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Introduction Chapter 1 Notes Introduction 1. BBC News Africa, “Tunisian Martyr,” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ world-africa-12241082. 2. Filiu, Arab Revolution, 20. 3. Lapidus, History of Islamic Societies, 606. 4. Filiu, Arab Revolution, 15. 5. Ibid., 21. 6. Ismael and Ismael, Continuity & Change, 372– 73. 7. Filiu, Arab Revolution, 7. 8. Leverett, Inheriting Syria, 167. 9. Filiu, Arab Revolution, 8. 10. Lapidus, History of Islamic Societies, 576– 80. 11. Jones, Qur’an, 114. I wish to thank Professor Alan Jones for drawing my attention to this reference and to the ones listed below. 12. Ibid., 270. 13. Ibid., 329. 14. Ibid., 411. 15. Ibid., 95. 16. Afsaruddin, First Muslims, 26. 17. Madelung, Succession, 18. 18. Ibid., 253. For Ghadir Khumm, see Afsaruddin, Excellence & Prece- dence, 158, 160, 161, 173, 200, 212, 214, 215, 219, 226, 228, and 267. 19. Madelung, Succession, 18– 27. 20. Afsaruddin, First Muslims, 19. Chapter 1 1. Hitti, History of the Arabs, 178. 2. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 7– 11; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 1832 and 1837. 3. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 7; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 1839. 4. Al-Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 7; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 1823 and 1842. 5. Al-Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 1842– 43. 166 Notes 6. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 9; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 1843– 45; Kennedy, Prophet, 53. 7. Kennedy, Prophet, 54– 57. 8. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 92– 105, 107– 116, 120– 25; al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 28– 34, 38– 42, 46– 49. 9. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 52. 10. Ibid., 53; Kennedy, Prophet, 70– 71. 11. Madelung, Succession, 80. 12. Ibid., 364– 65. 13. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 55– 56; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 2793– 94. 14. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 56 and 70– 71. 15. Madelung, Succession, 90. 16. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 157; al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 59. Later, cousin and son-in- law Sa‘id b. al- ‘As was appointed to the post. By this time, the people of Kufa had had enough; they expelled him and appointed a governor of their own choosing. 17. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 61; Madelung, Succession, 87. 18. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 157; Kennedy, Armies of the Caliphs, 4. 19. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 71; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 2952. 20. Madelung, Succession, 87. 21. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 157; Madelung, Succession, 86. 22. Black, Islamic Political Thought, 15; Lapidus, History of Islamic Societ- ies, 46. 23. The person in question was Abdullah ibn Khalid ibn Asid: al-Zubayri, Nasab Quraish, 112; al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 60 and 64; Madelung, Suc- cession, 364– 67. 24. Madelung, Succession, 81. 25. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 64 and 70; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 2952– 54. 26. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 145; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 2950– 51 and 2954. 27. Al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 2961– 62. 28. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 73; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 2962. 29. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 146– 47; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 2976–79 and 2988. 30. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 72– 73; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 2985. 31. Al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 3050. 32. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 73; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 3046. 33. Al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 3039– 40. 34. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 77; Hitti, History of the Arabs, 180. See also Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh, I 185– 86; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 3807. 35. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 78– 79. 36. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 160– 61; al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 80–82; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 3181– 3218. 37. Kennedy, Armies of the Caliphs, 8. 38. Al- Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 3090– 91; Wellhausen, Arab Kingdom, 75– 76. Notes 167 39. Al-Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 3255. 40. Ibn Kathir, Bidaya VII, 228. 41. See al-Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 3271, for ‘Ali’s supporters’ views of this. 42. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 173– 74; al-Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 87– 91; Ibn Kathir, Bidaya VII, 253– 76; Wellhausen, Arab Kingdom, 78– 83. 43. Al-Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 3329– 49. 44. