A Life Time in Exile: Finnish War Children in Sweden After the War. an Interview Study with a Psychological and Psychodynamic Ap
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JYU DISSERTATIONS 22 Barbara Mattsson A Life Time in Exile: Finnish War Children in Sweden after the War An Interview Study with a Psychological and Psychodynamic Approach JYU DISSERTATIONS 22 Barbara Mattsson A Life Time in Exile: Finnish War Children in Sweden after the War An Interview Study with a Psychological and Psychodynamic Approach Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston kasvatustieteiden ja psykologian tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Ruusupuiston salissa D104 (Helena) lokakuun 13. päivänä 2018 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Education and Psychology of the University of Jyväskylä, in building Ruusupuisto, hall D104 (Helena), on October 13, 2018 at 12 o’clock noon. JYVÄSKYLÄ 2018 Editors Noona Kiuru Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä Ville Korkiakangas Open Science Centre, University of Jyväskylä Copyright © 2018, by University of Jyväskylä Permanent link to this publication: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-39-7565-4 ISBN 978-951-39-7565-4 (PDF) URN:ISBN:978-951-39-7565-4 ISSN 2489-9003 ABSTRACT Mattsson, Barbara A life time in exile: Finnish war children in Sweden after the war. An interview study with a psychological and psychodynamic approach Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2018, 61 p. (JYU Dissertations ISSN 2489-9003; 22) ISBN 978-951-39-7565-4 (PDF) This study is based upon in-depth interviews with ten Finnish war children who were evacuated to Sweden during the Second World War (1939 -1944) and who did not return permanently to Finland after the war. This interpretative and qualitative interview study of war children seems to be the only one of its kind. The interviews were carried out in 2007 in Stockholm. At the time of the evacuation nine of the children were between two and five years of age and one was seven years old. At the time of the interviews they were approaching their seventieth birthday. The interviewees were asked to tell about their life. The method for this study was an application of Grounded Theory and Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) combined with a psychoanalytic perspective that can contribute to a deeper understanding and interpretation of psychic phenomena. The study strived to gain an understanding of what it can mean for a little child to be separated from its family of birth, its environment and its language and to be placed into a new surrounding with people who were strangers and who spoke another language. When the narratives were analyzed, what they said as well as the unspoken was noted. The interviewees had difficulties reflecting over this decisive event in their lives. The patterns that came forth were a lack of curiosity and lack of interest in the past. The lack of interest about the Finnish mother was especially notable. In the interview they were affected by their experiences, which became discernible in both the form and the content of the language. The incomprehensible in the events during the evacuation was still incomprehensible and incoherent in their narratives. An evacuation is an overwhelming experience and also, as found in the interviews, a traumatic one. Such an experience causes memories to be stored and recalled in a special way. A traumatic experience is not revised or changed. It appeared in the interviews as an experience of timelessness. The interviewees spoke of past experiences as if they were part of the present, which indicates that the trauma was still there. A traumatic experience is encapsulated, isolated and separated from the rest of the personality but still affects the emotional life. The fragmented narratives took on coherence when they spoke about their adult lives. Catastrophic experiences do not need to impair learning. The interviewees had as adults found and developed different ways to endure their separation experiences. They could bear with them a kind of normality that provided a necessary defence for them to live their lives. Keywords: war children, evacuation, impact in adulthood Author’s adress Barbara Mattsson Björneborgsvägen 2 E 00350 Helsingfors +358 405 129 298 [email protected] Supervisors Professor Jukka Aaltonen Department of Psychology University of Jyväskylä Adjunct Professor Henrik Enckell Department of Psychology University of Jyväskylä Adjunct Professor Ilpo Lahti Department of Psychology University of Jyväskylä Reviewers Eila Laukkanen Professor Department of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Timo Niemi Adjunct Professor University of Helsinki Opponent Timo Niemi Adjunct Professor University of Helsinki TIIVISTELMÄ Mattsson, Barbara Elinikä maanpaossa: Ruotsiin toisen maailmansodan jälkeen jääneet suomalai- set sotalapset Haastattelututkimus psykologisesta ja psykodynaamisesta näkökulmasta. