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Region Based Urbanization in Bangkok's Extended REGION BASED URBANIZATION IN BANGKOK’S EXTENDED PERIPHERY by CHARLES GREENBERG B.A., The University of Manitoba, 1984 M.A., The University of Manitoba, 1986 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Geography) We accept this thesis as conforming tothe THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA February 1994 Charles Greenberg, 1994 ______________________ In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced that the Library shall make it degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree permission for extensive freely available for reference and study. I further agree that copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. (Signature) Department of €c rcoAj The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date Fe . ‘7’ /9’i DE-6 (2/88) ii ABSTRACT Bangkok’s expansion and population increase are both causes and consequences of rapid economic transformation and growth. In this light, the study examines the synergic conditions that are operating in the Bangkok region, that define the relationship between economic growth and spatial expansion. What is emerging is a chaotic tapestry of an urban and rural landscape which reflects a bonanza form of development and has accelerated in the last ten years. Moreover, there is evidence supporting an urban form that is emerging at Bangkok’s edge, extending up to 100 kilometres from the central city, which is neither city nor countryside. It is a settlement system characterised by an intense land use mix, where agriculture, industry, housing, and recreation all inflect upon each other. Within this region there has been a shift of labour from farm to off-farm sectors within the strictly defined rural areas. The dissertation argues for a new set of definitions to account for an extended urban settlement pattern which is sensitive to the prevailing heterogeneous space economy. The term Region Based Urbanization (RBU) is introduced to describe the phenomena in a region with 14 million people, now known as the Extended Bangkok Metropolitan Region (EBMR). Aside from affirming RBU as the predominant settlement form in the EBMR, there are three notable conclusions to this study: (i) Since the mid-nineteenth century diverse and disparate forms of dominant capital have contributed to outer city development. (ii) As the region diversifies, and further affirms its economic primacy within Thailand there is indication of increasing disparities and uneven development among socio-economic classes. iii (iii) There is empirical support to challenge traditional rural-urban transition models. Outer areas of the EBMR, which are defined as ‘rural’, are not only ‘holding’ population, but are the destination of a large migration from peripheral regions of the Kingdom. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Table of Contents iv List of Tables vii List of Figures ix List of Plates X Acknowledgments xii PART I - NEW URBAN FORMS Chapter one - INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Goals and Objectives 3 1.2 France: Late Nineteenth Century Outer City Development 5 1.3 The New Regional Geography 12 1.4 The Extended Bangkok Metropolitan Region 15 1.5 Outline of dissertation 23 Chapter two - REVIEW OF URBAN THEORY: FOCUS ON MEGA-URBANIZATION 25 2.1 Rural-Urban Shift and Urban Transition Model 28 2.2 Settlement Dichotomy 35 2.3 A Region Based Urbanization 40 PART U- THE EBMR: HISTORY AND PRESENT CONDITIONS Chapter three - PRECONDITIONS OF REGION BASED URBANIZATION IN THE EBMR: THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, AND POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE CENTRAL PLAIN 45 3.1 Physical Geography 46 3.2 Ayutthayan Period 52 3.3 The 1855 Bowring Treaty and the Integration of the Central Plain into the World Economy 54 3.4 Pre World War II Political Economy 64 3.5 Post War Capitalism: Soi Ratchu Khru to the 1980s Boom 70 3.6 The Fringe to the Fore 74 Chapter four - DIMENSIONS OF CHANGE: THE AMPLITUDE OF TRANSITION IN THE EBMR 79 4.1 Economic Transition 81 4.2 Population Change 102 4.3 Space-Time Compression 109 PART HI - REVOLUTION IN TIlE OUTER FRINGE LANDSCAPE: 1986-1991 Chapter five - LAND USE AND LAND PRICES 119 5.1 Land Prices 120 V 5.2 Land Use Metamorphose 130 Chapter six - THE NEW LANDSCAPE I: INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE 141 6.1 Industry 141 6.1.1 Land Use 141 6.1.2 Multi-National Corporations 149 6.1.3 Industrial Estates 157 6.2 Agriculture 169 6.2.1 Agribusiness 172 6.2.2 Aquaculture 174 6.2.3 