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The Role of the I3mited States H the Development Of The role of the United States in the development of the Republic of Liberia Authors Freeman, Robert Michael, 1943- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 11:49:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318043 THE ROLE OF THE I3MITED STATES H THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA by Robert ffieliael Freeman A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree pf , MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 8 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has "been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an, advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the -Library, Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests, for.permission.for extended quotation from or reproduction of. this manuscript in whole.or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED g Q T ? . / APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below CLIFTON E, WILSON1 ; ; Date ' Professor of Government , ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Dr. Clifton E„ Wilson for the helpful guidance which he provided during the preparation of this thesis. Thanks are due to him also for his patience and cheerful encourage- menf. In addition, I must express my gratitude to my good friend and fellow student, James S. Fleming, whose interest and insightful criticisms were invaluable.. I owe a very special debt of thanks to my wife, Jacque for her help and her tolerance in this effort and throughout the course of my education. TABLE OF COECEHTS, Page LIST OF TABLES poodooooooooooooooooooooo, v ABSTBAGT oooo ooodoeo o ooooooocoooooooo "V3. CHAPTER I d INTRODUCTION ooopoo'eodoodddoddo»edd I 2, THE AMERICAN ROLE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA eood.doi-eddooo oooo.ood-oodo. 3, A CENTURY OF SURVIVAL . , « »..»»»», o,»»« = 20 4, THE UNITED STATES AND LIBERIA AS ALLIES 55 5, THE STRUCTURE OF THE LIBERIAN ECONOMY <* 66 6 , PRIVATE AMERICAN INVESTMENTS IN LIBERIA „ ?6 7, UNITED STATES FOREIGN AID PROGRAMS IN LIBERIA ..... 92 8 . CONCLUSIONS 0 0 .0 0 . O O.OOOOOOOddpOOOO HI SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY .. ..o .o, .,o o,. 125 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Productive Acreage Developed, Acreage in Production, and Employment of Various Liberian Rubber 0 one ess rons o o # o @ <* o a o ° » o » o ° @ o o o © © 72 2„ Private Foreign. Investment in Liberia, 1962 © © 78 3„ Investment, Production, Capital Output Ratio, and Employment of Major Liberian Iron Producers « 0 © © 83 4„ Sources and Forms of Foreign Economic Assistance 1 to Liberxa, 1942**19^4 » o & @ © © © © © © © © © = © 108 5© United States Technical Assistance to Liberia by Field of Activity,. Selected. Years . © © ©, , © © © 109 6 , Planned Public Capital Projects in Liberia by Sector, 1964-1968: O O p 9 O O O' 9 P O O O 0 0 O 9 © © 120 7© Estimation of the Development Gap in Liberia, 1965-1968 00 o o o n o- 0-0 o o 0000 00 o n o©. © 121 v ABSTRACT The .Republic of Liberia was established with the official and unofficial assistance of the United States. Since that time, the United States and Liberia have borne a special relationship to one another. The special nature of this relationship was evidenced a number of times in the past century-and a half. The first century of Liberia's existence saw little progress toward modernization. The Second World War was the turning point toward development in Liberia. Substantial progress was made during the war years in providing the infrastructure necessary as a base for further development. - In addition, private American investment was attracted to Liberia as the country’s resources became known. The United States has been financing and participating in administering an ambitious program of economic development in Liberia for many years. Yet by any measure, Liberia is still one of the most underdeveloped countries in Africa. In large part, this is due to the existence of an aristocratic political system in which the Americo- Liberiah immigrants can effectively prevent the kind'of development which would result in a challenge to their own hegemony. They have ranked continued political control as a more desirable goal than economic development. vi External assistance can only be a supplement to internal effort on behalf of modernization. It can be optimally effective only to the extent to which it is based on the real political and economic needs of a specific recipient country. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The Republic of Liberia gained its independence more than a century before the winds of nationalism began to sweep the continent r- , ■ . of Africa. The United States played a role in the foundation of i " Liberia, and has borne a special relationship to that country ever since. This thesis is essentially a case study of the role of the United States in the development process of Liberia. In a very real sense all case studies are examinations of unique phenomena. For this reason, generalizations based on ease studies must be. both cautious and tentative. In the case of the American-Liberian experience, this caution is even further warranted because the relationship between these countries has been unique in another sense. Liberia is the only country which the United States directly participated in establishing, ## s fact produced a certain sense of special responsibility in the U. S. for Liberia. On the other hand, Liberia shares with a great number of other countries some common characteristics of ..underdevelopment. The U. S. has long been involved in attempting to assist Liberia in the process of modernization. It may well be that there are borne factors which a study of the American assistance effort in Liberia ■ will highlight which could he of value in maximizing the effectiveness of such attempts in other underdeveloped countries and in enhancing the prospects of greater progress toward modernization in Liberia. In this thesis, then, -I will examine in depth the relationship which has developed between the United States and Liberia. It will be necessary to discern the pattern of this relationship in order to accurately assess the relative importance of various factors involved in the progress which has so far been made in Liberia. Chapter fwo will describe the foundation of Liberia and the role played in this process by the United States both officially and unofficially. This chapter will constitute an.analysis of the U. S. role up to the time of Liberia's independence in 1847. In Chapter Three, I will describe and explain the position of. the United States toward -Liberia during the century following•its independence and preceeding the Second World War. Chapter Four will be a brief description of the economic system of Liberia. This will set the stage for the discussion in Chapter Five of U. S. activities in Liberia during World War II. These activities were the real turning point in the history of the development of Liberia. In attempting to evaluate, the contributions made by the United States to Liberia's development, it is essential to pay care­ ful consideration to the function of private American investments in Liberia. This important question will be dealt with in Chapter Six. '• 3 The most direct and most important aspect of America’s concern for Liberian development has been evidenced since the war years in the form of loans and grants to Liberia, Chapter Seven is an- analysis of the U, S, foreign aid program in that country. This study will attempt to evaluate the degree of success : , \ attained by the Liberian development effort and to assess the importance of the participation of the United States in that effort. From it may be generated some more general hypotheses requiring further research, - CHAPTER 2 THE AMERICAN ROLE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA During the early years of the nineteenth century, the United States finally became aware of the need to put an end to the slave trade. In 179^ Congress' had forbidden American citizens to participate in the still flourishing traffic in slaves,1 and in 1808, the further importation of slaves into the U. S. was-- outlawed.2 These actions, however, left unresolved the thorny problem of what was to be done with the freed slaves in the country. Many Americans followed the example of Washington, who freed his slaves at his death. But the rapidly increasing numbers of former slaves of African descent did not live on terms of easy equality in the social system of their former masters. By 1816, there were, approximately 1 ' ■ O 2,000,000 Negro slaves and 200,000 former slaves living in the U. S. 1. Harry H. Johnston, Liberia, (London: Hutchinson and Co., 1906), VI, p. 161. , . 2. Nathaniel R. Richardson, Liberia's Past and Present, (London: Diplomatic Press and Publishing Co., 1959)? P« 11. ” 3. Ibid.' There were various schemes proposed to mollify the problem— schemes encompassing such proposals a,s total abolition of slavery and acculturation of the Negroes.into American society with recompense for their previously endured hardships, re-enslaving all those former slaves who had been freed3 freeing.all the slaves and sending them together with their already free brothers back to Africa, and various forms of a proposal to.resettle -the freed Negroes while yet ignoring for a time the larger issue of slavery, as an institution.
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