FOREWORD

Welcome to the new NIST! Over the next few years, NIST plans to use

requested funding increases to transform Since 1988 and passage of the Omnibus itself from primarily a measurement labora- Trade and Competitiveness Act, the National tory program with three relatively small Institute of Standards and Technology extramural programs to a full-service tech- (NIST) has been expanding its outreach nology development, funding, extension, efforts to industry. These have included and quality improvement partner for U.S. establishment of three relatively new extra- industry. To help get that job done, we have mural programs—the Advanced Technol- begun a major construction and renovation ogy' Program, providing direct grants to program to bring the Institute's laboratory industrv' for high-risk technolog}' develop- facilities up to the needs of the 21st century ment; the Manufacturing Extension Partner- and beyond. ship, a grassroots technolog)' extension service; and the Malcolm Baldrige National You'll see the beginnings of this transfor-

Qualit}' Award. The Institute also has sub- mation within this guide. We've included stantially increased the number of coopera- expanded descriptions of NIST extramural tive programs between industry' scientists programs, more comprehensive coverage of and engineers and NIST laboratory NIST laboratory projects and facilities, and researchers. more detailed guidance on the many differ- ent ways—both formal and informal—that Now we're gearing up for even bigger industrial and other organizations can work changes. The Clinton Administration has cooperatively with NIST. Also for the first made improved development, commerciali- time, the guide includes email addresses for zation, and adoption of new technology' by most NIST research contacts listed and infor- U.S. industry- a central element of its plan mation on electronic bulletin boards open for U.S. economic growth. NIST has a vital to use by the public. role to play in helping turn these plans into reality. We hope you'll use this guide to find the

NIST programs, research projects, products,

or services that best match your organiza-

tion's needs. Then make the most of your

federal tax dollars. Work with us to make all aspects of U.S. technology—from devel-

opment to commercialization to adoption by manufacturers—the envy of the world.

Arati Prabhakar, Director

email: [email protected] —

NIST AT A GLANCE

The National Institute of Standards and • a rigorously competitive Advanced Tech- BUDGET

Technology was established by Congress "to nology Program providing cost-shared $609 million assist industry in the development of tech- grants to industry for development of high- (FY 94 estimated operating resources from

all nology ... needed to improve product qual- risk technologies with significant commer- sources) ity, to modernize manufacturing processes, cial potential; STAFF to ensure product reliability ... to facili- and About scientists, engineers, techni- • a grassroots Manufacturing Extension 3,200 tate rapid commercialization ... of products cians, and support personnel, Partnership helping small and medium- plus some based new scientific discoveries." on 1,200 visiting researchers year sized companies adopt new technologies; each hn agency of the U.S. Department of Com- SITES • a strong laboratory effort planned and merce's Technology Administration, NIST's Gaithersburg, Md. (headquarters implemented in cooperation with industry primary mission is to promote U.S. eco- 234-hectare campus) and and focused on measurements, standards, nomic growth by working with industry to Boulder, Colo. (84-hectare campus) evaluated data, and test methods; and develop and apply technology, measure- MAIN RESEARCH AREAS IN NIST ments, and standards. It carries out this • a highly visible quality outreach pro- LABORATORIES mission through a portfolio of four major gram associated with the Malcolm Baldrige Electronics and electrical engineering programs: National Quality Award. Manufacturing engineering

Chemical science and technology

Physics

Materials science and engineering

Building and fire research Computer systems

Computing and applied mathematics CONTENTS

4 How To Use This Guide

5 What NISTHasTo Offer

10 Advanced Technology Program

13 IVIanufacturIng Extension Partnership

15 IVIalcolm Baldrige National Quality Award

16 Laboratory Programs

16 Technology Services

22 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

38 Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory

46 Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory

63 Physics Laboratory

745 76 Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory

93 Building and Fire Research Laboratory

102 Computer Systems Laboratory

109 Computing and Applied Mathematics Laboratory

113 Facilities Index

113 Subject Index HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE

Finding who or wliat you need within a fed- This guide is divided into chapters covering This guide attempts to include all major eral agency can be a daunting task. This each of NIST's major operating units. NIST program areas. However, no single guide is designed to make finding out about In addition, each chapter on laboratory report can be completely comprehensive. programs and contacts at the National Insti- research programs includes subheadings Institute programs change constantly as tute of Standards and Technology a little for NIST organizational divisions. new research results and technologies easier. become available. If you don't find a topic A detailed subject index is included on area that specifically matches your needs, NIST researchers actively seek out industrial pages 113 to ll6. Due to the interdiscipli- contact the division office for the research and other collaborators to work on well- naiy nature of NIST's work, many topic area closest to your field of interest. Phone defined, cooperative research projects of areas appear in more than one chapter. For numbers, fax numbers, and electronic mail mutual interest. In addition, NIST example, research involving polymers is addresses for division contacts are provided researchers collaborate informally with described in different chapters: polymer within each chapter. industrial and academic researchers to solve processing and structure investigations shorter-term technical problems. For an within the Materials Science and Engineer- If you review this guide and you're still not ovei'view of the many different ways NIST ing Laboratory and polymer combustion sure which office to call, the NIST Publica- may be able to help your organization, studies within the Building and Fire tions and Program Inquiries Unit can prob- see "What NIST Has to Offer" on page 5. Research Laboratory. ably help you. Contact: Publications and

Program Inquiries Unit, (301) 975-3058. The pages that follow describe more than

250 NIST research projects, grants and industiy outreach programs, sei^ices, and facilities, followed by contact names, phone numbers, and mail and electronic mail

(Internet) addresses for further informa- tion. Unless otherwise noted, all addresses listed are at NIST, Gaithersburg, Md. 20899-0001. WHAT NIST HAS TO OFFER

The most common types of arrangements and Boulder, Colo., laboratories. Contact: Advanced include: domestic guest researchers, (301) 975-3084; Technology Program international guest researchers, Cooperative Research and Development (301) 975-4119. This program provides multiyear funding Agreements (CRADAs) Typically cover joint research efforts in for high-risk, high-payoff, civihan technol- Research and Development Contracts which both NIST and the cooperating com- og)' development by individual companies Used when external organizations contract pany provide staff, equipment, facilities, or industry-led joint ventures. See descrip- with NIST researchers to receive specific and/or funds, in any number of possible tion on page 10. technical services or results uniquely avail-

combinations, for a project of mutual able at the Institute. The cooperating

interest. NIST is currently working with organization funds the NIST effort on a cost-

Manufacturing more than 200 research partners on nearly reimbursable basis. Individual contracts Extension Partnership 250 CRADAs in 16O different areas of may provide protection of proprietary infor- research. Ninety-five percent of NIST's mation under certain circumstances. This program provides funding for region- CRADA partners are U.S. businesses, with ally based extension centers that help small Research results are made publicly avail- about equal numbers from large and small and medium-sized businesses adopt modern able, and any intellectual property rights companies. technologies. MEP also provides matching revert to NIST. joint grants for state-based technology extension When companies conduct research Preparation of contracts for such agree- with the Institute under a can efforts and develops linkages between fed- CRADA, NIST ments typically takes about 4 weeks. protect confidential or proprietary eral, state, local, and other technology informa- tion the project, extension efforts. See description on exchanged during keep Informal Collaborations results confidential, and provide Informal one-to-one collaborations between page 13. research exclusive rights for intellectual property Institute and other researchers. Such col-

developed during the course of the project. laborations often involve exchange of

Collaborative Research Each CRADA is negotiated separately be- research results and/or samples between

tween NIST and prospective partners. Most NIST and other researchers, rather than NIST actively seeks industrial, academic, CRADAs take 6 to 8 weeks to implement. transfers of personnel or research funds. and non-profit research partners to work Copies of a model NIST CRADA agreement collaboratively on projects of mutual are available from the NIST Technology benefit. A wide variety of mechanisms are Research Consortia Development and Small Business Program, available for earning out these research (301) 975-3084. On research topics of broad interest to a collaborations. Special efforts are made to number of different research partners, NIST tailor collaborations to specific needs. Guest Researcher Agreements sponsor research consortia. Research Typically used when an industrial or other may Most research collaborations start with consortia are usually structured through researcher wishes to join an ongoing NIST one-to-one interactions between industry or NIST CRADAs and involve groups of compa- research effort. The researcher gains access other researchers and NIST scientists and nies and other organizations that exchange to NIST research staff and facilities and, in engineers. To locate NIST researchers in spe- data, ideas, researchers, and/or materials return, results from the collaboration are cific fields of interest, see the project listings among themselves and with NIST to meet made publicly available. Such agreements on pages 22 to 112. For further information agreed-upon research goals. Most consortia cannot protect proprietary information and about the process for specific implementing require payment of membership fees in do not allow cooperating companies to re- types of research agreements, contact the exchange for advance knowledge of ceive exclusive intellectual property rights. Technology Development and Small Busi- research results produced by the consortia Once a NIST research group agrees to host a ness Program, 975-3084. (301j effort. Currently active NIST-centered con- guest researcher, implementation of such sortia open to participation by U.S.-based agreements takes only about 1 week. Each companies include the following: year NIST hosts about 1,200 guest scientists

and engineers at its Gaithersburg, Md., WHAT NIST HAS TO OFFER

Fluid Flow Measurements Supports research in fluid flow measure- ment by 15 percent, productivity by 7 per- ments to help industry understand, evalu- SUCCESS STORIES cent per employee, and sales by 34 percent. ate, and assess flowmeter performance For those who need convincing that fed- • From January 1989 through June 1991, under non-ideal conditions. Contact: eral government programs can produce client companies estimated that the MTCs George Mattingly, (301) 975-5939- substantial private-sector benefits, con- helped them save a total of $139 mil- sider the following examples from each Production of Powdered Metals lion—or eight times more than the total Applies advanced intelligent processing of NIST's four major program areas. federal investment of $18 million during techniques to improve the quality and Advanced Technology Program that time. productivity of advanced metal powder proc- • essing used in making jet engines, high- According to a recent survey of initial • Many individual companies have used performance magnets, and other high- ATP grant recipients, funding provided by MTC advice and services to successfully technology applications. Contact: the program enabled a number of com- adopt new technologies and increase

Neville Pugh, (301) 975-5960. panies to pursue research they otherwise profits: would not have been able to do. Typical North American Integrated Services Digital Newburgh Molded Products used new comments included, "We would not have Users' Network Forum processing technology to increase its been able to do this kind of work at all Promotes the implementation and use of production volume by two-thirds and [without the ATP]." ... "and [the ATP] ISDN standards and the development of reduce waste. enabled us to keep a highly specialized interoperable systems for the simultaneous and trained team together over a long transmission of voice, data, and images Kintz Plastics bought new automation period of time to pursue a technology." over high-speed digital networks. Contact: equipment to cut its production time for making steel and aluminum molds Daniel Stokesberry, (301) 975-3605. • Sixty-nine percent of respondents to the from 8 weeks to 8 days. survey reported a significant shortening of Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuits Develops metrology for design and manufac- the R&D cycle over the first year of their Brimfield Precision saved over $200,000 ture of microwave monolithic-integrated cir- funding. on the purchase of a new computer- cuits, especially measurement methods and aided design and manufacturing system • All of the single-company award recipi- standards to reduce testing costs. Contact: after trying out several systems at an ents and most of the joint venture partici- Gerome Reeve, (303) 497-3557. MTC and choosing a less expensive sys- pants cited the credibilit)' the company tem than the one they previously Consortium on Automated Analytical and the technology gained by receiving an thought was necessary. Laboratory Systems (CAALS) ATP award. Smaller companies empha- Fosters advancement of automated analyti- sized that this assisted them in attracting A South Carolina forklift manufacturer cal systems to improve laboratory efficiency external funding; larger companies found shaved 2 years off the planning and and data quality and to promote transfer- that they received increased support from evaluation stage of its transition to a ability of analytical methods so U.S. compa- internal management for the project. robotic painting and welding system. nies can compete internationally. Contact: • Over half of the ATP awards in the A New York-based vitamin manufac- Gary Kramer, (301) 975-4132. first three competitions are led by small turer sped up production and cut its Investigation of S2F10 Production businesses. In addition, many more time for filling back orders by better Investigates the production of SzFioin small businesses are subcontractors to the than 50 percent. compressed SF6 insulated electrical power participating organizations. These compa- equipment and provides utilities and other NIST Laboratory Research nies have indicated that ATP funding is interested parties with information on safe critical to their pursuit of the proposed • U.S. semiconductor manufacturers and prudent operation of such equipment. ologies. attributed 4 percent of their productivity Contact: Joseph Greenberg, (301) 975-2439- growth over a 5-year period and annual anufacturlng Extension Partnership Ceramic Machining Consortium savings of up to $500 million to NIST

Develops cost-effective production processes • Results of a pilot evaluation system research. for grinding components made from ad- with a small number of companies in- • A NIST technique for measuring the vanced, structural ceramics, such as silicon volved in modernization projects with performance of microwave antennas revo- nitride and silicon carbide. Contact: Said MTC assistance showed that within 2 years lutionized quality control for 11 U.S. Jahanmir, (301) 975-3671. these firms, on average, increased employ- WHAT NIST HAS TO OFFER 7

Processing of Polymer Blends Uses NIST measurement tools to develop the manufacturers. One company estimated • A NIST project with SEMATECH estab- I data and processing models industry needs that the new technology' saved their com- lished calibration procedures that mark- to produce new and more economical poly- pany S35 miUion in testing costs. edly improved the accuracy of commercial mer blends and alloys. Contact: Thomas near-ultraviolet radiometers used in semi- • NIST researchers working with an Yolken, (301) 975-5727. conductor photolithography. Institute-sponsored consortia developed a Advanced Biosensors computer model that helped one member • Optical ETC is making microheaters for Works to hasten development of biosensors company. Crucible Compaction Metals, in- infrared flat-panel displays using a NIST- that could dramatically change the way crease the percentage of usable metal pow- developed technology. laboratories analyze medical, environ- der made at its production facilit}' by over • Teradyne Inc. worked with NIST to pro- mental, and industrial samples. Contact: I 40 percent. duce a software package that reduces the Howard Weetall, (301) 975-2628.

• More than 50 companies have sent number of testing points required for a Casting of Aerospace Alloys 13-bit analog-to-digital converter from researchers to work with Institute re- Supports efforts to improve understanding searchers at NIST's Automated Manufac- more than 8,000 to 64. j and, ultimately, control of the net-shape

turing Research Facilit\" and more than casting process so that the alloys in finished Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award 20 products and subsystems developed at parts attain the desired structural and per-

the AMRF have been commercialized. • A 1991 General Accounting Office report formance properties. Contact: Robert

calls the Malcolm Baldrige National Qual- Schaefer, (301) 975-5727. • The CEM Corp. credits much of its ity' Award criteria "the most widely used success in developing new markets for Polymers Processing Measurements accepted formal definition of what consti- laboratory' microwave units to an 8-year Improves processing techniques used in tutes a total quality management com- successful collaboration with NIST the manufacture of advanced polymer mate- pany." "In nearly all cases," the report researchers. rials, including on-line measurement tech- states, "companies that used total quality nology to monitor polymer processing. • A NIST-developed method for measur- management practices achieved better em- Contact: Thomas Yolken, (301) 975-5727. ing light reflection produces savings of ployee relations, higher productivity,

about $500 million per year for large seg- greater customer satisfaction, increased Intelligent Processing of Ceramic and Slips ments of the U.S. medical, agricultural, market share, and improved profitability." Powders Focuses on developing measurement meth- food processing, paper, plastics, and build- • In a letter to the U.S. Secretary of Com- ods for on-line process control and process ing materials industries. merce, Solectron Corp., a 1991 award win- modeling for advanced ceramic powders • the Laboratory inaccuracies in measure- ner, noted, "Since we applied for and slips. Contact: Subhas Malghan,

ments of cholesterol in blood samples Malcolm Baldrige award in 1989, Solec- (301) 975-6101. have decreased by half since introduction tron's sales have increased 3l6 percent

of NIST Standard Reference Materials for and profit has increased 338 percent in

those measurements. 3 years.... We attribute our financial per- Technical Assistance

formance a great deal to the improvement provides two different forms of assis- • Axis Instruments is marketing a preci- NIST the rigorous examina- we made through others seeking sion instrument based on a NIST design tance to U.S. companies and the Baldrige appli- tion and feedback from technical areas. that makes absolute measurements of the advice in specific cation process." gravitational field to 10 times Earth's 5 Direct Assistance from NIST Researchers more accurately than previously possible. • Another Baldrige winner, Globe Metal- Informal technical advice provided without

lurgical Inc. estimates that its investments charge by NIST researchers. Often NIST • Intel's Supercomputer Systems Division in quality have produced a 40-1 return. experts can help a company solve a techni- has incorporated a NIST-developed per- cal problem through one or several phone formance measurement chip into its • Motorola Inc. considers the criteria for conversations or a brief visit to the Insti- Paragon XP/S supercomputers. the Baldrige Award so important that it tute's Gaithersburg, Md., or Boulder, Colo., has given its suppliers until 1994 to follow • NIST-developed smoke detector perform- laboratories. (Institute researchers are not the award criteria or risk losing Motorola ance requirements, installation guidelines, permitted to consult on their own behalf or as a customer for their products. and subsequent studies have helped U.S. to receive personal payments for technical

manufacturers acquire a 50-percent share advice in areas within NIST's mission.) of the world market. 8 WHAT NIST HAS TO OFFER

See project descriptions on pages 22 to 112 agreement; through contract R&D in which Quality to locate a NIST expert in a specific Institute staff members conduct specific Improvement

research field or call the Publications and experiments or tests at NIST and are reim- Assistance

Program Inquiries Unit for assistance, bursed for their time and supplies; and, for The NIST Office of Quality Programs man- (301) 975-3058. a limited number of facilities, through ages the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality scheduled appointments for qualified Assistance from a NIST Manufacturing Award and supplies interested businesses researchers wishing to conduct proprietary Teclinoiogy or Outreacli Center with guidelines and criteria important for Formal or informal technical services and research. establishing successful quality management advice provided by NIST's regionally based Scheduling and priorities for NIST facilities programs. See description on page 15. Manufacturing Technology Centers (MTCs) use are determined by the relevant director and affiliated organizations. Operated for each NIST disciplinary laboratory, in through NIST's Manufacturing Extension Research Grants some cases assisted by designated user Partnership, NIST MTCs and outreach cen- group committees. Grants supporting research at industry, aca- ters give "hands on" technical assistance to demic, and other institutions are available small and medium-sized manufacturers An index of NIST facilities appears on on a competitive basis through several dif- and provide referral services to locate addi- page 113. For detailed information on capa- ferent Institute offices. For general informa- tional technical resources. Informal assis- bilities and availability of individual facili- tion on NIST grants programs, contact ties, call the contact person listed for that tance is free; more extensive service may (301) 975-6328. facility. For general information typical require payment of modest fees. See page 13. on facility use agreements, contact the Technol- Small Business Innovation Research ogy Development and Small Business Pro- Program Funds proposals by small businesses for Technology gram, (301) 975-3084, Services and Products research and development efforts that fall within areas recommended yearly by the

NIST provides many different technology Technology Licenses U.S. Department of Commerce. See descrip-

services and products to help U.S. industry tion on page 21. NIST seeks patents for its product and proc- improve the quality, reduce the cost, and ess inventions with commercial potential. Precision Measurement Grants increase the competitiveness of its products. Individuals or companies may obtain a Supports researchers in U.S. colleges and Summaries of the NIST programs providing license to use, make, or sell NIST patented universities for experimental and theoreti- these services and products appear on pages inventions, on either an exclusive or nonex- cal studies of fundamental physical phe- 1 6 to 21. Examples include Standard Refer- clusive basis. Normally licenses are granted nomena. Contact: (301) 975-5607. ence Materials, Standard Reference Data, only in cases where the licensee agrees that calibration and laboratory accreditation Fire Research Grants resulting products will be manufactured services, and evaluations of energy-related Sponsors research by academic institutions, substantially in the United States. inventions. non-federal government agencies, and inde- pendent and industrial laboratories that The goal of NIST's licensing process is

to encourage commercial use of NIST- supports NIST's fire research laboratory Use of NIST Facilities developed technologies. programs. Contact: (301) 975-6854.

The Institute operates more than 40 differ- Standard Reference Data Grants For a current listing of the more than ent research facilities that are accessible to Supports research at academic, industrial, 120 NIST inventions available for outside researchers for collaborative or inde- and other non-federal institutions to criti- licensing, contact the NIST Technology pendent research. Some are one-of-a-kind cally evaluate data in chemistry, physics, Development and Small Business Program, facilities not available elsewhere in the and materials properties. Contact: (301) (301) 975-3084. United States. 975-2200.

Access to NIST facilities generally occurs Materials Science and Engineering Grants

through one of four mechanisms: under the Supports work in polymers, ceramics, metal-

provisions of a NIST CRADA or consortium lurgy, and neutron scattering and spectros-

agreement; through a guest researcher copy research at academic, industrial, and other non-federal institutions. Contact:

(301) 975-5658. —

WHAT NIST HAS TO OFFER 9

NIST Gopher Information Service • Internet access: telnet cs-bbs.ncsl. nist.gov Publications Part of the the Internet. Gopher system on or telnet 129.6.54.30. To download files, Allows users to search through databases NIST issues more than 350 pubhcations Internet users need to use ftp as follows: using menus to locate materials of interest. each year, such as reports on research re- t)'pe "ftp csrc.nist.gov" or "ftp 129.6.54.11." The range of topics included in the Gopher sults and standards, catalogs of products Log in to account "anonymous" using your sen'ice continually expands. As of late 1993, and services, and technical handbooks. Internet address as the password. Computer menu items on the following topics were NIST staff also author about 1,300 technical securit}' bulletin board files are located in included: text from this brochure. Guide to journal papers. The Publications and Pro- directory bbs. Or, telnet to the NIST Gopher NIST; Guide to Available Mathematical Soft- gram Inquiries Unit provides assistance to server. Type "telnet gopher.nist.gov." ware (GAAIS); computer security; open sys- the public in locating current and past Data Management Activities and tems engineering; Standard Reference Data Institute publications, (301) 975-3058. Applications Bulletin Board Program; and NIST phone book and email Provides information on activities of the The Institute also publishes serial publica- director}'. NIST Information Systems Engineering Divi- tions, including: To access the NIST Gopher server via sion, which develops standards and provides of ttie National Journal of Research Internet: technical assistance to government and Institute of Standards and Technology industn.' in data administration, data man- Issued bimonthly. Subscription price: • from remote log in, t}Tpe "telnet agement, technology, computer graphics, domestic S27 per year, foreign gopher.nist.gov.'" At the log in prompt, t^pe — and software standards validation. $33-75 per year. Reports NIST research and "gopher." • Modem access: 948-2048 for 2400 I development results in physics, chemistr}', (301) • from a gopher client, use the gopher ser\'- engineering, mathematics, and computer baud, (301) 948-2059 for 300 or 1200 baud er as "gopherserver.nist.gov" with port 70. science, with major emphasis on measure- (data bits: 8/no parity or 7/even parity, stop

ment methodology and basic technolog}' STEP On-Line Information Service (SOLIS) bits: 1)

underlying standardization. Contact: Provides access to draft standards, support- Fire Research Computer Bulletin Board ing documents, and software that contribute (202) 783-3238. Features fire computer programs developed

I to the Standard for Exchange of Product by the Building and Fire Research Labora- ' Technology at a Glance Model Data (STEP). Issued quarterly. Free subscription. A four- tory at NIST.

page, lay language newsletter providing • Internet access: send an email message to • Modem access: (301) 990-2272 for 300, brief updates on NIST research, grants, and "[email protected]". In the body of 1200, 2400, or 96OO baud (data bits: 8/no other program activities. Includes a NIST the message, type "help". parit)', stop bits: 1) contact name for each topic covered. • Anonymous ftp: ftp ftp.cme.nist.gov, North American Integrated Services Digital Contact: Gail Porter, (301) 975-3392. name: anonymous, password: , Network (ISDN) Users' Forum Bulletin

files to be downloaded are located at Board Electronic Information "cd pub/step". Provides minutes from the North American ISDN Users' Forum, meeting dates and agen- Retrieval Systems Weights and Measures Bulletin Board das, user applications, analyses, and pro- Provides information on certificates of con- NIST operates a number of different elec- files. When prompted for password, type formance, software programs, publication tronic information retrieval systems and "dialin." lists, and contacts. bulletin boards designed to encourage dis- • Modem access: (301) 869-7281 for 1200 semination of information on a variety of • Modem access: (301) 869-1665 for 1200 or 2400 baud; (data bits: 8/no parity, stop topics. For assistance locating information baud (data bits: 8/no parity, stop bits: 1) bits:l) on NIST programs not provided by these Computer Security Bulletin Board • Internet access: telnet 129.6.53-11 bulletin boards, contact the NIST Publica- Provides information on computer viruses,

tions and Program Inquiries Unit, (301) software reviews, computer security alerts,

975-3058, email: [email protected]. and publications.

• Modem access: (301) 948-5717 for 300,

1200, or 2400 baud; (301) 948-5140 for

9600 baud (data bits: 8/no parity or 7/even

parity, stop bits: 1) — a ——

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

Overview Projects Agency. But the unique mission of joint ventures led by two or more compa- the ATP—support for civilian technologies nies, are eligible for direct funding. Success- Begun in the NIST Advanced Technol- 1990, in the nation's competitive interest ful ATP project sponsors range in size from Program (ATP) promotes the economic ogy required some special features, which have start-up companies with a handful of growth and competitiveness of U.S. business become the hallmarks of the ATP and major employees to major industrial firms with and industry by accelerating the develop- factors in its success. international scope. Universities, federal commercialization of promising, ment and laboratories, and non-profit institutions par- Projects are selected on the basis of both high-risk technologies with substantial ticipate in many ATP projects, but as sub- technical and business merit through a fair potential for enhancing U.S. economic and rigorous competition. contractors or as members of joint ventures growth. After each proposal is screened for basic (although non-profit institutions may

compliance with the ATP's requirements, it administer joint ventures). The program provides technology develop-

is reviewed thoroughly by scientists and ment funding through cooperative research The ATP has a broad mission to promote engineers expert in the subject area agreements to single businesses or industry- — large economic benefits for the nation. common procedure for competitive grant led joint ventures. Applicants must share the The legislative mandate of the ATP is to programs. But ATP proposals that score well costs of ATP projects. promote "commercializing new scientific in this technical review go on to afurther discoveries rapidly" and "refining manufac- Awards to individual companies are limited evaluation of potential economic impact, turing practices." This offers tremendous to $2 million over 3 years and can be used evidence of significant commitment to the scope. The objective of some projects is to only for direct R&D costs. Awards to joint project on the part of the proposer, and develop technologies that enable lower-cost, ventures can be for up to 5 years; joint ven- other business-related factors affecting the higher-quality, or faster-to-market prod- tures must provide more than percent of 50 results will likelihood that successful be ucts. The ultimate objective of others is to the resources for the project. The ATP does commercialized. develop the know-how to provide new-to- not fund product development. It will sup- the-world or radically improved products The scientific and technical reviewers are port development of laboratoiy prototypes and services. The ATP has a high potential primarily federal and academic experts to and proof of technical feasibility but not impact on U.S. economic growth because, avoid conflict-of-interest problems and pro- commercial prototypes or proof of commer- unlike other federal technology programs, it tect proprietary information. Business cial feasibility. makes investments explicitly for this reason reviews are conducted primarily by business The ATP relies on the substantial involve- rather than for some other national goal. experts from the private sector who agree to ment of industry to define and implement avoid conflicts of interest and abide by non- The ATP Is market-oriented. programs that are expected to have a R&D disclosure requirements. Semifinalists While government provides the catalyst substantial long-term economic impact. receive in-depth oral reviews. Proposals are and in many cases, critical technical sup- The ATP selects specific projects through a ranked according to published selection cri- port—industry conceives, manages, and rigorous competitive process that includes teria, and funding is awarded primarily on executes ATP projects. Management of evaluation of both the technical and busi- the basis of the ranking. This merit-based projects is geared to ensure that the work ness merits of a project. The program has selection process has been fully tested and performed is what industry believes should received broad public support from groups refined and is essential to the effectiveness of be done and is what it can do best. such as the Advanced Technology Coalition, the ATP. The ATP also emphasizes cost sharing which represents over 30 major trade asso- The ATP provides direct support to ATP recipients on average pay more than ciations, professional societies, and high- for-profit companies of all sizes. half the total costs of the R&D. This helps technology companies. j Commercial organizations know best how that companies have a vested interest ensure j to commercialize a promising new technol- in the success of projects and in timely com- Essential Features ogy. With this in mind, the ATP emphasizes mercialization. At the same time, participa- direct funding to for-profit companies. In designing the ATP, NIST looked to exist- tion by small companies and start-ups is Small, medium, and large companies, and ing large-scale R&D funding programs with not precluded, because the single-applicant i a reputation for results, particularly those of requirement for cost sharing is that the com- j the National Institutes of Health and the pany cover its indirect costs. Since most i

Defense Department's Advanced Research start-ups and small companies have low ii 1

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM 1

innovations. (See success stories on page 6.)

Two independent studies of projects funded PAST AWARD WINNERS • development of a microfabricated in FY 1991 revealed substantial, early benefi- chip incorporating synthetic DNA probes, cial impacts on participating companies, A listing of the research goals for past together with necessary sensor and com- including: award winners covers a ver\^ broad ATP puter technology, for an automated, low- • array of cutting-edge technologies. expanded R&D activity, particularly the cost DNA sequencer; ability to engage in high-risk, long-term A sampling of 1992 winners includes • creation of a generic software technol- research with high-payoff potential; awards to help fund: multiyear ogy to restore, enhance, or digitally refor- • cost and time savings, improved produc- mat moving pictures, such as sequences • development of thick-film processing tivity, and other benefits from industry- from infrared, ultrasonic, or X-ray sen- technolog}' for radio-frequency compo- industry, industry-government, and sors or motion-picture films; nents for communications equipment industry-university collaborations; as cellular telephone base sta- (such • application of newly developed pro- • improved competitive standing; tions), based on high-temperature I duction technologies to fabricate high- ' superconductors: efficiency long-lived, blue/green lasers • formation of valuable strategic business

and LEDs; alliances; • development of technology' to "clean"

semiconductor wafers of trace metals, y • development of new rapid solidifica- • improved ability to attract investors; surface using particles, and damage tion casting technology to produce thick • assistance in converting from defense to lieu of wet dry, gas-phase agents in ribbons of metallic glass sufficiently duc- commercial applications; and chemicals; tile to be used in high-power electric

transformers and motors to reduce waste- • acceleration of technology development, • demonstration of a revolutionary' new ful power loss; leading to improved market share. design for high-precision, multi-axis

machine tools, based on an octahedron • development of the methodology for

frame and a "Stewart platform" actuator; producing animal-derived extracellular General and Program

matrix materials as prosthetic materials • improvement in scientific under- Competitions to support the regeneration of tissues standing of the relationship between The NIST ATP office conducts competitions glands; and processing, part geometry, raicrostruc- and each year to review submitted proposals and for fiber- ture, and part performance • demonstration of the use of quantum- select grantees. The number of projects parts, reinforced molded thermoplastic level "electron trapping optical mem- funded varies with the total program budget. in and application of this knowledge an ory" in a prototype erasable optical disk Two types of competitions are supported: integrated thermoplastic engineering drive suitable for digital video recording "general" and "program." General competi- design morpholog)'. at substantially higher speeds and tions are open to all technology areas. Past greater densities than existing optical general competition awards have covered a storage media. very broad spectrum of technologies in agri-

culture, biotechnology, microelectronics,

machine tools, advanced automotive manu-

indirect is the ATP strategic plan is updated, the evalu- cost rates, this requirement not facturing, advanced materials, information

ation plan is revised to ensure that it covers prohibitive. and communication technology, flat-panel critical aspects of the program. all display manufacturing, and other areas. The ATP has a comprehensive plan for

monitoring and evaluating its performance. (See box above.) From the start, the ATP has strongly Economic Returns Each program competition focuses on a set embraced program evaluation and consid- Early results indicate that the ATP is of technology and business goals. Program ers it critical to the development and opera- successfully improving the capability of the competitions enable the ATP to channel tion of a results-oriented, efficiently run nation's businesses to capture economic significant support to clusters of related program. Early on, an evaluation plan was returns from scientific and technological projects, each attacking a critical element developed and measurable goals were identi- and reaping the benefits of this synergy. fied against which to track performance. As ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

Key criteria for selecting program areas Beginning in FY 1994, NISI also plans to The commercialization assistance program include: amplify the ATP's impact on the U.S. econ- will be run initially on a trial basis. Its per-

omy with several new strategies. formance will be monitored and evaluated, • potential U.S. economic impact, includ- and, if successful, it will be continued and ing the credibility of the program's pro- It will take a more active role In building expanded to serve all companies that wish posed pathways to economic growth; the cooperative programs among businesses, universities, and government agencies. to participate. importance of the existing or potential Because of its global view and broad sources sector affected; and the probability of The program will intensify Its outreach of information, the ATP is in a unique posi- subsequent commercialization; efforts. tion to spot potentially advantageous alli- While well-known to most of the larger • good technical ideas that are "cutting ances and bring them to the attention of its technology-oriented companies in the edge," high risk, strategically important, industrial partners. For example, the ATP United States, the ATP is less well-known and based on sound scientific and technical might bring to the attention of a joint ven- or understood by thousands of small, concepts; ture an outside company whose proposed entrepreneurial companies that play a criti-

work appears to mesh well with that of the cal role in technology development and • strong industry commitment to partici- joint venture. the suggest Or ATP might a might benefit from its programs. To remedy pate, including breadth and depth of inter- strategic alliance between a single-company this, an intensified outreach and marketing est and willingness to share costs and to applicant proposing to develop a new tech- program has been started to increase aware- work with the government and other part- nology and a potential end user of that tech- ness of the program. The outreach program ners; and nology, if such an alliance would increase will be coordinated closely with state and • opportunity for ATP to make a major dif- the chances of a project's success. local economic development organizations ference by supporting work that is unique or that are in a good position to identify small Although the final decisions about such alli- complementary to other industrial and gov- companies that might have an interest in ances will always lie with the companies, ernment efforts, that offers timely and sig- the ATP. recognizing such opportunities gives the nificant acceleration of research progress, program an additional tool to increase the President Clinton has proposed major and that requires a critical mass of funding. chances of success for its projects and to increases in ATP funding to increase the

exploit promising opportunities that emerge. number of awards made each year and the Industry Input breadth of cutting-edge technologies cov- ATP w\\ assist companies in planning In selecting these broad programmatic for future commercialization and in ered. The proposed expansion will allow the areas, the ATP relies on its overall strategy developing linkages with investors. program to have a truly national impact on of drawing on industry's ideas. Setting Many of the companies participating in the economic growth. The program's ultimate ATP particularly small companies are research priorities is a constant, ongoing — — success, however, will depend on continued process based on input from industry. Every stronger in their R&D planning and imple- contributions from U.S. industry in the form in program has a finite duration, so there is a mentation of the R&D plan than they are of good technical ideas, a willingness to cost constant turnover of programs as some are their business planning and implementa- share, and the successful commercialization completed and others started. tion of that plan. The early-stage, prelimi- of new technologies developed with ATP nary business plans developed by these funding. Mechanisms for getting industry's input companies in their ATP applications often include (among others): Contact: lack sufficient detail to provide the clear Advanced Technology Program • input from senior industiy technical and path to commercialization required by the 1-800-ATP-FUND (1-800-287-3863) business managers; ATP and may jeopardize many highly prom- email: [email protected] ising projects. The ATP plans to contract • input from industry associations, trade fax: (301) 926-9524 with private firms to provide business ' groups, and professional societies; A430 Administration Building development support to ATP-funded com-

• ATP-sponsored technical workshops and panies that need such assistance. conferences; and

• analysis of proposals submitted to ATP in previous competitions. —

MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP

Overview Established in 1992, the MEP builds on the universities, and other research-oriented MTC and STEP programs, which were cre- organizations. They are established in areas The NIST Manufacturing Extension ated under the Technology Competitiveness with a relatively heavy concentration of Partnership (MEP) is a nationwide network Act of 1988. industrial firms. of organizations to support U.S.-based manufacturers in increasing their competi- Local management by a regionally based Manufacturing Teciinology tiveness nationally and internationally sponsor allows each MTC to tailor its serv- through ongoing technological advance- Centers ices to the requirements dictated by its loca-

tion and the type of manufacturing in its ment. NIST is building and coordinating Regionally located and managed centers client base. In general, the MTCs provide a the partnership to help smaller manufactur- for transferring manufacturing technology, wide range of services, including individual ers tap into regional and national sources of the NIST MTCs provide major focal points project engineering, training courses, information, knowledge, and insight into dem- for the partnership. The MTCs are designed onstrations, the use of modem manufacturing and pro- and assistance in selecting and to bridge a "technology gap" between duction technologies. using software and equipment. sources of improved manufacturing technol-

ogy the small mid-sized Some of the most important services include When fully developed, the partnership will and and companies

that need it. factory survey visits, technical training, and meet President Clinton's call for the estab- The MTCs draw on a wide variety direct help with the introduction lishment by NIST of "over 100 manufactur- of technology sources, including of modern commercial firms, federal research and manufacturing equipment. MTCs also pro- ing extension centers nationwide by 1997 to development laboratories (such as NIST), vide access to management, financial, assist manufacturers to modernize their pro- duction capability."

The partnership includes four major elements: MEP AND MTC CONTACTS • regionally based Manufacturing Technol- ogy Centers (MTCs), providing hands-on General Information: Michael A. Taback technical assistance to small and mid-sized Phil Nanzetta Midwest MTC manufacturers; Manufacturing Extension Partnership 2901 Hubbard Rd.

(301) 975-5020 Ann Arbor, Mich. 48105 • smaller, satelhte operations called Manu- fax: (301) 963-6556 (313) 769-4377 facturing Outreach Centers, some affiliated email: [email protected] with an MTC; Mark Tebbano B115 Polymer Building Northeast MTC • the State Technology Extension Program John J. Chernesky 385 Jordan Road (STEP), providing grants to help states California MTC Troy, N.Y. 12180-8347 build the infrastructure needed for technol- 13430 Hawthorne Blvd. (518) 283-1010 ogy transfer efforts; and Hawlhome, Calif. 90250 Jim Bishop • the Links Program to pull together (310) 355-3060 Southeast MTC both electronically and otherwise—not George H. Sutherland P.O. Box 1149 only the NIST affiliated offices but also all Great Lakes MTC Columbia, S.C. 29202 other federal, state, local, and university Prospect Park Building (803) 252-6976 technology transfer entities into one 4600 Prospect Ave. national network. Jan Pounds Cleveland, Ohio 44103-4314 Upper Midwest MTC The philosophy of the MEP is to take maxi- (216) 432-5300 111 Third Ave., S., Suite 400 1 mum advantage of programs already in Paul E. Clay, Jr. Minneapolis, Minn. 55401 M place. It avoids duplication of efforts among Mid-America MTC (612) 338-7722 .1 existing technology assistance organiza- 10561 Barkley, Suite 602 tions and concentrates on matching com- Overland Park, Kan. 66212 pany needs to available help regardless of (913) 649-4333 the source. , r MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP

marketing, and training services through All solicitations are open and competitive. Spe- STEP grant projects must be sponsored by a linkages to other established programs such cific funding provisions (which may change U.S.-based, non-profit institution or organi- as the Small Business Development Centers. due to actions by the Congress) and evalu- zation, possibly a state government agency.

The MTCs do not conduct research. ation criteria that apply to the specific solicita- NIST accepts applications for STEP grants

tion appear in iho. Federal Register notice. In only in response to specific solicitations, The MTCs generally provide facilities that general, proposals are evaluated on: which are published in the Federal demonstrate various types of computer- Register. All solicitations are open and aided design and manufacturing software. • knowledge of target firms in the proposed competitive. Some MTCs also offer hardware demonstra- region; tion facilities, including automated metal STEP grants provide matching funds—the • linkages to sources of technology; working equipment (lathes and milling sponsor generally is required to put up at machines), robotic, and state-of-the-art • technology delivery mechanisms; and least 50 percent of the cost of the proposed measuring equipment. (See MTC success project. Specific requirements will vary with • management and financial plans. stories on page 6.) each solicitation. Each MTC or MOC must be sponsored by a Outreach Centers U.S.-based, non-profit institution or organi- The LINKS Program zation, possibly a state government agency. Smaller than MTCs, Manufacturing Out- Under "LINKS," the Manufacturing Exten- The local sponsor must contribute 50 percent reach Centers (MOCs) are a new element in sion Partnership plans to identify sources of or more of the proposed center's capital and the partnership. The MOCs also help manu- assistance, information, and technology, annual operating and maintenance costs. facturers adopt appropriate, modern tech- and "network" them in an open system of nologies, but the services of an MOC cooperative "links." generally do not encompass the full breadth State Technology A key feature of LINKS will be a national of those available through the larger MTCs. Extension Program electronic network that connects all of the In general, MOCs are organized as pro- The State Technology Extension Program partnership's components, including MTCs, grams affiliated with existing technical or MOCs, and other partnering organizations (STEP) works with states to develop the training institutions such as community col- as federal laboratories, universities, or "infrastructure" for coordinated manufac- such leges, technical colleges, vocational institu- programs. This electronic net- turing extension and modernization pro- other federal tions, university manufacturing centers, or work not only will provide for rapid commu- grams to serve the competitive needs of state technical assistance centers. MOCs are small and medium-sized businesses. The nication but also will provide access to located in areas with smaller concentrations program emphasizes statewide coordination databases and information on a variety of of industry and focus on delivering services available of existing and newly developed technology topics, including technologies to client firms out of reach of an MTC. from different sources, best manufacturing assistance programs—such as NIST-funded These smaller centers may be closely affili- listings of technical experts. MTCs and MOCs, university centers, or com- practices, and ated with a host MTC, or may be inde- munity college programs—and the develop- pendent, with access to technology and Many of these databases exist in an inde- ment of complementaiy programs where management input from non-MTC sources. pendent fashion already and need only to be necessary to ensure more comprehensive tied into the unified LINKS network. In addi- NIST will accept proposals for new MTCs statewide delivery of services. tion to the electronic network, LINKS also and MOCs only in response to a specific will encompass joint projects that can serve Typical examples might be creating a state- solicitation. As funds permit, a Request for extension efforts across the nation. Such wide network of industrial extension agents Proposals is posted in the Federal Register. activities will include national interactive to provide advice and assistance on imple- satellite topics of interest to menting new technologies, or a pilot project telecasts on manufacturers, national training programs to provide technology assistance to a par- development of ticularly important industrial sector in the for extension agents, and tools as automated software state. common such for assisting extension agents in assessing a

manufacturer's operations. MALCOLM BALDRIGE NATIONAL QUALITY AWARD

First presented in 1988, the Malcolm Tens of thousands of U.S. companies are Firms entering the competition pay a fee

Baldrige National Qualit}- Award has now using the award's guidelines to evalu- that covers the cost of the evaluation and

quickly become both the U.S. standard of ate their operations in seven key areas of feedback reports. Profiles on the quality pro-

qualit\' achievement in industry and a com- quality management and performance. grams of past award winners are available

prehensive guide to quality improvement. upon request. Copies of quality manage- • Leadership. Have senior leaders clearly ment guidelines and award applications are Congress established the award to raise defined the company's quality values, goals, also available. awareness about quality management and and ways to achieve the goals? Are senior

to recognize U.S. companies that have suc- executives personally involved? Does this Contact:

cessful quality management systems. The involvement include communicating NIST Office of Quality Programs

award was named in honor of Malcolm quality excellence to groups outside the (301) 975-2036

Baldrige, who served as Secretary of Com- company? email: [email protected]

merce from 1981 until his death in a rodeo fax: (301) 948-3716 • Information and analysis. Is the informa- accident in 1987. Baldrige was a strong pro- A526 Administration Building tion used to guide the company's quality ponent of qualit}^ management and helped management system reliable, timely, and draft an early version of the legislation that accessible? eventually was named after him. • Strategic quality planning. How does the The award program, developed and man- PAST QUALITY company plan to achieve or retain quality aged by NIST with the cooperation and leadership? How are these plans integrated AWARD WINNERS financial support of the private sector, recog- into its overall business planning? nizes qualit)' achievements in three cate- Winners of the Malcolm Baldrige include: gories: manufacturing, service, and small • Human resource development and man- National Quality Award

business. Up to two awards can be made in agement. How does the company develop 1993—Eastman Chemical Co. and each category. the full potential of its work force? Ames Rubber Corp.

for award undergo rigor- • Management of process quality. How does Applications the a 1992—AT&T Network Systems ous evaluation by an independent review the company assure the quality of its goods Group/Transmission Systems Busi- board composed of quality experts from the and services? ness Unit, Texas Instruments Inc. private and public sectors. Examiners con- • Quality and operational results. 'What are Defense Systems and Electronics duct on-site reviews at firms that receive the company's quality and operational per- Group, AT&T Universal Card Services, high scores after an initial screening. All formance results and trends? The Ritz-Carton Hotel Co., and applicants receive a written summar)' that Granite Rock Co. identifies their strengths and points out • Customer focus and satisfaction. What is 1991 Solectron Corp., Zytec Corp., areas for improvement. the company's relationship with its custom- —

ers? How does the company satisfy current and Marlow Industries. Although the major focus of the award is on and future customer needs? 1990—Cadillac Motor Car Divisioiis results and customer satisfaction, it is not IBM Rochester, Federal Express given for specific products or services. To The results of these internal evaluations pro- Corp., and Wallace Co. Inc. win the award, a company must have a vide firms with a clear view of where they stand and of how far they must go to world-class system for managing its proc- 1989—Milliken & Company and achieve world-class levels of quality, esses and its people. This system should Xerox Coip. Business Products and

ensure continuous improvement in its prod- I Companies that apply for the National Qual- Systems. uct or service and provide a way of satisfy- ity Award must provide the details needed to 1988—Motorola Inc., Commercial ing and responding to its customers. prove achievement of world-class quality in Nuclear Fuel Division of Westing-

all seven areas. Facts, not flash, are needed 1 house Electric Corp., and Globe

to make it through the tough screening Metallurgical Inc. process. TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

SERVICES NIST provides a wide variety of services SERVICES AND PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMS and programs to help U.S. industry 1 6 Standards Analysis and Assistance improve its international competitive- 17 Standards Information Center ness, commercialize new technology, 17 Weights and Measures and achieve total quality in all facets of STANDARDS ANALYSIS 17 Standards Management business operations. 18 National Laboratory Accreditation AND ASSISTANCE Companies spanning nearly all indus- 1 8 Office of Research and Technology Standards Code and Information (SCI) Pro- trial sectors depend on the precision and Application gram staff assist federal agencies and indus- reliability of NIST measurement services 1 8 Technology Development and Small try with specific technically based trade and products to keep their production Business Program issues related to standards and conformity processes running smoothly, efficiently, 19 Standard Reference Data assessment. SCI staff develop technical posi- and safely. NIST reference materials, 19 Standard Reference Materials tions for U.S. negotiators in bilateral and data, and calibrations help industry 20 Calibration Services multilateral discussions; monitor and report maintain quality control in the produc- 20 Technology Evaluation and on the adequacy of U.S. participation in tion of everything from aerospace alloys Assessment international standardization efforts; han- to voltmeters to breakfast cereals. 20 Information Services dle complaints from U.S. industry repre- Responding to increased emphasis on sentatives concerning foreign standards and 20 Opportunities for Innovation quality standards in international mar- certification practices; and review and trans- 21 Metric Program kets, NIST provides information and mit U.S. comments on proposed foreign 21 Small Business Innovation Research assistance to about organizations regulations, especially under its cooperative 20,000 Program and individuals every year concerning government-industry program with the national and international voluntary Saudi Arabian Standards Organization. The

and regulatory product standards and staff also monitor national and interna-

certification systems. tional developments related to standards

and conformity assessment activities. In addition, NIST offers a user-friendly

environment for businesses interested in SCI staff hold voting membership in various cooperative research and development national and international standards com-

efforts, NIST-developed technologies mittees and participate in interagency task

available for license, guest researcher forces and working groups to develop gov-

opportunities, technical information, or ernment positions on major international

technical assessments. standard-related developments, such as the

formation of a European Single Market, the Contact: North American Free Trade Agreement, and David Edgerly, Acting Director negotiations under the Standards Code. SCI (301) 975-4500 staff publish information detailing the email; edgerly@raicf,nist.gov standards and conformity assessment activi- fax: (301) 975-2183 ties of U.S. private and government organi- A363 Physics Building zations as well as international and

regional organizations. The program also

publishes other reports related to the ISO

9000 Standards Series, U.S. participation in

international standardization, the forma-

tion of the European Single Market, and

other topics. TECHNOLOGY SERVICES 17

SCI serves as the secretariat for the U.S. At the center, NIST maintains an extensive National Type Evaluation Program, which,

Interagenq' Committee on Standards Pohcy collection of reference materials, including at manufacturers' expense, evaluates com- and has pubUshed guideUnes on U.S. gov- U.S. military and other federal government mercial measuring devices against national ernment participation in international specifications, U.S. industry and national and/or international standards. Staff pro- standards bodies, federal use of third party standards, international standards, and duce numerous training manuals, hand- and self-certification, and its use of labora- selected foreign national standards. Staff books, and other publications, and they tor\' accreditation. It has formed various members respond to requests for informa- operate an electronic bulletin board to pro- working groups to deal with issues of tion either directly or by identifying the vide the weights and measures community multiagency concern related to standards most appropriate source of information. with a mechanism for rapidly exchanging and conformit}' assessment. They also prepare directories and indexes of information. (See listing for bulletin board

speciahzed standards information, arrange on page 9-) Contact: for translations of foreign standards, and John L. Donaldson Contact: issue periodic publications explaining (301) 975-4029 Carroll S. Brickenkamp ongoing developments in domestic and email: [email protected] (301) 975-4004 international standards activities. A629 Administration Building email: [email protected]

Two telephone hotlines located within the A617 Administration Building

center offer weekly updates on draft Euro- STANDARDS pean standards [(301) 921-4164] and on INFORMATION CENTER proposed foreign regulations that may sig- STANDARDS MANAGEMENT nificantly affect trade [(301) 975-4041]. NIST manages U.S. technical representation The NIST National Center for Standards and Information for the latter hotline is sup- and participation in the International Certification Information is the U.S. focal plied by the GATT Secretariat in Geneva. Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) point for information on standardization and administers the U.S. Department of programs and related activities at home and Contact: Commerce's Voluntary Product Standards abroad. Center staff provide information on JoAnne Overman (VPS) program. U.S., foreign, regional, and international (301) 975-4037 voluntary standards bodies, as well as on email: [email protected] OIML is a treaty organization with a mem-

mandator,' government regulations and AI63 TRF Building bership of 51 voting and 37 non-voting conformit}' assessment procedures for non- nations. OIML's objective is to enhance

agricultural products. As the U.S. member trade by harmonizing national regulations of the International Organization for Stand- WEIGHTS AND MEASURES governing performance requirements for ardization Information Network (ISONET), measuring instruments used for equity in Helping federal, state, and local govern- NIST has access to foreign national stand- commerce, for assurance of public and ments ensure equity in marketplace meas- ards information through approximately worker health and safety, and for protection urements is one of NIST's longest running 60 other ISONET members and the ISO of the environment. To realize its objective, and best-known programs. It includes an information center in Geneva, Switzerland. OIML develops International Recommenda- accreditation program for state weights and NIST also serves as the U.S. inquiry point tions and International Documents for adop- measures laboratories in the areas of mass, under the General Agreement on Tariffs and tion and use by member nations. These length, and volume, as well as providing Trade (GATT) Agreement on Technical publications include requirements for test- test protocols, training, and ongoing labora- Barriers to Trade. ing and verifying the performance of meas- tory assistance. uring instruments. In managing this

NIST sponsors the National Conference on program, NIST obtains technical advice and

Weights and Measures, a standards develop- support from U.S. trade associations, instru- ment organization, which involves over ment manufacturers, academia, and federal

3,000 industry and regulatory agency repre- and state regulatory agencies.

sentatives. Program staff manage the TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

Under the VPS program, NIST provides the Any interested laboratory, organization, or industry and other customers to a spectrum secretariat for the development and mainte- agency can apply for accreditation in these of technical assistance services, ranging nance of voluntary standards for selected and other areas. Requests for expanded pro- from information, patents available for products, with the costs paid by proponent gram ser/ices will be evaluated on a case- license, cooperative research and develop- trade associations or other groups. Current by-case basis. Among the many benefits of ment agreements, use of unique facilities, standards concern softwood lumber, con- NVLAP accreditation are certification of pro- specialized technical workshops, and scien- struction and industrial plywood, wood- ficiency with a quality-assurance check on tific and engineering expertise. based structural-use panels, and glass laboratory performance, substantive advice The office director is the NIST representative bottles for carbonated soft drinks. for improving performance, and national to the Federal Laboratory Consortium. recognition of competency. Accreditation Contact: also helps users—from industry, govern- Contact: Samuel E. Chappell ment, and elsewhere—identify providers of Joseph G. Berke (301) 975-4023 high-quality testing and calibration services. (303) 497-7038 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] A625 Administration Building The program staff publish an annual direc- Division 104.00 tory of NVLAP- accredited laboratories. Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328

Co?itact:

NATIONAL LABORATORY Albert Tholen ACCREDITATION (301) 975-4016 TECHNOLOGY email: [email protected] The NIST National Voluntary Laboratory DEVELOPMENT AND SMALL AI62 TRF Building Accreditation Program (NVLAP) rigorously BUSINESS PROGRAM evaluates the competencies and technical The Technology Development and Small qualifications of public and private labora- Business Program serves as a central NIST tories for providing testing and calibration OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND technology transfer office. The office helps services. An accredited laboratory must TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION develop R&D relationships between NIST meet all requirements of national consensus The Office of Research and Technology and industry, and it is also responsible for standards as well as international accredita- Application assists U.S. industry in identify- patenting and licensing technologies tion requirements of the International ing, accessing, applying NIST and other and developed with NIST partners and by NIST Standards Organization (ISO Guides 25 and federally developed technology. The staff laboratories. related standards). also participate in and develop workshops, The office is the point of contact for U.S.- For a fee, NVLAP currently accredits quali- conferences, and seminars that bring feder- based organizations interested in: fied laboratories that offer services in the ally developed technology to the attention of following testing areas: product that benefit it. testing companies can from • exploring the various ways of working (acoustics, carpets, paints, paper, plumbing, with or accessing NIST's R&D capabilities, The office staff works with federal, state, seals, sealants, insulation), computer net- including obtaining technical assistance and local technology outreach and eco- works, construction products (cement, con- from NIST experts in specific fields; nomic development programs, as well as crete, etc.), electromagnetic compatibility, professional scientific societies and and • setting up R&D partnerships with NIST energy-efficient lighting, fasteners and met- associations, help assist indus- trade to them laboratories, such as bilateral or consortia als (chemical, dimensional, metallurgical), try with the application of NIST and other cooperative R&D efforts, through coopera- telecommunications, and personnel radia- federal technology. The staff can guide tive research and development agreements tion dosimetry. Accreditation is also avail- (CRADAs), domestic guest researcher agree- able in the following calibration areas: ments, or other formal arrangements; dimensional, electrical, radiation, mechanical, thermodynamics, and time • obtaining licensing rights to NIST- and frequency. patented technologies; and TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

• accessing NIST's world-class measure- Standard Reference Data (SRD) have a vari- ment facilities through facility use agree- ety of uses in industrial applications and STANDARD REFERENCE or proprietary measurement are available for i ments as databases personal com- MATERIALS agreements. puters, as well as in other computerized

forms, and as publications. Common appli- Now numbering more than 1,200 and stead-

i Working with NIST has helped individual cations include use for calibration points ily growing to meet the needs of industry.

