber ofof samplessamples collected,collected, ANDAND

z CollectCollect finalfinal samplesample asas soonsoon asas possible,possible, OROR

z CollectCollect samplesample inin missedmissed quarter,quarter, nextnext yearyear

17 MonitoringMonitoring LocationsLocations ¾¾ SampleSample forfor eacheach radionuclideradionuclide atat EPTDSEPTDS Well 1 Well 2

z StateState cancan designatedesignate representativerepresentative samplingsampling x pointpoint

¾¾ SampleSample duringduring normalnormal operatingoperating conditionsconditions Well 3 x z WaterWater shouldshould representrepresent allall sourcessources inin useuse

18 Routine/ReducedRoutine/Reduced MonitoringMonitoring

¾ DetermineDetermine samplingsampling frequencyfrequency

z Use RAA or grandfathered data from each EPTDS

¾ BeginBegin routineroutine monitoringmonitoring

z Use subsequent data to set schedule

¾ SchedulesSchedules areare determineddetermined forfor eacheach contaminantcontaminant andand forfor eacheach EPTDSEPTDS

19 MonitoringMonitoring FrequencyFrequency

¾ ForFor combinedcombined radium,radium, grossgross alpha,alpha, uranium:uranium:

<< DLDL 11 samplesample everyevery 99 yearsyears >> DLDL andand << oneone--halfhalf 11 samplesample everyevery 66 yearsyears MCLMCL >> oneone--halfhalf MCLMCL << MCLMCL 11 samplesample everyevery 33 yearsyears

>> MCLMCL 11 samplesample perper quarterquarter untiluntil resultsresults fromfrom 44 consecutiveconsecutive quartersquarters <<

MCLMCL 20 CalculatingCalculating anan RAARAA toto DetermineDetermine MonitoringMonitoring RequirementsRequirements Ground Water System Monitors for Gross Alpha (MCL 15 pCi/L) Date Result Jan 06 9 Apr 06 13 Jul 06 12 Oct 06 10 Running Annual 11 9 + 13 + 12 + 10 = 11 Average 4 System must collect gross alpha samples from this EPTDS once every 3 years 21 GrossGross AlphaAlpha (GA)(GA) SubstitutionsSubstitutions ¾¾ SubstitutingSubstituting grossgross alphaalpha forfor RaRa--226226 IfIf GAGA is:is: UseUse formula:formula: Determines:Determines:

ReducedReduced monitoringmonitoring << DetectDetect 1.51.5 pCi/LpCi/L ++ RaRa 228228 frequencyfrequency (Qtrly,(Qtrly, 3,3, oror 66 yrs)yrs) ComplianceCompliance withwith ≥≥ DetectDetect GAGA resultresult ++ RaRa 228228 226/228226/228 MCLMCL butbut << 55 ReducedReduced monitoringmonitoring frequencyfrequency (Qtrly(Qtrly oror 33 yrs)yrs) 22 GrossGross AlphaAlpha (GA)(GA) Substitutions,Substitutions, cont.cont.

¾ SubstitutingSubstituting grossgross alphaalpha forfor uraniumuranium GAGA resultresult StateState should:should: AssumeAssume allall ofof grossgross ≤≤ 1515 pCi/LpCi/L alphaalpha == uraniumuranium

>> 1515 pCi/LpCi/L RequireRequire uraniumuranium samplingsampling && calculatecalculate netnet alphaalpha

23 NetNet AlphaAlpha

¾ GrossGross alphaalpha minusminus uraniumuranium Net Uranium Alpha

¾ LabLab analyzesanalyzes andand reportsreports activityactivity

¾ StatesStates useuse lablab resultsresults OROR convertconvert uranium:uranium:

z Convert uranium mass to activity • Multiply by 0.67 pCi/µg

z Convert uranium activity to mass • Multiply by 1.49 µg/pCi

24 IncreasedIncreased MonitoringMonitoring

¾¾ResultResult isis >> MCLMCL

z SampleSample quarterlyquarterly •• NeedNeed 44 consecutiveconsecutive samplessamples << MCLMCL

25 ViolationsViolations

1. OneOne samplesample resultresult isis >> 44 timestimes thethe MCLMCL 2. OneOne samplesample resultresult causescauses RAARAA toto exceedexceed MCLMCL 3. RAARAA isis >> MCLMCL