Turf Farming 176 6.2.4 Persistence of Rice 177 6.2.5 Summary 181 Chapter seven - THE NEW LANDSCAPE II: HOUSING AND RECREATION 183 7.1 Spatial Extent of Outer City Housing 186 7.2 Outer City Housing Typology 189 7.2.1 Shophouses 190 7.2.2 Rowhouses 191 7.2.3 Condominiums 192 7.2.4 Dormitories 194 7.2.5 Slums 196 7.2.6 Housing Estates 198 7.2.7 The Persistence of the Traditional Village 201 7.2.8 Summary 204 7.3 Recreation Landscape 205 7.3.1 Golf in the EBMR 205 7.3.2 Evolution of Golf in Thailand: The Emergence of an Outer City Activity 206 7.3.3 Golf: A Non-Productive Sector 211 7.4 Hobby Farms 215 7.5 Summary 220 Chapter eight - OUTER CITY ILLUSTRATIONS 221 8.1 The Northern Corridor 221 8.2 Minburi-Bang Chan 230 PAJ{T IV - CONCLUSIONS Chapter nine - CAPITALISM AND RESTRUCTURING 247 9.1 The Spatial Process of Capitalism in the EBMR 249 9.2 Forms of EBMR Capital 251 9.3 Capitalism and Labour 255 9.4 Capitalism and Underdevelopment 256 Chapter ten - NEW MODELS: THEORETICAL REFINEMENT OF SETTLEMENT AND URBAN GEOGRAPHIES 258 10.1 Verification of a New Settlement System 258 10.2 Convergence and Standardization Within the Urban Region 260 10.3 Ideology and Extended Urban Development 263 10.4 The Urban Region: An Awakening for Urban and Settlement Geographies 266 10.5 Seven Questions for Consideration 269 10.6 Conclusion 280 Bibliography 282 vi Appendices Appendix I Research Plan and Methods 295 Appendix II Field Work Diary 302 Appendix III Notes on Thailand Census Data 306 Appendix IV Foreign Direct Investment 308 Appendix V Land Values 309 Appendix VI List of Acronyms 317 vii LIST OF TABLES Number 1.1 The EBMR: Selected Demographic and Economic Data 22 4.1 GDP Growth rate 79 4.2 Per Cent Distribution by Sector of GPP 82 4.3 Per Capita GPP in Selected Changwats (1981, 1985, 1989) 84 4.4 Pathum Thani: Economically Active Population 85 4.5 Samut Pralcarn: Economically Active Population 86 4.6 Pathum Thani: Agriculture Population 89 4.7 Samut Prakarn: Agriculture Population 89 4.8 Number of Rais Planted by Year, in Selected Changwats 93 4.9 Urban land Use, BMA Outer Areas (in Rai) 94 4.10 Increase in Urban land Use, Over 10 and 4 Years 94 4.11 Location (EBMR) of Selected BOl Approved Projects 99 4.12 Change in Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments 101 4.13 Five Year Regional Net Migration (1975-2000) 104 4.14 Migration of Population into Selected EBMR Changwats 105 4.15 Urbanization of Selected EBMR Changwats 108 4.16 Average BMR Population Densities 108 5.1 Price Trends for Serviced and Unserviced Plots 127 5.2 Agricultural Land Use in the BMR for Selected Years 134 6.1 Distribution of GDP 142 6.2 Number of Factories in 8 EBMR Changwats 143 6.3 Factory Size in BMR, by Total Employees 145 6.4 Projection of Total Employment by Region 145 6.5 Estimate of Industrial Land Use in BMR (TDRI) 147 viii 6.6 Estimate of Industrial Land Use in BMR (DLD) 148 6.7 Industrial GDP 148 6.8 Industrial Estates in Thailand 164 6.9 Minburi District Agriculture: Decision Making 170 6.10 Agriculture Land Use in Pathum Thani 172 6.11 Harvested Rice in Selected EBMR Changwats 178 7.1 Housing Stock in BMR (1974, 1984, 1988) 184 7.2 New Accommodations Registered in 2 Outer City Changwats 186 7.3 Subdivision Permit Requests 187 7.4 Outer City Golf Courses 209 7.5 Golf Course Boosters 215 8.1 Population: Klong Luang and Pathum Thani 224 8.2 Estimate of Northern Corridor Population 224 8.3 Northern Corridor: 1987 Land Use 224 8.4 Number of Factories and Labour Force by Type of Factory 226 8.5 Population of Minburi and its Subdistricts 235 8.6 Minburi’s Population: 1984-1991 235 8.7 Farmland in Minburi Under Paddy 236 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Southeast Asia 16 1.2 Ring of Access 17 1.3 Thailand and the EBMR 18 1.4 Extended Bangkok Metropolitan Region 19 1.5 Bangkok Metropolitan Region 20 2.1 Settlement Hierarchy in Thailand 38 3.1 Central Region 47 3.2 Canal Excavation 50 3.3 Ayutthayan Canal Excavation 57 3.4 Canals of the Central Plain 59 3.5 Historical Growth of Bangkok 75 3.6 Historical Forces Operating to Extend Bangkok’s Space Economy 78 4.1 Contours of Change Within the Space Economy of the EBMR: Tripartition of Change 80 4.2 Ampoes of Pathum Thani 91 4.3 Ampoes of Samut Prakarn 92 4.4 Eastern Districts of BMA 95 4.5 Foreign Direct Investment 97 4.6 Percentage of Total BOl Approved Projects in EBMR 100 4.7 Bangkok Mini-Megalopolis 106 4.8 Spiralling Transactive Linkages 111 4.9 Trip Demand Increase 115 4.10 Traffic volume: Asian Highway 116 4.11 Increasing Demand For Road Space 117 5.
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