! U.S.-based firms leverage their R&D efforts, (such as spectral wavelengths and transi- Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) are a improve I develop new products, production tion energies) and as input to the design of diverse collection of solids, liquids, and processes, improve quality control measure- , new processes and materials. Among the gases certified for their chemical composi- raents, and enhance existing product per- i many subjects covered are analytical tion or physical properties. With an SRM, formance. Collaboration with NIST has chemistry, atomic and molecular physics, companies can verify the accuracy of ana- helped consonia and other industrial chemical kinetics, fluid mixtures, thermo- lytical or other measurement methods groups to develop technical consensus; chemistry, materials properties, phase under development or calibrate established

I develop generic technologies with broad, equilibria, and biotechnology. measurement systems to ensure consistently industr\'-wide applications; or pool a critical accurate performance of equipment and

! mass of industrial participants for effective To increase the usefulness and accessibility operators. Specific types of SRMs range from technology implementation. of data, NIST has developed a series of per- linewidth standards for producing inte- sonal computer databases with interactive

[ Contact: grated circuits, to metal alloys for checking programs, search routines, and other calcu- Bruce E. Mattson quality control in steel production, to radio- lational and graphical software features. (301) 975-3084 pharmaceuticals for calibrating medical Most databases are updated yearly, adding

! email: [email protected] equipment. more data and more software capabilities. B256 Physics Building NIST's SRM catalog provides a complete list- Another major dissemination vehicle is the ing of available reference materials along Journal ofPhysical and Chemical Refer- with a description of their certified proper- STANDARD REFERENCE ence Data, a bimonthly journal published ties. In addition, the Handbook for SRM jointly with the American Chemical Society DATA Users offers practical guidance on the use of and the American Institute of Physics. the materials, describes the fundamental ele- ' Working closely with industry, NIST pro- A free catalog of NIST SRD data products ments and concepts of quality control and vides well-documented numeric data to , and services is available. measurement processes, provides advice on scientists and engineers for use in technical using control charts and statistical tools to

1 problem-solving, research, and develop- Contact: evaluate measurement quality and uncer- ment. These recommended values are based Malcolm W. Chase tainty, and includes articles on quality on data extracted from the world's litera- (301) 975-2200 assurance, sampling, and validation of

( ture, assessed for reliability, and then evalu- email: [email protected] analytical instruments. ated to select the preferred value. The A323 Physics Building

evaluations are carried out through a net- The SRM program staff also publish timely

I

• work of data centers, projects, grants, and information on reference materials, offer

cooperative programs. telephone consultations on SRM uses, and

organize seminars to advise industry on

SRM applications.

Contact:

Thomas E. Gills

(301) 975-2016 email: [email protected] 215 Engineering Mechanics Building 20 TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

CALIBRATION SERVICES TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION INFORMATION SERVICES

NIST provides more than 500 different serv- AND ASSESSMENT The Office of Information Services main-

ices to ensure that manufacturers and other tains a comprehensive international collec- NIST offers technology evaluation and con- users of precision instruments achieve meas- tion of information in scientific disciplines sulting services, on a cost-reimbursement urements of the highest possible quality. such as metrology, mathematics, physical basis, to client institutions or organizations. These services, which satisfy the most sciences, computer science, and materials Evaluation is free where the technology demanding and explicit requirements, link science. The staff serve the technical infor- qualifies for consideration under the Energy- a customer's precision equipment or in- mation needs of NIST scientists and engi- Related Inventions Program. All technolo- house standards to national standards. For neers and communicate the results of NIST gies are evaluated on the basis of technical calibrations and special tests, NIST person- research to scientific and engineering com- and commercial feasibility, and all evalu- nel check, adjust, or characterize an instru- munities worldwide. ations are held in strict confidence. ment, device, or set of in-house, or transfer, The office staff participate in national and In cooperation with the U.S. of standards. Customers are assured that meas- Department international publications and technical Energy (DOE), NIST evaluates new product urements are consistent with national stand- information networks and consortia, as well or process ideas for their potential to ards and adequate for their intended use. as a document exchange program to ensure improve energy efficiency, reduce energy Besides individual equipment items, NIST that NIST publications are available to costs, or increase energy supply. Inventions measurement assurance programs calibrate scholars, scientists, engineers, industry may be submitted to the program at any entire measurement systems. researchers, and others. An inquiries service stage of development. All inventors are The full range of NIST calibration services and information staff assist the public in informed, in detail, of the results of the free ensures the accuracy and compatibility of obtaining information about past and evaluations. measurements used in day-to-day quality- present NIST programs, publications, and Inventions that satisfy NIST criteria are rec- control applications. The services, available special projects. ommended to DOE, which may decide to for a fee, encompass seven major areas: Contact: dimensional measurements; mechanical, support development and commercializa- Sami Klein tion. Since has awarded nearly including flow, acoustic, and ultrasonic; 1975, DOE (301) 975-2790 million to move NIST-recommended thermodynamics; optical radiation; ioniz- $35 email: [email protected] inventions closer to commercialization. In ing radiation; electromagnetics, including EI06 Administration Building addition, inventors may use the NIST recom- direct current, alternating current, radio mendation report to help attract private frequency, and microwave; and time and Reference Librarians investment capital. frequency. (301) 975-3052 email: [email protected] Contact: The program staff publish a regularly E107 Administration Building George Lewett updated catalog describing available serv- 975-5500 ices, fee schedules, and detailed descriptions (301) email: [email protected] of calibration protocols. Staff members A115TRF Building OPPORTUNITIES offer telephone consultations on the use of FOR

services and on the importance of traceabil- INNOVATION

ity to national standards, and they make The Opportunities for Innovation (OFI) presentations to industry groups and other Program assists small to medium-sized organizations. technology-based companies in the forma-

Contact: tion of R&D strategic partnerships with

Joe D. Simmons leading manufacturing corporations. To (301) 975-2002 accomplish this goal, a series of regional

email: [email protected] OFI workshops is organized by NIST in coop- A104 TRF Building eration with states and regional partners to TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

promote deployment of advanced technolo- the metric system in federal agency pro- ;

gies small to medium-sized businesses, grams relating to trade, industry, and com- ; by METRIC PROGRAM These workshops cover selected technolo- merce is intended to support industry's i The NIST Metric Program helps implement ' gies, such as sensors, advanced manufactur- voluntary adoption of metric usage and to the national policy to establish the metric ing, biotechnolog}', pollution prevention, help catalyze a broader metric transition system as the preferred system of weights optoelectronics, and others, where R&D that will achieve the full economic benefits and measures for U.S. trade and commerce.

; opportunities exist for small firms. The of metric usage. The Metric Program coordinates the metric ' workshops also provide a forum for Contact: transition activities of all federal agencies. exchange of information on "niche" tech- I Gary P. Carver It provides leadership and assistance on met- nologies available from the participating 1 975-3690 ric conversion and metric usage to federal (301) smaller businesses and on opportunities for ; email; [email protected] agencies, state and local governments, joint R&D partnerships with the leading standards organizations, trade associations, A146 TRF Building manufacturing corporations. The technical and businesses. The program also dissemi- part of the OF! workshops is supported by nates educational information to increase OFI monographs written by industrial understanding of the metric system and to SMALL BUSINESS : experts and consultants commissioned by identify and remove barriers to metric usage. NIST. Information on financing opportuni- INNOVATION RESEARCH

' medium-sized businesses ties for small and The 1988 amendments to the Metric Conver- PROGRAM Business Administration through the Small sion Act of 1975 require federal agencies to The Small Business Innovation Research resources is also provided to ! and state-based use the metric system in procurements, (SBIR) Program provides funding on a com- '; participants of OFI workshops. grants, and other business activities. Execu- petitive basis to small businesses that can tive Order 12770, "Metric Usage in Federal Contact: carry out research on topics of interest iden- Government Programs," issued in 1991, Jarda Ulbrecht tified by participating federal agencies. I reaffirms the legislation by instructing the ' (301) 975-5511 Each year, the Department of Commerce federal agencies to implement formal plans email: [email protected] ; issues a list of recommended R&D topics. for using the metric system and by requir- Physics Building A363 There are two phases of awards: In Phase I, ing the federal agencies to report metric awardees can receive up to $100,000 to progress annually. The order authorizes the establish the technical feasibility of a pro- Secretary of Commerce to direct and coordi- posed project. Successful Phase I partici- nate the federal agency metric transition pants may compete in Phase II for up to and to assess progress in annual reports to $750,000 to support further development of the President. The NIST Metric Program the work. Funds available at each agency carries out the direction and coordination for SBIR are directly tied to the agency's responsibilities of the Secretary. extramural research funding level. Accord-

Because of the metric system's importance ingly, NIST's program has been expanding

as an international standard, its use in prod- in recent years.

uct design, manufacture, marketing, and Contact: labeling is essential for U.S. industry's suc- Norman Taylor cess in the global marketplace. The use of (301) 975-4517 A363 Physics Building ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

In consultation with industry, NIST COOPERATIVE RESEARCH Electromagnetic Fields

electronics and electrical engineering OPPORTUNITIES 30 Advanced Microwave/Milllmeter-Wave researchers tailor Institute programs to Electricity Metrology meet the most critical measurement 30 Electromagnetic Characterization 23 Video Processing needs in the manufacture of semiconduc- of Materials Metrology for Flat-Panel tor, magnetic, radio-frequency, micro- 23 Displays 31 Electromagnetic Interference and wave, optical, optoelectronic, and 23 Automated Electronics Compatibility superconducting Manufacturing Program products, as well as 31 Antenna Measurements electrical power systems. 24 Electrical Metrology witfi Optical Sensors Electromagnetic Technology These researchers develop improvements 24 Gaseous Electronics 31 Magnetics in quality control and cost effectiveness 24 Synthesis of Precise Signals 32 Superconductor Measurements for both current and next-generation 24 Testing Electronic Systems 32 Optical Electronics semiconductors; produce methods that 25 Fast Pulse and Waveform Acquisition 32 Lovi/-Temperature Electronics help increase the efficiency of optical Standards fiber networks; and operate specialized 25 Self-Calibrating Systems computer facilities to develop new stand- RESEARCH FACILITIES 25 Advanced AC-DC Voltage and Current ards and performance measures for Measurements 33 Semiconductor Processing Researcfi flat-panel displays and high-definition Laboratory 25 Josepfison-Effect Voltage Standards television systems. 34 Superconductor Integrated-Circuit 26 Resistance Standards and Materials Fabrication Laboratory They also conduct fundamental studies 26 Quantum Hall Effect 34 High-Voltage Measurement Facility on promising future technologies such as 26 Applying High-Tc Superconductors high-temperature superconductors and 34 Transistor Safe Operation Test System to Precision Electrical Measurements hybrid computer chips that utilize both 35 High-Accuracy Elllpsometer Semiconductor Electronics electronic and lightwave signals. 35 Near-Field Scanning Facility for 27 Silicon Characterization Antenna Measurements This laboratory provides the fundamental 27 Compound Semiconductors and 36 Ground Screen Antenna Range basis for all electrical measurements in Semiconductor Microstructures 36 Mode-Stirred Chambers the United States. 27 Molecular Beam Epitaxy 37 Transverse Electromagnetic Ceils ^Contact: 28 Semiconductor Spectroscopy 37 Electromagnetic Anecfiolc Chamber Judson C. French, Director 28 Semiconductor Devices (301) 975-2220 28 Power Semiconductor Electronics email: [email protected] 29 Semiconductor Thin-Film Metrology |fax: (301) 975-4091 29 Advanced Integrated-Circuit Test B358 Metrology Building Structure Metrology

29 Integrated Measurement Systems

29 Building-ln Reliability ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Programming is accomplished using a automation of such measurements, COOPERATIVE RESEARCH subset of the C language having special investigation of the visual perception of the OPPORTUNITIES constructions for parallel operation. Video eye, and modeling of display characteristics recorders, multiscan monitors, high- using the Princeton Engine video

definition monitors, and additional video supercomputer.

support equipment are available. Contact:

ELECTRICITY NIST researchers are interested in using the Bruce F. Field

' Division Contact: Princeton Engine laboratory' for a wide vari- (301) 975-4230

Oskars Petersons et\- of collaborative research projects. Such email: [email protected]

focus precompeti- Edward F. Kelley (301) 975-2400 collaborations would on ^ [email protected] tive research with broad applications in (301) 975-3842 ij email: in high- email: [email protected] fax: (301) 926-3972 advancing the state of the art

Metroiog)- Building definition systems. I Bl66 B344 Metrology Building

Contact:

Bruce F. Field VIDEO PROCESSING AUTOMATED ELECTRONICS (301) 975-4230 motion encoding, scan- 1 Data compression, email: [email protected] MANUFACTURING rate conversion, and other video processing B344 Metrolog)' Building PROGRAM research topics are being explored at NIST

using a massively parallel video supercom- The Automated Electronics Manufacturing j

puter, the Princeton Engine. The Princeton METROLOGY FOR Program (AEMP) at NIST is working with j ' Engine, developed by the David Samoff FLAT-PANEL DISPLAYS industry' to build the infrastructure for an Research Center, Princeton, N.J., is a electronic marketplace and to demonstrate Researchers at NIST are developing the l4-giga-instruction-per-second image- and apply this technology to the electronics measurement technology for the charac- processing system capable of simulating industry. AEMP researchers are leading a terization of advanced image display video rate signals, including conventional demonstration team within the national systems. A set of meaningful performance National Television Standard Code and industry/government Electronic Commerce

specifications is needed that can be used to high-definition video, in real time. Because of Component Information (ECCI) pro- assess display quality and that can be the engine is programmable, it can be used gram. The objective of ECCI is to show the applied across the wide spectrum of display to evaluate software prototypes of video proc- viability of today's technology coupled with technologies that either are available or will essing components rapidly and at a cost emerging standards to broker electronic shortly become available. Display quality below that of building hardware. component information across a national not simply a matter of light meas- issues are information highway. Another enabling The Princeton Engine consists of 1,024 par- urement, power efficiency, display environ- technology for electronic commerce is a processors, where each 1 6-bit processor allel quality. Rather, many of ment, or signal complete and consistent suite of standards has its own ALU, multiplier, and 128 kilo- these factors act in concert to affect display for the exchange of electronic product data bytes of local memon.'. Each processor oper- quality, with an important addition—the descriptions. AEMP is involved in efforts to ates on one picture element per video scan complexities of human visual perception. "harmonize" existing, overlapping stand- line, and all processors execute the "same" Research topics include the development of ards (such as EDIF and ICES), to help instructions. Wideband input and output radiometric and colorimetric measurements industry test for compliance with those channels accept and produce a number of of emissive and non-emissive displays, the standards, and to work with industry to analog and digital video formats. For many develop standards in critical areas where applications, video data can be processed none exist. and output at the same rate as they are

input, that is, in real time. For longer algo- Contact:

rithms up to 7 seconds of video data may be Barbara L.M. Goldstein

acquired in real time, stored in local mem- (301) 975-2304

ory, and, once processed, displayed at the email: [email protected]

original data rate. B344 Metrology Building 24 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

effective, and environmentally more accept-

ELECTRICAL IVIETROLOGY able insulation materials. The direct benefi- SYNTHESIS OF PRECISE WITH OPTICAL SENSORS ciaries will be the electric utihty industry, SIGNALS

its equipment suppliers, and the pulsed- Measurements involving high voltage or NIST is conducting both theoretical and power community that uses high-voltage combined high-voltage and high-speed phe- experimental research on the synthesis of techniques in high-energy physics, space, nomena are costly and difficult to perform precision ac waveforms for use in ac voltage and defense applications. because of the cost of high-voltage sensors, standards operating nominally below

high-voltage insulation requirements, and Contact: 10 MHz and producing both sinusoidal and

electromagnetic interference. Yet nearly Alan H. Cookson arbitrary waveforms. The theoretical work

every item installed in an electric power (301) 975-2418 includes Walsh functions and Fourier analy-

generation and distribution network must email: [email protected] sis, time-domain analysis, and precision

undergo acceptance tests at high voltage Bl64 Metrology Building RMS-to-dc conversion techniques. Experi-

and withstand accidental high-voltage mental work involves high-speed, high- surges as well as natural ones. GASEOUS ELECTRONICS accuracy digital-to-analog conversion; precision, high-speed switching; assembly Optical and electro-optical techniques offer NIST scientists are developing measurement and interpretive-level programming for possibilities of overcoming the disadvan- methods to characterize gaseous dielectrics hardware control; and wideband, fast- tages of conventional sensors. Researchers for high-voltage power systems. Emphasis is settling amplifiers. at NIST are developing electro-optical on investigation of phenomena that affect methods as part of a program to develop Contact: reliability and safety associated with opera- theory, methods, and physical standards Barry A. Bell tion of gas-insulated systems, such as pro- for measuring electrical quantities and (301) 975-2402 duction of toxic byproducts in electrical phenomena in advanced high-voltage/ email: [email protected] discharges. Theoretical work addresses high-power systems. BI62 Metrology Building Boltzmann equilibrium statistics, chemical

Experimental research includes develop- kinetics code, and computer-aided data ment of Kerr effect techniques to measure acquisition and analysis. Experimental TESTING ELECTRONIC high-voltage transients and electric fields work focuses on high-voltage ac and dc SYSTEMS in insulation systems. Devices based on the tests, gas chromatograph and mass

Faraday effect in optical fibers and glass spectrometer techniques for chemical NIST scientists are developing new testing

rods are evaluated as substitutes for conven- characterization, and partial discharge approaches for electronic systems to mini-

tional current transfers and shunts in measurements. Researchers are investigat- mize the attendant testing costs while assur-

high-voltage applications. High-speed ing rf discharges used for processing elec- ing product quality. Program emphasis is

photography, image-preserving optical tronic materials, including the study of on development and application of generic

delay systems, optical multichannel analyz- plasma diagnostics and kinetics as they error modeling methods for describing the

ers, lasers, and sensitive detectors are used apply to the plasma processing of semi- systems to be tested. Once an accurate

to study electrical breakdown phenomena in conductor materials. model is available, it can predict the per-

real time involving nanosecond time resolu- formance of a device based on the fewest Contact: tions. Theoretical studies are focused on the possible number of tests. Theoretical work

Richard J. Van Brunt use of finite-element code for electric-field centers on dimensionality selection for (301) 975-2403 computation and computer-aided data empirical models to minimize prediction email: [email protected] acquisition and analysis. errors, and on the assignment of uncertain- B344 Metrology Building ties and confidence limits when making pre- Anticipated benefits include measurements dictions based on empirical models. Results and tests to evaluate more reliably the per-

formance of high-voltage power equipment

and thus increase its efficiency. Better under-

standing of safety margins and on-line

performance monitoring will enable the

equipment to operate at higher loads and

facilitate the introduction of new, more ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

of this work are being used by the semicon- Major goals are the development of a high-

ductor industry' to reduce the costs of testing level representation scheme capable of JOSEPHSON-EFFECT mixed-signal integrated circuits. describing the data characteristics and infor- VOLTAGE STANDARDS mation flow of self-calibrating systems, and I Contact: High- accuracy voltage-standard systems the development of an analysis engine to

I Souders T. Michael have proliferated among many industrial, extract performance information. ' f301) 975-2406 government, and international standards

email: [email protected] Contact: laboratories with the advent of the

BI62 Metrology Building T. Michael Souders Josephson-array device. Within this NIST

I (301) 975-2406 laboratory, there are three array voltage- email: [email protected] FAST PULSE AND standard systems in operation, including a BI62 Metrology Building fully automated 10-V array system. Guest

WAVEFORM ACQUISITION researchers can gain hands-on experience STANDARDS ADVANCED AC-DC VOLTAGE with array system operation and verifica- tion, as well as cooperate on studies into active to provide \, a NISI has an program AND CURRENT both precision voltage metrology and

' for characterizing both the time basis MEASUREMENTS Josephson-array physics.

; domain and frequency domain performance The metrology goals are to improve meas- i of sampling and digitizing systems, includ- Thermal voltage and current converters urement precision to better than one part ing A/D converters, sampling oscilloscopes, offer the most accurate and broadband in 10^ in applications of direct system-to- . and waveform recorders. Theoretical and method for measuring ac voltage and system intercomparisons and lab-to-lab volt (experimental research establishes test meth- current for applications in communica- transfers, achieve greater reliability in auto- ods, reference waveforms, and state-of-the- tions, power generation, aerospace, and mation algorithms, and further the develop- art sampling technology to support these defense. Thermal transfer standards are ment of solid-state reference standards and \ systems. Research areas include optoelec- calibrated by NIST in terms of reference con- precision digital voltmeters. tronic and electro-optical techniques for verters, which have themselves been charac-

1- sampling and pulse generation in the to terized by reference to the NIST primary The physics research addresses the effects

5-picosecond regime; advanced signal proc- standards—special multijunction thermal of electromagnetic noise on the stability

essing methods, including deconvolution, converters whose performance is known. and accuracy of the Josephson quantized-

phase-plane compensation and spectral esti- These primary and working standards in voltage steps, studies the boundaries of

mation; and ultrahigh accuracy techniques common use throughout the metrolog}' chaotic behavior in junction-junction inter-

to support modem sigma-delta sampling community employ thermal converters fabri- actions, and explores other possible array

technology. cated from wire elements. Researchers at device applications, such as the generation

NIST are studying new methods for the of ac signals through frequency modulation Contact: manufacture of film thermal converter of the millimeter-wave drive frequency. T. Michael Souders structures made by the use of photolithogra- (301) 975-2406 Contact: phy on silicon substrates. The application of email: [email protected] Alan F. Clark this new technology may result in improved 'BI62 Metrology- Building (301) 975-2139 performance and reduction in the cost of email: [email protected] thermal converters. SELF-CALIBRATING Richard L. Steiner Contact:: (301) 975-4226 SYSTEMS Joseph R. Kinard email: [email protected] (301) 975-4250 Self-calibration features are ubiquitous in B258 Metrology Building email: [email protected] imodem instrumentation, but their overall Norman B. Belecki effects are often poorly understood. NISI (301) 975-4223

; researchers are developing a model-based email: [email protected] theory of self-calibrating systems that j

' should lead to more efficient and accurate B146 Metrology Building

implementation, better understanding, and

Irealistic programs for j calibration support. 1

26 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

facility are available along with access to NIST researchers also are working to

RESISTANCE STANDARDS precision resistance measurement systems improve and simplify the measurement AND MATERIALS and the national resistance standards. systems used to calibrate resistors; a new He-3 refrigerator and l6-T magnet facility Component precision resistors of both film Contact: have been developed for use with a new and wire construction have found wide- Ronald F. Dziuba cryogenic current comparator. This enabled spread use as references and dividers in (301) 975-4239 the accuracy of NIST calibrations to be precision instrumentation, such as digital email: [email protected] increased severalfold. multimeters and calibrators. The quality of Norman B. Belecki

these resistors and their level of immunity (301) 975-4223 Contact:

to the effects of environmental parameters, email: [email protected] Marvin E. Cage

such as temperature and mechanical shock, (301) 975-4224 B146 Metrology Building have enabled the 3-month performance of email: [email protected]

these instruments to begin to approach that Edwin R. Williams

of the standards most commonly used to QUANTUM HALL EFFECT (301) 975-4206

calibrate them. This fact and the desirabil- email: [email protected] The quantum Hall effect now provides the ity of calibrating such instruments where basis for the national unit of resistance. The B258 Metrology Building they will be used has heightened the need realization of the resistance standard in the for a next generation of resistance laboratory presents many interesting prob- standards—standards whose performance APPLYING HIGH-Tc lems; researchers at NIST are investigating in adverse conditions would eclipse that the physical principles underlying the effect, SUPERCONDUCTORS TO of existing standards in a laboratory understanding sample-specific artifacts, environment. PRECISION ELECTRICAL and improving the measurement systems. MEASUREMENTS NIST scientists are beginning a program to Research is being conducted on the range of

develop new standards with sub-ppm per- parameters over which the quantum Hall NIST and other national standards laborato^'

formance, both short- and long-term, under effect provides the most accurate and repro- ries for years have used cryogenic current

field conditions. To do so, the electrical/ ducible standard of resistance. comparators (CCCs) to make ratio measure-

physical properties of a number of alloys are ments of voltage, current, and resistance Using GaAs heterostructures grown at being investigated, and new resistor designs with accuracies of 0.01 ppm or better. This NIST, researchers are using a dedicated are being formulated and tested. Future approach has not found widespread com- class- 10 clean room facility to investigate efforts will investigate metallurgical tech- mercial use because the cryogenic current different methods of making contacts to the niques such as rapid quenching, ion comparator must be operated at liquid- devices that will have very low resistances implantation in semiconductors and glasses helium temperatures, which presents a vari- (in the milli-ohm range) even at tempera- 10'' for resistors > Q, and Evanohm or ety of operational difficulties. Moreover, tures below 4.2 K and in high magnetic Nichrome film deposition on Si substrates. existing comparators are working prototype;' fields. The desired output will be fixed-value stand- rather than completed instrumentation sys-'

" ards in the range from 1 Q to 10 t2 with Research also is being conducted on deter- terns and, accordingly, are difficult to use.

sub-ppm per year drift rates, temperature mining the degree to which the device resis- Recent advances in superconductivity tech- coefficients less than 0.1 ppm/°C, and low tance is independent of its material and nology have made the application of high- power and voltage coefficients. A metallurgi- manufacturing variables by comparing the temperature superconductors practical. In cal facility with the capability of monitor- resistances of devices made from different at least one case, an integrated circuit ing the electrical properties of materials materials. SQUID magnetometer, similar to devices during annealing and a silicon processing Recent research at NIST has opened up the used in CCCs to detect low levels of mag-

possibility that quantum Hall devices may netic flux, has been built that operates at

be a source of very-high-frequency phonons liquid-nitrogen temperatures. Thus, the po'

when large current densities are passed sibility for developing a commercial instru through the devices. ment based on a CCC has now been opened Such an instrument might be run with a

refrigerator at liquid-nitrogen temperature ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

This development and the possibilit)' of com- in silicon. They are developing new or Scientists and engineers at NIST currently

mercialization make it feasible to automate improved techniques by two- and three- are involved in producing and charac-

the basic CCC design, which then will be dimensional mapping of these properties, terizing III-V binai7 and alloy materials

more attractive for general calibration use. refining the quantitative aspects of existing and device structures using optical

NIST scientists are now engaged in design- methods, and developing non-destructive techniques such as ellipsometry, photoreflec-

ing, building, and testing CCCs to support methods. Measurement techniques include tance, Raman scattering, and photolumines-

measurements of the new national resis- four-probe, spreading resistance, and cence; variable temperature and variable

tance standards based on the quantized Hall capacitance-voltage; Fourier transform magnetic field Hall-effect measurements;

effect. This involves establishing a few select infrared spectroscopy; deep-level transient resistivity measurements; capacitance-

ratios that range from 1:1 to 100:1. Future spectroscopy; and photoluminescence. voltage profiling; deep-level transient spec-

efforts will include the development of CCCs troscopy; photoconductivity and X-ray Contact: with selectable ratios over a somewhat diffraction; and rocking curve studies with James R. Ehrstein larger range. conventional and synchrotron radiation (301) 975-2060 sources. Contact: email: [email protected]

Ronald F. Dziuba Paul M. Amirtharaj Contact:

(301) 975-4239 (301) 975-5974 David G. Seller

email: [email protected] email: amirtharaj @sed.eeel. nist.gov (301) 975-2081

Randolph E. Elraquist email: [email protected] A305 Technology Building (301) 975-6591 James R. Ehrstein

email: [email protected] (301) 975-2060 Norman B. Belecki COMPOUND email: [email protected] (301) 975-4223 SEMICONDUCTORS AND A305 Technology Building email: [email protected] SEMICONDUCTOR Building B146 Metrology MICROSTRUCTURES MOLECULAR BEAM

The electronics industry now requires light- EPITAXY

emitting and detection devices and ultra- SEMICONDUCTOR The controlled growth capabilities of .ELECTRONICS high-speed structures that cannot be molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have fabricated silicon. Compound semi- from resulted in the fabrication of structures that Division Contact: III-V binaries and conductors including represent a new class of semiconductors Frank F. Oettinger AlGaAs, II-VI alloys, such as GaAs and and with properties that do not exist in bulk 975-2054 f(301) materials, such as CdTe and HgCdTe, are materials. The MBE program at NIST email: [email protected] I the functions of employed to complement includes the growth and characterization of .:fax: (301) 948-4081 the Si circuitry. In addition, special and GaAs and AlGaAs layers, as well as the .'B344 Technology' Building electronic and structural properties unique growth of heterostructures for superlattice structured can be obtained using artificially and quantum confinement studies. Scien- materials, such as quantum wells and super- SILICON tists examine fundamental properties of the exploitation of these novel lattices. Efficient MBE layers using photoluminescence, deep- ! CHARACTERIZATION structures in the production materials and level transient spectroscopy. Hall effect,

I useful electronic devices requires detailed MNIST conducts research on semiconductor of secondary-ion mass spectroscopy, and studies to understand the fundamental phys- ' materials, processes, devices, and integrated in-situ reflection high-energy electron dif- ics involved as well as the characterization circuits to provide the necessary' basis for fraction (RHEED). Studies are under way to of possible device structures. ! understanding measurement-related correlate RHEED oscillation intensity meas-

requirements in semiconductor technology. urements with material quality and growth

As part of this program, NIST scientists are parameters. The MBE program is an inter- jjji using electrical, optical, and X-ray methods

i 'to study the resistivit}', dopant distribution, ifiiand concentration of electrically inactive

I i impurities, such as carbon and oxygen 28 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

active effort, and cooperative research oppor- resolution ellipsometers in the world,

tunities exist in a variety of materials char- excitation lasers, spectrometers, cryostats, POWER SEMICONDUCTOR acterization and device-related areas. and associated optical and electronic ELECTRONICS instruments. Contact: Power electronics is an enabling infrastruc-

James Comas Contact: ture technology that significantly enhances

(301) 975-2061 Paul M. Amirtharaj capabilities across a wide range of indus-

email: [email protected] (301) 975-5974 trial sectors, including manufacturing,

Wen F. Tseng email: [email protected] transportation, consumer electronics,

(301) 975-5291 David G. Seller defense, and information systems. NIST

email: [email protected] (301) 975-2081 researchers are working on semiconductor G. Pellegrino Joseph email: [email protected] device problems as they relate to the design

(301) 975-2123 and reliability of power electronic systems. A305 Technology Building email: [email protected] For instance, electrothermal power device

models are being developed and verified for A305 Technology Building SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES use in power system simulators. Included is

the novel concept of physics-based, compact To develop physically sound techniques for SEMICONDUCTOR thermal models for device packages and characterizing, analyzing, and predicting heat sinks for inclusion in the simulators. SPECTROSCOPY the operation and performance of semicon- Verified parameter extraction procedures ductor devices, NIST researchers are design- Spectroscopic studies in the visible and near are an important part of the effort. The ing and improving measurement methods visible regions of the electromagnetic spec- results of this task will lead to improved to determine critical device parameters for trum are invaluable in investigating both circuit and system design capability for both VLSI-scale and power devices. materials- and device-related properties. systems such as electric vehicles and large

The ability to couple to electronic states of Research in device modeling includes two- and small motor drives. Another task is

interest in device applications and their non- dimensional silicon MOSFET and GaAs development of characterization methods

destructive nature make spectroscopic analy- MESFET model development and investiga- for the thermal properties and limits of safe

ses attractive research and analytical tools. tions into the validity of the physical operation of devices such as the IGBT,

Studies currently under way at NIST focus assumptions typically employed in silicon power ICs, and power-circuit modules. Labo-

on the electronic and structural behavior of bipolar and GaAs device models. Theoretical ratory capabilities include extensive electri-

semiconductor materials, such as Si, GaAs, research is carried out on the transport of cal and thermal characterization facilities,

and HgCdTe; microstructures, including ions and electrons in semiconductors for infrared microradiometry, and a unique

quantum wells and superlattices; and pho- improved process modeling, and experimen- non-destructive test system. Successful com-

tonic and electronic devices. Excellent spec- tal research on the nature and charac- pletion of this work should lead to more

troscopic facilities are available to perform terization of electronic states in oxides and reliable power devices and to improved

high-resolution photoluminescence, Raman at oxide/semiconductor interfaces is under measurement methods in general. scattering, reflection, absorption, spectro- way. NIST scientists are developing methods ' Contact: scopic ellipsometry, and modulation for physical and electrical measurements of

David L. Blackburn ( spectroscopic measurements, such as elec- device and material parameters that are (301) 975-2068 troreflectance and photoreflectance. The critical for verifying the accuracy and valid- email: [email protected] equipment used includes one of the highest ity of device models. In addition, they are Allen R. Hefner, Jr. researching the electrical and thermal prop- (301) 975-2071 erties of power semiconductor devices. email: [email protected]

Contact: B310 Technology Building David L, Blackburn

(301) 975-2068 email: [email protected]

33 10 Technology Building ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

data acquisition, and data analysis. Insti- This new MEMS fabrication methodology is ' SEMICONDUCTOR tute engineers are investigating pattern rec- used to produce integrated microsensor

THIN-FILM METROLOGY ognition techniques for the rapid diagnosis systems that can be used to monitor and of IC manufacturing processes. They control IC processing. An increasing ' The electricaL optical and mechanical also are developing new structures for demand is placed on microelectronic properties of thin films are important in nanometer-level metrology and for estab- devices to be more reliable, especially as many phases of semiconductor manufactur- lishing methods to determine the reliability their size decreases and the density of these ' ing and in device and circuit operation. of thin films used in state-of-the-art devices increases on an IC chip. Reliability NISI researchers are developing procedures microcircuits. characterization based on post-manufacture for measuring these properties and devising stress tests and burn-in cycles becomes artifacts for instrument calibration. Cur- Contact: extremely undesirable in terms of test time rently, staff members are improving ellip- Loren W. Linholm and cost for these advanced ICs. A new sometric measurements of thickness for thin email: [email protected] approach for reliability characterization is films on semiconductors, specifically Si02 Michael W. Cresswell to monitor and control the process parame- on Si. Other films of interest include email: [email protected] ters that affect the reliability of the device.

I nitrides, thick oxides, layered structures Harr\'A. Schafft Currently, NIST is developing an integrated important in silicon circuit manufacturing, email: [email protected] microsensor system for the in-situ monitor- and photoresist. For qualit}' control and (301) 975-2052 ing of a sputter metallization process. This technology transfer, it is essential that all B360 Technology' Building system will provide real-time measurements

' steps of the IC production process be abso- of metallization resistivity and substrate lutely calibrated. NIST provides artifacts temperature that can be used as feedback to traceable to national standards of length INTEGRATED control the process. Other microsensor struc- that industry uses to calibrate its equipment MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS tures for measuring gas composition also and processes. are being developed. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Contact: incorporate new sensors and actuators in Contact: Nhan Van Nguyen integrated-circuit (IC) technology for low- Michael Gaitan

i (301) 975-2044 cost and portable precision measurement (301) 975-2070 email: [email protected] applications. Areas of interest include email: [email protected] Barbara Belzer standardization, environmental monitor- John Suehle (301) 975-2248 ing, and control in biomedical, military, (301) 975-2247 email: [email protected] and space applications. Systems aspects email: [email protected]

8310 Technology Building address the development of new circuits for B36O Technology Building control, communication, self-test, and self-

calibration of complex micromechanical- ADVANCED INTEGRATED- based systems. Standards aspects address BUILDING-IN RELIABILITY CIRCUIT TEST STRUCTURE the need for test structures and methods Advances in microelectronic circuit density, for evaluation and reliability of micro- 1 METROLOGY complexity, and reliability, as well as mechanical-based devices. Custom and com- greater demands for ever shorter times to Integrated-circuit (IC) test structures and mercial foundry-compatible techniques are develop and market new products, are forc- test methods developed by NIST are used developed and utilized for device fabrica- ing the U.S. semiconductor industry to use a ^'Widely by the semiconductor industry and tion, and computer-aided design methods new approach to reliability. The traditional, other government agencies. These devices and standard design libraries are developed reactive approach of using screen and can be used to characterize IC manufactur- for rapid commercialization and technology accelerated-stress tests is becoming increas- ing processes, I' to evaluate the effectiveness transfer. ingly impractical to assure the reliability of j'of semiconductor processing equipment, to microelectronic products because too many ;iobtain crucial parameters for process or cir- parts and too much time will soon be cuit simulators, to perform product accep- required. tance tests, and to determine the reliability

•iof the products manufactured. NIST work

involves test structure design, modeling, 30 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

NIST is working with the semiconductor The group also develops metrology for industiy to implement the new "Building-hi ELECTROIVIAGNETIC industrial use, particularly in microelectron- Reliability Approach," which emphasizes FIELDS ics. NIST researchers support the monolithic understanding and controlling the causes microwave integrated circuit and high-

for reduced reliability. A pilot project is Division Contact: speed microelectronics industries through

under way to demonstrate how this new Allen C. Newell research and the development of on-wafer

approach can be used to identify and con- (303) 497-3131 metrology. This work is supported by fabri-

trol key input process parameters affecting email: [email protected] cation facilities, which include the facility

product reliability. The process being investi- fax: (303) 497-3122 to manufacture coplanar and microstrip

gated is one for depositing the thin-film Division 813.00 calibration standards. Industrial applica-

metal used to make electrical interconnects Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 tions of the results are ensured by close col-

in microelectronic circuits. The microelec- laboration with industry.

tromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication ADVANCED MICROWAVE/ Contact: methodology is being used to develop an Robert M. Judish integrated microsensor system for in-situ MILLIMETER-WAVE (303) 497-3380 monitoring of the thin-film metal sputter- METROLOGY email: [email protected] ing process used widely in the industiy. The Division 813.06 system is being designed to provide real- Rapidly developing microwave technology Allen C. Newell time measurements of metal film resistivity requires the support of advanced measure- (303) 497-3131 and substrate temperature that can be used ments and standards. The microwave indus- email: [email protected] as feedback to control and to identify key try and the Department of Defense rely on Division 813.00 input parameters of the sputtering process. NIST for calibrations of transfer standards

to provide accurate, traceable measure- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 NIST has begun this project in response to ments required for product development, industry-identified needs for guidance and performance evaluation, quality assurance, for "success stories" that can be used to and commercial interchangeability. ELECTROMAGNETIC develop and implement this approach CHARACTERIZATION OF expeditiously. For measurements of attenuation as well as impedance and scattering parameters, NIST MATERIALS Contact: researchers have developed automated and Harry A, Schafft It is widely recognized that critical needs highly accurate techniques using six-port (301) 975-2234 exist for accurate data on the electromag- network analyzers. Accurate techniques for email: [email protected] netic properties of certain materials used microwave power measurement using pri- John S. Suehle extensively throughout the aerospace, mary microcalori meters and transfer stand- (301) 975-2247 microwave, electronics, and communica- ards, as well iis noise measurement based email: [email protected] tions industries. The Electromagnetic Prop- j on the evaluation of standard noise sources, erties of Materials Program at NIST seeks to I' B360 Technology Building have been developed. Calibration services support industry by evaluating and improv- based upon these methods form a critical ing measurement techniques, by providing element in the nation's microwave electron- well-characterized reference materials, by ics infrastructure. providing measurement services, and by

To support the latest technologies, measure- organizing measurement intercomparisons.

ment capabilities are currently being Current capabilities include room tempera-

enhanced. Power and impedance standards ture measurements of complex permittivity

are being greatly improved. Advanced wide- and permeability for bulk materials in the

band six-port automatic network analyzers spectral range, 100 kHz to 18 GHz, as well

and techniques for measuring the noise fig-

ure of active devices are under development.

