DOCSLIB.ORG

Children Born of War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Children Born of War Children Born of War 1) General Becirbasic, Belma and Dzenana Secic, 2002, ‘Invisible Casualties of War’, Star Magazine, Sarajevo, BCR No. 383S Carpenter, R. Charli (ed.),Born of War. Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones (Bloomfield: Kumarian Press, 2007) Carpenter, Charli R., ‘International Agenda-Setting in World Politics: Issue Emergence and Non-Emergence Around Children and Armed Conflict’, (2005) [http://www.du.edu/gsis/hrhw/working/2005/30-carpenter-2005.pdf] D.Costa, Bina, War Babies: The Question of National Honour in the Gendered Construction of Nationalism: From Partition to Creation (unpublished PhD thesis, Australian National University, 2003) [http://www.drishtipat.org/1971/docs/warbabies_bina.pdf] Ismail, Zahra, Emerging from the Shadows. Finding a Place for Children Born of War (unpublished M.A. Thesis, European University Centre for Peace Studies, Austria, 2008) McKinley, James C. jr., ‘Legacy of Rwanda Violence: The Thousands Born of Rape’, New York Times, 25 September 1996 Parsons M. (ed), Children. The Invisible Victims of War (DSM, 2008) Voicu, Bogdan und Ingvill C. Mochmann, 2014: Social Trust and Children Born of War. Social Change Review 12(2): 185-212 Westerlund, Lars (ed.), Children of German Soldiers: Children of Foreign Soldiers in Finland 1940—1948 , vol. 1 (Helsinki: Painopaikka Nord Print, 2011) Westerlund, Lars (ed.), The Children of Foreign Soldiers in Finland, Norway, Denmark, Austria, Poland and Occupied Soviet Karelia. Children of Foreign Soldiers in Finland 1940– 1948 vol. 2 (Helsinki: Painopaikka Nord Print, Helsinki 2011) 2) Gender-Based Violence in Wars and Conflicts 2a) General Allen, Beverly, Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia (Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota Press, 1996) Barstow, Anne Llewellyn, (ed.) War's Dirty Secret: Rape, Prostitution, and Other Crimes Against Women (Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press, 2000) Bechdolf, Ute, ‘Grenzerfahrungen von Frauen. Vergewaltigungen beim Einmarsch der französischen Besatzungstruppen in Südwestdeutschland’, in Kleiner Grenzverkehr: Deutsch-französische Kulturanalysen, U. Jeggle and F. Raphaël (eds) (Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 1997) 189—208 Beck, Birgit, ‘Vergewaltigung von Frauen als Kriegsstrategie im Zweiten Weltkrieg?, in Gewalt im Krieg. Ausübung, Erfahrung und Verweigerung von Gewalt in Kriegen des 20.Jahrhunderts,. (Münster: A. Gestrich (Jahrbuch für Historische Friedensforschung, 1995), 34—50 Beevor, A. ‘They raped every German female from eight to 80’, The Guardian, 1 May 2002 [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/may/01/news.features11] Benedict, Helen, ‘Why Soldiers Rape’, In These Times 13 August 2008 [http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3848/] Brownmiller, S., Against our will: Men, women and rape (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975) Card, Claudia, ‘Rape as a Weapon of War’, Hypatia 11 (4) (1996), 5—18 Carpenter, Charli R., ‘Surfacing Children: Limitations of Genocidal Rape Discourse’, Human Rights Quarterly, 22 (2000), 428-477 Cohen-Pfister, L., ‘Portraying mass wartime rape in the documentary: Befreier and Befreite and Calling the Ghosts’, West Virginia University Philological Papers, 2004. Farwell, Nancy, ‘War Rape: New Conceptualizations and Responses’, Affilia, 19 (2004) 389—403 Gertjejanssen, Wendy Jo, Victims, Heroes, Survivors. Sexual Violence on the Eastern Front during World War II, (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 2004) Gikes, M., ‘“There was No One Who Could Escape This Horrible Situation”: Gender Based Violence in the American Viet Nam War, 1954-1975’, Dissertation Abstracts International Section C, 67, 4, 2006, p. 582 Harris, Ruth, ‘The “Child of the Barbarian”: Rape, Race and Nationalism in