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 173– 74; al-Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 89– 91; Ibn Kathir, Bidaya VII, 276– 78. See also Hinds, “The Siffin Arbitration Agreement,” 93– 129 (in particular 100). 45. Al-Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 3350– 54 and 3360– 90. 46. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 180– 81; al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 91– 93. 47. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 182. 48. McMillan, Meaning of Mecca, 43. 49. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 183; al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 118– 19; Ibn Kathir, Bidaya VII, 324– 31. See also Wellhausen, Arab Kingdom, 102– 4; Hitti, History of the Arabs, 182. 50. Al-Tabari, Ta’rikh II, 4– 5; Ibn Kathir, Bidaya VIII, 41. See also Hitti, History of the Arabs, 189. 51. Al-Tabari, Ta’rikh I, 1848. 52. Al-Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh I, 365–67; al- Fasi, al- Balad al- Haram II, 142– 43; Rodinson, Mohammed, 174. 53. Ibn Hisham, al- Sirah, 581. 54. Wellhausen, Arab Kingdom, 61– 62; Hawting, First Dynasty, 31– 32. Chapter 2 1. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 187; Madelung, Succession, 326. 2. Hitti, History of the Arabs, 197. 3. Ibn A‘tham, Futuh IV, 151– 53, 157– 61; Ibn Kathir, Bidaya, 19. 4. McMillan, Meaning of Mecca, 49– 50. 5. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 189; al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 125; Lapidus, His- tory of Islamic Societies, 48. 6. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 130. 7. They were Marwan b. al-Hakam and Sa‘id b. al- As. See McMillan, Meaning of Mecca, 56– 60. 8. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 145; Ibn al- Athir, al- Kamil III, 461. 9. Ibn A‘tham, Futuh IV, 204; al- Tabari, Ta’rikh II, 171– 72. 10. Al- Tabari, Ta’rikh II, 69. 11. McMillan, Meaning of Mecca, 45– 47. 12. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 152– 53. 13. Madelung, Succession, 334. In Ibn al- Athir, al- Kamil III, 405, one of al- Hasan’s conditions for giving up his claims to the caliphate was that his father would not be cursed in his presence. The caliph had him cursed just about everywhere else: even during the pilgrimage in Mecca. 168 Notes 14. Sources disagree over the year: it is either 50 or 51 in the Islamic calen- dar. The Islamic calendar is lunar and moves forward by 11 days each year, so every 30 years the pilgrimage falls twice in the same solar year. That happens here: the pilgrimage of 50 began in 670 and ended in 671, and the pilgrimage of 51 was later in 671. For full references to Yazid’s pilgrimage, see McMillan, Meaning of Mecca, 46. 15. It is not clear exactly which year al- Hasan died: 669, 670, or 671, which corresponds to year 49 or 50 in the Islamic calendar. Many of the sources give both years: Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 194; al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 133; al-Tabari, Ta’rikh III, 2323– 24; Ibn al- Athir, al- Kamil III, 460; al- Dhahabi, Ta’rikh II, 211– 12 and 220. 16. Ibn al- Athir, al- Kamil III, 460; Madelung, Succession, 331. 17. Ibn A‘tham, Futuh IV, 151, 152–53, 157, 158– 161. Other sources make no mention of a shura: see Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 187 and al- Tabari, Ta’rikh II, 3– 7. 18. Ibn A‘tham, Futuh IV, 224– 25; Ibn Kathir, Bidaya VIII, 79. 19. Al-Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 154; Hitti, History of the Arabs, 195. 20. These men were Ibn ‘Abbas (a member of the Prophet’s family); Abdullah ibn al- Zubayr (a son of a member of the shura that elected ‘Uthman caliph and later rebelled against ‘Ali); and sons of three of the first four caliphs: ‘Abd al-Rahman (son of the first caliph Abu Bakr), Abdullah (son of the second caliph ‘Umar), and al-Husayn (son of the fourth caliph ‘Ali). See Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 199– 200; al-Baladhuri, Ansab IV A, 122–23; al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 138; Wellhausen, Arab Kingdom, 141– 42 and 164– 65; Chejne, Succession, 43– 44. No one from the third caliph’s family seemed to have objected. 21. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 138; Ibn Kathir, Bidaya VIII, 233 and 235. 22. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 199. 23. Al- Mawardi, Ahkam, 6– 8 and 10– 11; Kennedy, Prophet, 88– 89. 24. The process of designation was not new: Abu Bakr appointed ‘Umar to be his successor. But ‘Umar was a man of impeccable Islamic creden- tials who enjoyed widespread support. Yazid was not. See al-Zubayri, Nasab Quraish, 104; al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 24; al-Mawardi, Ahkam, 10; Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, 210; Madelung, Succession, 55– 56. 25. Al- Ya‘qubi, Ta’rikh II, 142– 43; Ibn Kathir, Bidaya VIII, 19; Hawting, First Dynasty, 43; Kennedy, Prophet, 88; Madelung, Succession, 326. 26. Ibn A‘tham, Futuh IV, 229. 27. Ibn Khayyat, Ta’rikh I, 199– 205; Ibn A‘tham, Futuh IV, 235– 49. 28. The man in question is Marwan b. al-Hakam. He later became caliph but not due to anything Mu‘awiya did on his behalf. This version of events seems to appear only in al-Mas‘udi, Muruj, 1827– 28 and 1830.
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