Measurement services are being extended to

cover millimeter waves as well as submini-

ature coaxial connectors. ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

|s high-precision cavity measurements of be incorporated into voluntary standards Ipw-loss dielectrics near 10 GHz. NISI plans by both U.S. and international standards ELECTROMAGNETIC p extend measurement capabilities, for organizations. TECHNOLOGY |oth bulk and thin-film materials, into the Contact: bilhmeter range with coverage at elevated Division Contact: Motohisa Kanda ind cryogenic temperatures. Adequate and Robert A. Kamper (303) 497-5320 Dore accurate materials characterization (303) 497-3535 email: [email protected] lata will help industry' obtain optimal com- email: [email protected] Division 813.07 'onent and system performance with greatly fax: (303) 497-3066 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 educed costs for corrective redesign. Division 814.00

Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 'Contact: ANTENNA jidrewG. Rep jar :303) 497-5703 MEASUREMENTS MAGNETICS mail: [email protected] at are developing reliable Researchers NIST Magnetic materials have a great variety of :£laude M. Weil techniques and standards for measuring key uses, such as in magnetic recording and 303) 497-5305 performance parameters of antennas and other computer-related applications, trans- tmail: [email protected] components used with satellites. Earth formers, motors, sensors, and medical sys- division 813.08 terminals, radars, and communications tems. The trend in magnetic recording is ,;oulder, Colo. 80303-3328 systems. Near-field scanning is now used toward high information density and higher

routinely to characterize microwave and access speed, both of which are increasing ELECTROMAGNETIC millimeter-wave antennas. NIST researchers rapidly. As information storage becomes are focusing on developing and implement- more dense, smaller read/write heads are

INTERFERENCE AND ing techniques to correct for errors in the required. The materials properties for very COMPATIBILITY scan surfaces and applying all near-field small components change drastically from techniques to higher frequencies. Software properties in the bulk. New measurement silST researchers are engaged in a wide for the analysis of spherical near-field data methods are required to determine these ange of projects aimed at quantifying elec- recently has been rewritten and improved. properties in very small specimens and on "omagnetic interference (EMI) and electro- Other research areas include spacecraft and very small scales. lagnetic compatibility (EMC). One thrust phased-array antenna measurements, NIST researchers address these problems by f the NISI work is to develop measurement antenna diagnostics using near-field tech- developing methods to characterize mag- echniques and methodologies for measur- niques, and antenna systems measurements netic materials such as ferromagnetic and ag emission of unintentional radiation using celestial radio sources. i'ora electronic devices. Another aspect magnetoresistive films, recording tapes and Contact: disks, ferromagnetic steels, very weakly mag- !nder active investigation is the susceptibil- Andrew G. Repjar of electronic netic alloys, amorphous ribbons, spin ly equipment to such radia- (303) 497-5703 glasses, ferrites, and permanent magnets. J'on. The researchers are identifying and email: [email protected] magnetic thin icfining quantities that characterize the sus- Structures of interest include Carl F. Stubenrauch films, coupled magnetic layers and multi- eptibility- of a device and then developing (303) 497-3927 layers, composite materials. iiethods to measure those quantities. Suc- and particulate New, improved, and traditional techniques .essful completion of this research should Division 813.08 are used, including vibrating-sample, lesult in the development of standards and Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 magnetometers, as -measurement techniques for EMI and EMC SQUID, and Hall-probe as alternating-field techniques such as fiat are meaningful, technically practical, well

nd reliable. These techniques could then ac susceptometry, B-H loops, and rf perme- ability. Novel imaging by magnetic force

microscopy is used extensively. Attention is

given to calibration accuracy, measurement 32 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

precision, and instrument development. The Material has been produced for use in cali- LOW-TEMPERATURE research has broad application, from mag- brating critical-current measurement appa-

netic technologies to basic understanding of ratus. A new reference material for large ELECTRONICS

materials properties. currents is being developed. Cryogenic, and especially superconducting,

Co7itact: Contact: electronics provide remarkably high speed

Fred Fickett Fred Fickett and sensitivity, coupled with exceptionally

(303) 497-3785 (303) 497-3785 low-power dissipation. NIST uses the

email: [email protected] email: [email protected] unequaled performance of low-temperature

Division 814.05 Division 814.05 electronics to supply U.S. industry with

Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 standards and measurement capabilities

ahead of state-of-the-art conventional, SUPERCONDUCTOR OPTICAL ELECTRONICS room-temperature technologies. NIST main- tains a world-leading program through its

MEASUREMENTS The accurate characterization of optical complete facility for fabricating large-scale

electronic devices is crucial to several indus- superconducting and normal metal inte- Recent advances in superconductivity have tries, including lightwave communications, grated circuits. A similar capability has resulted in a critical need for measurement lasers, and optical fiber sensors. NIST staff been developed for circuits of growing technology to characterize the different are developing metrology to support light- complexity made from high -temperature types of superconductors, which now range wave communications in areas of optical ceramic superconductors. from very fine filament alloy conductors fibers, sources, detectors, and integrated used in the Superconducting Super Collider NIST research spans the range from very optic components. Measurement capabili- cables to a variety of high-temperature basic studies of ultra-small tunnel junctions ties are aimed at evaluating components at ceramic superconductors (HIS). Research to a superconducting series array voltage the research and commercial level. Semi- programs at NIST involve measurement standard in operation at almost three dozen conductor materials are grown by chemical techniques for critical current, critical mag- laboratories around the world. The work has beam epitaxy, and fabrication facilities netic field, ac losses, magnetic hysteresis, established numerous world performance exist for integrated optics on glass and crys- and electron tunneling. Specialized records over the years with such devices as talline substrates. National standards have experimental work is being performed to analog-to-digital converters, samplers, elec- been established for evaluating laser power determine the effect of strain on the super- trometers, microwave and infrared detec- and energy meters; high-speed detectors are conducting properties of low-temperature tors, lithographed antennas, and magnetic characterized by a number of time and fre- commercial conductors and HTS materials. flux detectors using SQUIDs. NIST efforts quency domain methods. Novel sensors support private industry through coopera- The correlation between deposition parame- based on optical fibers are being used to tive research and assistance with measure- ters of laser- ablated HTS thin films and the detect voltages, currents, and other physical ment techniques. resulting morphology and quality of the quantities. Cooperative research with NIST

films is studied, hi collaboration with indus- in the above areas results in new measure- Contact:

try, the resistance of contacts between ment procedures, new technology, and cali- Richard E. Harris

... normal metals and high-temperature super- bration services. The nature of this NIST (303) 497-3776

conductors was decreased by eight orders of research is applied, so opportunities for com- email: [email protected]

magnitude, allowing accurate measure- mercialization are excellent. Division 814.03

ments of the magnetic-field dependence of Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 . Contact: the critical current. A standard for measur- Aaron A. Sanders ing critical current in low-temperature (303) 497-5341 superconductors has been published email: [email protected] through ASTM, and a Standard Reference Division 814.02

Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

• Diffusion, Oxidation, and Annealing. Six A research-oriented facility, the laboratory

RESEARCH furnace tubes for up to 75-mra-diameter is not designed to produce large-scale ICs or FACILITIES wafers and nine tubes for up to 100-mm- similar complex structures. Rather the labo- diameter wafers. ratory emphasizes breadth and flexibility in

order to support a wide variety of projects. • Photolithography. Research mask aligner

SEMICONDUCTOR (proximit}' and contact) for wafers up to Currently, research projects address many PROCESSING RESEARCH 100 ram in diameter and irregularly shaped aspects of microelectronic processing steps samples and lOx direct-step-on wafer sys- and materials as well as silicon micro-

JVBORATORY tem for 75-mm-diameter wafers. Photoresist machining. Examples include: nietal-oxide-

spin coating and developing and related semiconductor measurements; metal- s integrated circuit (IC) sizes increase to chemical processing, including oxygen semiconductor specific contact resistivity; aore than 1 cm' and feature sizes within plasma stripping. uniformity of resistivity, ion-implanted le circuits decrease to less than 1 |im, criti- dopant density, surface potential, and inter- al demands are placed on the measure- • Film Deposition. Low-pressure chemical face state density; characterization of depos- aent capabilit}' required to control and vapor deposition systems for depositing ited insulating films on silicon carbide; aonitor IC fabrication successfully. To meet silicon nitride, polysihcon, and low- ionization and activation of ion-implanted le demand, NISI researchers are develop- temperature silicon dioxide. Rf and dc vac- species in semiconductors as a function of (ig state-of-the-art measurement proce- uum sputtering of metals and dielectrics. annealing temperature; electrical tech- ures for microelectronics manufacturing. Electron beam and hot filament vacuum niques for dopant profiling and leakage cur- evaporation of metals. Ihe semiconductor processing research rent measurements; and processing effects

iborator)' provides a qualit}' physical envi- • Etching. Wet and dry etching processes. on silicon-on-insulator materials. A simple

ronment for a variet)' of research projects in Reactive ion beam etcher capable of ion CMOS process has been established. ^miconductor microelectronics as well as milling and chemical etching with gases AVAILABILITY 1 other areas of physics, chemistr)', and ma- such as freon, sulfur hexafluoride, ox}'gen, Laboratory staff welcome collaborative rrials research. The laborator}' facilities are and chlorine. research projects consistent with the ised for projects addressing many areas of • Ion Implantation. Multipurpose 200-KeV research goals of the NIST semiconductor emiconductor materials and processes, is cooperation ion implanter. program. Work performed in hcluding process control and metrolog)', with the technical staff of the laboratory. oaterials characterization, and the use of • Analytical Measurements. Thin-film begin ntegrated circuit materials and processes reflectometry and other thickness measure- The most productive arrangements research plan with pr novel applications. ments, optical microscopy, and grooving with development of a of knowl- and staining. Automated and manual probe specific goals. The commitment (he laboratory complex occupies about researchers to work closely with stations for current-voltage measurements edgeable 72 square meters, approximately half of provision of equipment and capacitance measurements as a func- NIST staff and the {'j^hich is composed of clean rooms. Within needed resources are required. tion of voltage, frequency, and time. and other ne clean rooms, work areas are maintained i Because hazardous materials are present, \X class 10 or better. The facilit}' is designed APPLICATIONS laboratory staff must supervise all research jo that the work areas can be modified Small quantities of specialized semiconduc- activities. j'asily to accommodate the frequent equip- tor test specimens, experimental samples,

aent and other changes required by prototype devices, and processed materials Contact:

esearch. can be produced. The processes and process- Donald B. Novotny

ing equipment can be monitored during (301) 975-2699 APABILITIES operation to study the process chemistry and email: [email protected] the laboratory' has a complete capability for I physics. The effects of variations in operat- B3 10 Technology Building Z fabrication. Principal processing I and ing conditions and process gases and chemi- ijnalytical equipment is listed below. The cal purities can be investigated. Research is japabilities are expanded and improved performed under well-controlled conditions. ontinuously to meet the technological

hallenges. 34 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CAPABILITIES AVAILABILITY

SUPERCONDUCTOR With existing power sources, direct voltages The high-voltage facility is used by NIST INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT of 300 kV, 60-Hz alternating voltages of staff and by guest researchers from industry, 175 kV, and standard lightning impulses of universities, and other federal agencies. Use FABRICATION LABORATORY 500 kV can be produced. Selected wave- of the facilities must be scheduled in

NISI maintains a complete fabrication forms, such as microsecond duration trap- advance. Because of the complexity of the

laboratory for superconducting integrated ezoidal waveforms up to 300 kV and gated system, typical use of the facility is in the

circuits. Devices employing both low- and 60-Hz waveforms up to 100 kV, are also form of a collaborative investigation with

high-temperature superconductors are sup- available. Supporting equipment includes NIST staff.

ported. Demonstrated capabilities include high-voltage standard capacitors rated at Contact: the fabrication of 20,000-junction Joseph- 200 kV; high- accuracy, current-comparator WiUiam E. Anderson son 10-volt array standards, using niobium bridges for 60-Hz measurements; a preci- (301) 975-2403 trilayer technology. Individual facilities sion dc divider rated at 200 kV; dividers to email: [email protected] include a digital pattern generator, a wafer measure standard lightning impulses up to B344 Metrology Building stepper having submicrometer resolution, 1-MV peak; partial discharge measurement

laboratory-scale electron-beam lithography systems; high-speed cameras and support- apparatus, thin-film deposition and etching ing optical equipment (including an TRANSISTOR SAFE systems, and requisite accompanying proc- image-preserving optical delay); a OPERATION TEST SYSTEM essing tools. These facilities are available on computer-controlled system to measure the

a limited basis in support of collaborative electric field in transformer oil; a gas- A unique test system that automatically

research with NIST. chromatograph/mass-spectrometer system; determines the turn-off limits for bipolar and a system to produce a known electric transistors and MOS-gated devices Contact: field and current density in air at atmos- (MOSFETs and IGBTs) is available to scien- Richard E. Harris pheric pressure. tists, engineers, and technicians for charac- (303) 497-3776 terizing devices at currents between 1 and email: [email protected] Measurement systems are available to meas- 100 A and voltages from 60 to 2000 V. The Division 814.03 ure pulsed voltages and currents with char- system is non-destructive for all bipolar Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 acteristic times ranging from nanoseconds devices and often non-destructive for to milliseconds. These systems include MOS-gated devices. The system works by Rogowski coils and capacitive probes as well turning on the device (either with a gate HIGH-VOLTAGE as the necessary recording equipment to voltage or current) into an inductive load FACILITY acquire and store digital records. These con- MEASUREMENT and then turning off the device by reversing ventional measurement systems are supple- NIST maintains a high-voltage measure- the gate current or voltage. The drain or col- mented by optical sensors and couplers. lector voltage rises rapidly as the current ment facility in which researchers develop APPLICATIONS and evaluate measurement techniques attempts to decrease because of the induc- tive load. predominant failure mode in needed for the efficient, reliable transmis- • Instrumentation and Component Evalu- The

application is rapid collapse of the sion and distribution of electric power ation. Impulse, ac, and dc dividers; electric this a associated construction,- (including for defense purposes). Major and magnetic field meters; capacitors; voltage and current

usually causes device failure to , programs now being pursued using this transformers; lightning arresters; and ion which due melting. system senses the voltage col- facility are the measurement of transient counters, The lapse and removes all of the current from voltages and currents; the development of \, • Dielectrics Research and Development. the device in less than ns, thus prevent- • techniques to quantify pre-breakdown and 50 Chemical degradation studies; measure- destruction in bipolars either pre- breakdown phenomena in liquid and gas- ing and ment of the fundamental processes of dis- venting or reducing in MOS-gated eous dielectrics; and the measurement of damage charge initiation; onset and magnitude of devices. The system is under the control of z low-frequency electric and magnetic fields. partial discharges; space charge measure- computer via an IEEE 488 interface. Tests ment; and streamer propagation studies. can be set up and run automatically; ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

ij: non-destructive tests, an entire area of tunity to collaborate on projects related to to the -50 dB to -60 dB levels with side lobe fe operation using a single device can be the current studies and to provide a meas- accuracy typically about ±1.0 dB at the

•|jnd in a few minutes. urement capability that is truly unique. 40 dB level. (The exact uncertainties

j depend on the frequency, type, size of \ntact: Contact: antenna, and other factors.) Near-field data iivid W. Beming Barbara Belzer also can be used to compute near-field inter- 01) 975-2069 (301) 975-2248 actions (such as mutual coupling) of anten- pail: [email protected] email: [email protected] nas and radiated field distributions in the 10 Technology Building David Blackburn j near zone. (301) 975-2068 email: [email protected] • Antenna Diagnostics. Near-field scanning

IGH-ACCURACY is also a valuable tool for identifying prob- B310 Technology Building LLIPSOMETER lems and for achieving optimal perform-

ance of various types of antenna systems. It lipsometr)' is an important non- NEAR-FIELD SCANNING has been used to advantage in locating 5tructive optical technique used through- faulty elements in phased-array antennas -\X the semiconductor industrv^ in deter- FACILITY FOR ANTENNA and for adjusting feed systems to obtain the ming critical thicknesses and uniformities MEASUREMENTS proper illumination function at the main Pa variety of semiconductor materials. The reflector. Phase contour plots of the near- gh-accuracy, single-wavelength ellipsome- This automated facility is designed to meas- field data also can be used to determine sur- ure the phase and amplitude at NIST has been used primarily in the near-zone .f face imperfections in reflectors used for rtification of Standard Reference Mate- distributions of the fields radiated from an antennas or compact ranges. antenna under test. Mathematical transfor- ils (SRMs) in the 2530 series. These SRMs mations are used to calculate the desired • Probe Calibrations. A spherical probe 'e certified for measured ellipsometric antenna characteristics. irameters A and as well as the derived calibration facility serves as a far-field range for measuring the receiving charac- ickness and refractive index of a range of CAPABILITIES obtain near-field ,iicon-di oxide layer thicknesses on a sili- Near-field data can be obtained over planar, teristics of probes used to data. These measurements are required to n substrate. This unique instrument is qlindrical, and spherical surfaces; the pla- determine the probe coefficients, which, in pable of making measurements at a mul- nar technique is the most popular. Efficient turn, are used to calculate accurate, probe- licit)' of incident angles with an accuracy computer programs are available for proc- corrected, far-field gain and pattern i position to within ± 0.004°. Current proj- essing the large quantities of data required. characteristics of an antenna. :s utilizing this capabilitv' include the con- When operated in the planar mode, the tiuing certification of these SRMs as well AVAILABILITY facility is capable of measuring over a a variety of projects that observe the Two kinds of arrangements can be made to 4.5-m X 4.5-m area with probe position i€Ct of various growth techniques of use this facility. NIST staff can perform errors of less than ±0.01 cm. Improved icon dioxide on silicon, different prepara- specified tests or measurements on a re- position accuracy is possible with further -!'ns of the silicon substrate prior to oxida- imbursable basis. In this case, the customer alignment, especially over smaller areas. [•n, alternative methods of treating the has no direct use of the facility; all measure- Antennas with apertures up to about 3 m in Mcon-dioxide surface prior to measure- ments are performed by NIST staff and the diameter can be measured with a single int, and long-term effects on the quality customer is issued a test report. As an scan. The facility has been used successfully efforts f the oxides. Extension of these as alternative, work may be performed on a over the frequency range 750 MHz to 2y pertain to other semiconductor systems cooperative basis with NIST staff. This 75 GHz, It incorporates provisions for jplanned. NIST welcomes the oppor- arrangement permits the user the advantage scanning larger antennas in segments. of developing firsthand knowledge of the

APPLICATIONS measurement processes, and the user is

responsible in large part for the accuracy of • Antenna Characteristics. The facility is results. In either case, arrangements used primarily for determining the gain, test

pattern, and polarization of antennas.

Accuracies are typically ±0.15 dB for abso-

lute gain and ±0.10 dB/dB for polarization

axial ratio. Patterns can be obtained down , , ;

36 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

need to be made well in advance, and AVAILABILITY APPLICATIONS t

This facility is used heavily in performing In addition to performing radiated-emission ' reimbursement is required for the facility

calibrations for industry and other govern- or susceptibility measurements of electronic ^' use and time of NISI staff involved.

ment agencies. It is available for inde- equipment, the mode-stirred chambers can r Contact: pendent or collaborative work. measure the shielding effectiveness of gas- ' Andrew G. Rep jar keting, composites, and other materials Contact: j (303) 497-5703 used for radio-frequency shielding applica- j email: [email protected] Motohisa Kanda tions. The chambers also can be used to ( Division 813.08 (303) 497-5320 measure the shielding effectiveness of wir- i email: Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 [email protected] ing harnesses and electrical cables, connec- Division 813.07 ] tors, and assemblies.

Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 | GROUND SCREEN ANTENNA LIMITATIONS

usable lower is RANGE The frequency limited by ; MODE-STIRRED CHAMBERS insufficient mode density, tuner effective-

The ground screen antenna range is an ness, and ability to excite uniformly all NIST researchers have designed and con-

open area test site. modes in the chamber. These factors are a ; structed mode-stirred (reverberating) cham- function of both chamber geometry and i CAPABILITIES bers to measure radiated electromagnetic

size. Measurement uncertainties vary from :. The ground screen consists of 6.35-mm emissions, susceptibility of electronic equip-

± 1 0 dB at 200 MHz decreasing to ±4 dB j mesh galvanized hardware cloth stretched ment, and shielding effectiveness of mate- from approximately 1.0 GHz to 18 GHz. over a level concrete slab. The screen is rials and cable/connector assemblies. A

Directional characteristics of an antenna or I 30.5 m wide x 6l m long and is spring mode-stirred chamber is an electrically test equipment placed inside a mode-stirred loaded around the perimeter to ensure uni- large (in terms of wavelength), high- chamber are lost, resulting in the need to form tension, a flat surface, and adequate quality cavity whose boundary conditions j estimate their free-space maximal gain as a compensation for thermal expansion. The are varied by means of a rotating conduc- | function of frequency in order to correlate overall size of the ground screen permits far- tive tuner or stirrer. The time-averaged field \ results obtained by open-field tests. How- field measurements in the high-frequency inside such a cavity, when a sufficient num- ever, tests can be performed cost effectively ' portion of the spectrum, and the mesh ber of modes are excited, is formed by uni-

in a shielded environment, with sufficient \ dimension provides for an efficient ground formly distributed plane waves coming from accuracy to make these facilities very attrac.l plane well into the ultrahigh frequency all directions. This causes the polarization tive for diagnostic testing and for minimiz- region. of the field to vary randomly, hence elimi- ing the need for expensive testing in APPLICATIONS nating the need for, or the utility of, physi- | facilities such as anechoic chambers. The range can be used for the following: cal rotation of test objects in the field. A

microwave oven is a simple example of a AVAILABILITY • antenna calibrations; mode-stirred chamber without Two mode-stirred chambers are available: measure- ^

one that is 2.74 x 3.05 x 4.57 and - • antenna patterns at any polarization; ment support instrumentation. m m m

smaller version, l.l6mx 1.425 mx 1.47 n:,. • electromagnetic susceptibility CAPABILITIES NIST staff are available for collaborative - The mode-stirred chamber simulates near- measurements; programs or to advise and interpret meas- field conditions for tests at frequencies from urement results. Independent testing also • electromagnetic radiated emission ; 200 MHz to 40 GHz. High-level test fields

'. measurements; can be arranged. (up to 1000 V/m) can be generated effi-

ciently over a large test volume in the cham- • calibration of field intensity meters; and Contact: ber, or the chamber can be used to measure Motohisa Kanda • wave propagation studies in frequency or low-level radiated emissions (total radiated (303) 497-5320 time domains. power down to -100 dBm) from equipment email: [email protected]

under test with minor instrumentation Division 813-07

changes. Equipment as large as Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328

1.5 m X 2.0 m X 3.0 m can be tested. ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 37

LIMITATIONS CAPABILITIES

RANSVERSE The usable frequency range is limited by an EM fields up to 100 V/m can be established LECTROMAGNETIC upper bound determined by the appearance in the chamber over the broad frequency of the lowest high-order mode. The volume range from 200 MHz to 40 GHz, and up to iELLS available for testing purposes is inversely 200 V/m for certain frequency bands above

! iST researchers have designed and con- proportional to this upper frequency limit, 1 GHz. A majority of the individual systems ructed several transverse electromagnetic The size of the device to be placed inside a composing the measurement system are cell for ^T:M) cells that are available for use. A TEM testing should be small relative under computer control, thus enhancing to the available test volume in order that statistical iM cell is a device for performing radiated control of the measurements. The ectromagnetic emission and susceptibility the field structure associated with the ideal chamber dimensions are 8.5 m x 6.7 m x existing in fiasurements of electronic equipment. Its TEM mode an empty cell not be 4.9 m. significantly perturbed. sign is based on the concept of an APPLICATIONS

,panded transmission line operated in a AVAILABILITY The EM chamber is used in areas such as: £M mode. The cell is a two-conductor sys- Several TEM cells with five different sizes • research, development, and evaluation of Ti with the region between the inner and and five upper frequency limits in the new EM-field-generation and measurement Iter conductors used as the test zone. The 100 MHz to 1 GHz range are available. In methods; pered sections at both ends are required collaborative programs, NIST staff are avail- i' match the cell to standard 50 Q coaxial- able to advise and interpret measurement • antenna and field-probe development

ble connectors. results. Independent testing also can be and evaluation; arranged. J'ABILITIES • calibration of field measurement cell provides a shielded environment for 'le Contact: instruments;

''-.ting without introducing multiple reflec- Motohisa Kanda • susceptibility testing of electronic ts experienced with the conventional (303) 497-5320 equipment; aelded enclosure. It simulates very closely email: [email protected] far field in free space and has con- I'olanar Division 813.07 • shielding effectiveness and material int amplitude and linear phase charac- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 parameter studies; and '•istics. The external electromagnetic • special tests for government agencies, yials will not affect the measurement of industry, and universities. 'tv-level radiated emission from the device ELECTROMAGNETIC - .der test. The high-level test field gener- ANECHOIC CHAMBER AVAILABILITY ed inside a cell for radiated susceptibility This facility is used heavily in performing

Its will not interfere with external elec- The electromagnetic (EM) anechoic cham- calibrations for industry and other govern-

mic systems. ber at NIST is a facility for generating stand- ment agencies. It is available for inde- ard, well-characterized electromagnetic pendent or collaborative work with NIST. VUCATIONS fields. Such fields are fundamental to the ' addition to radiated electromagnetic Contact: research, development, and evaluation of mpatibility/interference testing, other Motohisa Kanda antennas, field probes, and EM material plications of the TEM cells include the (303) 497-5320 properties. ilibration of antennas and the study of bio- email: [email protected]

'^ical effects of radio-frequency radiation. Division 813.07

Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 ;

MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

iiriil COOPERATIVE RESEARCH scientists are devel- COOPERATIVE RESEARCH NIST engineers and OPPORTUNITIES oping many of the tools for automated OPPORTUNITIES intelligent-processing systems that will Precision Engineering soon be the core of all world-class manu- 38 Atomic-Scale Measuring Machine facturing operations. These components PRECISION ENGINEERING Optical Systems include intelligent machines; advanced 39 Advanced Division Contact: sensors for real-time in-process measure- 39 Measuring Patterned Layers on integrated Circuits Dennis A. Swyt ments; software for precision control of (301) 975-3463 machine tools; and information technol- 39 Measuring Surface Roughness email: [email protected] ogy for integrating all elements of a Automated Production Technology fax: (301) 869-0822 product's life cycle, from planning and 39 Quality in Automation Program A109 Metrology Building design through marketing and customer 40 Machine-Tool Performance support. Evaluation and Accuracy The Manufacturing Engineering Enhancement ATOMIC-SCALE Laboratory provides technical support 40 Precision Piston Turning MEASURING MACHINE for industry groups that develop stand- Robot Systems By the year 2001, uncertainty requirements ards for measurements, measurement 41 Intelligent Machine Controls for dimensional metrology of step heights, techniques, hardware, software, and data 41 Sensory Processing and World surface roughness, linewidth, and line spac- interfaces. It operates the Automated for Intelligent Control Modeling ing for the integrated circuit and optics Manufacturing Research Facility, a 41 Off-Line Programming of Robotic industries will be 0.1 nm to 1 nm. Further- unique national resource for studying a Systems more, these uncertainties need to be held wide range of manufacturing topics. 41 Robot Metrology over areas ranging from several square Laboratory researchers also work at the 42 Mobile Robotic Systems millimeters to fractions of a square meter. forefront of the emerging field of nano- 42 Robotic Deburring of Machined To address these needs, NIST is building the fabrication, developing measurement 2 2 Parts molecular measuring machine (M ). M tools for the atomic-scale production 42 Robotic Crane Technology will be capable of positioning and measur- technologies of the future. ing to atomic-scale accuracies over an area Factory Automation Systems Laboratory staff work closely members of 25 cm". It incorporates a scanning tun- 43 Product Data Exchange Standards with their industry counterparts, from neling microscope into a unique system for the Apparel Industry the planning of research projects to the design that includes a very stiff core struc- 43 Inspection and Tolerances Research dissemination of results. ture, carriages for moving the probe over ' 43 National PDESTestbed the sample, interferometry for measuring Contact: 44 Rapid Response Manufacturing probe and sample position, and two stages ' Richard H.F. Jackson, Acting Director Intramural Project of isolation from seismic and acoustic per- (301) 975-3400 44 Design Research Laboratory turbations. Construction and testing are email: [email protected] 44 Computer-Aided Manufacturing under way. fax: (301) 948-5668 System Engineering Metrology Building B322 After construction is completed, M will

serve as an independent means for charac- RESEARCH FACILITIES terizing distances, geometries, and distor-

45 Automated Manufacturing Research tions of highly ordered arrangements of 2 Facility atoms on single-crystal surfaces. M also

45 Acoustic Anechoic Chamber will serve as an exploratory tool for buildin

mechanical and electrical structures in the

nanometer-size range. Among the organizj

tions collaborating on the construction of

are several major universities and MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Btional laboratories as well as Watson MEASURING PAHERNED and optical profiling techniques as well as lesearch Center, AT&T Bell Laboratories, optical scattering to develop such methods nd Zygo Corp. LAYERS ON INTEGRATED (which will be sensitive to the functionality of the components). The researchers ontact: CIRCUITS already have used an experimental light- Teague [. Clayton NIST researchers are developing techniques scattering instrument and a long-range 301)975-3490 for measuring the critical dimensions of scanning tunneling microscope to generate 117 Metrologv' Building patterned layers on integrated circuits. The accurate descriptions of light scattering

work involves theoretical projects on the from rough metal parts and from glossy ADVANCED formation of images in the optical and paper. They currently are studying the scanning electron microscopes as well as effects using light-scattering system to IPTICAL SYSTEMS of a experimental and design projects on the inspect glossy paper during manufacturing.

jvanced optical systems increasingly are construction of new metrology instruments The researchers plan to adapt this system

esigned around high-accuracy, aspheric for the calibration of standards. The project for other materials and manufacturing proc-

-ptical elements. Measuring the figure error was initiated about 15 years ago at the esses. They also intend to build a remotely

generalized aspheres to the required accu- request of the semiconductor industry. controlled profiling instrument. These better is a complex and unsolved problem. advances will provide a under- fcy The ever smaller dimensions on integrated relationship between process llST is embarking on a program to charac- standing of the circuits have created a demand for new and 'mze the systematic errors of commercial, parameters and surface finish. NIST improved techniques of measurement and base-measuring interferometers used for researchers currently are working closely their related standards, especially as feature -arface figure metrolog)' and to develop with academia, the automotive and paint- sizes approach and become smaller than the for ing industries, and standards committees. i .chniques to use these instruments wavelength of light used in conventional spheric metrology. The goal of the pro- j optical metrology instruments. The dimen- Contact: ram is to close the gap between the resolu- sions of present interest range from about Theodore Vorburger jon and the accuracy of phase-measuring I 0.5 |im to 30 |im and will extend to smaller (301) 975-3493 uterferometers. NIST researchers are work- dimensions in the future. A series of three email: [email protected] with personnel at Wyko Corp. and Zygo f'pg linewidth/pitch Standard Reference Mate- A117 Metrology Building orp., which manufacture these inter- rials for photomasks is presently in produc- frometry systems. tion. Research is in progress to develop new

IIST researchers already have demonstrated and improved standards for use in instru- j AUTOMATED PRODUCTION Isignificant sensitivity' to fringe density of ments utilizing optical or scanning electron

I TECHNOLOGY le measured figure error for several com- microscopy. Division Contact: lercial phase-measuring interferometer sys- Contact: Donald S. Blomquist ; *ms. They are working to build a dedicated Robert D. Larrabee (301) 975-6600 1 ;tst facility for future systematic investiga- ^ (301) 975-2298 email: [email protected] .ijons. The results of this work will make it email: [email protected] fax: ossible to manufacture lightweight, high- (301) 869-3536 A347 Technology Building Building jWormance optical systems for space-based BIO6 Sound

Dplications and multilayer mirror systems

or projection X-ray lithography. MEASURING

..ij QUALITY IN mtact: SURFACE ROUGHNESS AUTOMATION PROGRAM \ Tyler Estler The need for effective, on-line control of is an effort to achieve higher i501) 975-3482 This program surface texture is increasing. For example, nail: [email protected] part accuracy from existing discrete-parts many U.S. automobile companies are begin- ' .Metrology Building manufacturing equipment. A four-layer, ning to see superior coatings as a potential closed-loop, control architecture has been competitive advantage over foreign competi- proposed. Three layers are being imple- tion. One of the keys to achieving this mented: real-time (RT), process- advantage is better on-line surface measure-

ment methods. NIST is using contacting MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

intermittent (PI), and post-process (PP) these errors is being investigated to evaluate machine tool was performed. Based on | control loops. The RT and PI loops imple- and enhance performance under changing analysis of the data collected during this ment algorithms to predict and/or measure thermal conditions. This process is compli- investigation, several design changes were machine- and process-related systematic cated and time consuming. recommended. These changes were imple- errors and compensate for them via real- mented on the machine tool, which was NIST researchers are working with industry time tool path modification and NC pro- sent to NIST for a more rigorous thermal and academia to optimize this process to gram modification. The PP loop is used to analysis. make it feasible for even small manufactur- verify the cutting process and to tune the ers. NIST, industry, and academia worked NIST is now performing a full geometric- other two control loops by detecting residual together to develop the industry standard for thermal characterization of the machine, systematic errors measured on the finished machining center performance evaluation using laser interferometry and other parts, correlating these errors to the uncom- (ASME B5.54). Compensation of machine- advanced sensors. The characterization is pensated machine- and process-related tool errors is an area of continuing interest. performed by monitoring the error motions errors, and modifying the control parame- Researchers are developing generic elec- existing in the machine tool as it is brought ters of the other loops accordingly. tronic hardware to implement error compen- to a variety of thermal states. The thermal

Feature-based error-analysis techniques sation without any intrusion into the states are quantified by the use of remote are being developed to identify the residual existing machine-tool controllers. They also temperature sensing devices attached at var systematic errors of the system. NIST are working to speed up the on-machine ous locations on the components and struc- researchers are working with industry and part inspection by introducing fast probing ture of the machine. The end result of this academia to use DMIS-defined features in and powerful data analysis capability at the characterization is a geometric-thermal their analyses. They are developing tools for machine-tool level. error map of the piston turning machine. feature segmentation of part geometries to This error map can then serve as the data- Contact: improve analyses of the manufacturing base for real-time error compensation. M. Alkan Donmez process. They also are developing a quality (301) 975-6618 Benchtop analysis of two key machine com database using feature types and the errors B106 Sound Building ponents is also under way. These compo- measured on these features as key fields. nents are the linear actuators, which

Contact: control cutting tool position, and the spin-l PRECISION M. Alkan Donmez dies, which rotate the parts. In general, thei

(301) 975-6618 PISTON TURNING pistons machined on this tool are elliptical

B106 Sound Building in shape. The designs of the linear actuate: The Precision Piston Turning Project is a and spindles are being analyzed, and their cooperative research effort between NIST, performance is being tested to identify fur- MACHINE-TOOL General Motors Corp., Ford Motor Co., and ther areas in which machine accuracy can Giddings and Lewis, with funding through PERFORMANCE be enhanced. the National Center for Manufacturing

EVALUATION AND Sciences. The primary objective is the trans- This project is expected to have several ben* ACCURACY ENHANCEMENT fer of NIST's expertise in machine tool fits for the U.S. automotive industry. The enhancement and technology to U.S. indus- performance of this particular machine tO(

Deterministic manufacturing is a concept try. This goal currently is being achieved by will be improved, yielding both higher pro based on the premise that most errors in researching and applying enhancement ductivity and better piston quality. Of manufacturing are repeatable, thus predict- methods for a Giddings and Lewis Piston additional benefit to industry will be the able. Errors that are predictable can be Turning Machine, model 3000. knowledge gained by the industrial partne measured and corrected, thereby improving in the project in the areas of thermal bal- This project is comprised of several activi- quality through better control of the exist- ance and thermal gradient control within ties. The first task was performed in 1992, ing manufacturing equipment. Machine the machine tool, error characterization, when a research team from NIST traveled to tools are computer-controlled, multi-degree- and error compensation. Giddings Lewis' Fraser, Mich., plant to of-freedom structures that have inherent and analyze the design of a prototype of the Contact: quasistatic and thermally induced geomet- 3000. Using infrared technology and con- Kari Harper ric errors. Complete characterization of tact temperature sensing devices, an investi- (301) 975-6612

gation of the thermal behavior of the B106 Sound Building MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

remotely operated land vehicles, under- OFF-LINE PROGRAMMING ROBOT SYSTEMS ground mining, and undersea vehicles. Contact: OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS Division Contact: James S. Albus Braes S. Alb us Off-line programming (OLP) systems are 975-3418 ;:30l) 975-3418 (301) used to generate robot programs without email: [email protected] ;-mail: [email protected] the use of the actual robot. OLP has two B124 Metrology Building lax: (301) 990-9688 advantages over the traditional teaching- p24 Metrolog\' Building dependent programming method: It SENSORY PROCESSING improves safety, and system downtime is reduced because the robot is not involved in INTELLIGENT MACHINE AND WORLD MODELING developing and debugging programs. Unfor- CONTROLS FOR INTELLIGENT CONTROL tunately, most commercially available OLP systems rarely produce the final robot con- 'tlie concept of advanced real-time, sensorv'- Intelligent control of machines requires a trol programs. jiased control of machines has been a goal detailed knowledge of both the machine Research at NIST has focused on the use of :*i researchers and system developers for and its operating environment. Since these OLP to generate directly robot control pro- ^pver a decade. However, the lack of a struc- are both dynamic in nature, it is necessary grams to determine robot trajectories for ured, theoretical approach for designing to measure, analyze, and comprehend part handling and deburring. Since the 'jid developing such systems has limited changes in real time to achieve intelligent, models of the robot and the workstation lay- «verely the number and sophistication of sensory-based control of machines. NIST out never exactly match the actual equip- ; applications seen in operation today. Based has a number of projects focused on develop- ment, there can be significant errors ,

' ng, and knowledge representation, are model and sensory data so that one could, •eing investigated. Several independent for example, generate a map overlay that is ROBOT METROLOGY jj|ievelopment projects are under way to dem- registered with and tracks camera images in

••nstrate implementations of these control real time. Also being developed are Kalman Characterizing the performance of a robotic

f'rinciples on functioning machines. They filtering techniques for updating the world system is important in understanding the

^volve automated manufacturing, robotic model based upon sensory data. limitations of the system and in optimizing

'^burring, space robotics, construction, its operation. Although several U.S. and Contact: international standards committees are Ernest W. Kent working on measuring robot performance, (301) 975-3418 no standard robot acceptance and charac- email: [email protected] terization tests currently exist. Research is B124 Metrology Building 42 MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

ongoing at NIST to develop and validate with the remote operator station. The goal ROBOTIC DEBURRING OF standard test procedures for measuring of the program is to have a standard archi- robot performance. NIST has been working tecture that could be adopted by the military MACHINED PARTS

closely with the Robot Industries Association for all of its robotics applications, thereby Engineers at NIST are developing an auto- subcommittee on developing such tests. significantly reducing integration costs and mated system that produces precision allowing subcomponents to be transferred Currently, a laser-tracking interferometer chamfers on aircraft engine components between different robotics systems. system, originally designed and developed fabricated from titanium and inconel. The

by NIST and now available commercially, is NIST's support of the DOT IVHS program chamfers, or beveled edges, must be placed

used to make these measurements. This sys- includes applying technology developed on parts such as turbine engine blades and

tem provides very accurate position meas- under the DOD program to the needs of the hubs to relieve potential areas of stress con-''

urements of 1 to 2 parts in 100,000 and an private sector. The goal of the IVHS program centration and ease assembly. The system,

angular accuracy of 1 to 2 seconds of arc. is to increase highway safety and traffic called the advanced deburring and chamfei,

Also under development is a low-cost robot flow, while reducing driver workload. ing system (ADACS), consists of a six-axis '

calibration system that consists of a series of electric robot fitted with an actuated cham- NIST has developed and demonstrated a string encoders mounted to a fixture. This fering tool. This tool is capable of high- vision-based approach for autonomous road system provides a relatively inexpensive speed force control within a small work area. following under the Advanced Vehicle Con- robot calibration system with an accuracy trol Systems element of the IVHS program. The approach is to use the industrial robot of ±0.127 cm. Currently, research is being Demonstrations of autonomous driving as a coarse positioning device, while relyin; conducted to characterize the performance have been conducted on a test course at on the actuators and force sensors of the of this system and to expand its capabilities NIST; on a local Maryland highway; and on tool to provide control of cutting force and from measurement of three degrees-of- a closed-loop test track at the Montgomery stiffness at the part edges. The tool compen freedom to a.full six degrees-of-freedom. County, Md., Police Training Academy. The sates for robot inaccuracies and other fac-

Contact: current system uses the painted stripes on tors, such as part misalignment and large

Kenneth R. Goodwin the road to steer the vehicle along the center tolerances. The system has maintained

(301) 975-3421 of a lane. The vision processing cycles at chamfers of 38 |im on titanium while trav

email: [email protected] 15 Hz and can drive the vehicle at 55 mph ersing corners, in spite of part positioning

B124 Metrology Building in bright sunlight, on cloudy days, in the errors on the order of several millimeters.

rain, and at night. Future work will include The ADACS builds on two techniques pio- MOBILE ROBOTIC SYSTEMS the development of more robust and reliable neered in the NIST Automated Manufactur approaches for extreme variations in out- ing Research Facility: a technique to conditions. research includes NIST has been conducting a joint research door Other generate robot trajectories off-line from CA development of vision processing and program with the U.S. Army on the develop- con- data, and a technique to integrate a variet' follow- ment of a mobile robotics platform for mili- trol approaches for autonomous car of sensors into the robot-control system.

tary applications, and with the Department ing. This technology is of interest to both Contact: of Transportation (DOT) Intelligent Vehicle the Army and DOT. Convoying or platoon- Maris Juberts Highway Systems (IVHS) program on the ing of vehicles is envisioned for future auto- (301) 975-3422 development of a vision-based vehicle mated transportation systems. email: [email protected] mobility control system for autonomous Contact: B127 Metrology Building driving. Maris Juberts

As part of the Department of Defense's (301) 975-3422 email: [email protected] ROBOTIC CRANE (DOD's) Robotics Testbed Program, NIST is

involved in specifying the basic control B127 Metrology Building TECHNOLOGY

system architecture for the mobile vehicles Shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing, an( that are to be used in tactical applications. building construction operations rely on This control system handles autonomous cranes with a single cable for lifting heav subsystem integration and communication loads. The problem with this approach is

that the load is free to rotate and swing w

the slightest side force. NIST has designed MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

prane that provides a very stiff load platform mat. The program implements an informa- Machine Software. The work also involves

'diat can be used to lift heavy loads or as a tion model also developed at NIST. participation on standards committees,

t)ase for mounting a conventional indus- research on measurement methods, and The software was developed as part of an irial robot. The design consists of a triangu- interaction with other government agencies i ongoing project at NIST to extend the liar platform suspended from six wire cables, to assess and improve the performance of I emerging international Standard for the adjusting the length of each cable from CMMs used in their laboratories and produc- i 6y Exchange of Product Model Data to apparel ^independently controlled winches, it is possi- tion facilities. i applications. The work is partially spon- ble to position the platform accurately. As sored by the Defense Logistics Agency and is Contact: [ilong as the cables remain in tension, this being carried out in cooperation with the Theodore Hopp configuration provides a significant I Computer Integrated Manufacturing Com- (301) 975-3545 jimprovement in stiffness and positioning I mittee of the American Apparel Manufactur- email: [email protected] is ; capability over conventional cranes. NIST ing Association. In the short term, the goal A127 Metrology Building :';Duilding several testbed systems to investi- is to develop a neutral data format for jgate the performance of this crane design. ] exchanging two-dimensional pattern data NATIONAL PDES TESTBED fontact: between apparel CAD systems. In the longer j term, researchers plan to develop an infor- Kenneth R. Goodwin Product data is an integral part of the infor-

,.,(301) 975-3421 mation model that can be used to encom- mation shared across computer applications

the entire apparel life cycle. email: [email protected] pass and organizations, i.e., it is a crucial part of

'jB124 Metrology Building any integration scheme. Currently, no com- Contact: mercial products exist that allow systems to Theodore Hopp share information in a standard way and, (301) 975-3545 consequently, to be integrated. STEP (the FACTORY AUTOMATION email: [email protected] Standard for the Exchange of Product SYSTEMS A127 Metrology Building Model Data), when implemented, will sim-

Division Contact: plify this integration problem. NIST is devel-

Howard M. Bloom INSPECTION AND oping the National PDES Testbed to provide !'i{301) 975-3508 TOLERANCES RESEARCH technical leadership and a testing-based email: [email protected] j foundation for the rapid and complete devel-

' fax: (301) 258-9749 To establish a unified framework of U.S. opment of STEP. (PDES stands for "Product

' Mil Metrology Building and international standards dealing with Data Exchange using STEP.") Major objec-

mechanical tolerance issues, NIST scientists tives of the testbed project include: the iden- are carrying out a program of research and PRODUCT DATA EXCHANGE tification of computer software applications technology development in inspection and that will use STEP, the specification of tech-

STANDARDS FOR THE tolerances. These activities are aimed at nical requirements for these applications, APPAREL INDUSTRY developing a common technical basis for the evaluation of the proposed STEP stand- tolerance standards. The efforts involve ard with respect to application requirements, jjlNumerous vendors supply computer-aided development of emerging standards on the design and implementation of prototype

'apparel design and pattern-making equip- dimensional measurement methods, par- STEP applications, the establishment of con-

ment. Each vendor's equipment represents ticularly regarding coordinate measuring figuration management for STEP specifica- the design and pattern data in a unique or machine (CMM) methods. tions and certain supporting software, and

"proprietary file structure, preventing the improved interactions between organiza- The standards of interest include standards direct electronic exchange of data among tions working to develop STEP. for tolerance models, inspection perform- different organizations. NIST is helping the ance, mathematics of tolerances, and statis- Contact: jjiapparel industry to develop standards for tical tolerance methods. Examples of S. Jeane Ford ''product data exchange. NIST researchers critical emerging and draft standards are 975-3747 have developed a prototype computer pro- (301) the Standard for the Exchange of Product email: [email protected] ^fgrara for translating apparel pattern data Model Data, the Mathematical Definitions A127 Metrology Building between different file storage formats. The of Dimensions and Tolerances, and Perform- ' 'program demonstrates the feasibility of ance Testing of Coordinate Measuring ^^'oising a single, standard, interchange for- MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

identify issues with technology and stand- ing assemblies. NIST researchers are work-

RAPID RESPONSE ards applied to RRM applications and to ing with several major universities through MANUFACTURING address information technology barriers to the Defense Department's Advanced INTRAMURAL PROJECT RRM. Technology transfer activities are an Research Projects Agency. important part of NIST's mission and will Contact: \ The NISI Rapid Response Manufacturing also play a significant role in this project. Mark E. Luce (RRM) Project is sponsored as an intra- Several project activities are included in (301) 975-2802 mural project through the NIST Advanced this focus area, including cooperative email: [email protected] Technology Program office. The project is research and development, industry work- A127 Metrology Building managed and executed through the Factory shops, NCMS RRM committee participation,

Automation Systems Division. The principal and consultation with other NIST research objective of the project is to establish col- projects. COMPUTER-AIDED laborations with National Center for Contact: MANUFACTURING Manufacturing Sciences (NCMS) RRM Mark E. Luce consortium members and to leverage NIST SYSTEM ENGINEERING (301) 975-2802 skills and technologies to ensure the ad- email: [email protected] Just as computer-aided design and engineer- vancement of RRM capabilities. The project A127 Metrology Building ing tools have revolutionized product desigri builds expertise and increases awareness of during the past decade, computer-based engineering and manufacturing technolo- tools for production system engineering can^ gies being applied to improve the process of DESIGN RESEARCH revolutionize manufacturing. A new type of rapid response manufacturing. The RRM LABORATORY computer-aided engineering environment is consortium intends to enhance and adopt envisioned, which will improve the produc- key technologies, including variant design, As automated design becomes more and tivity of manufacturing/industrial engi- rapid prototyping, design visualization, more prevalent, researchers are, of neces- neers. This environment would be used by and generative NC to enable use of sity, becoming more interested in the "proc- engineers to design and implement future advanced, highly integrated systems for ess" of design. Furthermore, the emphasis manufacturing systems and subsystems. manufacturing. on concurrent engineering is making this goal of computer-aided manu- an iterative and integrated process, rather The overall The three primary focus areas of the RRM is lower than a one-shot, stand-alone process. Sev- facturing system engineering to Intramural Project include research and costs, reduce delivery times, eral research questions remain. Can soft- manufacturing development, RRM testbed laboratory, and product quality through the ware tools be developed to create and and improve technology transfer. use of maintain candidate designs in digital form? coordinated development and

advanced tools. The project is aimed at R&D efforts will increase the knowledge and Can data structures for representing and advancing the development of software envi, skills of NCMS RRM consortium members updating the knowledge contained in these tools for the design and engi^ and NIST personnel through assessments of designs be developed? Can formats for ronments and manufacturing systems. NIST the current state of the practice and state of exchanging that knowledge across manu- neering of on pro- the art in key technologies. The R&D pro- facturing functions be devised? To address researchers are placing an emphasis integrated framework, operating gram supports and accelerates development these and other interesting questions, NIST viding an environment, common databases, and inter^ of the engineering and manufacturing tech- is building an engineering design labora- standards for a wide variety of emerg- nologies required by the NCMS RRM consor- tory equipped with state-of-the-art comput- face ing tools and techniques for designing, tium. The NIST RRM testbed laboratory will ers and software. be established as a neutral facility where modeling, simulating, and evaluating the NIST researchers are investigating the issues NCMS RRM and NIST collaborators can performance of manufacturing processes, involved in integrating a variety of commer- investigate interoperability between systems, equipment, and enterprises. cial and university "design" tools. They also experiment with the use of standards, and Contact: have begun a project aimed at capturing perform exploratory system integration stud- and representing "design knowledge and Chuck McLean ies. The NIST RRM testbed will emulate the intent" in a manner compatible with the (301) 975-3511 architecture proposed for the NCMS system [email protected] emerging Standard for the Exchange of email: RRM integrated-engineering environment. Metrology Building Product Model Data. The work currently is A127 This laboratory will allow collaborators to focused on rigid mechanical parts, includ- MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY 45

trol, factory networks, process planning, conditioning ducts are acoustically treated RESEARCH and inspection technology. The facility is and vibration isolated. Temperature and particularly suited for studying interfaces humidit)' within the chamber are inde- FACILITIES between production equipment and pendently controlled by the heating, venti-

information systems. lating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system.

lAUTOMATED AVAILABILITY CAPABILITIES This facilit)' has substantial potential for The chamber provides a highly anechoic

l/IANUFACTURING use by researchers from industry', academia, sound field and a very small mechanical RESEARCH FACILITY and other government agencies to pursue ambient noise level. The wedge modules are joint programs with NIST research person- designed to absorb 99 percent or more of the The Automated Manufacturing Research nel. Most successful work to date has normally incident sound energy at frequen- >acilit\' (AMRF) was established by NIST in involved close working relationships cies above 45 Hz. If increased acoustical iso- .982. The facilit)' has been co-sponsored between NIST and a collaborator for lation from the HVAC system and a uniform tince 1983 by the Navy and serves as one of periods of 6 months or more. temperature within the chamber are .«veral Centers of Excellence supported by required simultaneously, the air flow to the ihe Navy's Manufacturing Technolog)' Pro- Contact: chamber interior can be turned off while »ram. NIST and other government agencies John Meyer controlled air flow continues between the

'ftlso co-fund research within the AMRF. (301) 975-6100 inner and outer shells. email: [email protected] ;irhe objective of the AMRF is to develop 142 Shops Building APPLICATIONS manufacturing technologies automated The chamber is used to calibrate and to

hat can improve the competitiveness of characterize acoustical instruments and

ooth the commercial and defense industrial ACOUSTIC ANECHOIC their directionality under free-field condi- element of the AMRF is a aases. A key CHAMBER tions at moderate to very small sound pres- research testbed, completed in 1986, produc- sures, to measure non-linear distortions, acoustical ing technical results that are being trans- This facility is used to perform and to determine self-noise equivalent free- industry. Specific Jerred to the Nav\' and measurements under free-field conditions, field sound pressures. The chamber is used

weas of research and development at the usually at moderate to very small sound for basic research aimed at developing meth-

VMRF include advanced manufacturing pressures. These measurements include cali- ods for calibrating microphones of standard lystems, qualit)- and inspection, integrated brating the free-field amplitude and phase and non-standard geometries, for calibrat-

:ngineering tools, intelligent controls, responses of sound transducers, such as ing sound intensity probes and other

vensor-based automation, and precision microphones and loudspeakers, and deter- transducer arrays and instruments, and for

oaachining. These AMRF program activities mining acoustic intensity in well-defined determining acoustic intensity.

aave resulted in many technical accomplish- sound fields. AVAILABILITY ^nents, collaborations, patents, standards, The facility is a vibration-isolated shell- This facility has substantial potential for lajor awards, and, ultimately, commercial within-shell structure. All interior surfaces use by researchers in industry, universities, I products. of the inner shell are covered with a sound- and other government agencies. Scheduling

^j||rhe workstations of the AiMRF are being absorptive treatment consisting of custom- arrangements can be made for collaborative

r ised in active research programs by NIST designed, triple-density wedge modules. The programs and individual research.

: searchers, industrial research associates, chamber dimensions, measured wedge tip Contact: ^est researchers, university' personnel, and to wedge tip, are 6.7 m x 10 m x 6.7 m, I Victor Nedzelnitsky ' cientists and engineers from other govern- defining a volume of 450 m^ A wire-mesh (301) 975-6638 i^nt agencies. floor permits access to instrumentation Edwin D. Burnett within the chamber. APABILITIES (301) 975-6636 jrhe facility currently supports research in Accessories include signal, control, and David J. Evans jOfiachine robot systems, tool technology, power lines as well as instrumentation (301) 975-6637 tnetrology, control, sensors and sen- motion supports on all six interior surfaces. Air- lory processing, accuracy enhancement, A149 Sound Building real-time control, computer-aided engineer-

ing tools, production scheduling and con- TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

The Chemical Science and Technology COOPERATIVE RESEARCH Process Measurements

Laboratory develops the calibration and OPPORTUNITIES 54 Refrigeration measurement standards for a wide range Biotechnology 54 Flow Measurement Research and of instruments and processes important Standards 47 Protein Characterization by Two- to the chemical-manufacturing, energy, Dimensional Electrophoresis 54 High-Temperature Reactors health-care, biotechnology, food- 47 DNA Chemistry 55 Chemical Sensor Research processing, and materials-processing 47 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 55 Chemistry of Supercritical Water industries. Oxidation Processes 48 Bioprocess Engineering Measurements It produces Standard Reference Materials 56 Chemistry of High-Temperature, 48 Biomolecular Electronics and Standard Reference Data needed to Gas-Phase Materials Synthesis 48 Biosensor Technology achieve ever lower detection limits and to 56 Dynamic Pressure and Temperature 49 Center for Advanced Research in improve the quality, productivity, and effi- Research Biotechnology ciency of chemical measurements. The 56 Chemical-Vapor Deposition Reaction Kinetics Kinetics and Flow Modeling laboratory also is working with industry Chemical and Thermodynamics to increase efficiency, cut costs, and 49 Chemical Thermodynamics 56 Particulate and Droplet Diagnostics in Spray Flames improve competitiveness through develop- 49 Chemical Kinetics ment of new sensor technologies, quanti- 57 Temperature Sensor Research Inorganic Analytical Research tative compositional mapping methods, Surface and Microanalysis Science analytical techniques, and novel proc- 50 Atomic Spectroscopy 57 Microbeam Compositional Mapping esses. An important focus is the develop- 50 Analytical Mass Spectrometry 57 Atmospheric and Chemometric ment of environmental technologies to 50 Electroanalytical Research Research monitor the environment and to mini- 50 Activation Analysis 58 Magnetic Engineering mize waste produced by manufacturing Organic Analytical Research processes. Thermophysics

50 Capillary Electrophoresis 58 Properties of Fluids and Fluid The laboratory maintains the national 51 Bioanalytical Sensors Mixtures system of chemical measurement and 51 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 59 Thermophysical and Supercritical coordinates the system with those of other Properties of Mixtures nations. 51 Laboratory Automation and Robotics for Organic Analysis 59 Membranes Separation Technology Contact: 52 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 59 Modeling of Transport Phenomena Hratch G. Semerjian, Director with Moving Boundaries 52 Fundamental Chemical and Physical 975-3145 (301) Processes in Chromatography 60 Properties of Atmospherically email: [email protected] Safe Refrigerants 52 Trace Organic Analysis Using fax: (301) 975-3845 High-Resolution Chromatography 60 Pressure Standards A3 17 Chemistry Building 52 Methods and Standards for Drugs- 60 Vacuum and Leak Standards of-Abuse Testing

53 Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules RESEARCH FACILITIES 53 Trace Gas Measurement Techniques 61 Water Flow Measurement Facility 53 Instability of Compressed Gas 61 Fluid Metering Research Facility Mixtures 61 Nitrogen Flow Measurement Facility

62 Neutron Depth-Profiling Facility CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

to assess the abilities of existing and new gels, use of chemiluminescence, and en-

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH electrophoretic techniques to separate and hanced methods for capillary electrophoresis. detect proteins. OPPORTUNITIES Contact: Contact: Dennis J. Reeder

Dennis J. Reeder (301) 975-3128 SIOTECHNOLOGY (301) 975-3128 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] M. Miral Dizdaroglu

Oiiision Contact: A353 Chemistr}' Building (301) 975-2581

\MTi]. Powell A3 53 Chemistry Building ;.301) 975-2627 DNA CHEMISTRY ;mail: [email protected]

^x: (301) 330-3447 Working in several areas of DNA chemistry, NUCLEAR MAGNETIC i345 Chemistrv" Building NIST scientists are actively manipulating RESONANCE DNA to produce proteins, developing meth-

ods for measuring DNA damage at the Programs are under way in which NIST !>ROTEIN molecular level, and developing methods scientists are using nuclear magnetic reso-

CHARACTERIZATION BY for characterizing DNA, including profiling. nance (NMR) spectroscopy to study simple peptides and proteins, aminoglycoside and TWO-DIMENSIONAL NIST scientists are developing experimental macrocyclic antibiotics, carbohydrates,

I methods to measure DNA damage in mam- ELECTROPHORESIS glycoproteins, and DNA. The studies are malian cells exposed to free-radical- facilitated by research materials isotopically I ST researchers are using a two- generating systems, such as ionizing labeled with carbon-13 or nitrogen-15, i limensional electrophoresis system to char- radiation, elevated ox}'gen pressure, redox- which are prepared by synthetic or bio- ' icterize proteins and peptides. They are qxling drugs, and a number of carcino- synthetic methods. robing the influence of size, shape, and genic compounds. Free radicals produced harge on migration characteristics in the in-vivo are thought to be mutagenic and The researchers are making extensive use of icctrophoretic medium. Although well- carcinogenic. Measurement of DNA damage two-dimensional NMR methods, including 'efined protein "markers," especially of at the molecular level in mammalian cells homonuclear and heteronuclear chemical molecular weight, are required to shift correlation J-resolved techniques, is a prerequisite to understanding the chemi- and d!ow standardization of polyacrv'lamide gel in the cal mechanisms of damage by free radicals. nuclear Overhauser measurements icctrophoretic systems, charged pol^Tueric indirect detection. Meas- Techniques used for measuring DNA dam- rotating frame, and naterials other than proteins may be consid- age include gas chromatography, mass spec- urements of chemical shifts and coupling red for markers. Because staining and constants provide information on the struc- trometr)', HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. ic'.ection of such markers is of special inter- tures, stereochemistry, and conformations NIST scientists are working on new methods st. the researchers plan to examine the of biomolecules. Determination of nuclear for DNA profiling, ranging from developing i^chanisms of silver stains using neutron Overhauser effects and relaxation times well-characterized DNA fragment standards icivation techniques. allows the imposition of distance con- for restriction fragment length poly- straints for three-dimensional structure he researchers will use image processing morphisms to performing research for rapid analysis and characterization of molecular state-of-the-art instrumentation to determination of DNA profiles by poly- dynamics, respectively. jrra meaningful databases. As part of merase chain reaction amplification and n:s program, NIST plans to issue well- automated detection of fragments. In addi- haracterized mixtures of proteins as Stand- tion, cooperative development of short-term rd Reference Materials that will be used repeat technology and attendant standards

is sought. Techniques for DNA detection in-

clude sensitive staining of electrophoretic — .