France during the First World War’, Past and Present 141 (1993), 170—206 Hicks, G. The Comfort Women: Japan's Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War (New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995) Hughes, Donna M. and Kathleen Foster, ‘War, Nationalism and Rape: Women Responded by Opening a Center Against Sexual Violence in Belgrade, Serbia’, Women's Studies International Forum 19 (1996): 183—184 Hynes, M., K. Robertson, J. Ward, and C. Crouse. A Determination of the Prevalence of Gender-based Violence among Conflict-affected Populations in East Timor, Disasters, 28, 3, 2004 Kappeler, Susanne, Mira Renka, and Melanie Beyer (eds.), Vergewaltigung, Krieg, Nationalismus: Eine Feministische Kritik (Munich: Verlag Frauenoffensive, 1994) MacKinnon, C.A., ‘Rape, genocide, and women’s human rights’, Harvard’s Women’s Law Journal, 17 (1994), 8—12 Meinen, Insa, Wehrmacht und Prostitution in besetzten Frankreich (Bremen: Edition Temmen, 2002) Salzman, Todd, E., ‘Rape Camps as a Means of Ethnic Cleansing’, Human Rights Quarterly 20 (2) (1998), 348—378 Seiffert, Ruth, ‘The Second Front: The Logic of Sexual Violence in Wars’, Women’s Studies International Forum 19 (1-2) (1996), 35—43 Seifert, Ruth. ‘Rape in Wars: Analytical Approaches’, Minerva: Woman & War, 11 (2) (1993), 17—32 Seifert, Ruth, ‘War and Rape: A Preliminary Analysis’, in Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina Alexandra Stiglmayer (ed.) (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 54—72 Stiglmayer, Alexandra (ed.), Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1994) Csete, J. Human Rights Watch. 2002. “The War within the War: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo” http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/drc/. Groves, G, Resurreccion, B, Doneys, P. ‘Keeping the Peace is Not Enough: Human Security and Gender-based Violence during the Transitional Period of Timor-Leste’, Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 24, 2, (2009), pp. 186-210 Robertson, K. “Case Study on Gender-Based Violence in Timor Leste”, PRADET Timor Lorosa’e, prepared for UNFPA Women, Peace, and Security Project, 2005 Wood, Elisabeth Jean, ‘Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When Is Wartime Rape Rare?, Politics and Society 37 (1) (2009), 131—162 2b) Rape as a Weapon of War Abler, T. S. “Scalping, Torture, Cannibalism and Rape: An Ethnohistorical Analysis of Conflicting Cultural Values in War.” Anthropologica XXXIV, 3-20, 1992. Card, C. “Rape as a Weapon of War” Hypatia 11, 4, 1996. Donohoe, Martin, ‘War, Rape and Genocide: Never Again?’, Medscape, 18 April 2004 [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/491147] Gingerich, T. and Leaning, J. “The Use of Rape as a Weapon of War in the Conflict of Darfur, Sudan” (Boston MA: Harvard University School of Public Health, Program on Humanitarian Crises and Human Rights, 2004) Hardy, J. ‘Everything Old is New Again: The Use of Gender-Based Terrorism Against Women’, Minerva: Woman & War, 19, 2, 2001, pp. 3-38 Heinecken, L. Van Der Waag-Cowling, N. ‘The Politics of Race and Gender in the South African Armed Forces: Issues, Challenges, Lessons’, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 47, 4, 2009, pp. 517-538 Littlewood, R., 'Military Rape', Anthropology Today, 13, 2, 1997, pp. 7-16 McCormick, R. W. “Rape and War, Gender and Nation, Victims and Victimizers: Helke Sander’s Befreier und Befreite” Camera Obscura 46, 16, 1, 2001, pp. 99-141 Skjelsbak, I. ‘Sexual Violence in Times of War: A New Challenge for Peace Operations’, International Peacekeeping, 8, 2, 2001, p. 69 Smith-Spark, L, ‘How Did Rape Become a Weapon of War?’, BBC News Online 8.12.2004 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4078677.stm] 2b) Sexual exploitation and wartime prostitution Boling, D. Mass Rape, Enforced Prostitution, and the Japanese Imperial Army: Japan Eschews International Legal Responsibility? (Baltimore, 