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2018, 61 p. (JYU Dissertations ISSN 2489-9003; 22) ISBN 978-951-39-7565-4 (PDF) Tämä väitöskirja perustuu kymmenen Suomesta Ruotsiin toisen maailmansodan aika- na evakuoidun ja sinne sodan jälkeen jääneiden sotalasten haastatteluun. Tämän kal- tainen tulkitseva haastattelututkimus lienee ainoa lajiaan. Haastattelut toteutettiin Tukholmassa vuonna 2007. Evakuoinnin aikaan yksi lapsi oli seitsemänvuotias, yhdek- sän lasta olivat iältään kahden ja viiden vuoden välillä. Haastattelujen aikaan he lähes- tyivät seitsemättäkymmenettä syntymäpäiväänsä. Haastateltavia pyydettiin kertomaan elämästään. Tässä tutkimuksessa sovellettiin Grounded Theory ja Adult Attachment Interview – menetelmiä yhdistämällä ne psykoanalyyttiseen näkökulmaan, jonka avul- la päästiin psyykkisten ilmiöiden syvempään tulkintaan. Tutkimus pyrki ymmärtä- mään mitä omasta syntyperheestä, ympäristöstä ja kielestä erottaminen sekä uuteen vieraiden ihmisten ja vieraan kielen asuttamaan paikkaan muuttaminen saattoi merki- tä pienelle lapselle. Haastattelujen analyysissa kiinnitettiin huomiota siihen mitä haas- tateltavat sanoivat sekä jättivät sanomatta. Uteliaisuuden ja kiinnostuksen puute men- neisyyden tapahtumia kohtaan näyttäytyivät suurimassa osassa haastatteluissa erään- laisina puolustuskeinoina. Erityisen merkittävää oli vähäinen kiinnostus suomalaista äitiä kohtaan. Haastateltavilla oli vaikeuksia pohtia tämän keskeisen tapahtuman mer- kitystä elämänsä kannalta. He olivat siitä huolimatta vaikuttuneita omista kokemuksis- taan, mikä näkyi sekä kerronnan muodossa ja sisällössä. Haastateltavilla oli paikoin vaikeaa ajatella tätä elämänsä keskeistä tapahtumaa. Evakuointitilanteen käsittämät- tömät tapahtumat näyttäytyivät edelleen käsittämättömiltä myös haastateltavien ker- tomuksissa. Evakuointi oli traumaattinen kokemus. Tämä voi johtaa muistojen erikois- laatuiseen tallentumiseen ja mieleen palauttamiseen, että sisältöön. Traumaattista ko- kemusta ei muokata eikä muuteta mikä näyttäytyi haastatteluissa eräänlaisena ajatto- muutena. Haastateltavat puhuivat menneestä ikään kuin muistot olisivat olleet osa nykyisyyttä. Tämä viittaa trauman jatkuvaan läsnäoloon. Traumaattinen kokemus ko- teloituu, eristäytyy ja erottuu muusta personallisuudesta, mutta vaikuttaa silti tunne- elämään. Haastateltavien katkonaiset tarinat saivat koherentin muodon, kun he pu- huivat aikuiselämästään. Katastrofaaliset kokemukset eivät välttämättä vahingoita oppimista. Haastateltavat olivat aikuisina löytäneet erilaisia keinoja sietää erokoke- muksiaan. He olivat rakentaneet eräänlaisen normaaliuden, joka tarjosi heille tarvitta- van suojan elämänsä hallintaa. Avainsanat: sotalapseus, evakuointi, vaikutus aikuiselämässä ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My interest in the theme of the Finnish war children goes back to my own childhood as a Finnish war child. Even though I returned to Finland after the war, I remained close to my Swedish family in many ways. I visited them every summer and throughout their lives they were dear and comforting people to me. Around the millennium shift, a new interest and openness arose in Finland toward the war children and their destinies. At that time I also became deeply engaged, for the first time, in questions around my own war childhood. I got together with professor Singa Sandelin and Dr Pertti Kavén, both of whom had long been engaged in the subject of the war children, and we started to brainstorm around this theme. Our group soon grew larger as we met and discussed the possibilities of starting a research process. After Singa Sandelin suddenly passed away, the co-ordination of the work to come was taken over by Nina Santavirta, Associate Professor at the Department of Behavioral Sciences at the University of Helsinki. She has been a pillar of strength throughout the entire research process. Sinikka Maliniemi, a psychologist and psychotherapist, also joined the group. We began to develop a plan of research that at first included cooperation with Martin Parsons in England. He was working on a study of evacuees sent from cities to the countryside during the Second World War. Later the decision was made to limit the research to the Finnish war children. In the questionnaire study that developed into the first project, it proved to be difficult to find conclusive results on differences between evacuated and non-evacuated Finnish children. Insights from the questionnaire study gradually led to other ways to approach the question of what the evacuation had meant for the children who had been war children. The cooperation between Sinikka Maliniemi and the present author was crucial for the interview study presented here concerning the war children who remained in Sweden after the war. The joint processing of