48 CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

In the future, researchers plan to use three- outside the normal measurement ranges for

and four-dimensional NMR techniques to temperature, pH, and ionic strength. BIOSENSGR TECHNOLOGY^

investigate higher molecular weight bio- ' Biosensors use a for Light-scattering studies are being made on biocomponent the molecules. Detailed knowledge of the three- rapid, sensitive, and specific determination biomacromolecular solutions to charac- \ dimensional structures and conformations of an organic or biological compound. terize their transport and thermodynamic of the biomolecules is important to an These devices, which can be utilized for properties. Models and experimental meth- j increased understanding of biochemical on-line in real time, ^ ods, needed to obtain the necessary data, are measurements have reaction mechanisms, enzyme specificity, potential for widespread use in biomedical, being developed to characterize aqueous \ drug-protein/DNA binding, and molecular- ' two-phase separation techniques. NIST clinical, environmental, and industrial recognition processes. scientists are using small-angle neutron monitoring.

Contact: scattering to characterize chromatographic Basic problems associated with biosensor Bruce Coxon media in concentrated polymer solutions. technologies must be overcome, however, to ,.

(301) 975-3135 ensure successful commercialization. NIST Contact: „ email: [email protected] scientists are examining the of- LuraJ. Powell mechanisms Chemistry Building A353 protein immobilization and stabilization o (301) 975-2627 surfaces. Optical fiber techniques are being email: [email protected] ^ developed for making non-intrusive, rapid BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING A345 Chemistry Building

and selective measurements. Fluorescence ,

MEASUREMENTS techniques, as well as Raman and reso-

BIOMGLECULAR nance Raman spectroscopy, are used to NISI scientists are actively involved in the determine the characteristics of amino development of theories, measurement ELECTRONICS acids, small peptides, and small organic methods, models, and databases for Biological molecules have many properties molecules as an aid to eventually providing upstream and downstream bioprocessing. that may allow them to act as substitutes for improved sensor specificity and selectivity. , To accurately measure cell parameters and present-day electronic components. Studies Molecular diffusion, rotational mobility, .

product amounts during fermentation for are under way in laboratories around the complexation, and photochemical inter-

bioreactors—upstream processing world to develop molecular wires, gates, action also are being examined. researchers are making precision thermo- information storage devices, and even sim- NIST scientists are developing ampli- ' dynamic measurements and developing ple computers. fication technologies, including liposome- sensor technologies. Downstream processing NIST scientists are studying the light sensi- encapsulated molecules, multiturnover

research includes the development of funda- | tive protein bacteriorhodopsin (BR) as a enzyme reactions, and ion-exchange mental transport data and experimental potential repository of information. These polymer-modified electrodes. Such methods' methods and models for separation of pro- studies require methods for immobilization and devices provide the potential for teins and other biomolecules from complex of BR and characterization of its physical extremely sensitive devices. mixtures. Among the methods under study and chemical properties. In addition, NIST are aqueous two-phase partitioning systems, Contact: scientists are attempting to control the rate chromatography, and electrophoresis Howard H. Weetall at which this molecule moves from one tran- technologies. (301) 975-2628 sition state to the next. In this manner it email: [email protected] In the area of biothermodynamics, NIST is believed that optical methods may be A353 Chemistry Building researchers have developed accurate and pre- developed for the storage and retrieval of

cise microcalorimeters to measure the heat information using BR in the form of an

released in enzyme-catalyzed biochemical "optical disk."

reactions of interest to biotechnology. When Contact: coupled with equilibrium measurements, Howard H. Weetall these measurements enable the reliable (301) 975-2628 modeling of the thermodynamics of these email: [email protected] processes. These data are used to predict reli- A353 Chemistry Building ably the efficiency of biochemical processes CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY 49

VENTER FOR ADVANCED CHEMICAL KINETICS CHEMICAL KINETICS AND tESEARCH IN THERMODYNAMICS The chemical kinetics program at NIST llOTECHNGLGGY provides reliable chemical kinetics data, Division Contact: measurement methods, and theoretical mod- for Advanced i. the Center Research in Sharon G. Lias els. Applications of this research include jtotechnolog}' (GARB) in Rochille, Md., (301) 975-2562 combustion, new chemical technologies, nndy established by NIST, the Universit)' of email; [email protected] the chemistry of the upper atmosphere and [aryland, and Montgomery County, Md., re- fax: (301) 926-4513 other planetary atmospheres, effects of ioniz-

l archers study protein structure/function A260 Chemistry Building ing radiation on materials, solar energy con- tlationships. They are focusing on the version, flue-gas cleanup chemistry, acid leasurement of protein structure by X-ray CHEMICAL rain, toxic waste incineration, coal conver- ;j|Ty5tallography and nuclear magnetic reso- sion, and analytical applications of kinetics. ance spectroscopy as well as the manipula- THERMODYNAMICS Among the experimental projects m of strucnire by molecular biological under way NIST researchers use precision oxygen- chniques, including site-directed at NIST are pulse radiolysis of aqueous solu- bomb and fluorine-bomb calorimeters to utagenesis. Protein modeling, molecular tions and kinetic mass spectrometric studies determine data on enthalpies of combus- 'namics. and computational chemistr)' are of the kinetics and thermochemistry of tion, from which enthalpies of formation ^d to understand protein structure and to ion/molecule reactions and ion/molecule can be derived. The addition of a new low- predict the effects of specific structural clustering processes. temperature heat capacit)' calorimetry facil- f.odifications on the properties of proteins Researchers also are studying free-radical it}' now gives the NIST thermodynamics nd enzymes. A variety of physical chemis- kinetics using heated single-pulse shock laboratories the capacit)' to carr}' out the y methods are used to measure and ana- tubes, flash photolysis kinetic absorption full range of measurements necessar}' to 28 structural changes, activities, and spectroscopy and a flash photolysis reso- predict chemical equilibrium constants for |iemiod\-namic behavior of proteins under nance fluorescence technique, vacuum S)3tems of interest. The focus is on the deter- Vvestigation. C\RB maintains state-of-the- ultraviolet laser photolysis with kinetic mination of thermodynamic properties of "t facilities for protein crystallography, absorption detection, and high-temperature materials of importance to modem tech- MR spectroscopy, molecular biolog>', and reactors. Resonance-enhanced multiphoton nologies and of unique compounds that can oysical biochemistry. Its computer facili- ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy is used to be obtained only in small quantities, as well include a variet)' of computational provide new, previously unobtainable data as on the certification of Standard Refer- ad high-resolution graphics workstations about the electronic structures of a wide ence Materials. The Chemical Thermo- ;well as access to the NIST Cyber 205 variety of free radicals. REMPI procedures dynamics Data Center carries out expert ;;«percomputer. also lead to very sensitive and selective evaluations of thermodynamic data on schemes for the optical detection of the ontact: organic and inorganic compounds. Current radicals. obertoj. Poljak interests include comprehensive evaluations

ifliail: [email protected] of the thermodynamic data for species An important focus of the kinetics program ^ryL. Gilliland involved in the reactions related to the is the production of databases of evaluated nail: gar\'@ibm3. carb.nist.gov destruction of ozone in the upper atmos- chemical data (including kinetic data and

phere, and of data for organic compounds. spectral data for analytical chemistry) as 501) 738-6277 The latter work has the long-range goal of well as the design of databases and relevant ^00 Gudelsky Dr. producing reliable estimation schemes for software.

ockville, Md. 20850 predicting the properties of species for Contact: which measurements are not available. Sharon G. Lias

Contact: (301) 975-2562 Sharon G. Lias email: [email protected] (301) 975-2562 A260 Chemistry Building email: [email protected] A260 Chemistry Building ',

CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

ANALYTICAL MASS ACTIVATION ANALYSIS INORGANIC ANALYTICAL SPECTROMETRY RESEARCH Nuclear methods of analysis provide unique approaches to quantitative analysis. In this Analytical mass spectrometry has played a Division Contact: research, methods of nuclear analysis are key role in industries, such as the semicon- James R. DeVoe investigated utilizing the 20-megawatt NIST ductor industry, that require accurate meas- (301) 975-4144 research reactor. All areas of the technique urements of trace elements in raw materials, email: [email protected] are researched, including the use of cold products, and product containers. The NIST fax: (301) 926-6182 neutrons, the use of monitor activation, inorganic mass spectrometry program is de- B206 Chemistry Building radiochemical separations, the use of veloping analytical capabilities for making focused neutrons, the development of highly accurate determinations of trace prompt gamma-activation techniques, and ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY inorganics using stable isotope dilution. neutron-depth profiling. Atomic spectroscopy methods are probably Areas of research include developing instru- Contact: the most widely used analytical techniques mentation in thermal ionization, induc- Robert R. Greenberg in industry today. Considerable research is tively coupled plasma ionization, and (301) 975-6285 required to keep up with the changing needs photoionization mass spectrometry, as well email: [email protected] of industry. At NIST, research in atomic as devising methods for highly accurate B125 Reactor Building spectrometry is focused on several different measurement of absolute isotopic abun- areas. For instance, researchers are working dances. Methods are also developed for to improve the analytical capabilities of the generating and characterizing pure ANALYTICAL inductively coupled plasma as an atomic reagents and for performing ultratrace ORGANIC excitation source. Additional research con- chemical analyses. RESEARCH cerns the use of uv-vis Fourier transform Contact: Division Contact: spectroscopy for optical line assignments of John D. Fassett Willie E. May atomic transitions in commonly available (301) 975-4109 (301) 975-3108 atom sources. X-ray fluorescence is used for email: [email protected] email: [email protected] homogeneity testing and certification of a A21 Physics Building fax: (301) 926-8671 wide variety of metals, ceramics, and other B158 Chemistry Building materials. ELECTROANALYTICAL NIST scientists also are developing a series CAPILLARY of neutral density filters that can be issued RESEARCH as Standard Reference Materials for verify- ELECTROPHORESIS Electroanalytical research is vital to the ing the accuracy of the transmittance and development of methods and materials for The exciting new technique of electrophore-" absorbance scales of ultraviolet, visible, and environmental and clinical determinations. sis in small-diameter capillaries provides a near infrared absorption spectrophotometers. A broad range of electroanalytical and tremendous opportunity for basic research

Contact: chromatographic techniques, such as into the fundamental properties and inter-

Robert L. Watters voltammetry, coulometry, and ion chroma- actions of ions and neutral molecules. The

(301) 975-4122 tography, are used by researchers at NIST association of analyte ions via simple elec- email: [email protected] for analysis and research. Research on trostatic attraction, or more stable com-

B222 Chemistry Building standardization of pH and electrolytic con- plexation, may be studied directly by the

ductance leads to the certification of new effect on the electrophoretic mobility of thel

classes of Standard Reference Materials. ions. Hydrophobic interactions between neui

tral molecules and charged micellar surfac-i Contact: tants can be investigated using micellar William F. Koch electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (301) 975-4141 (MECE). email: [email protected] B206 Chemistry Building CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

"lirough the use of electrohte modifiers, use in conjunction with a wide variet}' of system performance. Anahte/matrix combi-

itch as urea and methanol. MECE can be amplification schemes. Immunological, nations being studied include polycyclic aro-

:Ctended to very non-polar molecules. Sur- enz\matic, and receptor-ligand interactions matic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated

Ictants with more specific interactive char- are being explored as the basis for anahli- biphenyls in such matrices as sediments,

cter, such as aromaticit}' and chiralit}", cal measurement. soils, and air particulate matter; fat-soluble

' -mi further exploration. Other "physical" vitamins in foods and serum; and drugs of NIST researchers are using a variet\" of opti-

. (ditives also promise to increase the appli- abuse in body fluids and hair. cal techniques for detection. Detection can 'ibihtv" of capillar)' electrophoresis (CE). be based on changes in size and rotational Contact: olubie polymeric gels can be used to pro- mobilit}' of anahtes or binding agents upon Stephen N. Chesler de molecular weight discrimination for interaction, or it can be the result of enzy- (301) 975-3102 iomolecules, where differences in charge matic activit)' that occurs due to anahle William A. iMacCrehan tay be too small to allow direct CE binding, causing enhanced fluorescence (301) 975-3122 paration. or absorbance signals. Amplification can email: [email protected]

election in CE is also a hot research area, be achieved with release to liposome- B158 Chemistry Building ne small sample size and capillar)' dimen- encapsulated molecules or multiturnover

ons make sensitive detection difficult. Elec- enz\TOe reactions. Combining high specific- pchemical detection in CE by the use of ity for anahles with amplification provides LABORATORY AUTOMATION icroelectrodes does not suffer from the the potential for extremely sensitive devices. AND ROBOTICS FOR mensional habilities normally associated Contact: th the use of small capillaries. Using ORGANIC ANALYSIS Laurie Locascio-Brown lowledge gained from the recent explora- (301) 975-3130 NIST has joined with industry' and other «n of oxidative detection via carbon fiber email: lbro\\[email protected] government agencies in a cooperative proj- id platinum electrodes, researchers also B156 Chemistr)' Building ect to develop automated anahlical devices ould be able to carry- out reductive detec- for organic analysis based on new chemis-

pT\ at mercurv' film electrodes. Sensitive tries and apparatus, as well as on laboratory itical CE detection using axial absor- SUPERCRITICAL FLUID robotic systems. One project focuses on the fnce, as well as laser-source thermal lens EXTRACTION development of an on-line system for extrac- i-d fluorescence modes, is of current inter- tion of solid samples (using supercritical at NIST. NIST researchers are studying the basic fluids and volatile liquids) with deposition mechanisms responsible for analyte release mtact: onto a short chromatographic column, fol- in supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) proc- 'lliamA. MacCrehan lowed by selective elution for conventional esses. They are designing experiments to 01) 975-3122 chromatographic analysis. Also, researchers determine the role of pressure, temperature, state-of-the-art (lail: [email protected] are studying the use of a and extractant fluid composition on the laboratory robotic system for automated , ;58 Chemistry Building equilibrium and kinetic processes of analyte sample preparation of samples for clinical release from both simple model and com- and environmental analysis. lOANALYTICAL SENSORS plex environmental matrices. Contact: Research in this area also encompasses the sensors are a new generation of anahti- Stephen N. Chesler practical application of anahlical SFE to a ,. ;1 devices with the potential for widespread (301) 975-3102 wide variet}' of sample matrices; the model- . , 2 in biomedical and industrial monitor- William A. MacCrehan ing of the analyte-trapping process and con- -. ig applications. Biosensors will incorporate (301) 975-3122 current design/optimization of trapping ; (i latest advances in biotechnology to pro- email: [email protected] le high specificity and sensitivity. Biologi- media; hardware and software development for automated extraction systems for 1; derived substances have great value as B158 Chemistry nponents of sensing devices because of on-line chromatographic analysis; investiga- tions of intermediate anahte class separa- :ir binding specificit}', the strength of Gary W. Kramer tions based on solid-phase adsorbents, eir interactions, and their potential for (301) 975-4132 following the extraction; and the design of email: [email protected] expert systems for the optimization of SFE A213 Chemistry' Building '

CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

Recent LC research has focused on the de- • SUPERCRITICAL FLUID development of systematic chromato- sign of chemically bonded stationary phases graphic approaches for sample preparation/

CHROMATOGRAPHY (such as monomeric and polymeric Cis cleanup and analyte preconcentration priori;

phases and charge transfer phases), which to GC analysis; Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) offer unique capabilities for the separation in both capillary and packed columns has • development of multidimensional chro- of isomeric compounds and compound been shown to offer several advantages matographic procedures using stationary classes. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons when compared with liquid and gas chroma- phases of differing selectivity; have been used as model solutes for investi- tography for high-efficiency separations of gating retention mechanisms. Since these • use of simultaneous multiple and/or non-volatile, reactive, or thermally labile compounds are highly isomeric, retention selective detection systems (such as mass molecules. NIST scientists are investigating effects resulting from differences in solute spectrometric, electron capture, and atomic the variables that influence retention, selec- shape can be isolated by studying isomer sets. emission detectors); and tivity, recovery, and efficiency of SFC separa- tions; the use of SFC as an analytical Molecular modeling of solutes and station- • development of on-line extraction and technique for providing high-efficiency ary phase species holds the potential to analysis of solid microsamples. separations and accurate quantitative analy- provide further insight into retention Recent activities have emphasized the mea? sis of complex mixtures; and the use of mechanisms. Similar approaches can be urement of trace levels of environmentally \ supercritical fluids for extraction of solid taken to characterize retention processes in significant compounds, including poly- and liquid samples emphasizing on-line GC and SFC. A comparison of the retention chlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aro- extraction and analysis of microsamples. behavior for isomer sets in GC, LC, and SFC matic hydrocarbons, in natural matrices may prove useful in developing a unified Contact: such as sediment, tissue, and airborne understanding of chromatographic reten- Stephen A. Wise particulate matter. tion processes. (301) 975-3112 Using LC, researchers will focus on the email: [email protected] Contact: following approaches to analyzing com- Lane C. Sander Stephen A. Wise plex mixtures: solid-phase extraction on (301) 975-3117 (301) 975-3112 short columns as an isolation/cleanup/ email: [email protected] B158 Chemistry Building preconcentration step; development of Lane C. Sander multidimensional LC procedures to isolate (301) 975-3117 and quantify selected compounds; selectiw Michele M. Schantz FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL detection systems (such as uv, fluoresceno (301) 975-3106 AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES electrochemical, mass spectrometric, chen B158 Chemistry Building cal derivatization); and the development c IN CHROMATOGRAPHY microcolumn LC procedures.

Solute retention in chromatographic sys- TRACE ORGANIC Contact: tems is the result of a complex assortment Stephen A. Wise of molecular interactions between the sol- ANALYSIS USING (301) 975-3112 ute, the stationary phase, and the mobile HIGH-RESOLUTION email: [email protected] phase. The diversity of these interactions CHROMATOGRAPHY Michele M. Schantz can be used to optimize separations for dif- (301) 975-3106 ferent classes of compounds by varying sepa- NIST research in high-resolution chroma- ration parameters, such as stationary phase B158 Chemistry Building tography is focused on the development of and/or mobile phase composition, and col- gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chro- umn temperature. An understanding of matography (LC) methods for the determi- METHODS AND STANDARD these fundamental retention mechanisms nation of individual organic compounds in facilitates the optimization of separations in FOR DRUGS-OF-ABUSE complex mixtures. Research areas in GC gas chromatography (GC), liquid chroma- include: TESTING tography (LC), and supercritical fluid chro- To reduce the use of illegal drugs, particu matography (SFC). | larly in work-related activities, many em-j

ployers are now performing drug tests on CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

iployees and prospective employees. Most MASS SPECTROMETRY data derived from such measurements is ! : these tests involve analysis of urine sam- tied directly to the availability of useful gas

> for traces of drugs or metabolites, OF BIOMOLECULES measurement techniques and to the degree

cause tests used to screen urine samples of understanding of their capabilities and Major advances in mass spectrometry have are subject to cross-reactivit\' from limitations. Although a variety of tech- r drugs improved its capabilities for characterizing fal substances, it is strongly recom- niques have been applied to trace gas analy- biomolecules. Techniques such as fast-atom ended, and in many cases mandated, that sis, more research is needed to improve the bombardment, electrospray, matrix-assisted

i positives from the screening procedure present state of the art. This research is par- laser desorption, and others permit the accu- subjected to confirmator\' analysis by ticularly important because of the growing j rate determination of molecular weights of :hromatography/mass spectrometrv' need for the analysis of specific gas species peptides and small proteins previously L MS). The GC/MS methods are used not in multicomponent gaseous mixtures; it unmeasurable by mass spectrometry. |ly to confirm the presence of drugs but also is necessary to extend accurate analyses Molecular weights greater than 100k dal- (0 to determine quantitatively if concen- to below the parts-per-million and parts-per- tons are now being determined with accura- itions of the drugs are above specified cut- billion levels. cies far exceeding those of other techniques. r levels. Laboratories performing these Advances in structural determinations of Current NIST research focuses on new detec- "irraator^' anal)'ses must ensure that biomolecules include the use of collision- tion systems using chemiluminescence, elec- :i: methods produce accurate results. induced dissociation and photodissociation trochemistry, infrared diode laser systems,

i support accuraq' in drug testing, NIST for determining sequence information for capillary gas-liquid and gas-solid chroma-

jentists are developing a series of urine- peptides and oligonucleotides. Considerable tography coupled to mass spectrometry, and

" Insti- Sed Standard Reference Materials with attention now is focused on coupling these isotope-dilution mass spectrometiy. propriate concentrations of drugs of new mass spectrometric techniques with tute scientists also are examining the use of

luse. Drug levels are certified by a com- developments in capillar}' electrophoresis class-specific detectors for gas chromatogra- phy and evaluating electronic circuitry to : pation of two independent methods, one and microscale liquid chroraatography.

:.- which is generally GC/MS. Research is optimize signals and reduce instrumenta- Scientists at NIST are investigating these .: ^oing to develop alternate methods to tion noise and drift. new techniques to understand their capabili- tnplement GC/MS. : ties and apply them to biomolecule charac- Contact:

hsiderable attention is now focused on an terization. They are particularly interested Franklin R. Guenther

^-nate matrix for drug testing. Human in applying these techniques to the quantita- (301) 975-3939

' provides a long-term record of drug tive analysis of species not previously ame- email: [email protected]

;n contrast to urine, which provides a nable to mass spectrometric analysis. These B158 Chemistry Building

rd of only the previous 48 hours to capabilities should result in the develop-

tiours. NIST scientists are investigating ment of reference materials to support INSTABILITY OF jHlytical aspects of hair analysis for drugs industries involved in biotechnology and

^abuse. Research areas include the extrac- biomedical research. COMPRESSED GAS

in of drugs from hair, measurement meth- Contact: MIXTURES the effects of hair treatments on drug f, Michael Welch J. mix- iels, and differentiation between hair Inorganic and organic compressed gas (301) 975-3100 'teraally contaminated with drugs and tures are employed extensively throughout email: [email protected] ir with drug levels acquired through industry to calibrate equipment used to B158 Cheraistry Building emal use. assess the quality of products and the effec- tiveness of emission controls. Although the !act: stability of these mixtures is critical to their :;.aelJ.Welch TRACE GAS MEASUREMENT successful use, a number of instances have Jlj 975-3100 TECHNIQUES been noted in which instability has been lUil: [email protected] i[ observed, particulariy in mixtures contain- Accurate measurement of gaseous species is 58 Cheraistry Building ing low levels of reactive gaseous species, of great importance to many industries for such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and applications ranging from quantification of hydrocarbons. pollutant and toxic gas emissions to the

quality control of products. The validity of —

CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

The reasons for instability may differ some- extensive engineering databases for these quantified data are generated on a continu; wliat for various gaseous species, but they devices and other regenerator applications. ing basis to assure practical fluid measure-

are related to at least two possible phenom- ments at satisfactory performance. To In pulse-tube studies, NIST scientists have ena: gas-phase reactions and gas-metal achieve the desired flow measurement tract developed the orifice pulse-tube refrigerator interactions with the internal surface of the ability, NIST is designing transfer standard- (OPTR), which has reached temperatures cylinder, NIST researchers are working to to link the performance of calibration of 60 K in a single stage. Using thermo- improve the understanding and predict- facilities to appropriate national reference acoustic drivers (TADs) in place of mechani- ability of these phenomena. Their tech- standards. cal compressors, an OPTR was designed niques involve those employed in surface with no moving parts. A patent, a Strategic Because of the importance of these measurl science studies and other approaches, such Defense Initiative Office innovative technol- meats, transfer standards need to be as Fourier-transform infrared, diode laser, ogy award, and an R&D 100 award have designed so that high levels of confidence and other spectroscopies; mass spectrome- been received for this device, called a can be placed in them and their perform- try; metal analysis; trace water and oxygen TADOPTR. Recently, the TADOPTR was pro- ance. The new transfer standards will be rii analysis; chemiluminescence analysis; and posed for liquefaction of natural gas at orously evaluated against NIST fluid flow the use of specifically doped mixtures and remote well sites, where about 30 percent of calibrafion standards. As part of the evalu- homogeneous gas phase kinetics. the gas produced would be burned to run ation, the appropriate range of calibration,

Contact: the TAD, providing cooling to liquefy the will be done on the developed standards so

Franklin R. Guenther remaining 70 percent. that performance can be assured at specifij

(301) 975-3939 levels. Current fluid-metering research pre, Substantial research efforts have been email: [email protected] grams use laser Doppler velocimetry (LDVji applied to the development of improved B158 Chemistry Building techniques to focus on the flows producec regenerators for refrigeration systems. NIST by conventional pipeline elements and by researchers have assembled the world's standard flow conditioning elements. largest database for adsorption of low- New experimental programs are feasible PROCESS temperature gases on carbon. NIST com- using LDV or other anemometry or flow- MEASUREMENTS puter models of regenerator performance visualization techniques to study other are the only optimization tools available to Division Contact: flows. NIST also has computational capab designers of regenerators. Gregory]. Rosasco ties to model numerically a number of

(301) 975-2609 Contact: closed conduit flow fields. email: [email protected] Ray Radebaugh Contact: fax: (301) 926-5002 (303) 497-3710 George E. Mattingly B312 Physics Building Division 836.06 (301) 975-5939 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 email: [email protected] REFRIGERATION 105 Fluid Mechanics Building FLOW MEASUREMENT Cooling superconducting electronics, mag-

netic devices, and highly sensitive infrared RESEARCH AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE detectors require specialized refrigerators STANDARDS REACTORS capable of reaching cryogenic temperatures. The accelerating costs of scarce fluid Other applications, such as satellite cooling Chemical and associated industries prodi resources and valuable fluid products byproducts. avo* or gas liquefaction, demand long-term reli- enormous amounts of To particularly petrochemical fluids—are wasting industrial resources and pollutin ability and maintenance-free operation. causing increased concerns about the per- of these Advances in the 1980s led to widespread the environment, the impact formance of flowmeters. Improved flow interest in many regenerative-cycle refrig- byproducts must be minimized. The solu-? measurement traceability needs to be estab- eration systems for these applications, tions are minimizing waste at the source; lished and maintained so that realistic. including the use of pulse-tube refrigera- modifying industrial processes; recovering energy and chemicals for reuse; and con\ tors. NIST is the world leader in pulse-tube pollutants to acceptable species. For refrigeration research and is developing ing n of these solutions, thermal treatments

offer the most promising approach. Henc CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

ipre is urgent need for detailed mechanis- Research investigations focus on mecha- CHEMISTRY OF h elucidation of fundamental thermal nisms governing surface adsorption and Dcesses, such as pyroh'sis and oxidation, desorption processes, interfacial diffusion, SUPERCRITICAL WATER -kt govern chemical conversion and adhesion mechanisms, and surface mor- OXIDATION PROCESSES - -Btruction of both model compounds and phology as these relate to sensing in chemi-

)tual industrial b)'products. cal, biochemical, and physical systems. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a

new technology with high promise as a safe, (ST maintains two instrumented facilities Analytical methods are used to relate the efficient process for the minimization and at are exceptionally promising for effi- structure and composition of sensing destruction of hazardous materials. It is a fnt pyrohlic and oxidative destruction devices to fabricating parameters and per- totally contained process that takes place in ia wide variety of chemical compounds: formance as well as to develop mechanistic water above its critical point, that is, at pres- fluidized bed reactor and a plug-flow performance models. Research areas sures greater than 22 MPa and temperatures actor designed for long residence times include thin-film thermocouples and resis- above 374 °C. Under these conditions, many -econds) at elevated temperatures. The tance devices, moisture and pH sensors, gas reactions proceed unusually rapidly, produc- search centers on kinetic studies, both phase chemical sensing based on tin and ing benign end-products carried in the fbal and mechanistic, of destruction other metal oxides, and self- assembled output water stream. Industrial implementa- -•Tnodel compounds representative of monolayer-based structures. Fabrication tion of SCWO has lagged, in part because of ^jor industrial byproducts, the most facilities available include magnetron sput- an inability to prescribe the process vari- ninent of which are chlorinated hydro- ter deposition of metals and metal oxides ables, such as the temperature, pressure, jm and nitrogen-containing species and gas reactors. flow rates, and concentration of oxidants, :nes and nitrocompounds, for exam- NIST scientists also are investigating the fea- required for safe, efficient waste destruction. The scientists are investigating: 1) the sibility of thin-film systems as improved These, in turn, demand understanding of ;cts of temperature, residence time, and chemical sensors. Their research efforts fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic paposition of reactor fluids on both the employ an array of surface spectroscopic processes in supercritical media. Btruction efficiency' of the model com- techniques to determine the electronic prop- |und and formation and disappearance of NIST researchers are seeking to supply both erties of thin-film and single-crystal speci- '•ermediate products; and 2) the effects of the understanding and data necessary to mens. Among the techniques used are X-ray :: ly corrosive reactor environments on support reliable process modeling for SCWO. and uv photoemission and thermal desorp- actural materials. Diagnostic instrumen- The experimental work centers around reac- tion spectroscopies, SIMS, and in-situ elec- lion includes both on-line sampling with tors for studies of chemical kinetics and trical measurements. Recent research asequent analysis by several analytical durability of materials, as well as a unique activities have focused on the use of self- Ihniques (GC, MS, and FTIR) and in-situ flow reactor, which provides optical access assembled organic monomolecular films as deal systems. for in-situ measurements of density, chemi- adhesion layers for future multilayer sens- cal species, temperature, and product/ fitact: ing structures for chemical and biochemical reactant concentrations. The researchers drej Macek materials. currently are studying the ammonia destruc- 975-2610 Contact: tion reactions as functions of temperature, ^ail: [email protected] James R. Whetstone pressure, and added oxidant. Physics Building (301) 975-2738 • Contact: email: [email protected] Andrej Macek HEMICAL SENSOR Kenneth G. Kreider (301) 975-2610 (301) 975-2619 ESEARCH email: macek@micf,nist.gov Stephen Semancik B312 Physics Building understand the performance of thin-film (301) 975-2606 Michael Tariov . isors, NIST scientists are conducting J.

-'Rcarch aimed at improving the sensitivity, (301) 975-2058

:::pectivity, stability, and accuracy of their A303 Physics Building lonse, as well as developing concepts for

sensing and measurement techniques. ,

CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

plex gas-phase chemistry, surface chemis- CHEMISTRY OF DYNAMIC PRESSURE AND try, and mass and heat transport processes. HIGH-TEMPERATURE, TEMPERATURE RESEARCH These highly coupled processes control the quality, uniformity, and yield of the depos- GAS-PHASE MATERIALS U.S. industr}' increasingly relies on real- ited layers. NIST researchers are developing; time monitoring of process parameters, SYNTHESIS and testing numerical models that can be particularly temperature and pressure, to used to design and control CVD processing The semiconductor, coatings, and ceramics produce efficiently a desired end-product, to reactors. These models account for gas- industries require high-performance thin warrant safe operation, and to assure equity phase chemistry, particle formation, heat films, particles, and fibers. This demand for in commerce. This trend is pervasive in the and mass transport, and surface deposition- materials with micro-engineered mechani- chemical and materials-processing indus- leading to the formation of thin films. cal, electrical, and optical properties has tries, as well as in energy and raw materials placed greater emphasis on the development production and transfer. NIST has a The modeling effort is coordinated with a of new processing methods and on the need research program and is developing a test measurement program to supply the for increased fundamental understanding of facility to provide a reliable basis for the required chemical kinetics and materials- materials-fabrication processes. evaluation and calibration of transducer growth information and to validate the raoj

eling results in a materials-synthesis flow NIST researchers are seeking an under- dynamical response functions. The research seeks develop for reactor. The measurement program standing of high-temperature materials to a primary standard temperature pressure based includes optical and mass spectrometric synthesis in a fast-flow reactor that provides dynamic and on the fundamental properties of the molecu- diagnostics of the gas phase and post- reaction temperatures in excess of 1500 K production evaluation of particle and film^ and residence times as short as 10 ms, allow- lar constituents of a dynamical system. growth. ing extension of conventional chemical Information about the molecules is accessed via laser-optical diagnostic techniques, and kinetics to temperature regimes repre- An interactive, graphics-based chemical measurement times of the order of 10 ns at sentative of the chemistry in materials kinetics program has been developed. processing. The reactor has provisions for accuracy levels of 5 percent appear feasible. Researchers are constructing a supporting ( Through the use of these measurement tech- molecular-beam sampling of gas-phase spe- thermochemical and kinetics numerical niques, an accurately characterized dynami- cies, including clusters, with subsequent database, and they are developing two- cal source will be developed. This reference mass spectrometric analysis. It also is dimensional heat and mass transport mod source and its associated measurement sys- equipped with optical excitation and diag- els, which simulate reactor geometries tem will provide industry with a means for nostic probe beams. relevant to practical devices. assuring the accuracy of transducers used to Currently, NIST scientists are researching measure time-varying temperature and Contact: the homogeneous (gas-phase) and hetero- pressure. Donald R.F. Burgess geneous (thin-film and cluster/aerosol) (301) 975-2614 Contact: chemistry of silicon oxide. They are compar- email: [email protected] Wilbur S. Hurst ing measurements of species and growth Ronald W. Davis (301) 975-4814 kinetics to the predictions of chemical reac- (301) 975-2739 email: [email protected] tion and fluid flow models developed for email: [email protected] B312 Physics Building the process. This approach identifies rate, B312 Physics Building purity, or defect-limiting steps in the process. CHEMICAL-VAPOR PARTICULATE AND Contact: DEPOSITION REACTION Michael R. Zachariah DROPLET DIAGNOSTICS 975-2063 KINETICS AND FLOW (301) IN SPRAY FLAMES email: [email protected] MODELING B312 Physics Building To minimize the cost of high-priced fuel, Chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) is

U.S. industry needs to obtain maximum . an important process used to grow thin energy output from fuel combustion. NISI films in the manufacture of microelectron- researchers are tackling this problem by ics devices, as well as to produce high- attempting to improve combustion effi- performance coatings. CVD involves com- CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

The researchers are studying the NIST has several projects under way to test constituents has been possible only at the fclcy. amies of spray flames to investigate and improve the performance of currently qualitative or semiquantitative level. How-

rcplet vaporization, pyrolysis, combustion, available sensors, including thermocouples, ever, recent NIST research developments

" i particulate formation processes and to and resistance thermometers of various have led to the production of the first truly

c.meate the effect of chemical and physi- types. The temperature range covered by quantitative elemental compositional maps.

(al properties of fuels on the above proc- these projects extends from about 0.2 K to Quantitative compositional mapping with

•sses. The research results will provide an 2100 °C. NIST has excellent temperature the electron microprobe has been demon-

l^erimental database, with well-defined calibration facilities, an automated labora- strated down to levels of 0. 1 weight percent,

boundary conditions, for developing and tor}' equipped to evaluate thermocouples at while quantitative isotope ratio measure-

^dating spray combustion models. high temperatures, several laboratories ment in images has been demonstrated with

equipped for work on resistance thermome- the ion microscope. \be experiments are being carried out ters, and a laborator}' to evaluate industrial a a spray combustion facilit}', with a Current research activities at NIST include grade thermometers. NIST is planning a iioveable-vane swirl burner, which simu- extending compositional mapping to ana- series of new materials and techniques to .:rs operating conditions found in practi- lytical electron microscopy, laser Raman provide highly precise and accurate tem- a combustion systems. A combination of microanalysis, and laser microprobe mass perature measurements. ua-intrusive probing techniques is used to analysis. Potential projects could involve

jbtain comprehensive data on spray com- Contact: applying the compositional mapping instru-

'tustion characteristics, including soot parti- Billy W. Mangum ments to materials characterization prob-

le and droplet size, number densitv' and (301) 975-4808 lems, developing new techniques for com-

i.ame fraction, gas composition, and email: [email protected] positional mapping on other microanalysis

^locity and temperature fields. B128 Physics Building instruments, and investigating basic topics

in elemental and molecular quantitative lurrently, NIST scientists are focusing their analysis with microbeam instrumentation. fforts on laser scattering and extinction SURFACE AND rasurements to determine the effect of Among the equipment available at NIST

4el chemistn', particularly in the case of MICROANALYSIS SCIENCE are an electron microprobe, an analytical

pulticomponent fuels, on spray atomiza- scanning electron microscope, 200- and Division Contact: wlon, combustion efficiency, and formation 300-kV analytical electron microscopes, an Ranee A. Velapoldi f soot and gaseous pollutants. ion microscope (secondary ion mass spec- (301) 975-3917 trometry, SIMS), a time-of-flight SIMS, a iontact: email: [email protected] laser microprobe mass analyzer, a laser lary Presser fax: (301)216-1134 Raman microprobe of NIST design, and 501) 975-2612 B364 Chemistry Building extensive computer facilities, including Tiail: [email protected] image processing. 312 Physics Building MICROBEAM Contact:

COMPOSITIONAL MAPPING Dale E. Newbury tEMPERATURE SENSOR (301) 975-3921 Interpreting the relationship between ttESEARCH email: [email protected] the physical and chemical microstructure of AII3 Chemistry Building Tiproved industrial processes and sophisti- materials is important in understanding

-ted scientific research require tempera- their macroscopic behavior and in extend-

ire sensors that cover wider temperature ing their in-service performance. Conven- ATMOSPHERIC AND mges with better accurac)^ and precision tional microbeam techniques for elemental/ CHEMOMETRIC RESEARCH lan previously required. For example, the molecular compositional analysis on the

^gradation of thermocouples exposed to micrometer scale, such as the electron Current regional and global concerns with

gh temperatures for extended periods of microprobe and ion microscope, have been the impact of human activities on the envi-

rne represents a serious impediment to restricted to quantitative analysis at individ- ronment, including environmental contami-

mperature measurements in jet engines, ual locations. Mapping of the distribution of nation and wastes, atmospheric pollution,

maces, and so forth. and potential effects on health and climate

make it imperative to determine with a high '

58 CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

degree of accuracy the individual sources of thin-film deposition by the three basic meth- program is to develop highly accurate pre-

noxious species. State-of-tlie art researcli, ods: magnetron sputtering, electron beam dictive models for the thermophysical prop^

pioneered at NIST, makes possible unique evaporation, and molecular beam epitaxy. erties of fluids and fluid mixtures. This is

source identification by application of the The composition and atomic microstructure accomplished through an integrated pro-

most advanced microchemical and isotopic of the films is studied by X-ray photo- gram of measurements, theory, and correkt

analytical techniques, including accelerator electron and Auger electron spectroscopy, tion. Key ingredients of this program

mass spectrometry and high-precision gas ion scattering spectroscopy, reflection high- include measurements of the thermo-

isotope ratio mass spectrometry. energy electron diffraction, low-energy elec- dynamic and transport properties of pure

tron diffraction, sputter depth profiling, fluids and mixtures. Apparatus are availabl Complementing advanced isotopic- spectroscopic ellipsometry, and scanning for state-of-the-art measurements of chemical characterization of atmospheric tunneling microscopy. The magnetic pressure-volume-temperature relations, gases and particles is basic research in properties of the films are studied in a super- sound speeds, heat capacities, dielectric coi chemometrics, which represents the conducting magnet by a magnet-optical stants, viscosities, phase equilibria, and the synthesis of chemical knowledge and meas- Kerr spectrometer and a 6-point contact mal conductivities over wide ranges of urement with modern statistical and com- magnetoresistance probe. A major advan- operating conditions. Included in this worl putational methods. Work in this area is tage of this instrument is that all of these are measurements in the critical and directed toward improving the quality of features are available in situ. extended critical region. In concert with th chemical measurements generally through experimental work, theoretical studies are advanced design, measurement and data Contact: directed toward the development of wide- analysis quality assurance, and graphical William F. Egelhoff range predictive models and computer codi multivariate data exploration. (301) 975-2542

B248 Chemistry Building A wide variety of research, both experimen Contact: tal and theoretical, is directed toward the Lloyd A. Currie understanding of complex fluid behavior, (301) 975-3919 the microscopic structure of fluids, and tht email: [email protected] THERMOPHYSICS liquid-solid phase boundary. Included are B364 Chemistry Building Division Contact: studies of non-Newtonian fluids, colloidal Richard F. Kayser suspensions, shear-induced chemical reac (301) 975-2483 MAGNETIC ENGINEERING tions, supercooled fluids and melting phe- [email protected] email: nomena, and macromolecules. A unique Magnetic thin films play a key role in many fax: (301) 869-4020 shearing cell is available for neutron scatt information storage products, and improved A105 Physics Building ing studies at the NIST reactor. performance of these products depends in Molecular-level computer simulation has large part on the ability to engineer PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS proved an essential technique for utilizing improved manufacturing processes for these statistical mechanics-based models of films. At present, a wide knowledge gap AND FLUID MIXTURES condensed matter. Molecular dynamics sti exists between the magnetic thin films pro- The thermophysical properties of fluids and ies, involving both equilibrium and non- duced with great precision and studied in fluid mixtures are essential for process equilibrium systems, have been conducted great depth by the basic research commu- natural design and control in the chemical, Computer simulation studies are importai nity and the magnetic thin films manufac- gas, aerospace, environmental, and energy- in inteq)reting and understanding the tured by industry in the development of new related industries. properties of fluids The results of experimental studies in fluids ai commercial products. involves experimental research program in developing predictive models of fluid NIST has designed and built a novel instru- and theoretical research and computer properties. Other theoretical studies inclucj ment which will bridge the gap between simulation studies on the thermodynamic dynamic and static critical region models these communities. The instrument pro- and transport properties of pure fluids and (emphasizing mixtures), extended corre- vides for magnetic thin films to be produced fluid mixtures. A primary goal of this sponding states, equations of state, kinetii by industrial manufacturing methods and

investigated by the most advanced tech-

niques of the basic research community.

The instrument is equipped for magnetic —

CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

ovf of gases and dense fluids, theon' of critical mixtures and theoretical studies to system. Recent results have led to the devel-

•ij]^ glassy slate, properties of mixtures of dis- focus on applying extended corresponding opment of an approach for surface modifica-

ailar compounds, phase transitions, and states to supercritical systems. tion, which is still under study but has

ucture-based modeling. provided substantial improvements in early Contact: testing. intact: Thomas J. Bruno Hiam M. Haynes (303) 497-5158 Contact:

497-3247 email: [email protected] Pellegrino i)3) John J. rail: [email protected] Division 838.01 (303) 497-3416 .ision 838.02 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 email; [email protected]

Colo. 80303-3328 J.M.H.L. Sengers iQlder, Thomas J. Bruno Ichael R. Moldover (301) 975-2463 (303) 497-5158 W 975-2459 eraail: [email protected] eraail: [email protected]

lail: [email protected] A105 Physics Building Division 838.01 35 Physics Building Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 MEMBRANES SEPARATION HERMOPHYSICAL TECHNOLOGY MODELING OF TRANSPORT ND SUPERCRITICAL Merabranes are used increasingly in separa- PHENOMENA WITH ROPERTIES OF MIXTURES tion processes, novel synthesis processes, MOVING BOUNDARIES and as process sensors. To add to the science emical process technology requires accu- and engineering base of membrane technol- As technology progresses, it is increasingly e knowledge of various thermophysical ogy, NIST scientists are working on methods more difficult to create unifying theoretical Uperties of pure, poh'functional chemicals of measuring and correlating structure/ descriptions of important processes and phe- J their mixtures. NISI research focuses transport property relationships in phase- nomena. Numerical software for simulating the most important of these properties separated polymers such as ionomers. This and analyzing fluid flow with associated jilibrium phase composition, density, methodology should also be applicable to heat- and mass-transfer is an increasingly r pressure, and enthalpy. NIST interpenetrating polymer networks and important tool for understanding the com- carchers are developing predictive meth- polyraer blends. The raodel applications plex physical environraents that arise in ' for the properties of chemically dis- include acid gas and water separation of engineering applications.

: ar compounds, especially complex water and organics frora liquid and vapor xiures and aqueous solutions. Another NIST has developed a highly flexible strearas (pervaporation processes). Recog- I *ject is aimed at developing accurate pre- numerical library to model transport phe- nizing the need to provide iraproved engi- tive models for the thermodynamic and nomena in a wide range of applications. neering raodels for design of integrated nsport properties of near critical and This software has two key features: the I processes, NIST staff are developing test pro- ' ')ercritical mixtures. This work includes capability to address problems with moving tocols, facilities, and process design models. ^ and VLE measurements on mixtures boundaries such as interfaces; and an Current models have been generated that itaining carbon dioxide, halogenated object-oriented design allowing it to be effi- improve the deterraination of raass transfer irocarbons, and similar supercritical sol- ciently tailored for a very wide range of boundary layer effects in gas and liquid ts. Other experimental work involves applications. The software design optimizes raerabrane contactors. The fouling of mera- ng supercritical chromatography to the ability to add quickly code modules branes in pressure-driven liquid processes is asure diffusion coefficients in super- implementing new numerical algorithms to a critical process difficulty. Researchers are address our future needs. The net result is studying the fundamental steps of irre- an evolving capability to address complex versible protein adsorption as a model problems in detail. Sample applications

include simulating chemical vapor deposi-

tion for the design and characterization of a

coraraercial reactor and modeling the

manufacture of supported membranes to

understand the mechanisms and conditions

that lead to defects. '

CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

1

NIST researchers are currently building a program also includes substantial effort in VACUUM AND LEAK library of chemical reactions that can be modeling fluid properties and in developing incorporated into the mass-transport equations of state. STANDARDS equations. Planned enhancements include Contact: Many industries depend on accurate vac- capabilities to model interfacial physics, Richard F. Kayser uum (pressure) and leak measurements fr including phase changes. (301) 975-2483 research and development and for process

Contact: email: [email protected] and quality control. NIST develops and

Adele P. Peskin A105 Physics Building maintains pressure and vacuum standard]

(303) 497-3466 from above atmospheric pressure to ultra- email: [email protected] PRESSURE STANDARDS high vacuum; leak or flow standards are ' Gary R. Hardin operated from 10"^ to below 10'^ std cm^/)'

(303) 497-5168 Achieving better understanding and control Facilities include five ultrahigh vacuum email: [email protected] of the pressure measurement process will systems; two low-range flowmeters; high-

lead to better quality control in the manu- accuracy mercury manometers; pressure Division 838.01 facture of new materials and better design and vacuum control systems; and vacuurte Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 and performance of transducers for thou- electronic, data acquisition, and data mi

sands of applications in modern technology. sis equipment.

PROPERTIES OF The measurement of pressure from sub- These facilities and measurement capabi| atmospheric to 700 MPa and above with un- ATMOSPHERICALLY SAFE ties enable researchers to develop improv^| certainties of tens to hundreds of parts per REFRIGERANTS measurement techniques and equipmentj, million is essential in modern technology. and to investigate the performance of vac Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been used The most fundamental instrument at these uum and pressure equipment, specifically widely for the past 50 years as refrigerants; high pressures is the deadweight piston mechanical pressure gauges, momentum j as foam-blowing agents in building insula- gauge. In the piston gauge, a force gener- transfer gauges, ionization gauges, stand tion, furniture, and car seats; and in many ated in a working fluid acts against the sur- leaks, and residual gas analyzers. In other applications. Recent evidence has faces of a piston and against the walls of a addition, NIST plans to use this measure shown, however, that CFCs are breaking cylinder that confines the piston. At high ment capability to investigate properties down the stratospheric ozone layer that pro- pressures, the materials undergo significant of materials and physical phenomena of tects the Earth from harmful levels of ultra- distortion, which leads to limitations and fundamental interest. Among the plannei violet radiation. Alternative chemicals must uncertainties in the area on which the fluid projects is the development of reference be found to replace the existing fluids as is acting. The fluid interacts with the side of standards for the transition regime betwt quickly as possible. the piston, creating upward forces that are low pressures measured by mechanical o electromechanical gauges and pressures To replace the CFCs, accurate knowledge of difficult to interpret. NIST scientists are measured by vacuum technology devices the thermophysical properties of the substi- using various tools to understand these effects. Examples include finite-element The development of accurate methods to tutes is required. NIST has a research pro- analysis to characterize distortion, better measure and characterize ultrahigh vac- gram designed to provide these data to uum systems is also under investigation. industry, ultimately in the form of interac- hydrodynamic measurement and modeling of the annular region through which the tive computer codes. The research includes Contact: fluid flows, and improved piston gage extensive experimental measurements on Charles R. Tilford fluids mixtures, designs. pure and including PVT, (301) 975-4828 PVTx, vapor pressure, saturation density, Contact: email: [email protected] heat capacity, thermal conductivity, viscos- Charles D. Ehrlich A55 Metrology Building ity, sound speed, and surface tension. The (301) 975-4834 email: [email protected] A55 Metrology Building .

CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY 61

AVAILABILITY sponsoring a series of tests to assess the per- The facilities are available upon request to RESEARCH formance of selected flow transfer standards U.S. industry, other government agencies, FACILITIES in a range of non-ideal installation and academia for collaborative research I conditions. projects and calibrations. The facility is used to generate critical data- Contact: ^ATER FLOW bases used to initiate or update the national George E. Mattingly MEASUREMENT FACILITY standards on generic fluid-metering topics. (301) 975-5939 These standards are used for accurate cus- email: [email protected] e NIST water flow measurement facilities tody transfer of fluid resources or products Fluid Mechanics Building e ijsed to establish, maintain, and dissemi- 105 in the domestic and international market-

ite flow-rate measurements, standards, place or for process control in chemical id data for the wide range of conditions FLUID METERING manufacturing processes. Among the poten- ried by U.S. industry. Industn' requests tial users of the facility are the Department

elide flowmeter calibrations, round-robin RESEARCH FACILITY of Defense, the National Aeronautics and

ting programs to establish realistic trace- Space Administration, the oil and gas indus- The NIST Fluid Metering Research Facility :.:t\' chains in the form of flow measure- tries, the engine manufacturing and testing combines primar\' calibration techniques jent assurance programs, data-generation industries, and the energy-generation I with the capability to conduct detailed sur- osrams for industrial groups and trade industries. veys of fluid velocity profiles in temperature-

i ciations, and testbeds for carr\'ing out controlled water flows using laser Doppler AVAILABILITY dustrial research programs focused on velocimetn,' (LDV) These facilities are available upon request )\v measurement topics. to U.S. industry, other government agencies, LDV is a non-intrusive technique for deter- LABILITIES and academia for collaborative research mining the fluid velocity at a particular rr flow facilities enable flow rates up to projects or calibrations. location in the flow. It enables pipeflows to .000 liters/min in pipe sizes that range up be surveyed for a wide range of piping con- Contact: 500 mm in diameter. Maximum operat- ; figurations in pipe sizes up to 20 cm in George E. Mattingly ' "g pressure is 1 MPa. Flow rate determina- diameter. Temperature control enables sta- (301) 975-5939 r. schemes use static and dynamic ble fluid and flow conditions to be estab- email; [email protected] a', imetric systems. lished and maintained for extended test 105 Fluid Mechanics Building 'PLICATION periods. The primary calibration technique ie>e facilities are used to establish and uses dynamic gravimetric methods to deter-

- aintain the national bases for the liquid NITROGEN FLOW mine accurately the bulk liquid flow rate. )w-rate measurement systems. The end MEASUREMENT FACILITY CAPABILITIES iu!t is orderliness in the marketplace,

Water flow rates up to 240 liters/min in a facility is a ;h domestically and internationally, for The nitrogen flow measurement range of pipe sizes up to 20 cm in diameter reference capable of both S. industries involved in the custody trans- mass-based system can be produced. Maximum operating pres- " and/or process control of valuable fluid liquid and gas flow measurement. Well sure is 0.5 MPa, and temperature can be sta- -ources and products. Potential users instrumented for temperature and pressure, bilized in the range from l6 °C to 30 °C. elude the National Aeronautics and Space the facility is adaptable and capable of a arrangements. Located ministration, the Department of Defense, APPLICATIONS variety of piping

is subject to envi- e oil and gas industries, the chemical and This facility is used to conduct calibrations, completely indoors, it not

lated industries, and the power and special fluid measurement tests, or selected ronmental changes.

ergy-generation industries. research programs on flow topics. An industr)'-government consortium currently

supports a research program on flowmeter

installation effects, and the U.S. Navy is CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

CAPABILITIES hours depending on the information for gas flow When configured measure- NEUTRON DEPTH- requested. Once calibrated with the appro ments, the facility has a flow-rate range of PROFILING FACILITY priate elemental standard, the concentra- 0.5 kg/s to 2.4 kg/s. In this mode, the nitro- tion scale is fixed independently of the NIST operates two world-class neutron gen gas is at pressures of approximately sample composition, unlike most destruc- 4 and temperatures of approximately depth-profiling (NDP) instruments for the MPa tive analytical techniques. Elements that dc- non-destructive evaluation of elemental 288 K. The facility has a flow-rate range of not produce charged particles under neu- depth distributions in materials. Working 0.05 kg/s to 10 kg/s when set up for liquid tron irradiation contribute no interference with the Institute's 20-megawatt nuclear flow measurements. Liquid nitrogen can be to the profile. reactor, researchers use the technique to at pressures up to 0.7 MPa and temperatures provide profiles for charac- APPLICATIONS between 80 K and 90 K in this configura- concentration Applications of NDP include range measun' near-surface of tion. This continuous-flow facility permits terizing the regime semi- ments for boron implanted in Si, GaAs, anoi dynamic mass flow measurements. For vol- conductors, metals, glasses, and polymers to other semiconductor materials; observation depths of several micrometers. ume flow measurements, density is deter- of the near-surface boron distribution in mined by making pressure and temperature The first of the two instruments began glasses; lithium concentration profiles in measurements and calculating density from operation in 1983. It uses a thermal neu- lithium niobates, tantalates, and aluminui an equation of state. tron beam line, sapphire filters, and colli- alloys; measurement of high-dose nitrogen

APPLICATIONS mators to produce a high-quality beam with implants in steels; dopant and thickness

The nitrogen flow facility can be used for good thermal neutron intensity and mini- determination of diamond films; and, mos testing a variety of flow measurement mal contamination with fast neutrons and recently, profiles of oxygen- 17 in a variety instrumentation, including flowmeters, tem- rays. instrument, which gamma The second of materials. NDP is used to produce refer- perature sensors, pressure sensors, and den- began operation in 1991, is part of the Cold ence materials used in industry and at otb facility simeters. The ability to operate the Neutron Research Facility at NIST. (See analytical facilities. at stable conditions for long periods of time page 88 under Materials Science and Engi- AVAILABILITY permits testing of instrumentation stability. neering Laboratory.) Taking advantage of a The facility is available to all qualified The ability to vary system parameters per- liquid hydrogen moderated neutron beam, researchers on an independent or coUabor mits testing of instrument sensitivity. it has the highest reaction rate of any simi- tive basis with NIST staff. lar analytical neutron facility in the world. AVAILABILITY In both cases, an evacuated target chamber Contact: Collaborative or independent programs for

is used to analyze sample sizes from 1- to R. Greg Downing this test facility can be arranged. The facil- 200-mm diameter or greater. This means, (301) 975-6286 ity must be operated by NIST staff. for example, that entire silicon wafers are email: [email protected] Contact: analyzed without the need to sacrifice them. B125 Reactor Building Patricia Giarratano J. A full array of electronic components is 497-3110 (303) available for sample positioning, data email; [email protected] acquisition, and analysis. Division 836.06 CAPABILITIES Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Using the neutron beam provided by the

reactor, depth profiling can be carried

out with detection limits approaching A 1 9 10 atoms/cm". A single analysis produces

a profile typically 1 |im to 20 ]im deep with

a resolution of better than 20 nm. Analysis

of the sample can take from minutes to PHYSICS LABORATORY

Attending to the long-term needs of many COOPERATIVE RESEARCH Ionizing Radiation

U.S. high-technolog}' industries, NIST's OPPORTUNITIES 69 Radiation Processing Physics Laboratory conducts basic Electron and Optical Physics 69 Industrial Radiologic Imaging research in the areas of quantum, elec- 64 UV Optics Testbed 70 Measurement Quality Assurance tron, optical, atomic, molecular, and 64 Vacuum Ultraviolet Photodiodes 70 Neutron Fluence radiation physics. This research is comple- Measurement and for Radiometry Neutron Physics raented by work in quantum metrolog}' j

! and efforts to improve the accuracy and Atomic Physics Time, Frequency, and Lasers

precision of time and frequency standards. 64 Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiometry 70 High-Performance Diode Lasers

Much of the laboratory's research is 64 Ctiaracterization of Low-Temperature 71 Time Transfer and Network Plasmas Synchronization devoted to overcoming the barriers to the

next technological revolution, in which 65 EBIT Facility for Research on 71 Phase Noise in Electronic and Optical Higfiiy Ionized Atoms Systems individual atoms and molecules will serve Laser 71 Statistical Analysis of as the fundamental building blocks of 65 Cooling and Trapping Time-Series Data

electronic and optical devices. To develop 65 Higfi-Precision Laser Spectroscopy 71 Far-Infrared Spectroscopy

the necessar}' measurement capabilities Molecular Physics Quantum Physics for these new products, laborator\' scien- 66 Higfi-Resolution Molecular 72 Laser Studies of Semiconductor tists are using highly specialized equip- Spectroscopy Materials raent, such as polarized electron 66 Molecular Dynamics 72 Laser Stabilization microscopes, scanning tunneling micro- 66 Molecular Tfieory 72 Silicon Thin Films copes, and a synchrotron radiation 72 Visiting Fellowship Program : Durce, to study and manipulate individ- Radiometric Physics

ual atoms and molecules. 66 Luminescence Spectral Radiometry RESEARCH FACILITIES iO support of industries ranging from 67 Ptiotometry 73 Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation photography to aerospace to lighting, the 67 Cryogenic Radiometry

Facility II ' aborator\' is working to improve optical 67 Tfiermal Radiometry 73 High-Resolution UV and Optical Measurement techniques used in remote 67 UV Radiometry Spectroscopy Facility sensing, advanced color graphics systems, 67 Spectral Radiometry 74 Low-Background Infrared Radiation and optically pumped atomic clocks. 67 Infrared Spectral Radiometry Facility Research also is focused tov,'ard advance- 68 Bidirectional Scattering Metrology 74 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance ments in the measurement and dosimetry' Facility

l izing radiation used in medicine Quantum Metrology 75 Radiopharmaceutical Standardization ji.iu industry, and supports the develop- 68 Study of Atomic Structure of Matter Laboratory nent of emerging technologies, such as witfi X-Rays 75 Magnetic Microstructure Measurement [•rray lithography, digital X-ray imaging, 68 Higti-EnergyX-Ray Spectroscopy Facility lid electron beam processing. 69 Production and Characterization of Synthetic Multilayers "mtact: 69 Pre-Flight Post-Flight atharine B. Gebbie, Director and Calibration

301) 975-4201

mail: [email protected]

«: (301) 975-3038 160 Physics Building PHYSICS LABORATORY

of individual optics and entire optical sys- COOPERATIVE RESEARCH tems. The first element of this testbed will ATOMIC PHYSICS OPPORTUNITIES be a quasi-real-time imaging device with a Division Contact: resolution goal of 25 nm. Wolfgang L. Wiese Contact: (301) 975-3201 Richard N. Watts ELECTRON AND OPTICAL email: [email protected] (301) 975-6892 fax: (301) 975-3038 PHYSICS email: [email protected] A267 Physics Building A253 Physics Building Division Contact: Charles W. Clark VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET (301) 975-3709 VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET email: [email protected] RADIOMETRY fax: (301) 975-3038 PHOTODIODES FOR As part of its research to understand and A253 Physics Building RADIOMETRY measure various forms of radiation, NIST

Highly stable photodiode detectors with uni- conducting vacuum ultraviolet studies

UV OPTICS TESTBED form spatial sensitivity are developed, cali- involving radiation damage, polymerizatid;

brated, and distributed as transfer standard of organic molecules, and solar simulatioi The emerging field of high reflectance, detectors for radiometry in the wavelength NIST scientists have worked with research- normal incidence, soft X-ray/extreme ultra- region of 5 nm to 250 nm. Presently avail- ers from industry to develop and test vac violet (xuv) optics has a wide range of appli- able detectors at NIST include AI2O3 photo- uum ultraviolet instrumentation, new cations. The ability to produce high-quality cathode windowless photodiodes for the spectrometer designs, and detector systems; images at wavelengths below 40 nm has region 5 nm to 120 nm, CsTe photocathode especially for flight in space. They also ha\ allowed construction of xuv solar telescopes windowed (evacuated) photodiodes for the collaborated on special sources, narrow- with unprecedented resolution, xuv micro- region 115 nm to 250 nm, and silicon band filters, and lasers. NIST scientists are scopes able to study living biological sam- photodiodes, developed in collaboration interested in doing cooperative research in ples with submicron resolution, and xuv with industry, for the region 5 nm to 49 nm. several other areas, including studying ho photolithographic systems that will produce Some other types of detectors can be cali- low cathode lamps, laser plasmas, and the next generation of integrated circuits. brated by special arrangement. Broadband spark-discharge light sources as secondar)

NIST has initiated an xuv multilayer charac- photometers have also been developed in standards. State-of-the-art radiometric terization facility at the SURF II electron collaboration with outside users and cali- facilities and advanced optical equipment: storage ring, which is available to all brated in this spectral region, e.g., combina- are available at NIST for these studies. researchers on a cooperative basis. The pres- tions of silicon photodiodes with thin-film • Contact: \ ent facility is capable of measuring the re- filters for plasma diagnostics and vacuum J. Mervin Bridges flectance or transmission of xuv optics ultraviolet solar radiometry. (301) 975-3228 (such as mirrors, filters, and gratings) as a I Contact: AI67 Physics Building function of wavelength, angle of incidence, L. Randall Canfield and position on the optic from 8 nm to (301) 975-3728 60 nm, NIST is constructing a new facility CHARACTERIZATION OF email: [email protected] { that will extend measurement capabilities BII9 Radiation Physics Building LOW-TEMPERATURE to shorter wavelengths, larger substrates, PLASMAS and more highly curved optics and, at the same time, increase resolution and accu- The properties of low-temperature plasma racy. An optical testbed is also being con- play a key role in the processing of mate- structed to measure the imaging properties rials such as semiconductors. Proper charj

terization of these plasmas is essential to

develop accurate plasma diagnostics and

useful plasma models for specific applica

tions. At NIST, plasma discharges are PHYSICS LABORATORY

llu'acterized utilizing optical emission over a wide range of species and charge laser-modified chemical reactions. Control

jctroscopy, laser-induced fluorescence, states (ultimately up to fully stripped ura- of atomic motion by lasers is also being

isr scattering, and optogalvanic methods, nium). Ions are trapped radially and probed applied to problems such as atom inter-

ideling of the plasma is also an integral with a mono-energetic electron beam. Elec- ferometry and laser-directed deposition of

1 of this characterization. Discharge trostatic end caps confine the ions axially. A atoms on surfaces.

arces include low-pressure rf plasmas, large magnetic field is applied by a super- Contact: oilized arcs, glow discharges, heat pipes conducting magnet to pinch the electron William D, Phillips Ih laser resonance ionization, and induc- beam to high density and provide additional (301) 975-6554 ;ly coupled plasmas. radial trapping. The carefully controlled AI67 Physics Building conditions in EBIT allow scientists to extensive array of laboratory' equipment unravel complex collision processes and .vailable to accomplish this charac- measure spectra with very high accuracy. HIGH-PRECISION LASER zation, including several Nd:YAG Highly charged ions can be produced at low tnped, high-resolution (<0.1 cm"^) dye SPECTROSCOPY temperatures and observed in fluorescence °rs; Ar ion-pumped dye and ring dye with adequate brightness. The ion tempera- Highly stabilized tunable lasers permit the £rs; a Fizeau wavemeter; a high- ture can be further lowered by evaporative investigation of atoms and molecules with a bughput (f/4), high-resolution cooling techniques. A variety of instruments level of detail and precision that cannot be 001 nm) spectrometer with an auto- are available to characterize and probe the obtained with conventional spectroscopic ted intensified diode array detector; an trapped ions, including X-ray spectrometers techniques. NIST work in this area ranges d[ifMHz quadrature He-Ne laser interfero- and a new laser system. Plans are under way from observations of laser ionization of •iter; uv spectrometers; grazing incidence to build an extraction system for directing diatomic molecules in dense vapors to ctrometers; laboratorv' computers; and beams of highly charged ions onto surfaces. highly precise wavelength measurements icellaneous optics. The principal quanti- that test the most advanced atomic theories measured are particle density distribu- Contact: for simple atoms. The high resolution pro- is—both spatially and temporally—for John D. Gillaspy vided by laser scanning permits study of ptrons, atoms, ions, and molecules. Also (301) 975-3236 spectral line profiles, including pressure luded are electric-field distributions, email: [email protected] broadening, isotope shifts, and hyperfine :ptron and ion temperatures, and Al67 Physics Building structure. Sensitive detection techniques, i-equilibrium phenomena. including FM and optogalvanic spectros- '1 \ itact: LASER COOLING AND copy and use of thermionic diode detectors, aes R. Roberts TRAPPING permit observation of low concentration '1) 975-3225 species in discharges and vapor cells. Typi-

ail: [email protected] Thermal motion of atoms often adversely cal applications of these data include

l'7 Physics Building affects measurements. Using the radiation wavelength standards, detection of trace

pressure from near-resonant laser beams, elements in samples, and laser isotope

NIST scientists can cool a gas of atoms to separation. Facilities include stabilized IIT FACILITY FOR within a few microdegrees of absolute zero. lasers that are tunable from the near ultra-

ESEARCH ON HIGHLY These cold atoms can be trapped by laser violet to near infrared and a unique Fabry- INIZED ATOMS beams or other electromagnetic fields. Perot wavemeter that is capable of real-time Facilities for cooling and trapping atoms laser wavelength measurements with an

'T's new electron beam ion trap (EBIT) include cw dye, solid-state, and semi- accuracy of a few parts in a billion.

ice provides many opportunities for conductor lasers. Atoms are trapped in laser Contact: mitive measurements aimed at a basic traps, magneto-optical traps, and micro- Craig J. Sansonetti i jlerstanding of plasma processes and wave traps. Sodium, rubidium, cesium, and (301) 975-3223 Tiic structure. In addition, possibilities xenon atoms are cooled, trapped, and used email: [email protected] . using the new source for nanofabrica- in such diverse applications as atomic- AI67 Physics Building 1 and ion lithography currently are fountain frequency standards and studies of

1^ considered. Ions can be generated ;

PHYSICS LABORATORY

MOLECULAR DYNAMICS MOLECULAR PHYSICS RADIOMETRIC PHYSICS The NIST molecular dynamics group em- Division Contact: Division Contact: ploys sophisticated laser techniques and Richard D. Suenram Albert C, Parr pulsed molecular beam nozzles to investi- (301) 975-2165 (301) 975-3739 gate the dynamics of chemical reaction email: [email protected] email: [email protected] mechanisms on picosecond and femto- fax: (301) 975-3038 fax: (301) 840-8551 second time scales providing new insights B266 Physics Building A3 17 Metrology Building into the details of reaction mechanisms

with extremely high time resolution. The HIGH-RESOLUTION reactions being studied include those impor- LUMINESCENCE MOLECULAR tant in combustion processes, upper atmos- SPECTRAL RADIOMETRY pheric chemistiy, and catalysis.

SPECTROSCOPY Luminescence techniques have broad app Contact: cation in virtually every scientific field The NIST high-resolution spectroscopy John Stephenson including radiation measurement, remote- group employs advanced spectroscopic meth- (301) 975-2372 sensing, quantitation of biomolecules by ods using state-of-the-art lasers and micro- B266 Physics Building intrinsic luminescence and immunoassay wave frequency sources in conjunction with techniques, and characterization of laser, molecular beam techniques to elucidate the semiconductor, and superconductor mate details of chemical reactions that are impor- MOLECULAR THEORY rials. The accurate spectral radiometric tant in a wide variety of industrial processes, The NIST molecular theory group is develop- quantitation of light emission is an exact including catalysis, combustion, chemical ing new algorithms and theoretical methods ing task requiring painstaking radiometri vapor deposition, and drug design. These in time-dependent quantum dynamics. measurements and knowledge of the func benchmark studies provide means for real- These methods are being applied to describe mental chemical and physical processes time optimization of chemical processes collisional phenomena currently being represented by these radiative transitions and on-line monitoring for pollution observed in ultracold neutral atom traps, Standard lamps, both radiance and irradi control. which ultimately will lead to the next gen- ance, and silicon detector radiometry pro eration of atomic clocks. Describing these The group also carries out spectral studies vide the accuracy base for the spectral anc novel collisions requires development of of species important in atmospheric proc- quantum efficiency measurements. Lumi esses with particular emphasis on the reac- methods that can describe the quantum evo- nescent phenomena under investigation i. lution of a system while it is interacting and tion chemistiT of ozone. The work provides NIST are photo-, chemi-, thermo-, electro' exchanging energy with its environment. spectral data for these species, which are and bioluminescences. NIST researchers In laser cooling phenomena, the energy used by scientists modeling the chemistry of conducting luminescence radiometric re exchange is due to the dissipative process of the upper atmosphere. A recent thrust of the search in the near-ultraviolet, visible, an( spontaneous decay of excited states. The group centers around the determination of near-infrared spectral regions and are de new theoretical methods are expected to physical and electrical properties of numer- oping accurate standards and measurem( find widespread applicability to many areas ous new chemical compounds that are procedures for these regions. Facilities av' of chemistr)' and physics, such as reactions being investigated by industiy for use as able for this research include various Ias6 in condensed media or electron transport in alternative refrigerants. and lamp sources, the NIST reference nanoscale devices. Implementing these new spectrofluorimeter, and a low-light-level Contact: methods will greatly benefit from the devel- spectroradiometer now under constructio Richard Suenram opment of state-of-the-art massively paral- (301) 975-2165 lel processing computers. Contact: i email: [email protected] Ambler E. Thompson Contact: ' B266 Physics Building (301) 975-2333 Paul Julienne email: [email protected] \ (301) 975-2596 A3 17 Metrology Building email: [email protected]

B268 Physics Building PHYSICS LABORATORY

f Photometry THERMAL RADIOMETRY SPECTRAL RADIOMETRY

|otometr\' is the application of radio- NIST researchers are investigating the use of Research and development programs at

jitric measurement to human vision. NIST thermal imaging cameras as a temperature- NIST span many activities associated with

jearchers recently have improved the accu- measuring tool. These devices may prove to the measurement of optical radiation, cover-

of the SI base unit for photometry, the be very useful in determining the quality of ing the spectrum from 200 nm in the ultra-

fidela, by realizing the scale based on products and in investigating changes in dif- violet to the far infrared. Included are

liolute detectors. The candela is a unit of ferent processes. Research projects involve spectral radiance and irradiance measure-

tasure of the apparent brightness of a the development of large-area blackbodies, ments for many varied applications, such as - M source as obser\'ed by the human eye. use of Pt-Si as detector standards, and the manufacturing process control, remote sens-

lie arch continues in the application of the characterization of thermal imaging cam- ing of the Earth's environment, and defense

nector-based candela to improving other eras. Equipment available includes several needs. Researchers at NIST take demanding

ptometric scales, such as luminous flux heat-pipe blackbodies, a Pt-Si camera, and problems, such as the spectrophotometric jljiJ luminance. Additionally, NIST research- an infrared radiometer. measurement of dense optical media, and

are applying photometry to new meas- develop the detector metrology to perform Contact: jltment problems, such as the colorimetr}' the measurements and relate them to the Robert Saunders d perceived qualit}' of flat-panel displays, stable, U.S. radiometric measurement base. (301) 975-2355 {pperative research opportunities exist in Emphasis is placed on solid-state photo- email: [email protected]

; aspects of photometric measurements, as diode metrology and its application to all B208 Physics Building areas of radiometry, especially calibration J.1 as psychophysical and related human-

Itor issues as might apply to product services. iliigns and improvements. RADIOMETRY UV Several well-equipped laboratories for opti-

cal in the uv, visible, and The measurement of terrestrial solar irradi- measurements

- ir spectral regions are available for use, and ':.hi Ohno ance in the uv-b spectral region is being new facilities are under development to »1) 975-2321 investigated by NIST researchers to provide

"lail: enable scientists and engineers to conduct [email protected] improved techniques and standards in this Metrology Building research on detector improvements, detector region. This work is of importance not only applications, optical properties of to scientists studying biological effects but and materials. r^YOGENIC RADIOMETRY to researchers investigating the aging of materials uv light. Specific projects by Contact: .asurement of optical power by electrical include the development of a reference Chris Cromer

)stitution is improved at cr\'ogenic tem- spectral radiometer, broadband detectors, (301) 975-3216 jiatures. cryogenic radiometer designed and source standards in the region. A high- A email: [email protected] high accuracy forms a basis for NIST accuracy spectrometer, standard detectors, B208 Physics Building I 3 ical scales, with a measurement uncer- and standard sources are available.

ity of 0.01 percent. Other cr^'ogenic radi- Contact: eters are employed to measure lower INFRARED SPECTRAL Ambler Thompson es and faster flux changes. Ongoing (301) 975-2333 RADIOMETRY r.s to further develop this measurement email: [email protected] are developing devices nique include studies into new methods Researchers at NIST A317 Metrology Building for high-precision measure- r ogenic thermometn,', such as the and techniques power in the 2 ^im to -lie inductance bolometer, and better ments of radiant spectral region to enable charac- iiaraic modeling of radiometer designs. 30 |J.m terization of spectral sources, optical compo- iitact: nents, and detectors. Novel experiments are iathan E. Hardis being planned to investigate physical and 1) 975-2373

ail: [email protected]

;7 Metrology Building PHYSICS LABORATORY

chemical processes in materials and molecu- measurement methodologies and Standard Researchers also use X-ray emission spec- ; lar structures. State-of-the-art radiometers, Reference Materials for the spectral range troscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a ci70genic blackbody with multiple aper- from the ultraviolet to the infrared region. and Auger electron spectroscopy to probe the tures, lead salt lasers, spectral instrumenta- electronic structure of solids, liquids, or Contact: tion, and solid-state infrared detectors are gases. Clara Asmail being acquired. A unique facility called the (301) 975-2339 The X-ray standing-wave technique uses Low Background Infrared Radiation Facility email: asmail ©omoc. nist.gov interference between incident and diffracted is dedicated to this research and develop- A317 Metrology Building X-rays to determine the precise location of ment effort. An Infrared Detector Compara- impurities or imperfections within a crystal tor Facility, equipped with a prism-grating or at its interfaces. The technique can be monochromator and an FTIR spectrometer METROLOGY used with semiconductors or optical crys- for characterizing detectors at ambient back- QUANTUM tals, growth of overlayers on crystals, and ground, is nearing completion. Division Contact: the structure of catalysts supported on crys i Richard D. Deslattes Related research projects are investigating tal substrates. In addition, evanescent (301) 975-4841 I methods for measuring the optical density X-rays, which penetrate only a few nanome^ email: [email protected] of filters using laser heterodyne technology ters from an interface, can be controlled to fax: (301) 975-3038 and determining the spatial uniformity and study chemical composition in the vicinity Al4l Physics Building linearity in the response of infrared detec- of an interface. tors. Collaborative research opportunities NIST scientists recently pioneered a new exist in measuring the optical properties of STUDY OF ATOMIC technique, diffraction of evanescent X-rays, -V materials and fundamental molecular struc- which combines and extends the capabili tures and in developing novel detectors. STRUCTURE OF MAHER WITH X-RAYS ties of the X-ray standing-wave method anc Contact: experiments based on evanescent X-rays.

Raju Datla X-ray spectroscopy provides information on The synchrotron radiation beamline pro

(301) 975-2131 electronic structure and on the local atomic vides an ideal facility for applying these 3 email: [email protected] structure of atoms in matter. A synchrotron techniques.

B208 Physics Building radiation beamline has been constructed by Contact: NIST scientists at the National Synchrotron Richard D. Deslattes Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven Na- BIDIRECTIONAL (301) 975-4841 tional Laboratory in New York, providing email: [email protected] SCAHERING METROLOGY the highest flux, intensity, and energy- Al4l Physics Building resolving power of any existing beamline The bidirectional characterization of optical in the X-ray energy range from 500 eV to scatter from surfaces is a useful diagnostic 5000 eV. NIST equipment complements the HIGH-ENERGY X-RAY in evaluating elements contained within synchrotron radiation instrumentation. large optical systems that require the SPECTROSCOPY X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques, minimization of scattered light. This infor- such as X-ray absorption near-edge struc- NIST researchers have developed highly mation is needed for the development of ture and extended X-ray absorption fine accurate spectroscopic instrumentation for ring-laser gyroscopes, telescopes, and super- structure, have been used to determine the measurements from the keV region to sev- polished mirrors. It is used also for the char- atomic structure of metals, semiconductors, eral MeV. This measurement system is con- acterization of materials for use in stray polymers, catalysts, biological molecules, nected to the basic SI units of frequency ani light reduction in thermal control and and other materials of interest to industry. length by means of X-ray interferometry inspection processes in optical manufactur- and a precise lattice comparator. Main ing settings. NIST research projects involve applications include accurate secondary the development of a multiangle scattering standards in the X-ray and gamma-ray reference instrument and the development of region and spectroscopic measurement of

high voltage. PHYSICS LABORATORY 69

mie variety of instrumentation is avail- They also plan to examine sensor materials, PRE-FLIGHTAND le, and collaborative applications of these such as doped plastics, solid-state matrices, pabiiities to technically significant prob- POST-FLIGHT CALIBRATION fiber optics, organic dye solutions, semi- ms are welcomed. conductors, scintillators, amino acids, met- Significant numbers of X-ray instrumented alloporphyrins, and organic or inorganic nitact: satellites have been placed in Earth orbit, radiochromic and luminescent aqueous ©est G. Kessler and more are planned. The flexible solutions and gels. A number of analytical lOl) 975-4844 laboraton'-based capabilities established in methods will be used, including transmis- lail: [email protected] this division have been made available to sion and fluorescence spectrophotometry, 41 Physics Building support several missions. In addition to ear- electron spin resonance spectrometry, and lier work on the Solar Maximum Mission chemiluminescence spectrophotometry, and P78-1, NIST researchers have made fiODUCTIONAND as well as optical waveguide analysis, important contributions to currently orbit- microcalorimetry, pulse radiolysis, laser- CHARACTERIZATION OF ing observatories, including the Japanese induced photochemistry, and conductivity satellites Yohkoh and ASTRO-D. They re- YNTHETIC MULTILAYERS measurements. cently completed detector characterization

response to the need for short- for the Broadband X-ray Telescope and are Various X-ray and gamma-ray sources and

Ivelength characterization of multilayer currently focusing on the bolometer detector electron accelerators with energies in the

nictures for larger wavelength X-ray for the Advanced X-ray Astronomy Facility. 0.1-MeV to 10-MeV range are used in this

tics, NIST researchers have established a work. Conventional ultraviolet, visible, and Contact: gh-performance multi-axis diffractome- infrared spectrophotometers and spectro- Larr)' Hudson ". This system provides highly coUimated fluorimeters, high-intensity gamma-ray (301) 975-2537 d monochromatic X-ray beams, which, sources, pulsed and continuous beam elec- Al4l Physics Building cer reflection from the structure under tron accelerators, and organic-chemical

jdy, can be examined for both specular analytical equipment also are available.

^d non-specular reflection charac- Contact: ization. The normal operating wave- IONIZING RADIATION William L. McLaughlin agth is 0.154 nm, and the on-scale Contact: Division (301) 975-5559 declivity covers a range of six decades. Randall S. Caswell C229 Radiation Physics Building

association with this program, the (301) 975-5525

searchers have established a thin-film pro- email: [email protected]

iction facilit}' capable of handling a wide fax: (301) 869-7682 INDUSTRIAL RADIOLOGIC C229 Radiation Physics Building irietv' of materials in the range of thick- IMAGING

— - sses from near one monolayer to a The use of penetrating radiation for imag- icrometer. The production process uses RADIATION PROCESSING ing is one of the most powerful investigative 1 beam sputtering with simultaneous techniques available to industry for main- vasi-neutral beam milling to produce thin To enhance quality-control methods used in taining or improving the quality of prod- yers of exceptional uniformity. industrial radiation processing of foods and ucts. Designers who are aware of this are in the production and use of medical mtact: creating components that facilitate such devices, electronic components, and poly- chard D. Deslattes non-destructive testing. Research is under mers, NIST researchers are developing stand- 01) 975-4841 way at NIST to allow better quantification ardization and measurement assurance aail: [email protected] of radiographic images. Particularly rele- methods related to industrial high-dose 41 Physics Building vant to image evaluation are computer- applications of ionizing radiation. As part of based systems that permit pseudo three- this program, Institute scientists are investi- dimensional images and the implementa- gating radiation chemical mechanisms and tion of image processing on these or tradi- kinetic studies applied to chemical tional images in real time or near real time. dosimetry systems in the condensed phase,

including liquids, gels, thin films, and solid-

state detectors. PHYSICS LABORATORY

NIST research focuses on image processing personnel dosimetry programs), the Confer- neutron and gamma-ray fields. Equipment

for improved imaging of low contrast for ence of Radiation Control Program Direc- available includes a 100-kV ion generator-

noisy images, adaption of tomograpfiic tors (diagnostic X-radiation), Health based 2.5-MeV neutron source, a 3-MV

equipment to industrial needs and measure- Physics Society (private-sector calibration pulsed positive-ion accelerator, and a

ment of the performance characteristics of laboratories), and American Association of 20-MW nuclear reactor.

such systems, and development of reliable Physicists in Medicine (therapeutic radia- Contact: techniques for image storage and retrieval. tion). Programs currently being developed Oren A. Wasson Available equipment includes X-ray sources, will address MQA needs in sectors that (301) 975-5567 low-energy electron accelerators, gamma- include industrial processing, radio- email: [email protected] ray sources, and state-of-the-art radiologic bioassay, and radioanalyses for environ- C311 Radiation Physics Building imaging devices. mental remediation and waste management. Contact: Charles E. Dick In support of the accreditation programs, TIME, FREQUENCY, AND 975-5580 NIST provides technical expertise for labora- (301) LASERS C229 Radiation Physics Building tory technical document review and evalu-

ation, traceability to the national physical Division Contact:

standards through performance evaluation Donald B. Sullivan

MEASUREMENT QUALITY testing, and on-site assessments. The major (303) 497-3772 ASSURANCE research thrust is the development of a wide email: [email protected]

variety of appropriate transfer standard fax: (303) 497-6461 1 Credibility of ionizing radiation measure- instruments and materials. Division 847.00 ments has been a critical issue for the U.S. Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 radiation medical diagnostics and therapy, Contact:

occupational safety, industrial, energy, Kenneth G.W. Inn defense, and environmental communities. (301) 975-5541 HIGH-PERFORMANCE i email: [email protected] To this end, NIST scientists disseminate the DIODE LASERS standards and technology required for reli- C229 Radiation Physics Building

able measurement of ionizing radiation to Diode lasers are now widely used in many

federal, state, and local radiation control applications where spectral and spatial

programs as well as to the medical, indus- NEUTRON FLUENCE purity is not critical, but they could be usee

trial, and defense communities, hi addition, MEASUREMENT AND in a variety of other applications if these NIST researchers monitor and evaluate NEUTRON PHYSICS properties were improved substantially. radiation measurements needs; participate Such applications include analytical chem'

in radiation research, metrology develop- NIST researchers are studying industrial istry and sensing of trace impurities or pol-

ment, and quality control activities; and applications of neutron fluence and dose lutants as well as narrow-line sources for

develop methods for improving the accuracy determination in the neutron energy region length standards and optical manipulation

of field measurements through a national from thermal to 20 MeV. They are develop- of atoms and molecules. Recognizing the

system of secondary standards laboratories. ing effective methods to transfer personnel broad range of measurement applications

protection technology to the private sector. for high-performance diode lasers, NIST NIST has a strong influence on the design This research provides a basis for stand- started a program aimed at developing and implementation of measurement qual- ardizing personnel protection control proce- methods for controlling the output charac-; ity assurance programs that are accredited in reactor high-energy dures nuclear and teristics of these versatile and inexpensive , under the National Voluntary Laboratory accelerator operations. Specific research lasers. The program selects specific practic Accreditation Program (secondary calibra- involves the measurement of reference applications and works on the system tion laboratories for ionizing radiation and standard neutron reaction cross sections, designs needed to provide solutions. Currei

characterization of reference fission depos- projects include a calcium-stabilized laser

its, development of neutron detectors with

fast timing, and calibrations using standard PHYSICS LABORATORY 71

-1- use as a length reference, methods for tion of these measures. Outputs can be PHASE NOISE IN .ithesizing signals in the optical region, represented in both the frequency and time

pid laser-enhanced ionization as a means ELECTRONIC AND domains. pr detecting trace impurities. OPTICAL SYSTEMS Contact:

intact: Fred L. Walls NIST has developed systems for making kco Hollberg (303) 497-3207 phase-noise measurements over a broad I303) 497-5770 email: [email protected] dynamic range of carrier frequency (into imail: [email protected] Division 847.30 the millimeter range) and Fourier fre- Division 847.80 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 quency (up to 10 percent of the carrier fre- ^ulder, Colo. 80303-3328 quency). The accuracy of measurement is

typically 1 dB or better depending on the fre- FAR-INFRARED fTriME TRANSFER AND quency range. These systems provide the SPECTROSCOPY specifications now arising in com- »^ETWORK basis for munication, radar, and other aerospace NIST has unique capabilities for high-

SYNCHRONIZATION equipment. Signals at higher millimeter resolution studies of the spectra of atoms

and optical frequencies also can be charac- and molecules in the far-infrared region. illST has broad expertise in time transfer, terized by beating them against a stable The methods of tunable far-infrared spec- (•articularly using satellite methods, which optical reference. A wide range of noise troscopy and laser magnetic resonance ian be applied to synchronization of widely measurement equipment and systems for (LMR) were developed by NIST, and several tistributed network nodes. Telecommuni- analyzing the output data are available. of each of these spectrometers currently are lations and electrical power networks are providing high-resolution measurements on (xamples of systems requiring such synchro- Contact: spectra important in both space studies and Mzation. A NIST-developed, common-view Fred L. Walls studies of the chemistry of the upper atmos- flethod using GPS satellites provides time (303) 497-3207 phere. Pressure-broadening studies at high ransfer accuracy of better than 10 nano- email: [email protected] resolution also have been performed provid- econds, and two-way exchange of signals Division 847.30 ing the basis for locating (in altitude) hrough telecommunications satellites Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 important air pollutants. Recent improve- •ffers even higher performance. NIST owns ments in the NIST LMR systems have dra- nd operates a number of specialized GPS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF matically improved their sensitivity, making r eivers and satellite Earth stations needed them especially useful in searches for or such work, and the NIST time scale pro- TIME-SERIES DATA difficult-to-detect molecular species, such ides unsurpassed stability' as a reference for Noise processes in high-performance clocks as free radicals and molecular ions. !note synchronization. and oscillators are often not white (fre- Contact: 0 ntact: quency independent), so the usual variance Kenneth M. Evenson arc A. Weiss does not converge. The two-sample vari- (303) 497-5129 ^03) 497-3261 ances developed to handle such noise have email: [email protected] mail: become standards widely used in the specifi- Division 847.60 nweiss%[email protected] cation of noise in systems demanding high Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 )ivision 847.50 spectral purity. These measures also have

/;ulder, Colo. 80303-3328 been applied with some success to other

measurement data. NIST researchers have

developed software for the efficient calcula- 4 —

PHYSICS LABORATORY

velocity selected beams of refractory mate- SILICON THIN FILMS QUANTUM PHYSICS rials and insulators.

Thin films of amorphous silicon are used Division Contact: Contact: in photosensitive devices, displays, and in David Norcross Stephen R. Leone 492-5128 photovoltaic cells. Scientists are examining' (303) 492-6807 (303) email: [email protected] physical and chemical mechanisms , email; [email protected] JILA involved in discharge and thermal chemica fax: (303) 492-5235 Boulder, Colo. 80309-0440 vapor deposition (CVD) production of such JILA* films. A scanning tunneling microscope is Boulder, Colo. 80309-0440 used to examine in situ the morphology an.

LASER STABILIZATION chemical character of as-deposited films. A. LASER STUDIES OF electronics, vacuum, and gas-handling Many sensitive and sophisticated applica- apparatus necessary for producing and diaj SEMICONDUCTOR tions of lasers depend on the laser's spectral nosing discharge and thermal CVD films - coherence, frequency stability, and low- MATERIALS under controlled conditions are available. intensity noise. NIST scientists have been

Laser probing of the gas-phase species working on laser-intensity stabilization, Contact:

involved in the molecular beam epitaxial laser frequency linewidth reduction with Alan C. Gallagher

(MBE) growth of III-V semiconductor mate- active control techniques, and several meth- (303) 492-7841

rials is an area of high potential relevance ods for producing quantitative laser fre- JILA

for standards and technology. Work under quency scans. Exciting new possibilities Boulder, Colo. 80309-0440

way has demonstrated sensitive, direct-laser arise from locking stable lasers to sharp

detection methods for study of all species quantum resonances, provided, for exam- VISITING FELLOWSHIP during III-V growth, and it will be extended ple, by atoms in an "atomic fountain." to II-VI species. With the incorporation of PROGRAM Several laser-locking and scanning systems non-inv;isive single-photon laser ionization have been developed. One powerful NIST Since its founding in 1962, JILA has pro- probes into advanced generations of MBE laser-stabilization system works entirely vided an opportunity for established scien- machines, NIST researchers will be able to externally to a continuous-wave laser to sup- tists working in various fields of interest to carry out in-situ diagnostics to quantify and press the output laser frequency and inten- JILA and NIST to spend 6 months to a year characterize the growth process, to provide sity noise. A precise scanning method is as "Visiting Fellows" working with membt optical feedback for adjustment of species based on optical sideband production by of the Institute's scientific staff. Approxi- concentrations, and to determine the puri- broadband microwave phase modulation of mately 10 of these awards are given each ties of materials used during semiconductor the laser, allowing scans over a GHz range, year. They provide a stipend to the awarder fabrication. with inaccuracy below 10 kHz. Another scan for partial salary, travel, and laboratory

In related experimentation, laser vaporiza- technique utilizes a novel interferometer/ and/or computational expenses. JILA's tion of thin films is used to produce sources phase-locked rf system that effectively maps broad range of research interests—includ of translationally energetic species for etch- optical frequency change into the corre- ing atomic, molecular, and chemical phyi

ing and deposition studies. Thermal chlo- sponding phase change of an rf signal ics, non-linear optics, stabilized lasers,

rine molecules produce little or no etching suitable for control, stabilization, and scan- semiconductors, and precision measure-

of silicon materials, whereas etch rates ning. In a final method, a doubly passed ment (relating to spectroscopy, gravita-

increase dramatically with increasing acousto-optic wideband modulator allows tional physics, and geophysics)

kinetic energy, with an apparent threshold. scanning the laser relative to a stable refer- encompasses work of interest to both

New research will also explore the kinetic ence interferometer. academic and industrial scientists. energy dependence of film growth by using Contact: Contact:

John L. Hall David Norcross

(303) 492-7843 (303) 492-6807 email: [email protected] email: [email protected]

* The Joint Institute of Laborator\' Astrophys- JILA JILA

ics (JILA) is a cooperative research venture Boulder, Colo. 80309-0440 Boulder, Colo. 80309-0440

of NIST and the University of Colorado. PHYSICS LABORATORY

normal-incidence vacuum spectrometer, HIGH-RESOLUTION UVAND RESEARCH with resolving power of about 100,000, is available on FACILITIES a beamline dedicated to high- OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY resolution vacuum ultraviolet radiation FACILITY research.

:l Accurate atomic data for neutral atoms SYNCHROTRON APPLICATIONS and ions are required in support of high- The continuous radiation from SURF II is .ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION technology products and manufacturing used as a national standard of spectral irra- processes as well as advanced scientific ;FACILITY II diance for radiometric applications and for applications. The primary source of such fundamental research in the following irhe heart of the NIST Synchrotron Ultra- data is high-resolution optical spectroscopy. areas: kiolet Radiation Faciht}' II (SURF II) is a Spectrographs produced in NIST's High- • absorption iOO-MeV electron storage ring. The synchro- atomic and molecular Resolution UV and Optical Spectroscopy spectroscopy; I'ron radiation emitted is highly coUimated, Facility are the most powerful in the world

aearly linearly polarized, and of calculable for observations of emission and absorption • optical properties of materials; available, intensity. Seven beamlines are spectra in the soft X-ray to near infrared • electron density of states in solids; Uid a users' program is in operation. SURF regions. The 10.7-m grazing-incidence and

jl is well suited for studies in radiometry; normal-incidence spectrographs • surface characterization; vacuum itomic, molecular, biomolecular, and solid- permit observations from 3 nm to 600 nm • photoelectron spectroscopy; jtate physics; surface and materials science; with resolving powers of 70,000 to 400,000 idectro-optics; and surface chemistry' and low • molecular kinetics and excitation and and wavelength uncertainties as as ladiation effects on matter. Special facilities ionization dynamics; and 0.0002 nm. In the visible and near-infrared •ire available for developing and testing soft region, an echelle spectrograph provides • radiation interactions with matter (such f-ray optics and optical devices. resolving powers exceeding 1,000,000. A as lithography, radiation damage, are used to MPABILITIES variety of discharge sources dosimetry, photobiology). rhe t\'pical storage ring electron beam cur- excite spectra of neutral atoms and ions

to €nt is 200 mA at 284 MeV. The photon AVAILABILITY stripped of up to 20 electrons. Species up

II is available to 'Intensity in the region 60 nm to 120 nm is Beam time on SURF any 40 times ionized are observed in plasmas

scientist if beamline vacuum '':J)out 3 X 10^" photons per second per qualified created by ablating samples with a high-

^nilliradian of orbit for an instrumental requirements are met and scheduling power laser.

'-esolution of 0.1 nm. Experiments can be arrangements can be made. Proposals Current NIST research includes develop- londucted conveniently throughout the should be submitted for NIST review before ment of wavelength standards used for cali- facility is desired. Informal con- 'i/avelength range 4 nm to 1000 nm, from use of the bration of the high-resolution spectrograph 'he soft X-ray region to the infrared. One tact also is encouraged. on the Hubble Space Telescope, observations normal incidence, two grazing incidence, Contact: of transitions in highly ionized atoms for ind several toroidal grating monochroma- Robert P. Madden plasma diagnostics in tokamaks, develop- ^ors are available to disperse the radiation, (301) 975-3726 ment of a promising new scheme for an large, ultrahigh vacuum spectrometer cali- email: [email protected] extreme uv laser, and precise isotope shifts ration chamber, 1.2 m x 1.2 m x 2.5 m B119 Radiation Physics Building of mercury wavelengths needed to interpret nd accessible through a clean room, is uv spectra of stars. ivailable for radiometric applications in a Contact: jllean, vacuum environment. A 6.65-m William C. Martin

(301) 975-3213 email: [email protected] ( 1 AI67 Physics Building PHYSICS LABORATORY

AVAILABILITY APPLICATIONS

LOW-BACKGROUND The facility is operated by NIST staff in sup- EPR dosimetry is operable over several INFRARED RADIATION port of user infrared calibrations. It is avail- orders of magnitude in absorbed dose able for collaborative research by NIST and (10" Gy to 10 Gy) and impacts many fac- FACILITY outside scientists in areas of mutual interest. ets of society and industry. Areas of applica

In the NIST Low-Background Infrared tion include: Contact: Radiation Facility, radiant background Raju Datla • Radiation Protection/Accident Dosimetr noise levels less than a few nanowatts are (301) 975-2131 Using biological tissues (bone, tooth attained in a large (60-cm-diameter x email: [email protected] enamel) or inanimate materials (clothing 152-cm-long) vacuum chamber by cooling B208 Physics Building retrospective dose assessment and mappini internal cryoshields to temperatures less can be accomplished. than 20 K using a closed-cycle helium • Clinical Radiology. Ionizing radiation refrigerator system. An absolute cryogenic ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC

doses administered in cancer therapy can 1 radiometer (ACR) of the electrical substitu- RESONANCE FACILITY measured for external beam therapy using tion type that operates at 2 K to 4 K is dosimeters of crystalline alanine (an amin housed in the chamber. NIST is leading a national and inter- national effort in electron paramagnetic acid) or validated for internally delivered CAPABILITIES resonance (EPR) dosimetry for measuring bone-seeking radiophanmaceuticals using The ACR is a broadband detector with a flat ionizing radiation. Paramagnetic centers bone biopsies. response from the visible to the long wave- (molecules/atoms with unpaired electrons) length infrared spectral region. It can meas- • Industrial Radiation Processing. Routir are produced by the action of radiation on ure power levels of 20 nw to 100 mw at its and transfer dosimetry for industrial radia materials. In the EPR measurement, irradi- 3-cm-diameter aperture within an uncer- tion facilities can be performed using ala- ated materials are placed in a magnetic tainty of less than 1 percent. The ACR has a nine dosimeters, as well as post-irradiatioi field and electron spin transitions are resolution of 1 nanowatt, and its time con- monitoring of radiation-processed meats, induced by an electromagnetic field of the stant is about 20 s. shellfish, and fruits using bone, shell, or appropriate frequency (typically GHz). EPR seed. APPLICATIONS is used as a non-destructive probe of the This unique facility can be used to measure structure and concentration of paramag- The EPR facility also serves as a fully func total radiant power from sources such as netic centers. The centers created by ioniz- tional materials research facility for anah cryogenic blackbodies. Ongoing improve- ing radiation are proportional to the ing radiation effects on semiconductors, ments will allow measurement of the spec- absorbed dose and provide a sensitive and optical fibers, functional polymers, and tral distribution of radiation from sources versatile measurement method. composites. and characterization of infrared detectors CAPABILITIES AVAILABILITY and optical components. The EPR dosimetry facility is supported by a The EPR facility is available for coUabora

state-of-the-art X-band EPR spectrometer tive research by researchers from industr\

capable of measuring radiation effects on a academia, and other government agencie:

wide range of materials from inorganic under the supervision of NIST staff.

semiconductors to biological tissues. The Contact: recently upgraded data acquisition system Marc F. Desrosiers provides full computer control of all spec- (301) 975-5639 trometer functions, including real-time email: [email protected] spectral display and rapid acquisition scan C229 Radiation Physics Building to analyze rapidly decaying signals. The

data acquisition system is interfaced with

an advanced data analysis station for data

manipulation and is capable of simulating

and deconvoluting multicomponent spectra. PHYSICS LABORATORY

AVAILABILITY IRADIOPHARMACEUTICAL The customer has no direct use of the MAGNETIC jSTANDARDIZATiON facilit)'. NIST staff can provide calibration MICROSTRUCTURE services for the gamma-ray-emitting jLABORATORY FACILITY radionuclides that comply with the MEASUREMENT

tRadioactivin- measurements for diagnostic specifications as stated in NIST Special The magnetic microstructure of materials Publication 250-10. . and therapeutic nuclear medicine in the can be measured with ver}' high spatial reso-

iUnited States are based on measurements at lution by a technique called scanning elec- Working at NIST, research associates of the NIST. Activit)' measurements for the tron microscopy with polarization analysis United States Council for Energy Awareness garama-ray-emitting radionuchdes are (SEMPA). An ultrahigh-vacuum electron produce standards that are certified by NIST rr.ade using the NIST y ionization microscope ha^ been modified so secondary as Standard Reference Materials for distribu- ::.amber. The cahbration process also electrons from the sample can be analyzed tion to the nuclear power and radio pharma-

.- eludes identification of radionuclidic for their electron spin polarization. This ceutical communities. impurities by germanium spectrometry. allows for a measurement of the surface Contact: - rcent development work has focused on magnetism with moments both in the plane Larry L. Lucas erapeutic nuclides for nuclear medicine, and perpendicular to the plane of the

iioimmunotherapy, and bone palliation. (301) 975-5546 sample. email: [email protected] CAPABILITIES CAPABILITIES C114 Radiation Physics Building " le radiopharmaceutical standardization SEMPA allows the simultaneous observation

..joratorv' provides calibration services for of surface microstructure and surface mag-

the gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides and netic domains at a resolution of 0.05 |J.m.