1995) Chung, H-K. “Your Comfort Vs. My Death: A Korean Woman’s Reflection on Military Sexual Slavery by Japan”, Minjung-Theology, Korean Association of Minjung Theology, 1, 1995, pp. 149-170 Coronel, S. and Ninotchka, R., ‘For the Boys: Filipinas Expose Years of Sexual Slavery by the United States and Japan’, Ms., 10, Nov-Dec 1993. Haberling, W. ‘Army Prositution and Its Control: An Historical Study’, in Morals in Wartime: General Survey from Ancient Times, Morals in the First World War, Morals in the Second World War, M.D. Victor Robinson (ed.) (New York, 1943) Hicks, G. The Comfort Women: Japan’s Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War (New York and London, 1995) Moon, K. H. S. Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in United States-Korean Relations (New York, 1997) Tanaka, Y. Japan’s Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II and the US Occupation edited by Mark Selden, Asia’s Transformations (London & New York, 2002) 2c) Rape as a war crime Aafjes, Astrid. Gender Violence: The Hidden War Crime, (Washington, D.C.: Women, Law and Development International, 1998) Barstow, A. L. (ed.) War’s Dirty Secret: Rape, Prostitution, and Other Crimes Against Women. (Cleveland, 2000) Beck, Birgit. ‘Rape: The Military Trials of Sexual Crimes Committed by Soldiers in the Wehrmacht, 1939-1944’, in Home/Front: The Military, War and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany, Karen Hagemann and Stefanie Schüler-Springorum (eds), (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2002), 255—273 Engle, K. ‘Feminism and Its (Dis)contents: Criminalizing Wartime Rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina’, The American Journal of International Law, 99, 4, 2005, pp. 778-816 Goldstein, J. and Anne Tierney, Recognizing Forced Impregnation as a War Crime Under International Law: A Special Report of the International Program, (New York: Center for Reproductive Law & Policy, 1993) Greer, G.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Summer 2017 / Compilation of Children Born of War (CBOW) Scholarly Research Research Databases: Google Scholar; Google Schol
    Summer 2017 / Compilation of Children Born of War (CBOW) Scholarly Research Research databases: Google Scholar; Google Scholar French; Google; JSTOR; Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals; Journal of Adolescent Research; Childhood Studies; HeinOnline, International Journal of Human Rights, Human Rights Quarterly, Journal of Child Psychology; Osgoode Law Journal; Social Change Review; Sociology; Third World Quarterly; Development in Practice; Global Studies of Childhood; Journal of Interpersonal Violence; Historical Social Research. Bibliography Citation Style: The following bibliography has been compiled using the American Psychological Association (APA) citation style published on York University Libraries in reverse chronological order. In addition, the list of works is alphabetized where more than reference is published in the same year. Compiled by Yamri Taddese, MA Socio-Legal Studies, York University August 2017 Table of contents Overview/historical perspectives on CBOW……………………………………1 Belonging and identity……………………………………………………………3 Social, psychological and physical wellbeing of CBOW………………………..6 Ethical & methodological challenges with doing research with CBOW……...8 Responsibility, accountability and human rights for CBOW………………….9 2 Overview/historical perspectives on CBOW D'Costa, B. (2008). Victory's silence: War babies in Bangladesh, Himal Southasian (pp. 56-59). Retrieved from http://www.himalmag.com/tbc.php?bid=167 [Bangladesh celebrates its birth on 16 December 1971 – now celebrated as Victory Day, a day of reminiscence for citizens of the new nation. But many memories are troubling, especially those of the ‘war babies’ – children born during or after the War of Liberation, as a result of the often-planned and systematic rape of Bangladeshi women.] Ericsson, K., & Simonsen, E. (2008). On the border: The contested children of the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and the Violence(S) of War and Armed Conflict EMERALD STUDIES in CRIMINOLOGY, FEMINISM and SOCIAL CHANGE