Violation Examples – System on Quarterly GA Monitoring 1 Q3 Result = 76 pCi/L 2 Q1 = 13 pCi/L, Q2 = 13 pCi/L, Q3 = 14 pCi/L, Q4 = 25 pCi/L 3 Q1 = 12 pCi/L, Q2 = 19 pCi/L, Q3 = 16 pCi/L, Q4 = 16 pCi/L

26 Beta/PhotonBeta/Photon ApplicabilityApplicability

¾¾ StateState discretiondiscretion

¾¾ ““VulnerableVulnerable”” systemssystems

z HistoricalHistorical resultsresults

z GeologyGeology && locationlocation

z NearbyNearby facilitiesfacilities

¾¾ SystemsSystems usingusing ““contaminatedcontaminated”” waterswaters

z EffluentsEffluents fromfrom nuclearnuclear facilitiesfacilities 27 Beta/PhotonBeta/Photon EmitterEmitter MonitoringMonitoring

QuarterlyQuarterly AnnuallyAnnually

VulnerableVulnerable GrossGross SystemsSystems BetaBeta1 TritiumTritium && StrontiumStrontium-- GrossGross Contaminated 90903 Contaminated BetaBeta1&& SystemsSystems IodineIodine--1311312

1Gross Beta – monthly analysis or monthly sample composites qtrly 2Iodine 131 – composite of five consecutive daily samples qtrly 3Tritium and Strontium 90- composite of 4 qtrly samples or 4 qtrly analysis 28 Beta/PhotonBeta/Photon ReducedReduced MonitoringMonitoring

If RAA of Gross Beta Minus Potassium- Reduce 40 is… Monitoring to Once Every. .

≤ 50 pCi/L in ThreeThree YearsYears Vulnerable Systems ≤ 15 pCi/L in ThreeThree YearsYears Contaminated Systems

Potassium Beta Activity = elemental potassium (mg/L) x 0.82

29 Beta/PhotonBeta/Photon IncreasedIncreased MonitoringMonitoring

¾¾ ExceedanceExceedance ofof grossgross betabeta minusminus potassiumpotassium--4040

z SpeciateSpeciate forfor mostmost likelylikely emittersemitters

¾¾ MCLMCL violationviolation

z MonthlyMonthly monitoringmonitoring untiluntil 33 monthmonth rollingrolling avgavg << MCLMCL

30 Beta/PhotonBeta/Photon ComplianceCompliance DeterminationDetermination ¾¾ SumSum ofof thethe fractionsfractions

¾¾ MCLMCL == 44 mrem/yearmrem/year

¾¾ ““MaximumMaximum PermissiblePermissible BodyBody BurdensBurdens andand MaximumMaximum PermissiblePermissible ConcentrationsConcentrations ofof RadionuclidesRadionuclides inin AirAir oror WaterWater forfor OccupationalOccupational ExposureExposure””

31 SumSum ofof Fractions:Fractions: ExampleExample

X Y X/Y 4(X/Y) Lab Conversion Calculate Calculate Emitter Analysis from table Fraction Total (pCi/L) (pCi/4mrem) (mrem) Cs-134 5,023 20,000 0.2512 1.0046 Cs-137 30 200 0.15 0.6 Sr-90 4 8 0.5 2 I-131 2 3 0.7 2.8

Sum of the Fractions = 1.6012 6

32 NewNew SystemsSystems && SourcesSources

¾ NewNew systemssystems && systemssystems withwith newnew sourcesource

z Conduct initial monitoring for new source

z Begin in first quarter after initiating use

z Initial results can serve as “occurrence profile”

z States may require beta/photon monitoring

33 AdditionalAdditional ConsiderationsConsiderations

¾ StatesStates cancan requirerequire confirmationconfirmation samplessamples

¾ AverageAverage confirmationconfirmation samplessamples withwith originaloriginal analyticalanalytical resultresult

¾ IfIf samplesample isis << detectiondetection limitlimit

z Use ‘zero’ in RAA calculation

z Exception: gross alpha substitutions

34 StateState FlexibilityFlexibility SummarySummary

¾ SetSet representativerepresentative samplingsampling pointpoint

¾ WaiveWaive lastlast 22 quartersquarters ofof initialinitial monitoringmonitoring

¾ SetSet ““missedmissed”” quarterlyquarterly samplingsampling requirementsrequirements

¾ CompositingCompositing

¾ GrandfatheringGrandfathering

35 Questions?Questions?

36