!S available for technical users who must APPLICATIONS T.ake measurements consistent with This unique measurement facility can be :.itional standards or require higher who used for research in magnetic thin fihns,

accuracv' calibrations than are available high-coercivity magnetic materials, high-

with commercial standards. density magnetic storage media, and other

advanced magnetic materials. . NIST also undertakes basic research to

develop new methods of standardizing AVAILABILITY

radionuclides for diagnostic and therapeu- These facilities are available for collabora-

tic applications. These studies include meas- tive research by NIST and outside scientists

urements of decay-scheme parameters, such in areas of mutual interest on a time-

as half lives and gamma-ray emission prob- available basis.

abilities, and identification of radionuclidic Contact: impurities. John Unguris

(301) 975-3712 email: [email protected] B206 Metrology Building MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials science and engineering pro- COOPERATIVE RESEARCH Metallurgy grams at NIST cover the full range of OPPORTUNITIES 82 Metallurgical Process Control materials issues from design to processing Intelligent Processing of Materials Sensors

unifying is to performance. A aim to 83 Corrosion Data Program 77 Intelligent Sensors, Controls, and acquire the knowledge and tools needed Process Models 83 Corrosion Measurements and for intelligent manufacturing methods Monitoring with real-time automated process Ceramics 83 Microstructure and Defects in controls. 77 Ceramic Processing Cast Alloys

77 Surface Properties of Ceramics 83 Performance of Advanced Materials Separate research initiatives address in Service ceramics, metals, polymers, composites, 78 Electro-Optic Crystals 83 Magnetic Materials and superconductors. This research sup- 78 Mechanical Properties of Ceramics 84 Vapor-Deposited Thin Films ports efforts by U.S. industry to develop 78 Ceramic Phase Equilibria

reliable, low-cost manufacturing methods 84 Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials Reliability Materials for producing tailor-made materials and 79 Ultrasonic Characterization of products with superior properties. Reactor Radiation Materials 84 Neutron Non-Destructive Evaluation Through laboratory-organized consortia 79 Microstructural Engineering and one-to-one collaborations, NIST's 85 Neutron Spectroscopy 79 Micromechanical Measurements materials scientists and engineers work 85 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering 80 Intelligent Welding closely with industrial researchers. Exam- 85 Neutron Diffraction ples include work on improved processing Polymers 86 Neutron Reflectometry of rapidly solidified metal powders, poly- 80 Processing Science for Polymer mer composites, ceramic machining, Composites RESEARCH FACILITIES aerospace alloys, and non-destructive 80 Polymer Mechanics and Structure

evaluation sensors for aluminum and 81 Dental and Medical Materials 86 NIST Research Reactor

steel manufacturing. The laboratory Research Facility 81 Electrical and Optical Properties 88 Cold Neutron

is also strengthening its relationships 82 Polymer Blends 89 Metals Processing Laboratory with manufacturers of high-technology 82 Fluorescence Monitoring 90 Polymer Composite Fabrication products, the major users of advanced Facility materials. 90 Powder Characterization and Processing Laboratory Contact: 91 Cryogenic Materials Laboratory Lyle H. Schwartz, Director

(301) 975-5658 92 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Facility

email: [email protected] 92 Materials Science X-Ray Beamlines

fax: (301) 926-8349 B309 Materials Building MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY r

steel sheet, process modeling of gas metal Results from this research will enhance COOPERATIVE RESEARCH arc welding, ultrasonic measurement of investigations of other processing variables, OPPORTUNITIES interfaces, powder-particle-size sensing, including particle size, shape, agglomera- process modeling for producing polymer tion, compaction method, and atmosphere

blends, fluorescence spectroscopy in poly- under controlled composition conditions.

mers processing, magnetic resonance The data can be used to design better mod-

NTELLIGENT PROCESSING imaging and ESA for ceramic processing, els for microstructure evolution during 3F MATERIALS eddy-current sensing in metals and compos- sintering. Use of predictive models, in con- ites, and laser ultrasonic methods. junction with other ongoing efforts to pro- ^vision Contact: duce unique compositions and phases, can Contact: il. Thomas Yolken lead to new advanced ceramic materials H. Thomas Yolken I3OI) 975-5727 with unique microstructures and properties. email: [email protected] mail: [email protected] George Birnbaum Contact: ax: (301) 869-1718 email: [email protected] John E. Blendell j344 Materials Building (301) 975-5727 (301) 975-5796 email: [email protected]

NTELLIGENT SENSORS, B344 Materials Building A215 Materials Building CONTROLS, AND PROCESS SURFACE PROPERTIES OF /lODELS CERAMICS

' anced materials are capable of providing CERAMICS Division Contact: .:-tanding properties, but they generally Stephen W. Freiman The surface properties of ceramics are cru- ;quire unusual processing operations and (301) 975-6119 cial for the control of wear, proper lubrica- " i to be expensive. Intelligent processing email: [email protected] tion, and efficient machining, all of ;c5 the potential to design and produce fax: (301) 990-8729 which are important technological issues. laterials with substantially improved qual- A256 Materials Building Research conducted at NIST has uncovered reduced lead time, and increased flexi- basic wear mechanisms of ceramics under ii^ in production. concentrated sliding conditions. Subsurface CERAMIC PROCESSING tclligent processing incorporates four damage in the form of dislocations, micro- cracks, and intergranular fractures often ::icipal elements, including materials Sintering of ceramics is a complex process controls the initiation of the transition to lessors, non-destructive evaluation sen- that involves the interaction of many differ- severe wear. Microstructural design through that can measure physical and ent processing variables. The influence of innovative sintering aids, processing, and -chanical characteristics of materials in these processing variables on sintering can- colloidal chemistry can change the damage 1: time during processing, rigorous mod- not be determined simply by measuring process significantly. Current research 0 describe the materials production final density or some other end-point prop- efforts emphasize the identification of criti- jcess, and expert systems to control the erty. Chemical composition of the ceramic oduction cal microstructural features and the develop- process in real time through in- powders is known to be of major importance ment of microstructures that can release iration of sensors and process models. and, under certain conditions, can mask strain from contact stresses without signifi- effects of most other processing variables. -Search sponsored by the Office of Intelli- cantly affecting the strength and fracture NIST scientists are investigating the effect of nt Processing of Materials is directed to toughness of silicon nitrides. trace levels of impurities using clean-room jcess models, sensors, and intelligent con- processing to produce, compact, and sinter Lubrication prolongs the life of ceramic 1 systems. Research topics at NISI ultrahigh purity ceramics. elude processing modeling, sensing and components in engine applications. Researchers at have explored various )ntrol of the production of metal powders NIST uncover technologies high-pressure gas atomization, magnetic chemistries to new capable of forming a lubricating film on lethods for measuring mechanical proper- ceramic surfaces under boundary lubrica- a during steel processing, process model- tion conditions. Several new chemistries ig for thermomechanical processing of have been discovered that are capable of MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

controlling friction and wear of ceramic Synchrotron Light Source in New York. Con- Facilities exist for performing creep meas- contacts. This information on surface reac- ducted jointly with growers of high-quality urements in tension, compression, and tivity of ceramics with various functional crystals, current studies are expected to flexure at temperatures up to 1800 °C. The groups also may prove to be useful in bear- improve substantially the quality, and tensile creep apparatus is almost complete! ing, gear, and engine component design. hence the performance, of these crystals. automated, and measurements are made

using a laser-imaging technique. Displace- Machining can account for about 50 to Contact: ment measurements are accurate to 90 percent of the cost of finished ceramic Bruce W. Steiner ±l^m at 1500 °C. components. Utilization of chemical com- (301) 975-5977 pounds to form soft layers under the heat email: [email protected] Contact: and stresses of the machining process not A256 Materials Building Stephen W. Freiman only can reduce the mechanical stresses the (301) 975-6119 work piece is subjected to but also can MECHANICAL PROPERTIES email: [email protected] improve the surface finish of the work piece. A256 Materials Building

Initial experiments at NIST have demon- OF CERAMICS strated the feasibility of the concept; by Several long-term programs are being con- CERAMIC PHASE using chemical compounds, cutting rates ducted at NIST on the fracture, creep, and on Si3N4 have been increased by 60 percent EQUILIBRIA creep rupture of monolithic and composite with concomitant reduction in surface ceramics. Ceramic phase equilibria studies at NIST roughness. involve complementary research activities One program involves the use of an indenta- Industrial partnerships to jointly develop in experimental, theoretical, data evalu- tion strength procedure to determine the technologies in the above areas are solicited. ation, and compilation aspects of phase fracture toughness behavior of monolithic diagrams. The data evaluation and compi Contact: ceramics and to relate the toughness to the tion work is carried out under the joint Stephen Hsu specific microstructure of the material. American Ceramic Society/NIST program (301) 975-6120 In-situ microscopic observations of crack provide industry and others with a comprt email: [email protected] growth demonstrate the presence of grain hensive database of up-to-date, critically A256 Materials Building bridging and frictional sliding in the crack evaluated phase-diagram information. wake as a significant source of material Ceramic phase diagrams also are being toughening. ' ELECTRO-OPTIC CRYSTALS determined experimentally and theoreti-

A program in composites is aimed at deter- cally for systems of technical importance, Imperfections in highly perfect crystals mining the effects of the fiber/matrix inter- such as high-transition-temperature typically limit their performance in high- face on fracture behavior of these materials. ceramic superconductors, and microwave technology applications, such as optical Researchers also are investigating the and piezoelectric materials. communications and optical signal process- stresses developed in composites during con- ing. In particular, limitations in the perfec- Contact: ventional sintering processes to determine tion of electro-optic and photorefractive Stephen W. Freiman methods of reducing these stresses through materials, such as lithium niobate and bis- (301) 975-6119 the use of fiber coatings—thus minimizing muth silicon oxide, have inhibited the devel- email: [email protected] or eliminating cracking of the matrix as opment of optical switches and modulators. A256 Materials Building densification proceeds.

NIST researchers are investigating crystal High-temperature deformation and fracture perfection at a unique, monochromatic behavior of ceramics are other areas of X-ray topography facility at the NIST beam- research. Creep and creep rupture of several lines on the high-energy ring at Brook- varieties of Si3N4 have been investigated haven National Laboratory's National and their behavior related to differences

in microstructure, particularly grain size. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY 79

adaptive algorithm for an ultrasonic sensor measurements to grain size. Facilities are IMATERIALS array used to image defects in thick compos- being developed to measure attenuation in ite materials. :;!RELIABILITY steel samples at temperatures up to 1200 °C. Contact: Contact: -• pivision Contact: Christopher M. Fortunko A. Van Clark I. McHenn' ; Barry (303) 497-3062 email: [email protected] 497-3268' i303) email: [email protected] Yi-Wen Cheng femail: mchenr\'@micf.nist.gov Division 853.00 email: [email protected] rax: (303) 497-5030 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 bi\ision 853-00 (303) 497-3159 poulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Division 853.00 MICROSTRUCTURAL Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 ULTRASONIC ENGINEERING MICROMECHANICAL -CHARACTERIZATION NIST researchers are developing process OF MATERIALS models and sensors to link the properties MEASUREMENTS of hot rolled steels to composition and The mechanical behavior of materials fo evaluate the qualit\' of advanced mate- thermomechanical processing parameters. within electronic interconnect structures ;:i:s, NISI researchers are developing the Microstructure determines properties, and, controls the reliability of advanced elec- .-roretical basis and the measurement tech- thus, the key to property control is under- tronic devices. NIST has developed experi- lology for ultrasonic characterization of standing the thermal and microstructural mental techniques to measure thin-film naterial properties. Research is under way states of the steel at each processing stage. mechanical properties, to map strain fields n modeling wave propagation, improving Analytical models of plastic deformation around interfaces between materials, and to ransduction techniques, developing signal during hot rolling, continuous cooling study thermal stresses and map the associ- - - processing methods, and understanding the transformation kinetics, and structure ated temperature distributions. • mature of acoustic wave interactions with property- relations are used to predict naterials. Mechanical properties of thin films are mechanical properties for a given measured in an electronic probing station n modeling, a wavelet formulation has temperature/deformation schedule. The equipped with a loading stage with a resolu- )een developed that enables the computa- results are experimentally verified in a tion of 0.5 mN in load and 2.5 nm in dis- lonally efficient modeling of acoustic wave thermomechanical processing simulator placement. Thin films are prepared using ropagation in composite materials. The developed by NIST. The simulator is used to electronic microfabrication techniques to esults are used to optimize measurement subject specimens to prescribed deforma- deposit the film and to etch away the sub- nethods and to interpret waveform tions and to measure the in-process metal- strate in the test section. A picture-frame lerturbations. lurgical changes that occur such as concept is used to facilitate handling of the deformation resistance, recrystallization, decent advances in transduction include specimens. and phase transformations. lon-contact, gas-coupled transducers and Electron-beam moire is a novel technique {'er\- sensitive, high-fidelity sensors for Recently, a program on sensors for micro- to map displacement fields with five times 'icoustic emission. A high-pressure, gas- structural engineering was initiated. The the resolution of optical moire'. Electron oupled, transmission, acoustic microscope first task is to develop ultrasonic sensors for beam lithography is used to create arrays of las been developed for high-resolution on-line measurement of grain size during lines with pitches down to 100 nm. The 'Itrasonic inspection of electronic packages hot rolling. The idea is to relate attenuation specimens are stressed mechanically or ther- itiiout the need for immersion in a liquid. mally inside a scanning electron micro-

-eft' signal processing methods include a scope (SEM). The SEM raster scan serves as

aveforai-based interpretation of ultrasonic the reference grid permitting strain meas-

gnals generated and received by point- urements at a magnification of 2000 over

ontact, broadband transducers, and an gage lengths of 10 |J.m to 30 |J.m. 80 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Differential thermal expansion is the pri- A typical system consists of electrical sen- Composites Consortium (Ford, General

mary cause of stress in electronic devices. sors, a digital-to-analog converter, signal Motors, and Chrysler) , Grumman Corp., and

NISI researchers use an infrared micro- conditioners, software, and a personal Boeing, to characterize this resistance in a

scope to measure temperature fields with a computer. variety of materials and use the results in

resolution of 30 )im. These measurements computer simulation models to optimize Contact: can verify the stress analysis used for device the liquid molding process. Thomas A. Siewert design. (303) 497-3523 In addition, NIST is developing measure-

Contact: email: [email protected] ment techniques to monitor the chemical,

David T. Read Division 853-00 morphological, and molecular changes that

(303) 497-3853 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 occur during processing. The program cur-

email: read@bldr,nist,gov rently has 10 different spectroscopic, dielec-

Division 853.00 tric, thermal, and mechanical techniques Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 POLYMERS available for process monitoring, and others are under development. This diversity of Division Contact: tools provides a unique capability for evalu- INTELLIGENT WELDING Leslie E. Smith ating and calibrating new measurement (301) 975-6762 developing To improve the reliability of welded joints, methods, for process models, email: [email protected] NIST researchers are developing sensing and for analyzing model resin systems. fax: (301) 869-3239 and control systems to replace the eyes, ears, A309 Polymer Building For example, through cooperative projects and know-how of a skilled welder. Through- with NIST, several industries have selected arc sensing and signal processing tech- and developed monitoring methods for their niques detect changes in the electrical PROCESSING SCIENCE particular problems. characteristics of the arc, A laser vision sys- FOR POLYMER COMPOSITES Contact: tem is used to relate these changes to the Donald L. Hunston welding process, i.e., the metal transfer Fiber-reinforced composites offer, along (301) 975-6837 from the electrode to the weld puddle. Proc- with other advantages, versatility in process- email: [email protected] ess models are being developed to predict ing combined with high strength and stiff- A309 Polymer Building the arc behavior and metal transfer charac- ness at low weight. For the current growth

teristics. The goal is to combine the sensors in the production of these materials to con- and process models into an automatic con- tinue, however, more rapid and reliable POLYMER MECHANICS trol system. processing is needed. AND STRUCTURE NIST researchers have developed automated NIST researchers are developing new meas- of the relationships ' systems for gas metal arc and flux cored arc urement tools to characterize the starting Knowledge between

welding that can detect contact tube wear, materials for composite processing and to mechanical properties of polymers and poly'

is the design anc degradation of gas shielding, and mode and study in the laboratory the chemical and mer structure important to

stability of droplet transfer. Through-arc physical changes that occur during process- processing of materials for optimal perform at are studying semj sensing relies on simple measurements of ing. The scientific understanding that can ance. Researchers NIST

voltage and current, and thus the welding be generated with these tools will facilitate crystalline polymers, polymer glasses, elastomers, molecular composites, and torch is free of extra devices. both advances in processing methods and fibers develop of implementation of on-line control and to improved models automation. mechanical behavior, characterize structun from the atomic- to fine-texture level, and The infiltration of a resin into a fiber pre- elucidate relationships between mechanical

form during processing is the critical step in performance and structure. composite fabrication by liquid molding.

Test methods to characterize the resistance

of the preform to resin infiltration have

been developed. NIST is working with sev-

eral companies, including the Automotive MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

I

II

I

riST scientists use a variet}' of techniques to NIST has a program aimed at helping to WeibuU analysis also is being applied to sta-

taracterize the structure of polymers in the solve those problems. This program is devel- tistical analysis of censored clinical data on

pUd state. Nuclear magnetic resonance oping basic science and engineering that failure of ceramic-metal restorations, to test

;3ectroscopy is used to determine molecular can be used to formulate new materials and the hypothesis that this can be a more facile

Tientation, molecular dynamics, and includes transferring that science and tech- and informative method of analysis than

nicrostructure on the 1-nm to 10-nm scale. nolog)" to industr}', in particular, but not either Kaplan-Meier or Cox Proportional

!icrostructural information is deduced exclusively, to the dental industry. Hazard analyses of survivability. •om C-13 lineshapes obtained with magic The program has the active participation of Contact: tngle spinning or by proton "spin diffu- researchers from the American Dental Asso- John A. Tesk

; on" experiments in which domain-size ciation, the National Institute of Dental (301) 975-6799 .iiformation is inferred from the rates at Research, dental industries, and universities. email: [email protected] ''hich proton magnetization diffuses in the A143 Polymer Building jTCsence of magnetization gradients. Researchers are working in a number of

areas. For example, a strong effort exists on 1ST scientists are examining the relation- understanding the mechanisms of and ELECTRICAL AND "tiips beUveen mechanical performance of improving adhesion of dental biomaterials olymers and fine structures by investigat- OPTICAL PROPERTIES to tissues. Also, biodegradable materials are fig the morphological changes that poly- being developed for hard tissue repair and NIST is conducting a number of studies on ners undergo when they are deformed, are being evaluated clinically. Improved the electrical properties of polymers. The fide- and small-angle X-ray diffraction resins that have higher resistance to degra- research focuses on dielectric measure- 5AXS) techniques, which include the use of dation by oral fluids and that reduce ments, fundamentals and applications of osition-sensitive detectors, also are used in polymerization shrinkage are being devel- piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymers, iiese investigations. oped. An in-mouth radiation shield, to monitoring the curing of microelectronic

1ST scientists use both positron annihila- protect cancer patients from secondary' packaging materials, thermal expansion

lon spectroscopy (PAS) and SAXS to study radiation emitted from metallic restorations and thermal conductivity of electronic pack-

he microstructure of amorphous pohmers. during radiation therapy, is in clinical trials aging materials, measurement of space

(AXS and PAS studies complement macro- with industrial sponsorship. The interfaces charge distribution within polymer films,

bopic measurements of samples using con- between fillers and resins of resin-based and electro-optic properties of polymers.

entional mechanical testing, as well as a composite restoratives are being investi- Scientists have developed instrumentation 'mique torsional dilatometer. gated with the goal of improving interfacial and data analysis techniques to measure the strength and durability of composite restora- mtact: dielectric constant and loss of polymer films tions. Work is in progress with the NIST 10'^ iregory B. McKenna over a frequency range from Hz to Metallurgy' Division to develop a metallic, 601) 975-6770 10^ Hz in less than 30 minutes. These devel- mercury-free restorative that can be used ..jijjmail: [email protected] opments make it possible to follow changes like dental amalgam. '^,•209 Polymer Building in the dielectric spectrum as a function of

Test methods are being investigated for time, processing conditions, or other

their relevance to clinical failures. Finite- parameters. )ENTAL AND MEDICAL element analyses (FEA) and fractographic The scientists also have designed instrumen- yiATERIALS analysis of ceramic dental fixed partial den- tation and data analysis techniques to meas- tures, subjected to an in-vitro test, have ure the charge or polarization distribution I lodem dental and medical materials have implicated the interface between dissimilar annatically improved the deliver)' of across the thickness of a polymer film by materials as the source for failures, in con- fol- talth care to the American public. As good analyzing the transient charge response cert with clinical experience. WeibuU statis- hese materials are, significant problems lowing a pulse of energy on one surface of tical analysis, coupled with FEA, is being temain to be solved. the film. This technique has been used to employed for identifying improvements in detect the presence of non-uniform electric material systems via risk-of-rupture fields in the poling of piezoelectric polymers analyses. and to investigate the sign, magnitude, and

distribution of charge injection when poly-

mers are subjected to high electric fields. 82 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

The facility is referred to as the thermal Shear cells for neutron scattering and light source and detection equipment. Well-

pulse facility, and it is available forproprie- scattering measurements also have been de- equipped laboratories containing laser light

taiy research. veloped and used for in-situ structure char- sources, spectrofluorimeters and a nano-

acterization and melt processing of shear second spectrofluorimeter are available for Organic molecules with highly delocalized mixed polymer blends and alloys. carrying out this research. 7t-conjugated electrons offer great potential

in the field of non-linear optics due to their Researchers currently are testing kinetic Contact:

relatively large second-order susceptibilities theories of phase separation and late-stage Tony Bur

and their picosecond response times. The coarsening and the control of morphology (301) 975-6748

orientation and stability of orientation of and mechanical properties of microphase- B2 10 Polymer Building

polar groups in polymers containing these separated polymer blends. As part of this

groups are being investigated by measure- program, they are working with industry to ments of uv-visible spectroscopy, dielectric study the homogenization and phase coars- METALLURGY relaxation, and space charge or polariza- ening of rubber blends. Division Contact: tion distribution. Contact: E. Neville Pugh

Techniques to monitor the degree of cure of Charles C. Han (301) 975-5960 thin polymer films used in microelectronic (301) 975-6771 email: [email protected]

packaging are being investigated to corre- B210 Polymer Building fax: (301) 926-7975 late with their mechanical and electrical B26l Materials Building properties. Photoacoustic, and fluorescence, FLUORESCENCE dielectric spectroscopies are among the methods employed. Instrumentation for MONITORING METALLURGICAL PROCESS measuring thermal expansion coefficients CONTROL SENSORS NIST researchers are using fluorescence of thin-film microelectronic packaging spectroscopy to characterize structural and Special facilities at NIST enable researcher materials is being developed. dynamic properties of polymers and to to develop advanced measurement method: Contact: monitor the behavior of polymer flows and standards for application in process G. Davis Thomas during processing. modeling and control for intelligent proce^ 975-672S (301) ing of materials. Measurement methods Fluorescence quenching is employed, for B320 Polymer Building available include ultrasound, eddy current example, to monitor the uniformity of mix- and acoustic emission. In particular, non- ing in polymer blends and in particle-filled contact ultrasonic facilities featuring high POLYMER BLENDS polymer melts. Excimer fluorescence is intensity pulsed lasers and electromagnetic used to monitor the cure of thermoset res-

Blending polymers has become an effective acoustic transducers have been designed. . ins, to detect crystallization and glass transi- method for producing high-performance tion temperatures, and to measure the Coupled with state-of-the-art materials- engineering polymers. The fundamental temperature of polymers during processing. processing equipment and expertise, these data required to design a manufacturing Fluorescence anisotropy is used to measure facilities offer a unique opportunity to asct process include the equilibrium phase dia- molecular orientation and to monitor the tain feasibility and develop prototype speci gram, the energetic interaction parameter non-Newtonian flows of polymer solutions cations for a wide spectrum of sensor need (compatibility) between the blend com- and melts. including the measurement of internal ter ponents, diffusion coefficients, and the perature, phase transformations, surface- interfacial tension. At NIST, small-angle For polymer processing and composites modified layers, porosity, grain size, and are used trans- neutron scattering has been used to meas- monitoring, optical fibers to inclusion/segregate distributions. ure the interaction parameter and phase dia- mit fluorescence and excitation light energy

gram of polymer blends. NIST scientists between the processed polymer and light Contact:

have developed forced Rayleigh scattering George Alers

and temperature- jump light-scattering tech- (301) 975-6139

niques to measure polymer-polymer diffu- Al67 Materials Building

sion and other parameters that control

phase separation kinetics and morphology. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

conditions, such steel CORROSION DATA as in soil and sea- water, electric utility lines in soil, and of PERFORMANCE OF PROGRAM steel in concrete. Currently, NIST research- ADVANCED MATERIALS ers are working on in-situ monitoring of 'jtorrosion reduces manufacturing effi- IN SERVICE electrochemical conditions and using the jienc}', employee safety, consumer safety, information obtained from electrochemical The performance of materials in service fre- ind consumer confidence or perception of measurements to predict the performance of quently deviates from that observed in the j[uality. To help U.S. industries avoid the materials in service. research laboratory. This discrepancy is due jiegative impact of corrosion, NISI and the primarily to chemical reactions that occur Rational Association of Corrosion Engineers Contact: between the service environment and the 4NACE) joined together to form the NACE- Richard E. Ricker material. For new advanced materials, the flST Corrosion Data Program. The objec- (301) 975-6023 lack of service experience makes critical |ive of this program is to use the latest B254 .Materials Building materials selection and design decisions |d\'ances in information science and tech- difficult and inhibits the acceptance of these kology to provide industn.- with convenient MICROSTRUCTURE AND materials by industry. NIST scientists are Ind reliable information on materials per- working to assist the development of Drmance and corrosion control. Working DEFECTS IN CAST ALLOYS advanced materials by studying the mecha- .ith experts from industr\', NACE-NIST Recent advances in the modeling of metal nisms by which service environments influ- jiowledge engineers work to develop expert j solidification are making possible a quanti- ence the performance of these materials. jystems, databases, and modeling programs j tative understanding of the development of Ultimately, the goal is to develop methods Jizt are distributed to industry to help avoid microstructure and the origin of defects in for measuring, quantifying, and predicting ^/orrosion failures. cast metal parts. NIST researchers are inves- the performance of any new material in any

fontact: tigating the ways in which knowledge of application. j !ichard E. Ricker thermodynamic phase equilibria and of the Contact: 501) 975-6023 dynamics of phase transformations can be Richard E. Ricker ;254 Materials Building used to improve the modeling of complex (301) 975-6023 alloys. Thermophysical properties of these B254 Materials Building alloys at elevated temperatures are being CORROSION measured to provide a basis for the model- yiEASUREMENTS AND ing studies. MAGNETIC MATERIALS

VIONITQRING Working in collaboration with a consortium As part of the NIST program in magnetic

of industries and universities established materials, researchers are studying the 'he conrosion of metals in natural and man- under the auspices of the Office of Intelli- magnetic properties of alloys and their rela- nade environments is verv' costly to industry gent Processing of Materials, NIST workers tionship to metallurgical structure. Nano- ind government. Researchers at NIST are are analyzing samples produced in their composites, composition-modulated alloys, •orking to develop improved laboraton' and own laboratories or in the foundries of their high-temperature superconductors, metallic ield techniques for measuring and monitor- collaborators. Such samples are used to test glasses, and icosahedral crystals are among ng the chemical reactions that degrade the and refine the models so that they can be the materials being investigated. Hysteresis, erformance of materials in service. NIST used more effectively to shorten the design Barkhausen effect, and other magnetic prop- riearchers were instrumental in the devel- stage of industrial casting processes. erties of materials are being investigated 'pment of transient and static electrochemi- through computer modeling. Magnetic prop- al techniques for assessing corrosion In addition, advanced sensors are being erties are characterized by ac and dc (vector eactions such as potentiodynamic polariza- developed to monitor the solidification VSM and SQUID), magnetic susceptibility on, electrochemical noise, ac impedance, process. measurements, magnetocaloric properties, ind in-situ ellipsometry. Also, NIST Contact: Barkhausen effect, magneto-optic Kerr fesearchers have developed methods for Robert]. Schaefer effect, flux distribution imaging, ferro- ineasuring the corrosion I of metals in field (301) 975-6162 A153 Materials Building ,

84 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

magnetic resonance, and Mossbauer effect MECHANICAL PROPERTIES observations. Magnetic standards are being REACTOR RADIATION developed. Applications include magnetic OF ADVANCED MATERIALS Division Contact: refrigeration, intelligent processing of Reliable databases of the mechanical prop- Michael Rowe materials, information storage, and J. erties of advanced materials, such as inter- (301) 975-6210 non-destructive evaluation. metallics and metal-matrix composites, are email: [email protected] Contact: needed to facilitate their exploitation in fax: (301) 869-4770 Lawrence H. Bennett industrial applications. Materials scientists A106 Reactor Building

(301) 975-5966 and engineers at NIST are developing the

email: [email protected] specialized mechanical test methods and

Bl 52 Materials Building measurement techniques needed to evaluate NEUTRON the properties of these materials, which NON-DESTRUCTIVE VAPOR-DEPOSITED often exhibit anisotropy, inhomogeneity, EVALUATION ver}' low ductility, or other characteristics

THIN FILMS that negate the use of conventional test Neutron radiography has been a well-

methods. established tool for non-destructive evalu- Obtaining new fundamental understanding afion (NDE) for some time. More recent of the detailed physics and chemistry of Extensive facilities are available for this neutron applications in NDE include neu- thin-film formation from high-temperature work. These include a wide range of testing tron diffraction for texture and residual vapor sources is an objective of NISI re- equipment with associated instrumentation stress determination. All three of these searchers. This effort is currently developing for tensile, compressive, and torsional tests, specialties are available for cooperafive a laser-produced vapor deposition facility, and also for combined load and fracture research and development at the NIST reac with measurement access for a variety of tests under a variety of simulated service tor. In general, these techniques parallel existing vapor diagnostics facilities. environments. In addition, separate labora- their X-ray counterparts; however, in certai tories are devoted to fatigue, creep, impact, These in-situ facilities include high- cases (such as where hydrogenous compo- and hardness testing. The staff has extensive pressure sampling molecular beam mass nents are critical, or subsurface texture or experience in all of these areas as well as in spectrometry, optical multichannel emis- residual stress distributions are sought) related fields such as failure analysis, ana- sion spectroscopy, laser-induced fluores- X-rays do not provide the needed sensitivity lytical fracture mechanics, stress analysis, cence spectroscopy, and optogalvanic effect or penetration. and the modeling of mechanical processes. spectroscopy. These diagnostic techniques NIST and Department of Defense (DOD) provide time- resolved, species-specific gas- Examples of recent and current activities in scientists are continuing a cooperative phase compositions during the gas transport these areas include mechanical property project to develop and apply neutron diffrc process. measurements from the microscale (e.g., tion to texture and residual stress charac- electronic solder connecfions) to multi- In addition, film characterization facilities, terization. Texture studies have centered o million pound-force scales (e.g., fracture including magneto-optical Kerr effect, SEM copper, tantalum, and uranium-alloy coo" toughness of heavy section steels) and stud- and TEM-based X-ray analysis, and Auger/ ponents for a variety of DOD end items; ies of the fatigue properties of metal-matrix ESCA are available. Current plans are to recent work has included ceramic super- composites and the residual stresses in extend measurements on film-producing conductors. Neutron residual stress studies welds. environments to conventional sputtering have focused on components made of the

conditions as well. Films of current interest Contact: above metals, ceramics, fiber-reinforced

include electronic, magnetic, and high Tc Leonard Mordfin ceramic composites, and steel—includins materials. (301) 975-6168 weldments. B144 Materials Building Contact: NIST scientists are collaborating with scie

John W. Hastie tists from the Smithsonian Institution to

(301) 975-5754 continue the examination of art works by B106 Materials Building MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

autoradiography. The technique temperature (0.3 K to 1300 K) and pressure Seutron NEUTRON DIFFRACTION Iso has been appUed to industry-related devices are available for changing sample

problems, and efforts are being made to environments. Precise information on crystal structures in Jextend its capabilities to cold neutron Contact: solids is often a key to understanding or iautoradiography. improving the properties of modern mate- J. Michael Rowe rials and creating new materials with spe- kk)ntact: (301) 975-6210 cific properties. Many important materials, Penr\'J. Prask email: [email protected] for example, fullerenes, ceramics, catalysts, pQl) 975-6226 John J. Rush and rapidly solidified alloys, often can be )email: [email protected] (301) 975-6231 obtained only in powdered form. In addi- - iA106 Reactor Building El 51 Reactor Building tion to single-crystal diffraction, state-of- the-art capabilities are available at NIST for

INEUTRON SPECTROSCOPY measuring and analyzing the crystal and

SMALL-ANGLE NEUTRON magnetic structure of polycrystalline mate- The vibrational dynamics and diffusion of rials by neutron diffraction. Both single- hvdrogen in metals and molecular species SCAHERING crystal and multidetector, high-resolution in heterogeneous catalysts, clays, and other Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is powder diffractometers are available. lavered materials are studied at NISI with used to characterize submicron structural r.elastic and quasi-elastic neutron scatter- NIST researchers continue to develop and magnetic properties of materials in the

.." g. The results of this research reveal the improved methods for accurate structure size regime from 1 nm to 500 nra. The SANS bonding states and atomic-scale interac- refinement. A major effort is under way in diffraction patterns produced by structural tions and diffusion paths in such materials. relating atomic arrangement, including features in this size regime—for example, Recent progress has allowed in-situ spectro- defects, to superconducting properties in by small precipitates or cavities in metal scopic studies of hydrogen and molecular high Tc ceramic superconductors. In addi- alloys, by micropores or cracks in ceramics, species down to 0.1 of an atomic percent. tion, a number of industrial scientists are by colloidal suspensions and micro- collaborating with NIST staff in neutron dif- These measurements can provide direct emulsions, or by polymers and biological fraction studies of inorganic catalysts, new information, for example, on the molecular macromolecules—can be analyzed to give kinds of ionic conductors for small batteries processes that affect reaction and selective information on the size and shape of the and fuel cells, improved ceramics for micro- release of chemicals in industrial catalysts scattering centers as well as their size distri- circuit substrates and engine components, and on the local trapping and clustering of bution, surface area, and number density. and high-performance lightweight alloys hydrogen in metals and semiconductors, This detailed microstructure information for advanced aircraft. which cause embrittlement, corrosion, or is often a key to the prediction or under-

changes in electronic properties. Collabora- standing of the performance or failure Contact:

tions with researchers from outside laborato- modes of structural materials and materials Edward Prince

ries also include studies of the dynamics of processing conditions. (301) 975-6230

atonis and molecules in fullerenes and email: [email protected] A number of scientists from the chemical, other molecular solids, alloys, and zeolites. Antonio Santoro communications, advanced materials, and (301) 975-6232 For the above research, the equipment avail- aerospace industries already are engaged in

able includes three-axis neutron crystal SANS research at NIST. E151 Reactor Building spectrometers and time-of-flight spectrom- Three SANS instruments are available in the eters for inelastic scattering, which, along NIST Cold Neutron Research Facility, which with neutron diffractometers, measure struc- is described on page 88. tural and dynamic processes in the time Contact: regime from 10''°s to 10''''s. Controlled Charles]. Glinka

(301) 975-6242 email: [email protected] E151 Reactor Building MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

NEUTRON REFLECTOMETRY Sample environments for low and high tem- RESEARCH perature, low and high pressure, and high .

magnetic fields are routinely available. 1 The importance of thin films, layer struc- FACILITIES

On-line graphics, plotting, and data fitting t tures, and interfaces has grown significantly

' are available via personal computers, in the last few years in a number of applica-

Macintoshes, Micro-VAXs, and a DEC 5810. i, tions areas. Analogous to electromagnetic NIST RESEARCH REACTOR

neutrons can undergo specular radiation, • Elastic Scattering. Three beam ports are The NIST research reactor is a national reflection at surfaces. Because neutrons can dedicated to elastic scattering studies. A new center for the application of reactor radia- distinguish between different isotopes of the high-resolution powder diffractometer is tion to a variety of problems of national same element (such as hydrogen and installed at beam tube 1 (BT-1). It is a concern. A wide variety of internal and exter- deuterium), can penetrate to focus on sub- 32-detector instrument that provides three nal programs have benefited from the broad surface interfaces, and are sensitive to mag- monochromator positions, each set at range of capabilities available to research- netic properties of materials, they provide 0.154-nm wavelength but at different take- ers from industry, universities, and govern- an important complement to other surface off angles to allow maximum flexibility in ment laboratories. probes. selecting the optimal resolution function foi CAPABILITIES a given measurement. Collimations down tc Thermal neutron reflectometry and grazing- The NIST reactor is an enriched-uranium, 7'-20'-7' are available. angle diffraction are currently available at D2O cooled and moderated reactor, with the NIST reactor. For the former, reflectivi- a peak thermal core flux of 4 x 10^^ A triple-axis spectrometer with a four-circle ties as low as 2 X 10'^ have been measured, neutrons/cm^-s. The core comprises 30 fuel goniometer is installed at BT-6 and is used which is competitive with any neutron elements of a unique, split-core design, in primarily for residual stress and texture reflectometer in the world. An even more which nine radial beam tubes look at a measurements, although inelastic scatter- sensitive instrument is now operational in 17-cm gap between fuel-element halves. A ing experiments also can be performed. Thi the NIST Cold Neutron Research Facility. large-volume cold source, two tangential spectrometer is typically operated in the ela: Reflectometry studies at NIST and elsewhere and one vertical beam tube, a thermal col- tic scattering mode without an analyzer for include superconducting and magnetic lay- umn, several vertical thimbles, and four texture studies and with the analyzer for ers, magnetic multilayers, polymer inter- "rabbit" tubes complete the configuration. residual stress measurements. Incident ener faces, and solid-liquid interfaces. The reactor operates continuously, 24 hours gies are continuously variable with 2 0m's 20' 75' a day on monthly cycles, followed by from to available. Beam sizes up to Neutron grazing-angle diffraction —first approximately a week of shutdown for 30 X 50 mm^ and down to 2 x 2 mm^ (for demonstrated at NIST— is a very new tech- residual stress studies) are utilized. Single- nique. With this approach, lattice spacings refueling and maintenance. crystal structure determinations are per- of planes with normals parallel to the The reactor utilizes the flux available in a formed on this instrument while a new sample surface are determined to depths very efficient manner through relatively residual stress/texture/single-crystal diffrac of ~ 10 nm. short core-to-instrument distances and tometer is being completed on BT-8. Co7itact: large-diameter beam tubes. As a result, the A new thermal-neutron reflectometer, in Charles F. Majkrzak flux on the sample for certain instruments which the incident beam can be polarized (301) 975-5251 is comparable to that at other major and the spin state of the reflected beam an: email: [email protected] research reactors of higher power and lyzed, is operational on BT-7. In this reflec E151 Reactor Building peak core flux. tometer, a pyrolytic graphite (PG) filtered The experimental facilities in the reactor beam is incident on the vertically focusing hall are used for neutron scattering and dif- PG monochromator set for a principal wav fraction, neutron radiography, trace analy- length of 0.235 nm. For collimations of sis and depth profiling, neutron dosimetry

and standards development, irradiations,

and isotope production. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

1' - - r preceding and following the raono- Radiochemical separations for specific ele- • Irradiation Facilities. Four pneumatic phromator, respectively, the wavelength reso- ments and multielement analysis at the tubes for 40-cm^ rabbits with fluence ranges 10^'^ lution 51/1- 0.01, and the actual flux on ultratrace level are available. A thermal of 3 X 10^ 4o 2 X n/cm^-s for irradia-

hhe sample is ~ 5 x 10' neutrons/cm"-s. neutron-capture prompt-gamma activation tions of seconds up to hours are available.

(Two %e detectors are incorporated: one for analysis facility is operational, with a neu- The cadmium ratio range for these facilities Q 9 retlectivit}' measurements; the other for tron fluence of 5 x 10 n/cm^-s in a 2-cm- is 4 to 3000 (Au). For long irradiations pazing-angle-diffraction experiments. diameter beam. 6-cm- and 9-cm-diameter in-core thimbles

are used. These are D2O filled with fluences -Polarization of the incident beam is accom- A thermal neutron-depth-profiling facility is of 2-4 X 10^^ n/cm^-s. plished in transmission by one or more installed on BT-3 for non-destructive deter-

polarizing Fe-Si supermirrors deposited on mination of near-surface elemental depth • Neutron Radiography. Radiography

l5ingle-cr\'Stal Si substrates. Reflectivities distributions in a variety of materials. Sensi- facilities are available at a highly thermal- 10^^ ' iown to about 2 x 10' with a signal-to- tivities approaching atoms/cm" with a ized beam of the thermal column. Fluences

spatial resolution of better than 30 for range from 10 to 10 n/cm -s, depending . ise ratio of about 1 have been measured. nm

depths of 5 mm to 20 mm are achievable. on resolution, with a Cd ratio of 500:1 and • Inelastic Scattering. Three triple-axis an L/D ratio adjustable from 20:1 to 500:1. ' -lastic scattering spectrometers are • Neutron Standards and Dosimetry. A The beam is 25 cm in diameter at the erational. The BT-4 instrument employs number of neutron fields for standards and f image plane 2 m from the reactor face. :.vo remotely selectable, vertical-focusing dosimetry are available. These include a Facilities for autoradiography also have Tionochromator crv'Stals (pyrohlic graphite Cf fission source, a ^^^U cavity fission been developed. arid Cu), which provide incident energies source, the thermal column beam, an inter-

Tom 3 meV to 300 meV continuously. It is mediate energy standard neutron field, and

.loable of elastic-peak resolution down to 2-, 24.5-, and 144-keV filtered beams.

j.u4 meV and also can be used in the

inverted-filter mode for energy-loss

-ctroscopy of vibrations in the 15-meV

.0 280-meV range. The BT-9 spectrometer

ifkis variable incident energy in the

5-meV to 50-raeV range and coUimations iowntol0'-12'-12'-l6'.

The BT-2 instrument has both triple- axis

and polarized-beam (up to 96 percent)

capabilities. Either a pyrolytic graphite or a

^Hjsler-alloy monochromator, each verti-

.aily focused, are available, with remotely

insertable cold berv'llium or pyrolytic graph-

ite filters. Built-in guide fields and spin rota-

'ors and collimation as low as 10'-5'-5'-20'

rt available.

• Elemental Analysis. Neutron activation

analysis is performed utilizing the clean

oom for sample preparation, the reactor

rradiation facilities, semi-hot and warm

radiochemistry labs, and state-of-the-art

radiation-counting labs. Development

of methodology has aimed at accuracies

and sensitivities over concentrations of 10'^" percent to 100 percent. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

APPLICATIONS • Depth-Profiling Instrument. With a meas- Many of the principal applications have COLD NEUTRON RESEARCH ured chemical sensitivity 20 times that of been described elsewhere in this report. FACILITY the existing NIST thermal-beam instru- Others include: ment, this station features automated sam- The NIST Cold Neutron Research Facility ple • Structural and Spectroscopic Studies of handling, near real-time spectral (CNRF) is the first in the United States processing, Magnetic Materials. Recent efforts have goniometer positioning of sam- devoted exclusively to cold neutron focused on rare-earth compounds, amor- ple and detectors, and sample temperature research. The facility provides U.S. research- control. phous magnets and spin glasses, super- Increased signal intensity will per- ers prime access to a key tool of modern mit conductors, magnetic bilayers, and multidimensional imaging of elemen- materials science. When fully complete in tal distributions hydrogen in metals. and profiling of nuclides 1994, the $30 million project will provide with absorption cross-sections for charged • Elemental Analysis Programs. Examples 15 new experimental stations for use by U.S. particle emission of less than 1 barn. include studies in environmental chemistry, researchers, with capabilities currently • nutrition, biomedicine, energy and elec- unavailable in this country. Prompt-Gamma-Ray Activation Analysis. Providing much greater sensitivity for this tronic devices—with emphasis on Standard The facility is focused on the cold source, a Reference Materials for these applications. method than any existing thermal-beam block of D2O ice (with 8 percent H2O added) instrument in the world, this equipment pro- • Neutron Dosimetiy Studies. Specific proj- cooled to -40 K by recirculating helium vides unique measurements of chemical ele- ects include neutron fluence standards for gas. The cold source is viewed by one port ments, such as hydrogen (detection limit power reactor pressure vessel irradiation sur- inside the reactor hall and seven neutron <2 jig), that are difficult to detect by other veillance, ultralight mass assay for commer- guide tubes. The guide hall and associated means. cial track recorder detectors, absolute office and laboratory space has more than • fission-rate measurements, and develop- tripled the workspace available at NIST for Medium Resolution Time-of-Flight ment of thermal neutron beam monitors. neutron beam researchers. Spectrometer. The energy resolution of this

instrument, 40 to 6OO jieV, is suitable for a AVAILABILITY CAPABILITIES broad range of studies of diffusional There are 25 thermal neutron facilities at Instruments currently in operation include: motions and magnetic and vibrational exci- the reactor, which provide about 125,000 • Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS). tations. A combination of double-crystal instrument hours per year. In 1992, over The NIST/Exxon/University of Minnesota monochromator and Fermi chopper, with a 700 researchers from 14 NIST divisions, 28 and the NSF/NIST Center for High Resolu- detector array covering a large range of scat- other government organizations, 1 14 U.S. tion Neutron Scattering (CHRNS) 30-meter tering angles, allows incident energies from industrial and university laboratories, and SANS instruments combine long flight paths 2.2 to 15.5 meV and (elastic) momentum 65 foreign laboratories utilized the facili- and variable collimation to provide flexibil- transfers from 1.0 to 49 nm"\ ties, either collaboratively with NIST staff or ity, angular resolution, and beam intensi- independently. • NIST/IBM/University of Minnesota Cold ties that compare favorably with any SANS Neutron Reflectometer. This instrument is Contact: instruments in the world. Large-area expected to exceed the sensitivity of the ther- position-sensitive detectors provide excep- J. Michael Rowe mal instrument—already among the best (301) 975-6210 tional sensitivity to materials structures in the world. In addition, the CNRF reflec- email: [email protected] ranging from roughly 1 nm to 500 nm. An tometer incorporates vertical scattering- A106 Reactor Building 8-m SANS instrument also is available. Com- plane geometry and a horizontal sample puter-automated equipment is available for plane that allows examination of liquid maintaining samples at temperatures from surfaces. Independent movement of sample 4 K to 700 K and in magnetic fields up to and detector allows measurement of off- 20 kilogauss. To extract structural informa- specular scattering. A grazing- angle diffrac- tion from the data, the researchers analyze tion capability will be added in the future. SANS patterns with an interactive color

graphics system and related programs. • Fundamental Physics Station. Available

Polarized neutron capabilities are planned for use only in collaboration with the NIST

for both 30-m instruments. fundamental physics research group, an end

guide position physics station currently is

instrumented for a new measurement of the MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

30-METER SANS INTERFEROMETER

ifetime of the neutron. A second fundamen- semiconductors, high-tech materials, air- METALS PROCESSING ;al neutron physics station, a neutron inter- pollution filters, and other samples; and ferometer, is also operational. neutron decay rates. LABORATORY

» A neutron optical bench is available for AVAILABILITY The metals processing laboratory at NIST The CNRF operates as a national facility ;esting and calibrating neutron devices such contains special facilities for the production open to all qualified researchers. NISI as focusing capillary tubes. of rapidly solidified alloys, including equip- develops experimental stations for use by ment for gas atomization and electrohydro- » A cold neutron triple- axis spectrometer is the general U.S. research community. Two- dynamic atomization to produce rapidly operational. thirds of the available time on these stations solidified alloy powders, melt spinning to (three-fourths on CHRNS instruments) will Instruments planned for completion by produce rapidly solidified alloy ribbons, be allocated by a Program Advisory Commit- :he end of 1994 include a spin-polarized and electron beam surface melting to pro- tee (PAC) on the basis of scientific merit of nelastic neutron spectrometer, a high- duce rapidly solidified surface layers. Hot written proposals. The second mode involves resolution time-of-flight spectrometer, a isostatic pressing equipment is available for Participating Research Teams (PRTs), oack-reflection spectrometer, and a spin- consolidating alloy powders. echo spectrometer. which are developing the remaining sta- CAPABILITIES tions. The PRTs are responsible for design, APPLICATIONS construction, and maintenance of the facili- • Gas Atomization. The gas atomization The unusual sensitivity' and range of meas- ties in return for three-fourths of the avail- system can be used to produce up to 25 kg irements possible at the NISI CNRF provide able time. The remaining time will be of rapidly solidified alloy powder per batch ipplications in materials structures, mate- allocated by the PAC. For all instrumental while maintaining a controlled atmosphere rials dynamics, chemical analysis, and stations, instrument-responsible scientists throughout the atomizing and powder han- |>ieutron physics. Currently operational will be designated to assist users in perform- dling process. High-energy gas (Ar or N) instruments are used to study microstruc- ing their experiments. impinging on a liquid metal stream breaks mres in metals, ceramics, and colloidal mix- up the liquid into small droplets, which tures; thin films, layered structures, and Contact: solidify rapidly. Cooling rates are up to fnterfacial properties; magnetic properties J. Michael Rowe 10^ K/s. The atomized powder, entrained and shear-induced phenomena; molecular (301) 975-6210 in the gas flow, is collected in removable, .geometry of polymer and biological macro- email; [email protected] vacuum-tight canisters. This facility can be Tiolecules; chemical composition of AI06 Reactor Building used for proprietary research. 90 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

• Electrohydrodynamic Atomization. In the AVAILABILITY APPLICATIONS

electrohydrodynamic atomization system, a These facilities are designed to produce The facility can be used to study a variety of alloy research samples that otherwise are questions, such as the details of resin liquid metal stream is injected into a strong flow difficult for users to obtain. Typically, electric field. The field causes the stream to indus- and void formation during processing and

disintegrate into droplets, which solidify trial companies or universities send workers the influence of processing conditions, fiber to NIST to participate in preparing alloys rapidly to produce extremely fine (<1 |im of orientation, and fiber-surface treatments on

diameter) alloy powder. Powder produced special industrial and scientific interest for performance. further analyses in their home laboratories by this process is well-suited for studying AVAILABILITY and to collaborate with NIST scientists in solidification dynamics. As the system is Used by NIST staff in an active research pro- inve.stigations of generic relationships presently configured, small quantities for gram on polymer composites, the facility is between processing conditions and resulting microscopic examination can be produced available for collaborative studies with alloy microstructures and properties. from alloys with melting points up to industry, academic institutions, and other

900 °C. Contact: government agencies.