    Gender and the Violence(s) of War and Armed Conflict EMERALD STUDIES IN CRIMINOLOGY, FEMINISM AND SOCIAL CHANGE Series Editors Sandra Walklate, School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia. Kate Fitz-Gibbon, School of Social Sciences at Monash University and Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Australia. Jude McCulloch, Monash University and Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Australia. JaneMaree Maher, Centre for Women’s Studies and Gender Research, Sociology, Monash University, Australia. Emerald Studies in Criminology, Feminism and Social Change offers a platform for innovative, engaged, and forward-looking feminist-informed work to explore the interconnections between social change and the capacity of criminology to grap- ple with the implications of such change. Social change, whether as a result of the movement of peoples, the impact of new technologies, the potential consequences of climate change, or more commonly identified features of changing societies, such as ageing populations, inter-genera- tional conflict, the changing nature of work, increasing awareness of the problem of gendered violence(s), and/or changing economic and political context, takes its toll across the globe in infinitely more nuanced and inter-connected ways than previously imagined. Each of these connections carry implications for what is understood as crime, the criminal, the victim of crime and the capacity of criminology as a disci- pline to make sense of these evolving interconnections. Feminist analysis, despite its contentious relationship with the discipline of criminology, has much to offer in strengthening the discipline to better understand the complexity of the world in the twenty-first century and to scan the horizon for emerging, possible or likely futures.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Bonds and Coming to Terms with the Nazi Past
    TIIA SAHRAKORPI Family Bonds and Coming to Terms with the Nazi Past Tiia Sahrakorpi University College London Abstract This article is about the way generational bonds were affected by Nazism. The Hitler Youth generation, here defined as those born from 1925 to 1933, were children during the Third Reich. Their memoirs, typically written in late adulthood, indicate the problematic nature of coming to terms with the past. This generation’s parents were influenced by earlier historical events, and this article seeks to show how many different influences were in place which affected family bonding in the 1930s. Lastly, the article uses two memoirs as examples to show how two different individuals attempted to discuss their families and their pasts. Keywords: memoir, Third Reich, Nazism, Hitler Youth, generation Armin Lehmann, born 1928, was a member of what is commonly termed the ‘Hitler Youth generation’: those born in Germany between 1925 and 1933. Like others of his generation, Lehmann wrote a memoir of his service as a Hitler Youth boy. There, he records the ambivalent political and psychological issues that plagued him and his father (Lehmann and Carroll, 2011). As one of six children living in the Munich borough of Waldtrudering, Lehmann is proud of his mother having six children, as this gave women the highest official recognition in Nazi Germany for motherhood. In this sense, his mother represented motherhood and safety. His father, in contrast, is remembered as a bully doing everything he could to make Lehmann into a proper Nazi man (Lehmann and Carroll, 2011: 10). Working for the Nazi party at the Reich Radio Station made him feel proud, as he ‘liked marching off to work once or twice a week in his new black uniform and shiny black boots’ (Lehmann and Carroll, 2011: 40).
