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Research Collection Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Searching for the Social in the Brain The Emergence of Social Neuroscience Author(s): Matusall, Svenja Publication Date: 2012 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-009753077 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Diss. ETH No 20432 SEARCHING FOR THE SOCIAL IN THE BRAIN THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by SVENJA KIRSTEN VERENA MATUSALL M.A., Universität Hannover, MA, Durham University date of birth 18th April 1982 citizen of Germany accepted on the recommendation of: Michael Hagner Gerd Folkers Tobias Rees 2012 Acknowledgements This study would not have been possible neither without the scientists, who opened their labs and generously let me participate in their research, nor without those taking the time for interviews. I am deeply indebted to their cooperation. I am grateful to Michael Hagner for the guidance and support of my project as well as to Tobias Rees for the idea and methods for conducting an ethnographic study. Discussing my project with each of them helped to detect some paths in the jungle of material I faced at the beginning. Without the joint efforts of Ina Maria Kaufmann and Markus Christen, the quantitative part of this study could never have been done. The members of the Chair for Science Studies at ETH Zurich as well as those of the graduate school History of Knowledge of the Centre for the History of Knowledge have to be thanked for their helpful inputs to my project. The European Science and Society Network provided spaces for discussion and exchange with similar-minded researchers; I want to thank the participants of several events for the many inspiring debates. Moreover, I am thanking Allan Young and Tobias Rees for their hospitality and enlightening discussions during my research visit at McGill University. The Committee on Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science at the University of Chicago allowed me to attend seminars and reading groups during my visit. From the many more people who contributed to this study in countless discussions and exchanges of ideas I want to name only a few: Barbara Duden constantly reminded me that thinking is always an attitude to the world; Peter Schneider and the entresol- Network provided an opportunity to introduce my research to a broader interested audience; planning and discussing workshops with Johannes Bruder kept me motivated and convinced that I was working on a relevant and interesting topic. Further stimulating conversations on the relationship between neuroscience and society I had with Andreas Roepstorff, Anelis Kaiser, Paul Martin, Sabine Maasen, Sigrid Schmitz, Gerd Folkers and many others. Lunches with the Friday Women did not only keep my spirits up but made me see connections to related research: En guete Ariane Tanner, Dani Oertle, Konstanze Weltersbach, Lou Heer, and Sandra Nicolodi. Dennis Eversberg and Amanda Taylor had always been online when an emergency Skype chat was necessary no matter whether I needed a Bourdieu interpreter, a philosophers perspective or an advice on whether breeding sheep would be a better career choice. I am also very grateful to all who supported me in finalising the manuscript: Johannes Bruder, Konstanze Weltersbach, Lou Heer and Sandra Nicolodi for their final comments and suggestions, Veronica Matusall for proof reading, and Robyn Stünzi for the layout and everything else. Without the support and encouragement of my family and friends I would not have been able to write this dissertation. You know who you are. Finally, I want to thank the Swiss National Foundation (Grant Number 100011- 116725/1), the European Science Foundation (Grant Number 2423), and the Huber- Kundlich-Stiftung for their generous funding of this project. Table of Content Table of Images .............................................................................................................. IV Abstract.............................................................................................................................V Zusammenfassung .........................................................................................................VII 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................1 1.1 All These Things Being Social ..................................................................................3 1.2 All These Things Being Neuro ..................................................................................8 1.3 Engaging with a Field in the Making.......................................................................11 1.4 Structure of the Study...............................................................................................14 2. WHat is Social Neuroscience? A Sketch of a Discipline in the Making .................16 2.1 Field or Discipline?..................................................................................................17 2.2 Bibliometric Analysis of the Field 1990 - 2009.......................................................20 2.2.1 Pioneers ........................................................................................................23 2.2.2 Getting Organised.........................................................................................26 2.2.3 Analysis of Topic Clusters............................................................................27 2.3 The Invention of Social Neuroscience.....................................................................28 2.3.1 Founding Narratives .....................................................................................29 2.3.2 Invention of Social Neuroscience 1: Biopsychology Tradition....................34 2.3.3 Invention of Social Neuroscience 2: Cognitive Tradition ............................38 2.3.4 Topics of Social Neuroscience......................................................................46 2.4 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................50 3. TecHnologies and Experimental Design in Social Neuroscience ............................51 3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................51 3.2 Basic Principles in Experimental Psychology .........................................................52 3.2.1 The Experimental Subject ............................................................................52 3.2.2 Experimental Groups....................................................................................54 3.2.3 Experimental Design ....................................................................................55 3.3 Experiments in Social Neuroscience .......................................................................57 3.3.1 Basic Principles of fMRI ..............................................................................58 3.3.2 Epistemological Reflections on fMRI Imaging............................................60 3.4 Task Design..............................................................................................................68 I 3.5 The Voodoo Affair....................................................................................................72 3.5.1 The Paper......................................................................................................72 3.5.2 Reactions ......................................................................................................74 3.5.3 Published Papers and Comments..................................................................75 3.5.4 Voodoo Affair and Culture of Scientific Debate...........................................78 3.6 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................80 4. Social in Social Neuroscience. History, Research Practice and Epistemology .....82 4.1 Social in the History of Social Psychology ...........................................................83 4.1.1 American Social Psychology During the Interwar Years .............................86 4.1.2 Attitudes........................................................................................................89 4.1.3 Quantification ...............................................................................................90 4.1.4 Experimental Method ...................................................................................93 4.1.5 World War II and Post-war Developments ...................................................95 4.1.6 Summary: The Social as an Quantifiable Entity...........................................98 4.2 Social in Social Neuroscience Imaging Experiments..........................................100 4.2.1 The Scanning Process.................................................................................104 4.2.2 Interaction between Experimenter and Participant.....................................105 4.2.3 Participants Perspective.............................................................................109 4.2.4 Recruitment of Participants ........................................................................112 4.2.5 Additional Information ...............................................................................117
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