John R. Manning • Melt Spinning. Melt-spinning techniques Contact: (301) 975-6157 can be used to produce rapidly .solidified Donald L. Hunston A153 Materials Building alloys in ribbon form. Because of the high (301) 975-6837 cooling rates (up to 10^ K/s) with this A309 Polymer Building method, amorphous alloys as well as crystal- POLYMER COMPOSITE line alloys can be produced. Ribbons up to

3-mm wide and 0.05-mm thick can be pro- FABRICATION FACILITY POWDER

duced in quantities of several grams per The composite fabrication facility permits CHARACTERIZATION batch. Materials with a wide range of melt- the preparation of well-controlled polymer AND PROCESSING ing points, from aluminum alloys to super- composite samples for scientific studies and alloys, have been produced. LABORATORY the evaluation of results from NIST's proc-

• Electron-Beam Surface Melting, An essing science program in a realistic fabrica- Advanced ceramics are manufactured by the

electron-beam system, which provides sur- tion environment. consolidation of fine powders. Researchers

at NIST are working to develop the scientific face melting and subsequent rapid resolidifi- CAPABILITIES foundation needed for improving reproduci- cation of surface layers, can be operated in The facility involves five major components bility and reducing the cost of producing either a pulsed or continuous mode. The and associated support equipment: a ceramic components. The powder charac- electron beam can be focused to a spot less prepregger to prepare sheets (up to 180 cm terization facility offers specialized instru- than 1 mm in diameter and deflected at fre- X 30 cm) of unidirectional fiber coated with mentation for measuring physical quencies up to 5 kHz. resin; a fully computerized autoclave properties, phase composition, and surface capable of temperatures up to 430 °C and • Hot Isostatic Press. A hot isostatic press chemical properties. In addition, facilities pressures up to 2.1 MPa; an automated (HIP) with microprocessor control of the exist for processing and synthesizing hydraulic press (temperatures up to 535 °C) temperature-pressure-time cycle is available ultrapure powders. with water-cooled platens for rapid, con- for consolidation of powder or compacted trolled cooling; a unidirectional flow facil- CAPABILITIES powder shapes. The HIP has a cylindrical ity for characterizing the permeability of working volume 15 cm in diameter and • Physical Properties Measurement. fiber preforms in all three directions; and a 30-cm high. The maximum working pres- Particle-size distribution, specific surface specially designed two-component pumping sure is 207 MPa. The molybdenum furnace area, specific gravity, and porosity are somt system for fabrication of samples by resin has a maximum heating rate of 35 K/min of the major physical properties for which transfer molding and for conducting flow and is capable of maintaining 1500 °C. instrumentation is available. Powder-size visualization experiments. distribution can be determined by gravity

sedimentation followed by X-ray absorptiot

centrifugal sedimentation, light diffraction

and photon correlation spectroscopy. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

• I The size range of these instruments covers Powder Synthesis. The ability to synthe-

0.03 M-m to 200 [im. Each instrument size powders of controlled characteristics is CRYOGENIC MATERIALS I works in a specific range and provides the necessary for development of a powder- I LABORATORY data in the form of a discrete size range. processing knowledge base. The fine-powder i NIST has the nation's leading facilities for The particles are examined directly by the synthesis facility consists of a chemical flow I the evaluation of the mechanical, physical, application of scanning and transmission reactor for controlled synthesis and inert j and thermal properties of materials at low electron microscopy of particles as small as atmosphere chambers. A solution atomizer I temperatures, particularly for liquid helium i 0.001 ^im. is available to generate polydisperse aero- (4 K) and liquid oxygen (90 K). These facili- sols in the range 0.01 |im to I.O jim, as is a I • Surface and Interface Chemistry Measure- ties are used routinely by industry and other spray dryer to form monodisperse agglomer- ments. The surface and interface charac- I government agencies to characterize mate- ates in the range 0.5 [im to 100 |im. terization of powders contributes to the j rials for superconducting magnets, aero- of the surface interactions • Colloidal Suspensions Preparation. Col- ! knowledge base space propulsion systems, and energy in contact with solvents. As the loidal processing of ceramic powders has I of particles storage and transportation equipment.

I particles become smaller, their surface emerged as an attractive technology for pro- CAPABILITIES

1 characteristics become more significant. ducing defect-free ceramics. However, some A wide range of mechanical properties can

I MicroRaman and Fourier transform infra- major issues still remain to be addressed, be measured at cryogenic temperatures, red spectroscopy are used to study surface including the lack of characterization j including tension, compression, torsion, i composition, and electrophoretic mobilit}' techniques for slurries that contain high shear, fatigue, creep, and fracture tough- and acoustophoretic mobility are used to concentrations of solids and scientific under- ness. Eight test machines with maximum study modification to the powder surface as standing of limitations in the preparation I load capacities ranging from 4 KN to

' a result of an interaction with a solvent. of such slurries. The powder processing 5000 KN are equipped with cryostats and laboratory consists of an acoustophoresis • Phase Composition. Since most of the fixtures for the various tests. instrument, a rheometer, a high-energy agi- ceramic powders undergo phase transforma- tation ball mill, and slurry consolidation Elastic constants and related physical prop- tion during densification, understanding equipment. These techniques are used to erties are measured over the temperature the phase changes in specific densification study interface chemistry, flow behavior, range 295 K to 4 K. Thermodynamics links environments is an active part of NIST size reduction, morphology modification, elastic constants with specific heat, thermal research. The Siemens high-temperature and densification of polydisperse particles expansivity, atomic volume, and the Debye .X-ray diffractometer has a temperature and similar processes resulting from inter- temperature. Related studies are conducted range from room temperature to 3000 K a actions between the particles and their in an X-ray diffraction unit equipped with and a position sensitive detector. In addi- environment. cryogenic stage. Other physical property tion, sintering can be carried out in oxygen- measurement capabilities include magnetic free argon or nitrogen environments. AVAILABILITY susceptibility and thermal properties. These facilities are used primarily to sup- • Solid-State Imaging. The solid-state port NIST research programs using ceramic Thermal property measurement capabilities nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) powders. They are available for coUabora- include thermal expansion and thermal spectrometer/imager carries out measure- ative or independent work by qualified gov- conductivity. For insulating materials, ther- ments in chemical shift, nuclear spin den- ernment, industry, or university personnel mal conductivity is measured in guarded

sit)', relaxation times, and imaging of NMR with preference given to projects related to hot plate (GHP) apparatus; the laboratory active nuclear distribution. Ceramic powder ceramics research. has four GHPs with measurement capabili- slurries, green bodies, and dense ceramics ties ranging from 4 K to 1200 K. A fixed- Contact: can be analyzed for identification of impuri- point compression probe is used for Subhas G. Malghan ties, chemical state, and composition distri- conducting materials such as metals. 975-6101 bution by non-destructive evaluation. In (301) email: [email protected] Several unique facilities are available for addition, the NMR can determine amor- A256 Materials Building oxygen compatibility studies. Friction and phous phase content of the powders. wear studies are conducted on bearing mate-

rials for liquid oxygen pumps in a ball-on-

disk tribometer capable of operating in

liquid and gaseous oxygen environments. A high-pressure/high-temperature differential MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

thermal analysis apparatus is used to study calibration are computer controlled. Image CAPABILITIES Small-angle X-ray scattering can be carried the oxidation of metals in liquid-oxygen data are collected by a minicomputer, and a out in the photon energy range from 5 keV propulsion systems. complete collection of software is available

to 1 1 keV. The wavevector is for displaying, analyzing, and modeling the minimum 2 AVAILABILITY 1 resolu- results. 4 X 10 nm' and the wavelength These facilities are available to guest tion is Kk/X = 10'^, enabling anomalous collaborative researchers for programs. Sample chambers are available for measure- small-angle scattering with excellent resolu- NISI routinely performs research and ments at high temperatures and to deform tion. Diffraction imaging of single crystals measurement services for outside sponsors. specimens during measurement. and powders is carried out with monochro-

Contact: APPLICATIONS matic photons between 5 keV and 30 keV. An

Larry L. Sparks The SAXS technique is used to study molecu- energy-tunable X-ray image magnifier en-

(303) 497-3612 lar conformation, microphase domain struc- ables imaging of microstructure down to

email: [email protected] tures, crystallization phenomena, network less than 1 mm. The energy-scanning

Division 853.00 formation, craze initiation, void distribu- experiments, primarily EXAFS, also are per-

Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 tion, and similar phenomena resulting from formed over an energy range from 5 keV to

fluctuations in electron density within a 30 keV.

material. Such studies are currently of SMALL-ANGLE X-RAY APPLICATIONS broad interest in all areas of materials Small-angle scattering measurements on SCAHERING FACILITY science. ceramic and metallurgical materials are

AVAILABILITY used to characterize the microstructure in Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a This facility is operated by members of the the 2-nm to l-|im size range as a function technique in which a highly collimated NIST staff in support of their active research of starting chemistry and processing beam of X-rays (wavelength range 0.07 nm program in polymeric materials. It is avail- parameters. Scattering from a particular to 0.3 nm) is used to probe the structure of able for use by researchers from industry, entity can be separated from other scatterers materials on the size scale of 0. 1 nm to academia, and other government agencies in a complex material using anomalous 100 nm. on either a collaborative or independent small-angle X-ray scattering. Diffraction Materials exhibiting structure in this size basis. imaging is used to study imperfections and biological macro- range include polymers, strains in single crystals and powder com- Contact: metals, alloys. molecules, ceramics, and pacts. The structure of strained semiconduc John D. Barnes The small-angle scattering patterns can be tor interfaces and metal multilayers can be (301) 975-6786 analyzed to characterize the size and shape studied using EXAFS. A combination of email: [email protected] of the scattering centers as well as their EXAFS and diffraction will provide a capabi B210 Polymer Building spatial distribution and surface area. Data ity for site-specific local structure determine obtained from these experiments are com- tion in crystals. plementary to data obtained from other dif- MATERIALS SCIENCE AVAILABILITY fraction studies and from morphological X-RAY BEAMLINES Beam time is available to qualified scien- studies using electron microscopy. tists provided safety requirements are met CAPABILITIES NIST operates two beamstations on the and scheduling arrangements can be made uses port at the National Synchrotron Light The NIST 10-m SAXS camera a 12-kW X23A Proposals for collaborative use of the facil- rotating anode X-ray generator as a source Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National ity are reviewed at NIST; proposals for inde-

is in York. light source of X-rays. The target usually copper Laboratory New The pendent use of the facility should be = additional provides intense continuous-spectrum ?i(Ka) 1.54, but wavelengths an submitted to the NSLS.

are available. The collimation path is beam of collimated and polarized X-rays 10'^ Contact: defined so as to permit a nm'' resolu- many orders of magnitude brighter than the Gabrielle G. Long tion in reciprocal space at the surface of a beams provided by conventional laboratory (301) 975-5975 two-dimensional position-sensitive propor- sources. These two beam stations offer email: [email protected] tional detector. The collimation path and access to dedicated instrumentation for AI63 Materials Building the scattered beam path are evacuated, and small- angle X-ray scattering. X-ray diffrac-

all elements of vacuum operation. X-ray tion imaging (topography) and extended

optical configuration, sample selection, and X-ray absorption fine structure. BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH Major goals of the NIST Building and COOPERATIVE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES Fire Research Laboratory- are to improve OPPORTUNITIES

productivit}' of the U.S. construction the Structures industrv', which now faces stiff competi- 93 Structural, Earthquake, and Wind tion from overseas firms, and to reduce Engineering STRUCTURES the human and economic losses result- Building Materials Division Contact: ing from fires, earthquakes, wnds, and H.S. Lew other hazards. Through performance pre- 94 Cement and Concrete (301) 975-6061 diction and measurement technologies, i 94 Organic Building Materials email: [email protected] as well as technical advances, the labora- Building Environment fax: (301) 869-6275 tory' works to improve the life-cycle qual- Bl68 Building Research Building ity' of constructed facilities. 95 Lighting

95 indoor Air Quality The laboratory studies fire science and 95 Refrigeration Machinery STRUCTURAL, fire safety engineering; building mate- 95 Thermal Insulation rials; computer-integrated construction EARTHQUAKE, practices; and structural, mechanical, 96 Building Controls AND WIND ENGINEERING and environmental engineering. Prod- 96 Computer-Integrated Construction

ucts of the laboratory's research include Under the National Earthquake Hazards Fire Safety Engineering measurements and test methods, per- Reduction Program, NIST performs research 96 Fire Protection Apphcations formance criteria, and technical data and development work used in standards for 97 Fire Modeling that are incorporated into building and the seismic safety of structures. Experimen-

fire standards and codes. Staff members 97 Hazard Analysis tal and analytical research under way at

are involved in more than 100 activities 97 Large Fires NIST helps to develop knowledge for design

to develop voluntary standards. and construction standards for new and Fire Science existing buildings and lifeline structures. The laboratory conducts investigations 97 Advanced Fire Sensing The work involves identifying mechanisms at the scene of major fires as well as Toxic Prediction 98 Smoke and Gas of failure and establishing criteria to ensure structural failures due to earthquakes, 98 Polymer Combustion Research structural safety. hurricanes, or other causes. The knowl-

edge gained from these investigations Research is coordinated with researchers RESEARCH FACILITIES guides research and is applied to recom- and practitioners from industry, academia,

mendations for design and construction 98 Large-Scale Structures Testing and federal and state governments. The

practices to reduce hazards. Facility results provide designers and constructors

99 Tri-Directional Test Facility with improved methods to predict and assess Contact: 99 Large Environmental Chamber the resistance of buildings and structures to Richard N. Wright, Director strengthening 100 Calibrated Hot Box seismic loads, guidelines for (301) 975-5900 :|j new and existing structures, and technolo- Guarded Hot Plate email: [email protected] 100 Line Heat-Source gies to revise civil engineering related stand- fax: (301) 975-4032 100 Fire Research Facilities ards and codes. B2l6 Building Research Building Current research addresses:

• a rational procedure to determine

the ultimate shear strength of partially

reinforced masonry walls;

• strength and ductility of connections in

precast concrete structures; 94 BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

• drift control criteria for flexible frames; This work will help the U.S. construction

industry be competitive in advanced con- • evaluation criteria for base-isolation sys- BUILDING MATERIALS crete materials and construction. The tems and test procedures for evaluating the Division Contact: research is being coordinated with industry response of structures subjected to seismic Geoffrey Frohnsdorff J. and voluntary standards organizations and loading; (301) 975-6706 trade associations, the National Science email: [email protected] • strengthening methodologies for concrete Foundation's Center for Advanced Cement- fax: (301) 990-6891 frame structures; and Based Materials, and federal and state gov- B368 Building Research Building ernment agencies. • effects of subsurface conditions on

ground motion. Contact:

CEMENT AND CONCRETE James R. Clifton Other structural research includes: (301) 975-6707 NIST researchers are undertaking research • studies of structural performance for B348 Building Research Building to develop a fundamental understanding of developing standards and test methods for the relationship between chemistry, micro- high-performance concrete in major con- structure, performance, and service life of struction applications; ORGANIC BUILDING conventional and high-performance con- MATERIALS • response of low-rise structures and clad- crete and other inorganic building mate-

to wind loads; ding extreme rials. Their goal is to develop tools for NIST is conducting basic and applied

predicting the behavior of these materials research to develop methods for predicting • techniques and instrumentation for and their service lifetimes. The service life the performance and service life of organic assessing the properties of existing struc- of concrete largely depends on the rate of building materials, such as protective coat- tures and for developing technical criteria moisture ingress and of transport of dis- ings for steel, roofing materials, and and methodologies for strengthening and solved salts and gases in the pore system of asphalt. Researchers at the Institute are repairing existing structural members and the concrete. investigating degradation mechanisms, systems; and improving characterization methods, and Models are being developed to consider serv- • analytical and experimental methods for developing mathematical models of the ice conditions, including the chemistry of identification of dynamic response charac- degradation processes. Stochastic models, the environment; the transport rate of reac- teristics of flexible structural members and which are based in reliability theory and tants by diffusion, convection, and capillary networks. life-testing analysis, are included in the forces; and reaction mechanisms. Research- modeling efforts for coatings and roofing Contact: ers are developing mathematical and simu- materials. H.S. Lew lation models to predict the relationships 975-6061 (301) between pore structure and diffusion and To help in understanding the mechanisms email: [email protected] permeability of concrete. of degradation and provide data for models, 'i BI68 Building Research Building materials are characterized in many ways, t| Research projects include development and including Fourier transform infrared spec- J validation of mathematical models of

troscopy, thermal analysis, scanning elec- ijj microstructure development in cement tron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray, pastes as the cement hydrates, the effects of and visual and infrared imaging. Research- microstructure on permeability and fracture ers also are developing improved ways to of concrete, and mechanisms of degrada- characterize atmospheric environments to tion of concrete. Artificial intelligence sys- which these materials are exposed. Charac- tems are being developed for optimizing the terization of environmental parameters that selection of materials and for diagnosing cause degradation is needed to link mate- the causes of material degradation. The rial properties with service life. research is performed using a variety of tech-

niques, including scanning electron micros-

copy, computerized image analysis, X-ray

diffraction, and thermal analysis. BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

The NIST work provides a strong scientific the near future to study the effects of dim-

-ind technical basis for standards used by ming, thermal mass, and external solar REFRIGERATION industn'. The research is coordinated with conditions. MACHINERY voluntar}' standards organizations and trade Contact: NIST researchers are exploring refrigerant associations, industry', and other federal Behnda L. Collins mixtures to improve the efficiency agencies. of refrig- (301) 975-6455 eration cycles and replace harmful fluoro- Contact: email: [email protected] carbon refrigerants that are believed to be Geoffrey Frohnsdorff A313 Building Research Building damaging the ozone layer of the upper at- '301) 975-6706 mosphere. Working with industry, they help email: [email protected] improve capabilities in determining the per- B368 Building Research Building INDOOR AIR QUALITY formance of refrigeration mixtures and help

Measurement and testing procedures, tech- refrigeration equipment manufacturers in

nical data, and comprehensive indoor air- designing refrigeration systems.

BUILDING ENVIRONMENT qualitv' models are being developed by NIST The researchers evaluate a wide variety of researchers as part of a multiyear program Division Contact: refrigeration cycles by using a breadboard to improve indoor air quality in buildings. ' ivass E. Hill heat pump to "plug" and "unplug" circuits The results of this work produce improved ^01) 975-5851 and components. The breadboard heat methods to predict and perform ventilation Tiail: [email protected] pump will be altered to test new refrigera- measurements for use by researchers and lix: (301) 990-4192 tion cycles. This is based on the results of a practitioners to predict and design room ^ E306 Building Research Building theoretical study being conducted to find environments, including air distribution, the optimal combination of mixtures and air qualit}', design ventilation systems, and appropriate refrigeration cycles for the best ILIGHTING ventilation performance of existing systems. and most versatile performance. The "best"

[The NIST hghting program focuses on Experiments are being conducted in several of the advanced cycles will be selected and built ^fundamental measurements of interior large buildings to develop test methods to equipment and evaluated. A mini- breadboard that uses a very luminance and illuminance distributions, evaluate how air moves into and within small charge also has been built so that rare refrigerants light fixture output, and the interaction be- large commercial buildings. The research- of limited production can be studied. tween lighting and HVAC systems. NIST re- ers are developing comprehensive computer Research findings are incorporated into search-ers are working to develop improved models to predict pollutant levels from appropriate standards and codes. evaluation methods and design tools for de- sources introduced into buildings from out-

sign and of efficient lighting door air and those generated inside from operation sys- Contact: jtems; test and rating methods to determine sources such as combustion equipment and David A. Didion ^nerg\' performance of lighting fixtures and floor and wall coverings. (301) 975-5881 svstems; and lighting qualit)' metrics sensi- The first phase of the research is complete. email: [email protected] iiive to changes in obstruction, reflections, Models exist that can predict indoor con- B114 Building Research Building different lighting configurations. Their taminant levels as functions of emission, •research is performed in collaboration with dilution, and intrabuilding air movement. [industry organizations, including profes- THERMAL INSULATION The models currently are being extended to isional societies, trade associations, acade- model reactive contaminants. Researchers at NIST are developing basic 'mia, and federal and state governments. data and simulation models for heat, air, Contact: i^urrent research includes a major project and moisture transfer through building Andrew K. Persily ,3n the measurement and modeling of the envelope components. They are developing (301) 975-6418 [interaction of lighting and HVAC in a simu- and validating a theoretical model for mois- email: [email protected] lated interior office module. This research ture transfer, completing research required A3 13 Building Research Building 'Will result in the development of a detailed to develop a low-conductivity Standard

:omputer model for predicting the effects of Reference Material (SRM), and refining a

iifferent types of lighting and HVAC systems. dynamic test procedure for building

Modifications will be made to the facility in components. 96 BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

A 1-m guarded hot plate is used to develop decisions that optimize building perform- cation Protocol (AP) to meet a high-priority

SRMs; to determine thermal conductivity ance, and perform diagnostics to advise data exchange requirement of industry and

values for various materials, such as CFC- the building operator or manager on build- government. It also has produced a proto-

blown insulation; and to provide measure- ing operations, equipment problems, type AP framework to provide a structure

ment services to manufacturers and or maintenance requirements. Work is to classify APs and to plan DOD Computer-

researchers. A calibrated hot box is used to under way to develop an HVAC/building Aided Acquisition and Logistics Support Pro-

measure the steady-state and dynamic per- emulator/EMCS tester, which will provide a gram APs and the work of the International

formance of full-scale wall systems. method for evaluating application Organization for Standardization's project

algorithms. on developing the Standard for the This work provides the national "meter- Exchange of Product Model Data. bar" for the thermal insulation industry. All Contact:

advertised thermal insulation product per- George E. Kelly Contact:

formance is traceable to measurements (301) 975-5870 Kent A. Reed

made in this program. email; [email protected] (301) 975-5852 BII4 Building Research Building email: [email protected] Contact: B306 Building Research Building A. Hunter Fanney (301) 975-5864 COMPUTER-INTEGRATED email: [email protected] CONSTRUCTION FIRE SAFETY ENGINEERING B320 Building Research Building

NIST researchers are developing rational Division Contact: BUILDING CONTROLS techniques for defining and testing com- Andrew Fowell puter representations of information needed (301) 975-6865

NIST research is fostering the development throughout the building process, from the email: [email protected]

of more intelligent, integrated, and opti- conception of a building to its demolition. fax: (301) 975-4052 mized building mechanical systems. A The goal of the program is to develop vali- B250 Polymer Building

dynamic building/heating, ventilating, and dated neutral data representations for use in

air-conditioning control system simulation standards for accessing, exchanging, and FIRE PROTECTION program is used to study HVAC/control archiving information. As a corollary, the

system dynamics and interactions. An program seeks to develop testing methods APPLICATIONS expanded building management and con- that assure consistency, completeness, and The expedient transfer of scientifically trols laboratory is used to assist the building correctness of information. The research based technology from NIST to the profes- controls industry in the development, evalu- draws on evolving information technolo- sional user community and the creation of ation, and testing of communication proto- gies, including knowledge engineering and a link between NIST computer-based activi- col standards for the open exchange of semantic modeling. Subject areas for ties and others doing similar or comple- information. NIST technologies serve as a research include standards and codes, mentary work will enhance fire safety and basis for ASHRAE standards to assist the engineering drawings, and product data. reduce its costs. Over the past decade, NIST control system manufacturers to develop Past research has resulted in methodologies researchers have developed many computer interoperable systems and methods for test- for representing, analyzing, and expressing models of various aspects of fire. Research- ing conformance to the standard. standards, and for interfacing standards to ers develop engineering systems for design Recent The application of knowledge-based systems computer-aided design systems. application and fire investigation, collect results in the development to buildings is a new area of research. Plans are being applied supporting data and programs, and operate

call for exploring how real-time models, and validation of national and interna- training programs and user workshops.

"tuning" techniques, forecasting, optimal tional standards for product data. This work This work has resulted in advanced method control theory, and a rule-based expert sys- led to the improved 3D Piping IGES Appli- to solve fire safety problems, which are ther tem can be combined to evaluate control implemented through improved designs an system performance, make control strategy regulations. BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY 97

In addition, NIST maintains the Fire permit the quantitative assessment of haz- SF6 mixtures to measure the flow of strongly

Research Information Service (FRIS) con- ard and risk from fires. Researchers base buoyant fire gases in building structures jsisting of national and international fire these methods on numerical modeling but will provide a tool to reduce vulnerability to

: research literature and FIREDOC, the auto- also include hand-calculation methods for large fires.

! mated database of fire research literature. estimating hazards and design curves/ NIST also is measuring smoke plumes from J FRIS is the only comprehensive national tables to be used by architects and engi- large, open-air fires to help develop com- library' resource for the fire community. neers. To ensure widespread use, the neces-

I puter models that can predict their size and sary data must be readily available, and

\ Contact: movement. Further fire dynamics research data input and presentation must be in Richard Bukowski j and advanced computational fluid dynam- terms readily understandable by the average !(301) 975-6853 ics will lead to methods capable of assessing professional. Thus, the projects include a lemail: [email protected] the local impact of large fires. These meth- strong emphasis on state-of-the-art com- 'B250 Building Research Building ods can be used by industry in preplanning puter graphics and computer-aided design analysis for potential accidents or as techni- techniques. cal support for emergency response. [FIRE MODELING The results of this research help manufac- Contact: Predictive fire models need accurate repre- turers, purchasers, designers, code officials, David D. Evans sentations of burning objects. The most fire investigators, and practitioners evaluate (301) 975-6899 important of these for residences are uphol- the fire hazard implications of the products email: [email protected] fire protection Istered furniture and wall coverings. NIST and strategies they use. A345 Polymer Building jresearchers are using both laboratory experi- Contact: iments and computer modeling to under- Walter W.Jones stand the processes that govern these t^'pes (301) 975-6879 FIRE SCIENCE of combustion. Algorithms are being email: [email protected] |developed and validated for use in hazard Division Contact: A249 Polymer Building lanalysis. This research results in improved Richard Gann

rediction methods of the rate and extent of (301) 975-6864

fire spread on interior room surfaces and LARGE FIRES email: [email protected]

fumiture and the movement of fire products fax: (301) 975-4052 Large fires result from industrial or trans- around buildings. B250 Polymer Building portation accidents, natural disasters,

Contact: arson, or when fire protection systems in .\ndrewj. Fowell constructed facilities fail to perform ade- ADVANCED FIRE SENSING (301) 975-6865 quately. While these fires present a hazard Fires that are detected and suppressed email: [email protected] to building occupants, firefighters, and the quickly do little damage. NIST researchers B250 Polymer Building surrounding area, little is known about are studying new "fire signatures" that their characteristics, their growth and con- would enable the development of a new gen- trol, and methods of mitigating their HAZARD ANALYSIS eration of detectors. The signals from these impact. NIST is performing research and detectors would be electronically analyzed developing techniques to predict The United States has one of the worst fire measure, to alert occupants or suppression devices, records in the industrialized world. NIST the behavior of, and better control large perhaps even before flames exist. The re- researches are helping to reduce the losses fires. Large building fires involve the inter- search also is intended to understand and and the cost of fire protection by providing action of strongly buoyant gas flows and provide technology for avoiding the high scientific and engineering bases needed by thermal radiation with complex structures. false alarm rate of current detectors. Ad- In cases, releases of fire manufacturers and the fire protection com- some sudden gases vanced concepts for fire suppression chemi- iiunity. One project involves the develop- erupt into uninvolved spaces through fail- cals, reduced explosion potential, and ment of predictive, analytical methods that ures of barriers or control systems. Experi- ments to evaluate the use of helium and

Ik 98 BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

minimizing collateral damage from the POLYMER COMBUSTION application of the suppressant also are RESEARCH being explored. RESEARCH FACILITIES

The results demonstrate the response of dis- The materials industry is seeking products

criminating detection systems to early fire that are both low in flammabilit)' and will

events and the performance of alternative not pose environmental hazards over their LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES \ consistent with regula- suppressants that are life cycle. NIST is working on several key TESTING FACILITY tory and economic constraints of the fire research areas needed to produce natural large-scale stmctures testing facility protection systems manufacturers and the and synthetic polymers and composite mate- The NIST consists of a universal testing machine (UTM) industries and agencies that they serve. rials that can meet these goals. One area is that may be used with a 13.7-m-high reaction the measurement of flammability properties Contact: buttress equipped with a horizontal hydraulic by bench-scale methods, directly relevant to William L. Grosshandler ram of 4.5-MN capacity. A combination of real fires, and the development of mathe- (301) 975-2310 hori2X)ntal and vertical forces may be applied matical models that use the measured flam- email: [email protected] to large-scale specimens. mability properties as inputs to predict fire B356 Polymer Building performance of materials in the conditions CAPABILITIES

of actual use. The UTM portion of the facility is a hydrau-

SMOKE AND TOXIC lically operated machine of 53-4-MN capac- Another research area concerns approaches ity and is one of the largest in the world. It GAS PREDICTION to environmentally acceptable, char- tests large structural components and forming flame retardant treatments for Most people who perish in fires die from applies the forces needed to calibrate very flaming and smoldering combustion. This smoke inhalation. Many are exposed to this large capacity force-measuring devices. It effort includes studying the physical and smoke for longer periods because the black- can apply compression forces to column sec- chemical nature of char and how its proper- ness of the smoke impedes their escape from tions or fabricated members up to 18 m in ties can be enhanced. The experimental the burning building. NIST research is height. The reaction buttress will resist hori- work is complemented by theoretical model- developing the scientific base and the pre- zontal forces to 4.5 MN from floor level to ing using molecular dynamics and quan- dictive methods for the yields of carbon 12.2 m high. Flexure and tension specimens tum mechanics to develop a technical basis monoxide (the predominant toxicant) and may be subjected to forces up to 18 MN and for the design of a new generation of hre soot. These require improved knowledge of 26 MN, respectively. Two-m-thick test floors resistant materials, which, while retaining the chemical and physical processes in east and west of the machine may be used t( their intended-use properties, will be low in flames, combined with the fluid mechanical tie specimens in place. combustion toxicity and safe for the | processes that dominate air entrainment environment. A servo system has been added to the original into fire plumes and the flow fields within a manual controls of the UTM. It may be pro- compartment. Contact: grammed by function generator or computer Takashi Kashiwagi The results of this research have been used to create any desired loading function using (301) 975-6699 to formulate a global model of soot forma- force, strain, or displacement as the variable. email: [email protected] tion and oxidation processes, improve B258 Polymer Building Loads may be applied to a specimen by both strategies for incoqwrating chemistry into the UTM and horizontal ram. A four-rail trac turbulent flow fields, and extend optical system equipped with low-friction rollers has investigations into flames where the effects been used for concrete column tests. An "A" of chemisti7-turbulence interactions can be frame was used to resist horizontal reaction probed effectively. forces generated by the ram and was attache

Contact: to the buttress at the desired height. George W. MulhoUand

(301) 975-6695 email: [email protected] B356 Polymer Building BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY 99

APPLICATIONS CAPABILITIES

A testing program was conducted to evalu- The facilit)' can apply forces and/or displace- URGE ENVIRONMENTAL

ate the performance of concrete columns ments in six directions at one end of a speci- I CHAMBER

J 1.5 ra in diameter and up to 9-1 m high, men. The other end of the specimen is fixed.

The large environmental chamber is i Another test series evaluated fracture propa- Specimens up to 3-3 m high x 3 m in

14.9 X 12.8 x high. It gation in steel plates 1 m wide and 0. 1 m length or width may be tested. The six m m 9.5 m has an •f and 0.15 thick. A third experiment used degrees of freedom are translations and rota- earth floor and may be excavated as needed 1 m

the servo-control system programming tions in and about three orthogonal axes. for building construction. The chamber is j

repeated loads applied to composite The forces are applied by six closed-loop, one of the largest of its kind, capable of

specimens. servo-controlled hydraulic actuators that accommodating two-story houses under

receive instructions from a computer. Oper- simulated environmental conditions. This Low-c\'cle fatigue tests, destructive or ulti- ating under computer control, the facility chamber has been used for thermal perform- mate loads, earthquake simulation in two simultaneously maintains control of the ance, heating and cooling load measure- dimensions, and complex loading of com- load and/or displacements in each of the ments, and energy consumption studies of ponents may all be accomplished in this three orthogonal directions. Loads may be buildings of different kinds. facility^ Servo operation of this machine applied up to 2,000 kN in the vertical and CAPABILITIES creates a unique potential for precisely con- about 890 kN in each of the two horizontal The chamber is capable of automatically trolled ver\' large forces applying to test directions. maintaining steady and/or dynamic tem- components. perature profiles from -45 °C to 65 °C and APPLICATIONS AVAILABIUTY humidity from percent relative humidity The test facility is limited only by the size of 50 This facility, which must be operated by (rh) at 1.7 °C up to °C dewpoint at the test specimen. Loads may be cyclic or 35 NIST staff, is available for cooperative or unidirectional depending on the type of 49 °C. A wider range of rh ( 15 percent to independent research. Tests should be loading condition being simulated. The 80 percent) may be obtained manually. Air arranged as far in advance as possible as circulation maintains the temperature vari- facility is used to study masonry shear walls special hardware may be needed for attach- to within subjected to reverse cyclic lateral loading ation within the chamber ±1 °C. ing specimens. and precast concrete connections also sub- Damper-control return ducts in all four cor- air distri- Contact: jected to reversed cyclic lateral loading. This ners of the chamber permit good

bution. Supply air is furnished by ceiling H.S.Lew facility supports NIST's role in conducting m) 975-6061 research for seismic design and construc- diffuse rs. email: [email protected] tion standards in the National Earthquake APPLICATIONS

Bl68 Building Research Building Hazards Reduction Program. The chamber is used to measure indoor tem-

perature fluctuation, heat loss and heat AVAILABILITY gain through building envelopes, energy TRI-DIRECTIONAL The tri-directional test facility is used by conservation and moisture condensation NIST staff in a variety of NIST research TEST FACILITY studies, and air infiltration under simulated projects and collaborative projects with and dynamically fluctuating outdoor tem- other agencies. It also is available for inde- The tri-directional test facility at NIST is a perature cycles. chamber has been used pendent research but must be operated by The computer-controlled apparatus capable of to test a wide variety of conventional and NIST staff. applying cyclic loads simultaneously in special structures and equipment, including three directions. It is used to examine the Contact: military hardware (such as inflatable life strength of structural components or assem- H.S. Lew rafts, relocatable air-inflatable hospital blages under the application of a variety of (301) 975-6061 units, and portable walk-in coolers) under loading phenomena, such as an earthquake email: [email protected] extreme climatic conditions. or wind. This is one of the largest such Bl68 Building Research Building

facilities in the world, both in terms of its

high load capacity and its capability to

handle large, full-scale specimens.

li BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

AVAILABILITY APPLICATIONS CAPABILITIES

This facility, along with several smaller NIST researchers use the facility to develop This apparatus has a test temperature range chambers (including one designed for vehi- standard test methods to evaluate dynamic of 80 °C for the hot plates and -20 °C for cles), has substantial potential for use by thermal performance of full-scale walls the cold plates. The apparatus permits meas- researchers in industry and universities. under cyclic temperature conditions. The urement of vertical and horizontal heat flow

Collaborative programs and individual building industry and government agencies to simulate heat transfer through ceilings research can be arranged. are seeking reliable evaluation techniques and walls, respectively. This apparatus oper-

for wall thermal mass, especially to predict ates within its own carefully controlled Contact: energy consumption of buildings with heavy temperature and humidity environment David A. Didion mass effects in comparison to standard shielded by an insulated aluminum enclo- (301) 975-5881 wood-frame buildings. sure, This facility provides for absolute email: [email protected] measurement of thermal resistance of thick Bl 14 Building Research Building NIST has participated in round-robin test and low-density test specimens used as trans- activities with domestic and overseas ther- fer standards. These standards are used to mal insulation laboratories. CALIBRATED HOT BOX calibrate or verify heat flowmeter (ASTM AVAILABILITY C508) or guarded hot-plate (ASTM C177) The NIST calibrated hot box measures the The facility provides a unique opportunity equipment. heat transfer coefficient of full-scale build- to measure simultaneous transfer of air, AVAILABILITY ing wall sections. Designed in accordance moisture, and heat through wall and roof This apparatus is available for use by those with ASTM Standard C976, it consists of two specimens with openings for windows and outside NIST, but it must be operated by large, heavily insulated chambers—an envi- doors. While available for use by those out- NIST staff. Collaborative programs may be ronmental chamber and a climatic cham- side NIST, this apparatus must be operated arranged. ber—each with one open side. Indoor and by NIST staff. outdoor conditions are simulated in the Contact: Contact: chambers. The open test section measures A. Hunter Fanney A. Hunter Fanney 3 m X 4.6 m. A well-insulated frame sup- (301) 975-5864 (301) 975-5864 ports the wall specimen that is clamped email: [email protected] email; [email protected] between the open sides of the two chambers. B320 Building Research Building B320 Building Research Building CAPABILITIES This facility is the only one of its kind FIRE RESEARCH FACILITIES designed to perform simultaneous dynamic LINE HEAT-SOURCE transfer measurements of air, moisture, and GUARDED HOT PLATE As the federal government's principal fire heat during simulated winter and summer research laboratory, NIST maintains some conditions under steady-state and dynamic The 1-m guarded hot-plate apparatus meas- of the country's best and most extensive fire climatic conditions. While the environ- ures thermal conductivity of building insu- testing facilities. A substantial portion of mental chamber temperature and humidity lation. NIST researchers use the hot plate to NIST's fire tests are performed in a specially are maintained to simulate a relatively provide calibration specimens for guarded equipped fire research building, which plates in other laboratories. The hot steady and narrow range of indoor condi- hot measures 27 m x 57 m and is designed for tions, the climatic chamber can attain plate also is used to investigate edge heat large-scale fire experiments. Smoke abate- temperatures ranging from -40 °C to loss from thick thermal insulation mate- ment equipment permits large fire tests to

65 °C. The apparatus measures the perform- rials. This facility is the only one of its kind be conducted safely without polluting the ance of homogeneous or composite walls in the world that will permit low-density environment.

! having a range of thermal resistance from thick insulation to be measured with an

= uncertainty of less than 0.5 percent. I 0.35 m^ to 8.8 m^ • CP^. It accommodates wall specimens up to 0.6 m thick and up to il 700 kg/m in weight per unit area. BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY 101

In addition to several individual bum NIST has two calorimeters available for • Pilot Furnaces. A pilot furnace for evalu- rooms, which are modified from time-to- measuring the rate of heat release of free- ating the fire endurance of wall assemblies time to accommodate special NIST testing standing items, such as pieces of furniture. or floor/ceiling assemblies is available. This requirements, the facilit)' also houses sev- The smaller one has a capacity of '/2 MW; furnace, capable of handling specimens eral specially designed calorimeters for the larger, 7 MW. Provisions for measuring 1 m X 1 m, may be used for research pur- measuring the rate of heat release from smoke production and gas species yield are poses only and cannot be used for code materials and large samples, a room/ available with both instruments. acceptance testing. Typically, fire exposure corridor facilit>' for snjdying smoke and similar to that specified by ASTM E119, • Room/Corridor Facility. NIST researchers toxic gas transport, pilot furnaces, and under carefully controlled conditions of fur- have constructed and used a room/corridor reduced-scale model enclosures. Also, a nace pressure and oxygen concentration, facility to evaluate an analytical model that two-story "townhouse" is used to study fire can be carried out. Depending on the predicts the transport of smoke and toxic spread from a burning room, smoke trans- parameters required, a variety of other expo- gases from the room of fire origin into the port between levels, and sprinkler perform- sure conditions can be applied. corridor and secondary target rooms. The ance. The townhouse features a living room design of this facility' makes it possible to • Reduced-Scale Models. NIST facilities are that is continuously weighed, allowing the measure the hazards associated with the available for reduced-scale modeling of full- burning rate of finish materials to be burning of wall linings or room furnishings scale fire configurations. Physical models measured. by evaluating the rate of heat release, offer an economical means of achieving suf-

A new computer-based data acquisition sys- smoke production, and toxic gas genera- ficient variation of physical parameters for tem provides state-of-the-art data collection tion. The facility is available in its present a generalized understanding of fire behav- capabilities for all large-scale fire testing. form or with design modifications for evalu- ior. Based on the results of reduced-scale

Up to 300 instruments with scanning rates ating a variety of building contents and experiments, limited full-scale verification over 100 channels per second can be dedi- furnishings. then can be performed. cated to a single test. During an experiment, • Bum Rooms. A standard burn room built AVAILABILITY real-time, full-color graphics present the Industry, university, and government repre- to ASTM specifications, 2.4 m x 3.7 m x data as collected, with automatic conver- sentatives are encouraged to use these fire 2.4 m high, adjoins a large overhead hood sion to engineering units for gas analysis, testing facilities on a collaborative or inde- that collects the exhaust products from the rate of heat release, temperature, and other pendent basis, with certain restrictions. For room fires. The exhaust collection system is measurements. safety reasons, NIST staff must closely super- calibrated to measure the rate of heat re- vise all use of the facilities. CAPABILITIES lease and the generation rates of smoke and

other combustion products from the fire. • Heat-Release Rate Calorimeters. NIST pio- Contact: The burn room is available for developmen- neered and developed the oxygen consump- Jack E. Snell tal and validation studies of mathematical tion methodology' for measuring the rate of (301) 975-6850 models and for studies of fire performance heat release and has used it longer and in email: [email protected] of furnishings and interior finish materials. more devices than any other laboratory. The B2l6 Building Research Building major benefit of this technique is the inde- The room fire environment can be charac- pendence of the apparatus in measuring terized in terms of temperature and pressure enthalpy responses to changes in heat gradients and the spatial distribution of release rate. thermal flux, gaseous combustion products, and smoke. Other measurements permit the

calculation of thermal losses to the room boundaries and mass and energy flows from

the room. Smaller burn rooms also are

available. rii]iri|JI|id:i.i'kiidiVk LABORATORY

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH COOPf RAIIVH RESEARCH l»(>lli usors .ind m.mul.u'lmvrs o{ OPPORTUNITIES k'on\|Hilor and Irlocomiuimicilious OPPOHruNiriES

Icviiuologv bonofil iVoiu Iho work ol' Iho liilorni.Minn Systems Engineering

i'.omjHiIoi'Svsloius laboratory (CSl.V Its 10.: [lalabaso lostiiuj ivsoarch and (osling pix^grams foster the INFORMATION SYSTEMS lO:: Geographic Intoiinalioii Systems oixlerly dowlopmonl ol' an "open sn'S- ENGINEERING tems" onvii\Muuent intended lo make all 1 03 Computer Graphics Teslinri PiristoH u>/i{1(^1 t'l's of haalwaiv and softwaiv. Environments email; ielfei"soti»'micf.nist.gov industrv-wido adoption of stmidiuxis 1113 Intel active Media fax: (30 ^)48-b:i3 expands marketing opporlnnities, and n 103 Software Quality Technology Building usei'j; aiv lived of the constraints and

frustrations of incompatible pixiprletary Computer Security

syslt'ms, 1 04 Computer Systems Security DATABASE TESTING

104 Security in ISDN and OSI Networks lo aid the management of information and assisuug nuinslr\ m dcvelopn\g 104 Malicious Code and Related Threats ivsources. NIS T ivseaa'hers are developing standanis lliat satisfy iisx^r nmis and \\>t 104 Datvi Encryption test methods and teclininues for evaluating ,',!le mtun,i!uM)s ih.i! dilTcren Systems and Networit Architecture implementations of the database language

Si^M, and Information Dictionar\ Notwo'k MaiKuieinent Resoua'e K> .U ip iinvMiu.ituMi lu Icvieral S\>iem UKDS"* for conformance to federal, Hc\\\,'\k l^otocol fngineering co'uiniler <;\s'('ni>;. LiboiMtiin pciNonnel national, and international standards. The 105 Automated Tiotocol Methods ivsearchers aa' attempting to derive a gen-

p(,iiuuaj'. v\ iuu\ pivgranis. Advanced Systsms er.d niethodologv for designing confor-

\\> \ices Digital Network mance tests, to use this methodology to

generate test suites, and to evaluate the lest ' Modem-Atchitecture

. . " suites for ,\panot\pe imple- . etTectiwness, V ' . \ " S

mentation of the IRDS specifications, which 106 Oi.Hiuii L''iSK lOStS n\av be suitable for such tasks as i\iodeling

the structure of a standaal and for recoal- :jon, datalvise logy ing the parts of a standaal specifically

testevl, will be usal in this paiject.

use of information tivhnolouv RESEARCH FACILITIES Man H, Coldfine )0

email: agoldfiue^^nist.gov

,\Joo Technology Building

united Systems GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Ccographic infcmuatiou systenrs t,GlSl tech

oology allows uset^ to collect. nivUiage. and

aualyre large wluines of spatially rv?fer-

enct\l and assi^viatevi data. New rts

diarvtions ar^ emerv;ing frvMU the intenlisci COMPUTER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

plinar)' uses of GIS technology through stud- developed will concentrate on GKS-C imple-

ies integrating computer graphics stand- mentations, PHIGS-C INTERACTIVE MEDIA \ implementations, and

1 ards, database management standards, CGM interpreters. Portable multimedia courseware (computer-

i expert systems technology, and Global Posi- Contact: based interactive training software) provides tioning Satellite technology to support GIS I Mark W. Skall a viable alternative to the current practice li applications. This group's research is fo- of (301) 975-3265 distributing courseware with proprietary cused providing compatibility j on GIS email: [email protected] interfaces to system services. NIST and other through standards and conformance testing j A266 Technology Building federal agencies are working together to for GIS standards, such as the Spatial Data develop a strategy for multimedia course- Transfer Standard (TIPS PUB 173). Because ware that would create an environment in the activities of many governmental and pri- which high-quality portable courseware is vate organizations are land and/or location SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE available as commercial, off-the-shelf prod- based, GIS technology will be important in TECHNOLOGY ucts competitively supplied by vendors. integrating existing spatial data to adminis- Division Contact: Researchers are developing a computer- ter, manage, and monitor people, money, based interactive training applications pro- Roger J. Martin and activities in accomplishing the objec- I (301) 975-3290 file that would identify needed standards in tives of these organizations. email: [email protected] response to user needs. I

'! Contact: fax: (301) 926-3696 Contact: Henry Tom B266 Technology Building j Lawrence A. Welsch (301) 975-3271 (301) 975-3345 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] I INTERFACES A266 Technology Building FOR ] B266 Technology Building COMPUTER ENVIRONMENTS

For the past several years, NIST has collabo- •j COMPUTER GRAPHICS SOFTWARE QUALITY rated with vendors, users, and voluntary ! TESTING standards organizations to advance the Growing dependence on computers requires

The development of several graphics stand- implementation and use of the POSIX fam- assurance that critical systems will operate

ards and work on related conformance test- ily of standards. POSIX promotes the port- reliably and exactly as intended without

ing and measurement techniques for ability of computer applications at the adverse effects, even when outside circum-

graphics software are under way at NIST. source code level. NIST researchers continue stances cause other systems to fail. NIST

Specifically, NIST researchers are testing to work with voluntary standards commit- researchers are studying problems and

implementations of the graphical kernel sys- tees to develop additional standards needed potential solutions in building and operat-

tem (GKS), the computer graphics metafile for interfaces to operating systems, includ- ing high-integrity systems and are looking

(CGM), and the programmer's hierarchical ing commands and utilities, system admini- at life-cycle methodology, risk manage-

interactive graphics system (PHIGS) for con- stration, and operating system security. ment, formal methods, object-oriented

formance to existing and emerging federal, Research efforts focus on the large-scale, design, software reliability, clean-room

national, and international standards. heterogenous distributed systems aspects of techniques, and formal verification.