    [Show full text]
  • The Rape of Nanking: a Historical Analysis of the Aftershocks of Wartime Sexual Violence in International Relations
    FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y SOCIALES The Rape of Nanking: a historical analysis of the aftershocks of wartime sexual violence in international relations. Autor: Ester Brito Ruiz Quinto Curso del Doble Grado de ADE y Relaciones Internacionales Director: Jose Manuel Saenz Rotko Madrid Junio 2018 Ester Brito Ruiz international relations. The Rape of Nanking: a historical analysis of the aftershocks of wartime sexual violence in in violence sexual wartime of aftershocks the of analysis historical a Nanking: of Rape The Index 1) Abstract & Key words. 2) Methodology & Research Design. 3) Introduction. 4) Historiography and debates on Nanking. 5) Historical analysis and drivers of the Second Sino-Japanese war and interbellum change in protocols against foreign combatants and civilians. a. Conditioning Japanese political factors. b. Economic drivers. c. The role of the international order. 6) The route to Nanking a. Introduction: planning and intent of Japanese imperial forces when entering Manchuria. b. Road to Nanking: the advance of the imperial army, Loot all, kill all, burn all imperative. c. The entry into the city and mass killings. d. Rape in Nanking and beyond the capital. e. Torture inflicted upon combatants and civilians. f. The weeks following the fall of Nanking. 7) Radicalization of the Japanese imperial army: understanding historical warfare practices and theories of violence. 8) Rape as a weapon of war. 9) Other war crimes and implications of Japanese Imperialism 10) Historical memory of Nanking a. Significance of diverging historical memory in politics b. China: the century of humiliation narrative c. Japan: the historical aggressor-victim dilemma 1 11) Historical impact of Nanking on current international relations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginning of Transnational Adoption in Denmark and Norway During the 1960’S
    genealogy Article A Great Desire for Children: The Beginning of Transnational Adoption in Denmark and Norway during the 1960’s Kasper Emil Rosbjørn Eriksen Department of History and Civilization, European University Institute, 50139 Florence, Italy; [email protected] Received: 24 August 2020; Accepted: 15 October 2020; Published: 22 October 2020 Abstract: This article examines the beginning of transnational adoption in Denmark and Norway to illuminate the role of private actors and associations in Scandinavian welfare systems. Utilizing case studies of two prominent private adoption actors, Tytte Botfeldt and Torbjørn Jelstad, the article analyzes how these Nordic welfare states responded to the emergence of transnational adoption in comparison with both each other, neighboring Sweden, and the United States. This study shows that private actors and associations strongly influenced the nascent international adoption systems in these countries, by effectively promoting transnational adoption as a progressive and humanitarian form of global parenthood; while simultaneously emphasizing the responsibility of the welfare state to accommodate and alleviate childless couples’ human rights and need for children. A need that was strong enough that couples were willing to transcend legal, national, and racial borders. Ultimately, Danish and Norwegian authorities not only had to show leniency towards flagrant violations of adoption and child placement rules, but also change these so that families could fulfill their great need for children by legally adopting them from abroad. Keywords: transnational adoption; Nordic welfare state; family; race; cold war; humanitarianism; illegal adoptions 1. Introduction Much of the historical research on transnational adoption is heavily focused on America, frequently situating transnational adoption into the broader context of domestic and transracial adoptions in North America or into the history of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Justice for Survivors of Japan's Military Sexual Slavery System ______
    Japan: Still Waiting After 60 years: Justice for Survivors of Japan's Military Sexual Slavery System _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Still Waiting After 60 years: Justice for Survivors of Japan's Military Sexual Slavery System Introduction In war zones all over the world crimes of sexual violence have been and are committed against women. Women and girls "are exposed not only to the violence and devastation that accompany any war but also to forms of violence directed specifically at women on account of their gender."(1) For centuries, wartime rape was perceived as an inevitable consequence of war. Even today, in an era where global consciousness around human rights, specifically the rights of women, has risen, survivors of sexual violence are largely denied redress: there is widespread impunity for these crimes where perpetrators go unpunished and victims are denied any form of reparation. Sexual violence, including rape, is used as a weapon of war - it is used deliberately to demoralize and destroy the opposition and is used to provide ‘entertainment’ and ‘fuel’ for soldiers as part of the very machinery of war.(2) Perhaps the most compelling example of the crime of sexual slavery and the denial of justice to victims was the system of institutionalized sexual slavery used by the Japanese Imperial Army before and during World War II and subsequent denials of responsibility for the system by the Japanese government. The women forced into sexual servitude were euphemistically known as "comfort women".(3) Up to 200,000 "comfort women" were sexually enslaved by the Japanese Imperial Army from around 1932 to the end of World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict: United Nations Response
    Women2000 Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict: United Nations Response Published to Promote the Goals of the Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action April 1998 UNITED NATIONS Division for the Advancement of Women Department of Economic and Social Affairs Introduction Sexual violence during armed conflict is not a new phenomenon. It has existed for as long as there has been conflict. In her 1975 book Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, Susan Brownmiller presented stark accounts of rape and other sexual atrocities that have been committed during armed conflict throughout history. While historically very few measures have been taken to address sexual violence against women committed during armed conflict, it is not true to say that there has always been complete silence about the issue. Belligerents have often capitalized upon the abuse of their women to garner sympathy and support for their side, and to strengthen their resolve against the enemy. Usually, the apparent concern for these women vanishes when the propaganda value of their suffering diminishes, and they are left without any prospect of redress. It is true to say that the international community has, for a long time, failed to demonstrate a clear desire to do something about the problem of sexual violence during armed conflict. The turning point came in the early 1990s as a result of sexual atrocities committed during the conflict in the former Yugoslavia, and it seems that finally, the issue has emerged as a serious agenda item of the international community. Many of the steps taken to address Towards the end of 1992, the sexual violence against women during world was stunned by reports of armed conflict have occurred within the sexual atrocities committed framework of the United Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Victims and TJ
    University of Birmingham Masculinity and male survivors of wartime sexual violence Clark, Janine DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2017.1338422 Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Clark, J 2017, 'Masculinity and male survivors of wartime sexual violence: a Bosnian case study', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 287-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2017.1338422 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Checked for eligibility: 08/06/2017 “This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Conflict, Security and Development on 4th July 2017, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/14678802.2017.1338422 General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document.
    [Show full text]
  • “Forgotten Victims of War” Invisible, Though Stigmatised: the Case of Children Born of Wartime Rape and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence
    UNIVERSITY OF CYPRUS EUROPEAN MASTER’S DEGREE IN HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRATISATION Academic Year 2019 – 2020 “Forgotten victims of war” Invisible, though stigmatised: the case of Children Born of Wartime Rape and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Author: Nina Hermus Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Kalliope Agapiou-Josephides Abstract Conflict-Related Sexual Violence has many disastrous consequences, yet one consequence that is systematically ignored is the children being born as a result from such violence. This research focuses on children born of wartime rape, the often “forgotten victims of war”. The aim of this study is to explore how the human rights of these children, enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, are compromised, while, additionally, identifying ways to rectify these violations and safeguard the child’s rights in an adequate way. This research adopts an innovative approach that sheds a light on four different cases: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Northern Uganda, Colombia and Myanmar. It examines in a comparative way key issues that affect the lives of these children. Stigmatisation, discrimination, statelessness, abuse, economic hardship and, at worst, infanticide; the findings reveal that the human rights of these children are systematically violated, irrespective of time and space. However, before analysing the multitude of violations on the human rights of children born of wartime rape, this research will begin with tackling the root cause of the issue: conflict-related sexual violence, too often falsely perceived as a mere by-product of war. This research will analyse this complex phenomenon by stepping away from the classical explanations of patriarchal culture, sexual desire or opportunity and will demonstrate on the basis of feminist discourse that conflict- related sexual violence not only has, but can be effectively be prevented.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Violence in Wartime and Peacetime: Violence Against Women in the 20St Century