NIST's Application Portability Profile for Researchers are attempting to derive a gen- Contact: Open System Environments. These specifica- eral methodology for designing confor- Roger J. Martin tions integrate federal, national, and inter- mance tests, to use this methodology to (301) 975-3290 national standards to provide functionality generate test suites, and to evaluate the test email: [email protected] needed for a broad range of government suites for effectiveness. The computer graph- B266 Technology Building information technology applications. ics laboratory, which contains various com- puter graphics hardware and software Contact:

systems, is used in these efforts. Existing test Frederick E. Schulz

suites are available that determine confor- (301) 975-2192 mance of GKS-FORTRAN implementations, email: [email protected] PHIGS-FORTRAN implementations, CGM B266 Technology Building

files, and CGM generators. Future test suites COMPUTER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

unauthorized access ("hackers," for exam- SECURITY IN ISDN AND COMPUTER SECURITY ple), and similar threats. Protection from OSI NETWORKS such threats requires a combination of man- Division Contact: agement awareness, user involvement, and Stuart W. Katzke NIST has initiated a laboratory-based pro- technical protection. (301) 975-2934 gram to bring together government organi- email: [email protected] zations and contractors interested in NIST researchers are actively involved in improving each of these areas. Their fax: (301) 948-1233 interoperability and security in the Open A2l6 Technology Building Systems Interconnection (OSI) computer research involves an understanding of both network architecture and the Integrated the potential technical vulnerabilities of

Services Digital Network (ISDN) communi- systems and of how systems are used and

COMPUTER SYSTEMS cations architecture. Researchers develop administered. Advanced methods of system SECURITY prototype systems to demonstrate the protection, anomaly detection, system self- interoperability of proposed standards for audit, and related techniques are being Computer systems are vital elements of OSI and ISDN using a selected set of security developed. In addition, methods of rapid today's business and scientific environ- services. These standards are expected to be reaction and response to computer security ments. However, as sensitive and critical implemented in commercial applications incidents are being developed and coordi- information is processed and stored on com- with a broad market. nated throughout the federal government. puter systems often interconnected by local Researchers plan to develop demonstration Contact: area networks, there is an increasing need prototypes of applications Stuart W. Katzke for methods to protect that information and equipment, (301) 975-2934 from unauthorized access or modification. including hardware and software, that pro- email: [email protected] But selection of information security meas- vide one or more levels of security in an OSI A2l6 Technology Building ures should be based on cost analysis of and/or ISDN environment. Specifications such measures and the resulting reduction will be developed for data formats, proto- cols, interfaces, and support systems for in losses. NIST researchers are investigating DATA ENCRYPTION various technologies that can be used to security in an OSI/ISDN environment that achieve additional control and security of can be used as a basis for Federal Informa- NIST researchers are working with industry Processing develop- information on computer systems. Their tion Standards. Users, and voluntary standards groups to advance jointly define, develop, research involves the identification, analy- ers, and vendors can technology and to develop standards in com- and test systems that will provide a range of sis, development, and application of these puter cryptography, a mathematical process technologies. telecommunications, network management, that transforms information to an unintelli- and security services in a distributed infor- gible form in a process called encryption Although it is desirable to have security mation processing environment. and then back to an intelligible form, the mechanisms as an integral part of computer process of decryption. Cryptography can be Contact: systems and networks, this is not always pos- used to protect the secrecy of information, sible or economical because such mecha- Stuart W. Katzke to generate codes that indicate whether any nisms often are not part of the original (301) 975-2934 unauthorized changes have been made to a system design. NIST researchers also are email: [email protected] message while in transit on a network or examining the technology available to A2l6 Technology Building stored in a computer, to authenticate users enhance the security of existing systems. of systems, to control access to systems, and This research involves identifying, analyz- MALICIOUS CODE AND to electronically sign documents. ing, and companng security mechanisms

used in isolation or combination. RELATED THREATS Research projects involve the development and evaluation of techniques for secret key Contact: Operators and users of computer systems and public key cryptography applications, Stuart W. Katzke and networks are experiencing an increased and for validation systems that test equip- (301) 975-2934 number of incidents of malicious code ment for conformance to cryptography email: [email protected] (such as computer viruses and "worms"), standards. As new national networks are A2l6 Technology Building developed, cryptographic-based security serv- COMPUTER SYSTEMS LABORATORY 1 05

ices will be needed to protect data and the same grammar, devising a portable com- resources in distributed processing NETWORK PROTOCOL systems. piler for Estelle and the supporting runtime

ENGINEERING libraries. Contact: Smart W. Katzke NIST researchers in the area of network pro- Contact: 975-2934 (301) tocols are promoting the standardization, J.P. Favreau email: [email protected] convergence, and commercialization of (301) 975-3634 A2l6 Technology Building networking technology. Research projects email: [email protected]

involving network applications are focused B217 Technology Building

on promoting standardization of security SYSTEMS AND NETWORK services such as distribution and manage- ARCHITECTURE ment of encryption keys and the design of a ADVANCED SYSTEMS specialized protocol for the negotiation of a Division Contact: Division Contact: wide range of security services and their Shukri A. Wakid Kevin L. Mills related parameters. (301) 975-3618 (301) 975-2904 I Research projects involving lower layer net- email: [email protected] email: [email protected] work applications include promoting the fax: (301) 590-0932 fax: (301) 840-1357 convergence of network addressing schemes B217 Technolog)' Building A231 Technology Building used in OSI stacks and in the Internet envi-

ronment. NIST researchers prototype conver-

NETWORK MANAGEMENT gent schemes to demonstrate viability and INTEGRATED SERVICES promote acceptance. Lower-layer research DIGITAL NETWORK NISI researchers are working with industry also includes promoting the standardiza- to establish standards for exchanging net- In cooperation with industrial and other tion of multicast transport and routing work management information between users, NIST advances the development of algorithms. Additional work focuses on heterogeneous management systems. Their standards for Integrated Services Digital Net- interoperability testing of dynamic network goal is to establish a standard enabling inte- work (ISDN), which combine voice, data, routing and frame relay products. grated, interoperable, automated manage- text, and image communications over a sin- of Contact: ment multivendor computer systems, gle network connection. Research in this

routers, bridges, switches, multiplexors, Michael L. Ransom area focuses on the measurement capabili- modems, services. and provider (301) 975-3635 ties and testbed facilities required to develop email: [email protected] conformance tests and performance metrics The researchers are defining protocols for B217 Technology Building for emerging ISDN standards. Activities in- exchanging management information; iden- clude support for standards writing, develop- tifying, collecting, and specifying the for- ment of the technical foundation for mat of managed objects; defining protocols AUTOMATED PROTOCOL implementation agreements on protocol to support management functions in the METHODS options, and testing ISDN implementations areas of fault, configuration, performance, for interoperability. NIST researchers also security, and accounting; and implement- NIST researchers are designing tools for are involved in the research and stand- ing prototype management systems reflect- editing, compiling, and interpreting com- ardization of B-ISDN-based protocols as ing the protocols and specifications. Other puter communications protocol specifica- well as FDDI conformance tests. areas include network management user dis- tions. The goal of the research is to advance

plays, network management applications the state of the art in using such tools to Contact: software development, and application of realize automatically executable implemen- David Su

expert systems to network management. tation of the protocols. As part of this proj- (301) 975-6194

ect, NIST researchers are developing a email: [email protected], nist.gov Contact: syntax-directed editor for Estelle and, using B364 Materials Building Fran Nielsen

(301) 975-3669 email: [email protected] B217 Technology Building

III COMPUTER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

with voluntary standards committees and speech recognition research in large PERFORMANCE OF interested federal agencies. vocabulary speech (5,000-word office corre-

MODERN-ARCHITECTURE spondence), word spotting, speaker identifi- Contact: cation/verification, and goal-directed COMPUTERS Dana S. Grubb spontaneous speech. Among the research (301) 975-2915 NIST researchers in the area of computer- facilities used are several Sun Microsystems email: [email protected] systems performance are promoting the workstations, speech-processing peripherals A61 Technology Building effective evaluation and efficient use of and software tools, and CD-ROM production advanced computers by the federal govern- tools. Areas of interest include charac- ment. Their areas of interest include: char- DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS terization of the speech database materials acterization of new computer architectures (such as acoustic-phonetic locators and NIST researchers are developing application to identify improved ADP technology for classifiers), artificial neural nets, perform- profiles that will promote integrated plat- applications; exploration of economical pro- ance measurement, and natural languages. forms for video, imagery, computer data, gramming methods that standardize across and voice, thus defining multimedia appli- Contact: classes of architecture; and design of coher- cations in a distributed processing environ- David S. Pallett ent evaluations that economically and reli- ment. This research focuses on prototype (301) 975-2935 ably characterize the machines. Two development and demonstration using ISDN email: [email protected] dedicated, instrumented multiprocessors technology. A2l6 Technology Building serve as special project resources. One has

16 nodes loosely coupled as a hypercube; Contact: the other has I6 processors in a shared- Wayne H. McCoy IMAGE RECOGNITION configuration. memoi7 (301) 975-2984 Image recognition research at NIST focuses email: [email protected] researchers also are involved in These NIST on developing methods for evaluating A2l6 Technology Building the development of instrumentation and image quality, compression efficiency, and related management techniques for gigabit image systems used in optical-character networks used for visualization-based SPOKEN LANGUAGE recognition. These evaluation methods are applications. TECHNOLOGY designed to include highly parallel comput- ers and special-purpose chips as well as Contact: Recent advances in automatic speech recog- conventional computer architectures. The Gordon E. Lyon nition and understanding technology have methods being developed are used for auto- (301) 975-5679 mated fingerprint recognition, automation email: [email protected] resulted in computers able to recognize cor- of data entry from images of forms, and B364 Materials Building rectly continuous speech with lexicon sizes of at least 1,000 words. Speech databases are measurement of recognition systems on real-

typically large in size (gigabytes) and too istic applications. A general model of the

OPTICAL DISK TESTS costly for any one organization to develop. recognition process in parallel computers is

being implemented to provide better meth- As industrial standards for optical disk To improve the technology, the research ods to analyze the performance of SIMD media evolve, test methods will be needed community relies heavily on shared use (single-instruction, multiple-data) comput- for conformance testing of the media. NIST of the databases and standard test ers for image compression, image-quality researchers develop and demonstrate data/ methodologies. evaluation, and recognition accuracy. media interchange tests to verify confor- With support from the Defense Department's mance to established or planned national Contact: Advanced Research Projects Agency and and international standards for rewritable Charles L. Wilson other agencies, NIST has collected speech and write once, read many (WORM) type (301) 975-2080 database material and, using CD-ROM tech- optical disks. The program is coordinated email: [email protected] nology, distributed this material to more A2l6 Technology Building than 100 research organizations. Research-

ers at NIST also have developed CD-ROM

format speech databases that are used for COMPUTER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

• a variet}^ of programming language AVAILABILITY RESEARCH processors and system software; The facility, which must be used under the guidance of NIST staff, is available for col- FACILITIES • database management systems for the laborative projects in test development and VAX, workstations, and microcomputers application research. supporting SQL and object technologies; INFORMATION SYSTEMS Contact: I • a prototype implementation of the Infor- David K. Jefferson ENGINEERING FACILITY mation Resource Dictionary System (IRDS) I (301) 975-3262 standard; The NISI information sy stems engineering email: [email protected] j

facilitv' consists of laboratories with the com- • LISP and Prolog; A266 Technology Building j puter hardware and software needed for re- j • microcomputer expert system shells; and search and development of standards, ! COMPUTER AND NETWORK guidance to federal agencies, and validation • GIS systems.

I tests. The following areas are included: SECURITY FACILITY I Validation suites are available for testing graphics; programming languages; data- I conformance to Federal Information The NIST computer and network securit)' base management systems; distributed I Processing Standards (FIPS) for COBOL, facihty is used to improve the current secu- database management systems; object data- j FORTRAN, Pascal, C, MUMPS, Ada, GKS, rity' posture of federal computer and tele- I base management systems; data dictionary CGM, and database language SQL. Testing communication systems and to provide systems; data administration, especially services are provided for COBOL, FORTRAN, securit)' for these systems as they migrate database design; data interchange; Pascal, C, MUMPS, Ada, GKS, CGM, and SQL. toward open system environments. Research knowledge-based and expert systems; ; performed in the facility is aimed at apply- hypertext and hypermedia; and geographic APPLICATIONS ing methods to protect the secrecy and integ- An active area of cooperative work is the ! information systems (GIS). rit}' of information in computer systems and development and evaluation of tests to vali-

' CAPABILITIES data networks; evaluating personal identifi- date the conformance of language proces- The facilit}' contains a variety of computers. j cation and authentication techniques to sors and other system software to FIPS. them are a 1 Among VAX 1/785, Symbolics control access to information resources; and Major programs under way are validation LISP machine, 3650 386 and 486 micro- developing computer and network security' I of the programming language processors computers, II, Silicon Macintosh Graphics architectures to determine proper implemen- COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal, C, MUMPS, and IRIS workstation, and a II work- ^ SUN SPARC tation of controls for integrity' and confiden- Ada; validation of the GKS, PHIGS, and CGM station. Other computer s\'stems, such as the tiality of information and authentication of graphics systems; validation of database NIST Cray Y-MP supercomputer, are accessi- users. language SQL; and validation of IRDS. ble. Also available are a variety of hard-copy CAPABILITIES output devices, such as laser printers, cam- Possible future work includes the develop- The facility is equipped with mini- and era output systems, and color thermal trans- ment of tests and procedures for validating microcomputers, security devices, terminals, fer printers. additional programming language systems, personal identification systems, and access such as \TISIC Hardware Description Lan- Software used in the facility includes: to large mainframes and supercomputers guage, LISP, and Prolog; for validating the through local area, national, and global

( • graphical kernel system (GKS) and pro- computer graphics interface; and for validat- netivorks. A variety of communications tech- grammer's hierarchical interactive graphics ing the following data management and nologies and applications environments are sy^stem (PHIGS) implementations, which data interchange software: SQL2, SQL3, data available for research efforts, including allow graphics programmers to design a description file for information interchange, Open Systems Interconnection and Inte- wide variet)' of graphics programs, ranging and abstract syntax notation one (ASN.l). grated Services Digital Network for develop- from simple passive graphics to complex ing and testing security protocol standards. real-time systems;

• computer graphics metafile (CGM)

implementations that permit transfer of graphical pictures among heterogeneous

graphic devices; COMPUTER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

Operational capabilities include a computer voice in the implementation of ISDN appli- ISDN AND DISTRIBUTED emergency response team to facilitate identi- cations. Through the forum, users and fication and response to acute computer SYSTEMS FACILITY manufacturers concur on ISDN applica- and telecommunications security incidents tions, the selection of options from stand- The NIST Integrated Services Digital Net- involving self-replicating computer viruses. ards, and conformance tests. NIST works work (ISDN) and distributed systems facility Test and evaluation capabilities range from with the forum to develop tests that deter- provides laboratories for research and devel- specific functionality tests of cryptographic mine whether the agreed-to specifications opment, standards, and conformance test- modules to test methodologies for network will result in compatible products and ing in distributed computer systems and security protocols to the specific criteria services. advanced computer communications, used to evaluate the trustworthiness of sys- including ISDN and the fiber distributed A principal focus is standards conformance tems that handle unclassified, but sensitive, data interface. Significant research and de- test design for ISDN implementations based data. velopment programs include open distrib- on recommendations of the International

A risk management laboratory, utilizing a uted systems, transaction processing, Telephone and Telegraph Consultative

Dell System 325 (AT clone), is available for distributed multimedia, ISDN applications, Committee. NIST has developed reference research in risk management techniques ISDN conformance testing, and broadband implementations for the Q.921 and Q.931 and methodologies and evaluation of risk ISDN. recommendations, conformance test suites management software to determine applica- for both recommendations, and a confor- CAPABILITIES bility to different agency environments. mance test system based on these items. In The facility is equipped with micro- Three Sun computers support the develop- addition, conformance research on broad- computers, workstations, minicomputers, ment of advanced-computer access control band ISDN is conducted. multimedia display units, ISDN and systems based on smart-token technology. Ethernet communications, and laser print- Also under development are application The virus laboratory uses two IBM PS/2 ers. Access to mainframes and supercomput- profiles for ISDN, research in distributed Model 60s, a Sun workstation for research ers is provided via local, national, and computing environments, and prototype in multiuser environments; and a global networks. The laboratories have eight distributed multimedia information systems Macintosh SE for research in the MacOS basic rate interface (BRI) ISDN lines, three based on ISDN and other communications environment. A small systems security labo- Sequent computers (S27, S81), five Sun media. Researchers have produced a distrib- ratory completes the computer and network workstations, four 386-class microcomput- uted reference implementation for the Inter- security facility. ers, four ISDN terminal adapters, four national Standard Transaction Processing

APPLICATIONS ISDN telephones, two ISDN protocol Protocol directly from a formal specifica-

The facility is used primarily to develop and analyzer/emulators, and two Macintosh tion and are investigating how transactions test federal standards for computer and net- microcomputers. Researchers access pri- support multimedia information access and work security. Support is provided to other mary rate interface ISDN as well as the BRI. cooperative processing. federal agencies and industry where the pro- The laboratories also feature software for AVAILABILITY tection of unclassified data is required. compiling formal descriptions of distributed Collaborative research programs with gov- systems into implementations, tool kits for AVAILABILITY ernment, industry, and academia can be programming distributed systems, user inter- Collaborative research programs can be arranged and are encouraged. arranged. faces, and advanced operating systems such as MACH. Contact: Contact: Shukri A. Wakid Stuart W. Katzke APPLICATIONS (301) 975-2904 Facilities are used primarily for developing (301) 975-2934 email: [email protected] and testing federal, national, and interna- email: [email protected] A231 Technology Building tional standards for advanced communica- A2l6 Technology Building tions and distributed multimedia systems.

Research activities support the North Ameri-

can ISDN Users' Forum (NIUF), chaired by NIST. The forum was established by NIST

with industry in 1988 to create a strong user COMPUTING AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS LABORATORY

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH The NIST Computing and Applied Mathe- COOPERATIVE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES matics Laboratorv' develops mathemati- OPPORTUNITIES

statistical, and state-of-the-art cal, Applied and Computational scientific computing tools that help Mathematics other NIST researchers and their APPLIED AND 109 Scalable Parallel Algorithms coUaborators accomplish their research 110 Non-Linear Mechanics COMPUTATIONAL objectives. NIST mathematicians and statisticians also support U.S. industry 110 Mathematical Modeling MATHEMATICS through computer- aided modeling of 110 Optimization and Computational Division Contact: Geometry complex manufacturing processes and Paul T. Boggs 110 Mathematical Software statistical methods for improving the (301) 975-3816 quality of products and processes. Statistical Engineering email: [email protected]

fax: (301) 990-4127 Other research programs focus on 111 Industrial Experiments A238 Administration Building advanced computer graphics pro- 1 1 1 Measurement Assurance grams that produce two- and three- Scientific Computing Environments dimensional visualizations of complex SCALABLE PARALLEL Visualization new methods for displaying, 111 Scientific problems; ALGORITHMS manipulating, analyzing, and transmit- Continual Upgrades software ting large volumes of data; and A major problem for users of massively applications for harnessing the problem- parallel computers is the lack of libraries of solving power of parallel processors, an commonly used subroutines. Algorithms effort carried out in conjunction with and computer codes developed for single- the federal government's raultiagency processor machines rarely give massive program on high-performance comput- speedups when transferred to massively ing and communications. parallel computers.

Contact: NIST researchers concentrating on algo-

Joan R. Rosenblatt, Director rithm research for massively parallel com-

(301) 975-2733 putations are making substantial progress email: [email protected] in algorithms for important problems in fax: (301) 963-9137 computational geometry, such as triangula-

Bl 18 Technolog)' Building tion in two and three dimensions. Addi-

tional research focuses on random

processes, including Monte Carlo simula-

tions and randomizing algorithms.

Contact:

Isabel Beichl

(301) 975-3821 email: [email protected] A238 Administration Building 1 1 0 COMPUTING AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS LABORATORY

and computational mathematics. With sci- Computational is NON-LINEAR MECHANICS geometry a rapidly emerg- entists and engineers, NIST mathematicians ing field with applications in robotics, statis- develop analyze Mathematical analysis, used with symbolic and mathematical models tical mechanics, cartography, computer of phenomena; design analyze computation, leads to efficient analytical and compu- graphics, materials science, and molecular

approximations by computers. Perturbation tational methods and experiments; trans- dynamics. Researchers at NIST develop form these into efficient algorithms applied to non-linear differen- methods numerical robust and efficient computational schemes algorithms for modern, high-performance to compute triangulations shellings of tial equations, especially in celestial and

computers; and implement in high- point sets, mechanics, result in analytical develop- them Voronoi diagrams, and other geo- quality mathematical ments where the complexity grows exponen- software. Active areas metrical calculations. Algorithms for two- of interest include crystal growth, fluid flow, and three-dimensional triangulation tially with the order of the approximation. are electromagnetic waves, magnetic materials, implemented for sequential parallel Several avenues are being explored at NIST and molecular dynamics simulations, partial are to simplify literal developments generated machines and used at NIST and other differential equations, and several kinds of scientific centers. by perturbation algorithms applied to non-

linear systems. These include identifying inverse problems. Contact: algebraic structures on the domain of the Contact: Paul T. Boggs normalization, smoothing transformations James L. Blue (301) 975-3816 to eliminate perturbation terms outside the (301) 975-3809 email: [email protected] kernel of the Lie derivative, preparatory email: [email protected] A238 Administration Building transformations of a geometric nature, and A238 Administration Building creating natural intermediaries. MATHEMATICAL Problems being examined include reso- OPTIMIZATION AND nances at an equilibrium, perturbed pendu- SOFTWARE

lums, and the major theories of celestial COMPUTATIONAL The increasing prevalence of computation mechanics. NIST researchers, using a LISP GEOMETRY in science and engineering has generated computer, are focusing their studies on algo- an acute need for accurate and robust com- In many aspects of NIST's research, the rithms amenable to computer automation puter software to solve frequently occurring need arises for computational procedures, through symbolic processors. mathematical and statistical problems. such as curve fitting, parameter estimation, NIST mathematicians and computer scien- Contact: and maximum entropy calculations. These tists are actively involved in the develop- Andre Deprit activities require solving various types of ment of algorithms for the solution of such (301) 975-2709 optimization problems. NIST researchers problems on modern high-performance email: [email protected] investigate many aspects of numerical computers. These algorithms are then imple- A302 Administration Building optimization, including large-scale linear mented in well-engineered software that is and quadratic programming problems by both reliable and easy to use. Problem areas interior-point methods, and the extension of MATHEMATICAL addressed by recent efforts have ranged from these procedures to general large-scale non- the parallel evaluation of mathematical MODELING linear programming problems via sequen- functions to the high-speed solution of tial quadratic programming methods. Mathematical and computational problems partial differential equations on vector Researchers also have developed procedures are elaborate measure- becoming more as supercomputers. for non-linear least squares and ortho- ment techniques, physical understanding, gonal distance regression problems, and This work engenders associated research in and computational capability improve. Solv- they produce software for these methods as mathematical software methodology such ing these problems requires innovative com- needed. as software parts design, graphical user binations of the methods of modern applied interfaces, expert advisory systems, and auto-

mated distribution mechanisms. Recent 1

COMPUTING AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS LABORATORY 1 1

efforts have focused on the Guide to Avail- • comparison of various methods to In the initial phases of such programs, mod-

able Mathematical Software, a network- machine ceramic piece parts; els for describing the error structure of the ij based software repositor\' system developed measurements are developed and validated • determination of optical-fiber geometry at NISI. by planned experimentation, and problem by gray-scale analysis with robust regression; areas are identified through estimation of Contact: • non-destructive evaluation of the concen- error components. The initial charac- Ronald F. Boisvert tration of impurities and dopants in high- terization, which may require several (301) 975-3812 technology materials through neutron rounds of experimentation and produce email: [email protected] j depth profiling; refinements to the measurement process, A238 Administration Building is followed by the development of artifact • optimization of parallel processing standards for applying the technology to the MIMD programs; area of interest. STATISTICAL • modeling of the measurement errors in For example, statisticians are currently ENGINEERING automated milling machines; working with NIST scientists in cooperation

Division Contact: • sampling data points for the effective use with the Federal Bureau of Investigation on

Robert]. Lundegard of coordinate measuring machines; developing standards to assure the quality

(301) 975-2840 of DNA measurements that are introduced • friction characterization of ultralow email: [email protected] as physical evidence in legal proceedings. speed turning machines; fax: (301) 990-4127 This phase of the program follows an

A337 Administration Building • evaluation of properties and processing intense phase of experimentation and data

of recycled concrete; and analysis where sources and magnitudes of

error in measuring DNA fragments were INDUSTRIAL • analysis of the failure laws for electro- determined. migration and accelerated testing. EXPERIMENTS Contact: Contact: Most NIST/industry collaborative research Carroll Croarkin Raghu N. Kacker projects involve conduct of experiments, (301) 975-2849 (301) 975-2109 generation of data, and analysis of the email: [email protected] email: [email protected] results. NISI statisticians participate in A337 Administration Building A337 Administration Building these collaborations by contributing strate-

gies for experimentation, graphical and ana- lytical data analysis, stochastic empirical MEASUREMENT SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING modeling, estimation of uncertainty', com- ASSURANCE ENVIRONMENTS putationally intensive methods, and fitting for Contact: of reliabilit}' distributions. A Senior Re- Measurement is the backbone advancing Division

search Fellowship Program funded by the scientific research and creating new tech- Robert Raybold National Science Foundation and managed nologies. NIST statisticians collaborate with (301) 975-3834

by the American Statistical Association en- subject experts in developing techniques for email: [email protected]

courages formation of NIST collaborative re- t>'ing measurement processes to accepted fax: (301) 963-9137

search projects keyed to industrial needs. standards and assuring the quality of meas- B146 Technology Building urements. Expertise in the design of experi- Ongoing collaborative research projects ments, modeling, estimation of components include the following: SCIENTIFIC VISUALIZATION of variance, reliability, and computer- strong • development of a non-contact sensor for intensive methods, coupled with a Researchers at NIST are developing and

measuring the temperature of hot rolled research focus, brings statisticians into con- applying advanced methods for using state-

aluminum; tact with leading researchers in measure- of-the-art, computer-based scientific graph-

at abroad. It ment science, both NIST and ics for rendering complex experimental. also provides opportunities for contributing

to the measurement science base for emerg-

ing technologies.

II COMPUTING AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS LABORATORY

computational, and analytical results in physics and chemistry. Researchers use a CONTINUAL UPGRADES collection of vector and raster workstations, The laboratory maintains a central scien- photographic and video hardware, high- tific computing environment for NIST staff speed networking for transmitting large at Gaithersburg and Boulder. It procures graphics data sets between computers and and operates computer and communica- graphics devices, and computational geome- tions facilities and maintains them at state- try algorithms and software for the analysis of-the-art levels suited to the needs of a of two- and three-dimensional data sets. highly diverse scientific and engineering Techniques also have been developed to R&D community. The continuing program manipulate dynamic objects in automated of upgrading responds to advances in hard- design and manufacturing systems; to dis- ware, software, and communications tech- play quasicrystal structures with icosahedral nologies, as well as to changes in the kinds symmetries and scanning electron tunnel- of tools used in modern scientific research. ing microscopy data with polarization analysis; and to study models of turbulent NIST specialists log and analyze the use combustion showing the dependence of solu- of the components of the facilities—hard- tions on time and fuel-oxidizer mixture ware, software, operating systems, and net- parameters. works—to determine what changes or new equipment will be most useful. They take Contact: steps to acquire them where possible or to Howland Fowler develop them internally. They design inter- (301) 975-2703 faces as needed for users to gain access to email: [email protected] the resources best suited to their needs. This B146 Technology Building work proceeds within a broad view of the

overall operation of the computing environ-

ment and its interactions with external envi-

ronments, as well as detailed understanding

of the progress of hardware and software

capabilities and of the roles of visualization

and networking in the design and execution

of scientific computing projects.

Contact:

Eleazer Bromberg

(301) 975-3851 email: [email protected]

fax: (301) 963-9137 B118 Technology Building 1

INDEXES

FACILITIES INDEX SUBJECT INDEX automation, 39-40 Ceramics Division, 77-78 analytical chemistry, 6 ceramics, 76-79 Acoustic Anechoic Chamber, 45 acoustics computer technology, 110 composites, 84 Automated Manufacturing Research anechoic chamber, 45 data entry, IO6 dentures, 81

Facihty, 45 calibrations, 20 DNA sequencer, 11 machining, 6, 111

Cahbrated Hot Box, 100 emission, 82 electrical measurements, 27, 34 microstructure, 85, 89, 92

Cold Neutron Research Facihty, 88 laboratory accreditation, 18 electronics manufacturing, 23 powders, 7, 90-91

Computer and Network Security isolation, 38 intelligent processing, 38, 41, 76, 80 processing, 77, 90-91

Facihty, 107 phonetic locators, 106 in manufacturing, 6-7, 41, 43, 45, research grants, 8

Cryogenic Materials Laboratory, 91 thermo-, 54 111-112 superconductors, 32, 84-85 Electromagnetic Anechoic Chamber, 37 waves, 79 metal working equipment, 14 surface properties, 78 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance advanced materials (see materials) quality control, 39 testing, 50

Facility, 74 Advanced Systems Division, 105-106 welding, 80 thin films, 56

Fire Research Facilities, 100 Advanced Technology Program, 1, 2, 5, automotive, cover, 11, 39, 40, 80 chemical kinetics, 19, 24, 49, 55-56

Fluid Metering Research Facility', 6l 6, 10-12, 44 Chemical Kinetics and Ground Screen Antenna Range, 36 aerospace biotechnology, 47^9 Thermodynamics Division, 49-50

High-Accuraq' Ellipsometer, 35 alloys, 7, l6, 76 Advanced Technology Program, 1 Chemical Science and Technology

High-Resolution U\' and Optical engine components, 42, 57 biosensors, cover Laboratory, 46-62

Spectroscopy Facility, 73 equipment, 71 industry, 46, 48,51,53 chemical vapor deposition, 33, 56, 59,

High-Voltage Measurement Facility, 34 industry, 25, 30, 58, 63, 85 reference data, 19 66. 72 Information Systems Engineering propulsion systems, 91 worbhops, 21 chromatography, 48, 51-52

Facility, 107 algorithms, 110 Biotechnology Division, 47-49 gas, 24, 34, 47, 52-53, 55

ISDN and Distributed Systems automation, 25, 40 Building and Fire Research Laboratory, ion, 50

Facility, 108 building controls, 96 4,93-101 liquid, 47, 52, 53, Large Environmental Chamber, 99 computational geometry, 112 building controls, 95-96, 99 supercritical, 59 Large-Scale Structures Testing computer networking, 105 Building Environment Division, 95-96 clocks, atomic, 63, 66

Facility, 98 modeling, 59, 97 building materials, 7, 98-99 clocks, high-performance, 71

Line Heat-Source Guarded Hot Plate, 100 parallel processing, 109 Building Materials Division, 94-95 coatings, 33, 39, 56, 78, 94 Low-Background Infrared Radiation quantum dynamics, 66 cold neutrons, 88-89

Facility, 74 ultrasonic sensor array, 79 calibration services, 8, 16, 20 analysis with, 50, 62, 85-86 Magnetic Microstructure Measurement video processing, 23 acoustics, 45 combustion Facility, 75 alloys antennas, 35-37 chemical reactions, 66 electrical resistance, Materials Science X-Ray Beamlines, 92 aerospace, 7, l6, 76 26 efficiency, 56-57 Metals Processing Laboratory, 89 atomic and molecular dynamics, 85 electromagnetic fields, 37 pollutants, 95, 101

Mode-Stirred Chambers, 36 electrical properties, 26 flow measurements, 54, 61 polymer, 4, 98 force, Near-Field Scanning Facility for lithium in, 62 98 residential fires, 97

Antenna Measurements, 35 magnetic, 31, 83 heat flow, 100 thermodynamics, 49

Neutron Depth Profiling Facility, 62 polymer, 7, 82 infrared power, 74 turbulence, 112

NIST Research Reactor, 86 rapidly solidified, 90 ionizing radiation, 69-70 communications

Nitrogen Flow Measurement Facility, 6l in semiconductors, 27 microwave, 30 (see also telecommunications)

Polymer Composite Fabrication Standard Reference Materials, 19 National Voluntary Laboratory computer, 105, 107-109, 112 Accreditation 18 Facility, 90 structure, 83, 85, 92 Program, industry, 11,25,30-31,85 Powder Characterization and Processing superconducting, 32 neutron devices, 89 optical, 78 Laboratory, 90 uranium, 84 optical electronics, 32 composites pressure. Radiopharmaceutical Standardization antennas, 6, 31-32, 35-37 56 ceramic, 78, 84 Laboratory, 75 Applied and Computational Mathematics radiometry, 67 defects in, 79 Semiconductor Processing Research Division, 109-111 radiopharmaceuticals, 74 electromagnetic shielding, 36 42 Laboratory, 33 artificial intelligence, 94, 106 robots, flammability, 98 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering astrophysics, 72 spectrographic, 73 intelligent processing, 77 Materials/Data, Facility, 92 atmospheric chemistry, 49, 66, 71, 94 Standard Reference 19 metal, 84 Superconductor Integrated-Circuit atomic temperature, 56-57 polymer, 76, 80-82, 90

Fabrication Laboratory, 34 clocks, 63, 66 ultraviolet detectors, 64 properties of, 31,83, 99, 100 Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation fountain, 72 voltage, 25 radiation effects on, 74 calorimetry, 101 91 Facility II, 73 motion control, 65 49, compositional mapping, 46, 57, 62, Transistor Safe Operation Test physics, 91,63, 68 micro-, 30, 48, 69 compression, 23, 78, 91, 98, IO6 System, 34 -scale bonding, 85 catalysts, 48, 66, 68, 85 computer-aided design and also concrete) Transverse Electromagnetic Cells, 37 -scale measurements, 38 cement, 18, 94 (see manufacturing, 6, 14, 1 12 Center for Advanced Research in Tri-Directional Test Facility, 99 spectroscopy, 50, 52 apparel, 43 Water Flow Measurement Facility, 6l structure, 65, 80 Biotechnology, 49 building construction, 96-97 theory, 65 microelectronics, 29 Atomic Physics Division, 64-65 systems engineering, 45 Automated Production Technology Division, 39-40

I 1 ' 1 1

INDEXES

computer graphics, cover, 109 Electromagnetic Fields Division, 30-31 fluids Inorganic Anahlical Research Division,

biomolecules, 49 electromagnetic radiation, 30-31 flow measurement, 6, 54, 61-62 50

chemical kinetics, 56 anechoic chamber, 37 flow modeling, cover, 56, 97-98, 1 10 instrumentation, self-calibrating, 25

data analysis, 111-112 antenna measurements, 36 reference data, 19 insulation, building, 18, 60, 95-96, 100

fire research, 97, 101 calibration services, 20 thermophysical properties, 58-60 integrated circuits

NIST research reactor, 86, 88 compatibility, 18 fracture mechanics, cover, 77-78, 84, (see also semiconductors)

optics measurements, 63 emissions, 36-37 91-92, 94, 99 dimensions, 38-39

standards, 9, 103, 107 interference/noise, 24—25 fullerenes, 85 microwave, 6, 30 computer networks laser trapping, 65 Standard Reference Materials, 19

accreditation, 18 transducers, 82 gamma rays, 68, 69, 70, 75 superconducting, 32, 34 high-speed, 112 wave modeling, 110 gas metrology, 53-54 Integrated Services Digital Network

management, 102, 104-106 Electromagnetic Technology Division, grants, 1,4-5, 8-9, 13-14, 19 (ISDN), 6, 9, 104-106, 108

security, 107-108 31-32 guest researchers, 5, 8, l6, 18 intelligent

software depository, 1 1 Electron and Optical Physics Division, building controls, 96 computer security, 102-105, 107, 108 64-65 hazard analysis, fire, 97 machine controls, 38, 41, 45 hazardous materials, destruction of, electronic bulletin board, 9 electronic bulletin boards, 1, 9, 17 55 materials processing, 6-7, 76-77,

Computer Securit)' Division, 104-105 electronic mail, 4, 13-14 heating, ventilation, and air 82-84 Computer 'Systems Laboratory, 102-108 electronics, 22-34, 63 conditioning (HVAC), 95-96, 99 vehicles, 42 Computing and Applied Mathematics (see also semiconductors) high-definition television, 22-23 welding, 80

Laboratory, 109-112 automated manufacturing of, 23 high-performance computing and Intelligent Processing of Materials, concrete biomolecular, 48 communications (HPCC), 109-111 Office of, 77

accreditation, 18 devices, 79-80, 88 high-temperature interferometry, 38-40, 42, 65, 68, 72, 89

corrosion of steel in, 83 electromagnetic susceptibility, 36-37 ceramics behavior, 78 international standards, recycled. 111 gaseous, 24 gas-phase materials, 56, 84 computers, 102-103, 108

seismic safety, 93-94 materials, 24, 84 reactors, 49 construction, 96

structural testing, 98-99 micro-, 11,30, 56,81-82 sensors, 57 ISO 9000, 16, 18 concurrent engineering, 44 noise measurements, 71 X-ray analysis, 91-92 mechanical tolerances, 43 construction industry, 41, 43, 93-96, 99 opto-, 21-22, 24-25, 32 hypertext, 107 robots, 41 Cooperative Research and Development radiation processing of, 69 voluntary product, 16-17 image processing, Agreements, 5, 8, l6, 18, 44, 84 semiconductor, 27-30 23, 41, 47, 57, international guest researchers, 5 106 corrosion, 55, 83, 85 superconducting, 54 69-70, 94, International Organization of Legal cryogenic Electronics and Electrical Engineering image recognition, 102, 106 Metrology (OIML), 17 current comparators, 26 Laboratory, 22-37 imaging Ionizing Radiation Division, 69-70

electromagnetic properties, 31 electrophoresis, 47-48, 50-51, 53 elemental distributions, 88 infrared, electronics, 32 ellipsometry, 27-29, 35, 58, 83 67, 94 Joint Institute of Laboratory^ materials, 91-92 energy, 46, 88 laser, 78 Astrophysics, 72 radiometry, 67-68, 74 conservation, 99 magnetic, 31. 83 Journal ofResearch ofNIST. 9 magnetic resonance, 91 refrigeration, 54 efficiency, 18, 20, 95 77, cryptography, 104-105, 108 meters, 32 ultraviolet, 64 lasers, 32 scattering, 92 crystal structures, 49, 78, 85-86, 92 production, 56, 58, 6l X-ray 63, blue/green, 1 radiation measurement, 70 indoor air quality, 95 cooling and trapping, 65 databases recovery, chemical industry, 54 Information Services, Office of, 20 Doppler velocimetry, 54, 6l

management, 102-103, 107 solar, 49 Information Systems Engineering electrical metrology, 24 NIST Gopher Information Service, 9 storage, 92 Division, 9, 102-103 excitation, 28

reference data, 19, 49, 56 Energy-Related Inventions Program, 8, information systems technology, imaging, 78 102-108 testing, 102 20 induced photochemistry, 69 data encryption, 104-105 environment Advanced Technology Program, 1 infrared diode, 53 Research dental materials, 74, 81 air pollution, 57,71,89, 94,98, 100 Automated Manufacturing interferometry, 40, 42 Facility. diamond films, 62 biosensors, 7, 48 45 lead salt, 68

dimensional metrologv, 18, 20, 38-39, chemical analysis, 46, 49-52, 58, 88 construction industry, 96 magnetic resonance, 71 43 chemical waste destruction, 54 engineering facility. 107 materials, 66

DNA, 11,47-48, 111 electrical insulation, 24 geographic data. 102 performance, 70 Network dosimetry engineering, 93 Integrated Services Digital plasmas, 64 Facility^ ionizing radiation, 63, 69-70, 74 monitoring, 29, 67, 70 108 pulsed, 82 laboratory accreditation, 18 radiation, 70 power electronics in, 28 Raman microprobe, 57 neutron, 86-88 standards, 17 infrared scattering, 57 synchrotron, 73 detectors, 32, 54 spectroscopy, 54, 65-66, 82, 84 Factory Automation Systems Division, flat-panel displays, 7 stabilization, 72

earthquake engineering, 93. 99 43-44 lasers, 53, 65 temperature/pressure measurements, 56 electrical Federal Laboratory Consortium, 18 microscopy, 80 thermal lens, 51

laboratory accreditation, 18 fellowships, 72, 111 radiant power, 74 ultrasound, 77

metrology, 24 Fire Research Information Sen'ice, radiometry, 28, 66-68 ultraviolet, 49, 73

power equipment, 6, 11. 22, 71 96-97 sensors, 11, 40 vapor deposition, 84

properties of polymers, 81 Fire Safety Engineering Division, 96-97 spectrophotometer, 50, 69 vision, 80

standards, 22 Fire Science Division, 97-98 spectroscopy, 27, 54, 71, 73, 91, 94 leak rate measurements, 33, 60

Electricity Division, 23-27 flat-panel displays, 7, 11, 22, 67 synchrotron research, 73 licenses, 8, l6, 18 1

INDEXES 115

lighting, 18, 63, 95 mathematics molecular spectroscopy, 49-50, 65, 84 lithography. 73 applied and computational, 109-111 dynamics. 47, 49, 58, 66, 81, 85, 98, 110 X-ray, 69 electron beam, 34, 79 encr\'ption. 104 kinetics, 73 optimization, numerical, 110

ion, 65 fractals, cover physics. 19, 63, 68 Organic Analytical Research Division, photo-, 7, 25, 32-33, 64 Guide to Available Software. 9 molecular beam epita\7 (MBE), 27-28, 50-54

X-ray, 39. 63 information services, 20 58, 72 machine control, 41 Molecular Physics Division, 66-68 parallel computing, 23, 66, 102, 106, machine intelhgence, 38. 41 modeling, 79-80, 83, 94-95, 97-98. multimedia computer systems, 103, 109-111 machine tools. 11. 38. 40. -iS 101. 109 106, 108 patents, 8, 18, 45, 54 magnetic, 4, 22 tolerances, 43 Physics Laboratory, 63-75

devices, cooling of, 54 medical, 46, 50, 53, 88 nanotechnology piezoelectric materials, 78, 81

field meters, 34 biomedical sensors, 7, 29, 48, 51 composites, 83 plasmas

flux, 26, 32 calibrations, 19 devices, electron transport in, 66 analytical chemistry. 50 materials, 31-32, 83-84, 88, 110 devices, 69 fabrication, cover, 38, 65 diagnostics, 64, 73

measurements, 32 ionizing radiation, 63, 70, 74 metrology, integrated circuits, 29, 38 electronics processing, 24, 64-65

microstructures, 75, 85 magnetic storage, 31 National Voluntary' Laboratory' low-temperature. 64-65 multilayers, 86 materials, 81 Accreditation Program (N\1AP), 18, 70 stripping, 33

properties, 85, 89 radiopharmaceuticals, 75 neutron, 84-89 (see also cold neutrons) polyTmers. 4. 80-82 refrigeration, 84 metallurgy, 8 activation analysis. 46-47, 50, 87 chemical analysis, 62

resonance, 47^9, 71, 74, 81, 91 Metallurgy' Division, 82-84 depth profiling, 62. Ill in chromatography. 48

thin films, 58 metals. 76 (see also alloys) diffraction, cover, 84-85 combustion, 98

Malcolm Baldrige National Quality atomic structure, 68 grants, 8 composites, 80, 90

Award, 1, 2, 7-8. 15 chemical analysis of, 11, 50, 54, 62, 85, physics, 70, 89 electrophoresis markers, 47, 51 manufacturing 88 radiography, 87 fiber-reinforced, 11

Advanced Technology Program, 1 dental, 81 reflectometry, 86 grants, 8

automation/engineering, 23, 38-45, 112 electrical properties, 26 scattering, 48, 58. 82, 85, 87-88 interfaces, 86

Manufacturing Extension Partnership, equipment, 14 spectroscopy, 85 materials processing, 7, 64, 69, 76-77

13-14 glasses, 11 standards and dosimetry, 87-88 in membrane separation technology, 59 materials processing, 76-77, 79-80, 82, laboratory accreditation, 18 noise radiation effects, 74

90-91 low-temperature properties, 91 electrochemical, 83 structure, 68,81-82,85,89, 92

NIST mission, 2 mechanical properties, 84 electromagnetic, 25, 30, 74 Polymers Division, 80-82

process control, 54-57, 67-69, 73, 109 microstructure, 89, 92 electronics/optical systems, 71 portability, computers, 103. 105 quality, 15, 24 multilayers, 92 in lasers, 72 Precision Engineering Division. 38-39

R&D partnerships, 20-21 powders, 6, 7, 77 mechanical, low-level. 46 pressure measurements, 56, 60-62

semiconductors, 28-30, 33, 56 processing, 77, 79, 83, 90 trace analysis instrumentation, 53-54 Process Measurements Division, 54-57

success stories, 6-7 sputtered, 29-30, 33, 55 non-destructive evaluation product data exchange using STEP themioph>3ical properties, 58 Standard Reference Materials, 19 electron paramagnetic resonance, 74 (PDES), 23, 43-44, 96 (see also STEP)

Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, surfaces, 39 magnetic properties, 84 proteins, 47-49, 53, 59 38-45 welding, 80 neutron methods, 62, 84-85, 87, 91, HI protocols, computer, 96, 104-105, Manufacturing Extension Partnership, Metric Program, 21 radiation imaging, 69 107-108

1,2, 5-6, 8, 13-14 microelectromechanical systems semiconductor materials. 27-28, 34-35 publications, 9, 17, 19-20 mass spectrometry, 49-50,54-55 (MEMS), 29-30 sensors, 76-77 Publications and Program Inquiries

accelerator, 58 microelectronics (see semiconductors) nuclear magnetic resonance, 47, 49, 81, Unit, 4, 8-9 biomolecules, 53 microscopy 91 pyrolysis, 55, 57

DNA damage, 47 atomic force, cover

gaseous, 24, 56 electron, 39, 57, 63, 75, 79, 84, 91-92, open systems, computers. 9. 102, 104, quality control, 6, l6, 19, 22 molecular beam, 84 94 107-108 gases, 53 secondary ion, 57 infrared, 80 Opportunities for Innovation, 20-21 materials manufacturing, 60

trace analysis, 52 magnetic force, 31 optics/optical, 22, 38 radiation, ionizing, 70 materials optical, 33, 39 aspheric metrology, 39 semiconductors, 29 advanced, 11,77, 83-85, 89 scanning tunneling, 38-39, 58, 72, 112 calibration, 20 quality management, 7-8, 15

chemical composition, 62 X-ray/extreme ultraviolet, 64 camera, high-speed, 34 quantum

corrosion of, 55 microwave, 22 devices, 73 dynamics, 66

electromagnetic properties, 30 antennas, 6, 31 disk drives, 11,48, 106 Hall effect, 26 fabrication processes, 56, 60 atom traps, 65 electronics, 21-22, 24-25, 32 metrology, 63

grants, 8 calibration, 20, 30 fibers, 74, 78, 82, 111 physics, 63, 72, 98

high-temperature, 57 detectors, 32 lasers, 70-71 resonance, 72

magnetic, 31-32, 75 integrated circuits, 6, 30 materials characterization, 27-28, 35, wells, 27-28 optical properties, 67-68, 73 laboratory equipment, 7 68, 73,81,84 Quantum Metrology Division, 68-69

radiation effects, 74 materials, 78 microscopy, 33, 39 Quantum Physics Division, 72

stnicture, 68, 89, 92, 110 sources, 66 neutron, 89 Materials Reliability Division, 79-80 noise measurements, 71 Materials Science and Engineering physics, 63-64

Laboratory, 4, 76-92 power, 67 scattering, 68

sensors, 24, 39,51,55-56 1

116 INDEXES

separations radiation, 66-70, 84-89 steel, 6 Thermophysics Division, 58-61 chemical, 51-52, 82 (see also radiometry) 59, coatings for, 94 thin films, 84, 89 proteins, 48 corrosion, dosimetry, 18, 63, 74 83 ceramic, 56 small business, 6, 8, 13-15, 20-21 fracture properties, electromagnetic, 20, 31, 37 99 electromagnetic properties of, 31 Small Business Innovation infrared, 74 Research magnetic properties, 31 filters, 64 Program, 8,21 ionizing, 20, 69-70, 84-89 manufacturing, 76-77, 79 magnetic, 58, 75 smoke, 7, 97-98, 100-101 nitrogen in, 62 ionizing effects, 47, 49 mechanical properties, 79 software, computer, measurement, 66, 70 103 Standard Reference Materials, 19 multilayers, 69, 86 interactive, 103 optical 20, 67 stress in, 84 semiconductor, 29-30, 33, 56, 72, 82 manufacturing, 43-45 physics, 63 14, 38, structural testing, 98-99 sensors, 55 standards, shielding, 81 9, 102, 107 Structures Division, 93-94 superconducting, 32, 34 soils, 51,83 success stories, 6-7, surfaces, synchrotron, 27, 63, 73, 87 30 86 spectroscopy, 84 thermal, 97 80, 82, supercomputers, 7, 23, 49, 107-110 time and frequency, 63. 70-71 atomic, Radiometric Physics Division, 66-68 50, 73 superconductors, 76 calibration services, 20 radiometry, 66-68 deep-level transient, 27 characterization, 66 high-speed detectors, 32 electron, 58, cryogenic, 67, 74 68, 73 fabrication of, 34 laboratory accreditation, 18 energy loss, 82, high-temperature, flat-panel display, 23 87 11, 26, 32, 78, 83-85 transfer, 71 fellowships, 72 infrared, 28, 67-68 layers, 86 Time and Frequency Division, 70-71 fluorescence, thermal, 67 77, 82 low-temperature, 32 transducers, 45, 56, 60, 79, 82 infrared, 27,54,71,73,91,94 magnetic, 58. 65,88,91 transportation industry, ultraviolet, 7, 64, 67, 73 28, 42, 91, 97 ion scattering, 58 refrigeration of, 54 radiophamiaceuticals, 19, 75 kinetic absorption, Reactor Radiation Division, 84-86 49 texture, 84 ultrasound, 11,20, 77, 79, 82 reference materials laser, 54, 65 supercritical fluids, 51-52, 55, 59 ultraviolet magnetic materials, 88 (see Standard Reference Materials) surfaces laser, 49, 65

molecular, 66, 73 ceramics, properties of, 77-78 optics, 64 refrigerants, 60, 66, 95 neutron, 8, 85 chemistry, 56-57, 91 radiometry, 66-67 refrigeration, 26, 54, 74, 84, 95 73, 7, 64, nuclear magnetic resonance, 81 Research and Technology Application, 47, 49, of liquids, 89 scattering. 68 optical, Office of, 18 73 magnetism, 75 spectrophotometer, 50, 69 photo correlation, resistance standards, 26-27 90 melting of alloys, 90 spectroscopy, 55, 73, 82 positron annihilation, 81 optical scatter, synchrotron robots, 6, 14,41-43,45,51, 110 68 radiation, 73 Raman, Robot Systems Division, 41-43 48, 91 roughness, 39 REMP1,49 science, 54 vacuum standards, 60 semiconductor, video satellites, 13-14,31,54, 69,71, 103 28 spectroscopy, 55 processing, 11, 22-23. 42, 106 surface, voltage Scientific Computing Environments 55 thin films, properties of, 86 Division, 111-112 uv-visible, 82 Surface and Microanalysis Science high-, 24, 34, 68

scientific visualization, 111-112 X-ray, 58, 68 Division, 57-58 measurements, 26 speech Semiconductor Electronics Division, recognition, 106 synchrotron radiation research, 27, semiconductor analysis, 31 27-30 Standard for the Exchange of Product 63-64, 68, 73. 78, 92 standards, 24-25, 32 Model Data (STEP), voluntary product standards, 16-18 semiconductors, 22, 27-30 9, 43-44, 96 Systems and Network Architecture

(see also integrated circuits) Standard Reference Data, 8-9, l6, 19, Division, 105 antennas, 31

buildings fire, atomic structure, 68 46 Systems and Software Technology and 93-95 Standard Reference Materials, 7-8, 16, Division, 103 computet^, 103-104, 106 cleaning surface of, 1 devices, 28 19 Weights and Measures Program, ion implantation, 26 analytical chemistry, 46, 50, 53, 62, 88 Technologv at a Glance, 9 9. 17. electromagnetic, Technology Development and Small 21 lithography, 7, 64 30 optical scatter, Business welding, 6, 77, 80, 84 manufacturing productivity, 6 68 Program, 5, 18-19 proteins, 47, Technology Evaluation and Assessment, wind engineering, 93-94, 99 materials, 27-28, 32, 35, 50, 62, 66, 72, 53 radiopharmaceuticals, Office of, 20 74, 85, 89. 92 75 Services, 16-21 X-rays packaging materials, 81-82 semiconductors, 29, 35, 39 Technology superconductors, 32 technology transfer, 7-8, 13-14, absorption. 90. 92 processing, 29-30, 33, 56, 59, 64-65 thermal insulation, crystallography. 49 testing, 24-25, 29 95 18-19,29, 44 thermodynamics. telecommunications, 102, diffraction. 81,91 sensors, 11, 21, 29 49 18, 71, Standards Analysis and Assistance, 104-105, 107-108 fluorescence,50 bio-, cover, 7, 11, 48, 51 16-17 (see also communications) imaging, 63, 94 chemical, 46, 55 lithography, 63 machining, 43 Standards Information Center, 17 temperature measurements, 56-57, 99, 39, Standards 101 materials characterization, 27, 94 magnetic, 31 Management, 17 State Technology thermal resistance, optics, 64, 69, 73 manufacturing, 45, 76 Extension Program, 100 13-14 thermochemistry, sensors, 11 optical, 24, 32,34,41,49,55 19, 49 small-angle scattering, 92 pressure, 62 Statistical Engineering Division, 111 thermodynamics, statistics, 110 bio-, 48 sources, 69-70 processing, 30, 38, 41, 59, 77, 82-83 dental materials, calibration services, 20 spectroscopy, 55, 58, 65. 68 radiation, 69 81 equilibrium, 24 chemical, 49, 56 topography, 78 temperature, 4, 57, 111 ultrasonic, 79 measurement quality, 19, 37, 58, 109, fluids, 58 welding, 80 111 laboratory accreditation, 18 molecular models, 58 phase equilibria, 83 tolerances, 43 l .S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Ronald H. Brown. Secretary

Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology Arati Prabhakar, Director

National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Md. 20899-0001 (301) 975-2000 Boulder. Colo. 80303-3328 (305) 497-3000

October 1993

NIST Special Publication 858 Prepared by the Public Affairs Division

SP 858 Staff Project Manager: Sharon A. Shaffer Editor: Gail Porter

Production: Virginia M. Covahey, Sheila D. St. Clair Graphic Design: Cinda Debbink Photographer: H. Mark Heifer Printing Coordination: Warren Overman

Public Affairs Division A903 Administration Building National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Md. 20899-0001 (301) 975-2762

Any mention of commercial products is for information only; it does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and

Technology nor does it imply that the products mentioned are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

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