    Volume 19 | Issue 5 | Number 9 | Article ID 5552 | Mar 01, 2021 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Sexual Violence in Wartime and Peacetime: Violence Against Women in the 20st Century Seiya Morita, translated and with an introduction by Caroline Norma top historians of the military “comfort women” scheme of the Second World War achieved a Abstract: In this article, translated and research paradigm shift in the second decade abridged (with an introduction) by Caroline of the twenty-first century. This shift was Norma, Morita advances a view of the “comfort perceptible in the 2018 English-translated women” system not simply as an isolated war monograph Denying the Comfort Women: The crime, but as an extreme symptom ofJapanese State's Assault on Historical Truth,1 institutionalised, pervasive and persistent and reached full shape in two subsequent violence against women that extends tovolumes: the first by Kim Puja 2018 (written peacetime as well as wartime. Norma argues with co-author Kim Yon) and the second by that Morita’s paper, first published in 1999, Yoshimi Yoshiaki in 2019. This shift of the past prefigures a “feminist turn” in interpretation of three years relates to how the ‘comfort women’ the comfort women system that has more scheme is epistemologically understood. In recently been embraced by Yoshimi Yoshiaki, other words, what do we consider the scheme Kim Puja and other scholars and activists. Both to have historically comprised? In early work in Norma and Morita argue that the comfort the 1990s, including by Yoshimi, it was women system can only be understood in the understood to comprise an extraordinary context of ingrained societal attitudes towards wartime scheme of trafficking and forced women, and that it is therefore closely related detention of women for military sexual slavery, to phenomena such as pornography and the very much distinct from “regular” peacetime commercial sex industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Variation in Sexual Violence During War
    Variation in Sexual Violence during War ELISABETH JEAN WOOD Sexual violence during war varies in extent and takes distinct forms. In some con- flicts, sexual violence is widespread, yet in other conflicts—including some cases of ethnic conflict—it is quite limited. In some conflicts, sexual violence takes the form of sexual slavery; in others, torture in detention. I document this variation, particularly its absence in some conflicts and on the part of some groups. In the conclusion, I explore the relationship between strategic choices on the part of armed group leadership, the norms of combatants, dynamics within small units, and the effectiveness of military discipline. Keywords: sexual violence; rape; political violence; human rights; war While sexual violence occurs in all wars, it occurs to varying extent and takes distinct forms. During the conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina, the sexual abuse of Bosnian Muslim women by Bosnian Serb forces was so systematic and wide- spread that it comprised a crime against humanity under international law. In Rwanda, the widespread rape of Tutsi women comprised a form of genocide, according to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Yet sexual violence in some conflicts is remarkably limited, despite wide- spread violence against civilians. Sexual violence is relatively limited even in some cases of ethnic conflict that include the forced movement of ethnic popu- lations; the conflicts in Israel/Palestine and Sri Lanka are examples. Some I am grateful for research support from the Yale Center for International and Area Studies and the Santa Fe Institute, and for research assistance from Margaret Alexander, Laia Balcells, Karisa Cloward, Kade Finnoff, Amelia Hoover, Michele Leiby, Amara Levy-Moore, Meghan Lynch, Abbey Steele, and Tim Taylor.
    [Show full text]
  • Kunt, Gergely. 2019: Kipontozva
    Schwatrz, Agatha. “Kunt, Gergely. 2019: Kipontozva... Nemi erőszak második világháborús naplókban. (‘Left Unsaid... Sexual Violence in World War Two Diaries’). Budapest: Osiris. 240 pp.” Hungarian Cultural Studies. e- Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association, Volume 13 (2020) DOI: 10.5195/ahea.2020.408 Kunt, Gergely. 2019: Kipontozva... Nemi erőszak második világháborús naplókban. (‘Left Unsaid... Sexual Violence in World War Two Diaries’). Budapest: Osiris. 240 pp. Reviewed by Agatha Schwartz, University of Ottawa Gergely Kunt’s study about sexual violence as depicted in Hungarian diaries of World War II expands the growing literature on the topic of sexual violence perpetrated during WWII, in this case, with a focus on Hungary. The author teaches at the University of Miskolc and is a social historian by training. In his research, he specializes in WWII diaries. In this new book Kunt offers an innovative approach when it comes to understanding the consequences of the mass rapes committed during and in the aftermath of WWII all over Europe and the former Soviet Union. He examines diaries written not only by selected Hungarian female victims of sexual violence (the topic of female victims of sexual violence in WWII is a fairly well-explored topic in both scholarly and popular literature and, more recently, also in film), but also some sources that illuminate the perspective of male perpetrators of sexual violence, which is still lesser known and researched. While Kunt zeroes in on the Hungarian context, he makes some reflections regarding Germany as well. The author’s analysis is first and foremost based on three diaries written by Hungarian women survivors of sexual violence perpetrated by the Red Army.
    [Show full text]