The Conversion of Literary Criticism Into Science Form
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ISSN 2409-1154 Науковий вісник Міжнародного гуманітарного університету. Сер.: Філологія. 2019 № 41 том 1 UDC 82.09 DOI https://doi.org/10.32841/2409-1154.2019.41.1.20 Mammadova Kenul, Associate Professor, Baku State University THE CONVERSION OF LITERARY CRITICISM INTO SCIENCE FORM. IBN TABATABA AL-ALAWI Summary. From the 4th century of Hijra, literary criticism development. As we have already mentioned, a number of factors began to develop in its own unique way. It is especially contributed to the development of Arab literary criticism: a) Internal important to note the name of Ibn Tabataba, one of the famous factors; b) External factors. critics of the Abbasid era, in this work. In order to develop Internal factors. The development of poetry. The innovation the theory of literary criticism and turn it into a concrete movement, which has opened a large page in the history of Arabic عيار science, Ibn Tabataba writes for this purpose his work Written on the basis of the question-answer principle, literature, has played an important role in the development .الشعر this book differs from other works of that period in its of Arab literary criticism. Belonging to the late II century and early scientific significance and theoretical information on criticism III century of Hijri this movement had a great impact on and wisdom. In his literary work, he divides the work into two the Arab literary criticism which began extensive developmen in the parts, scientific and theoretical, trying to direct those who begin IV century of Hijri. It is thanks to this development was formed to study the science of poetry and understand the artistic beauty the term “artistic” and played an important role in distinguishing of the structure of the ode. In his works, the author explains between old and new poems [16, p. 19]. The emergence of “artistic” the poetry and style of prose, their similarities and differences, as has had a positive impact on the development of literary criticism he writes about poetic culture, its quality, the advantages of using ancient poetic examples, literal relationships and their role in in general, also has played a special role in defining the structure evaluating a poem, the importance of the rhyme and artistic of the Arabian ode. Although this poetic innovation was primarily structure of the ode and its external structure, about the artistic associated with the name of Bashar ibn Burd and Abu Nuwas, then it pleasure in the poem, explaining such topics, he is trying to was further developed by Abu Thamam, who has attracted everyone figure out their theoretical foundations. by bringing innovations to poem both in form and in content. As we The emergence of “artistic” as has had a positive impact have mentioned, there has been some controversy when researchers on the development of literary criticism in general, also has have been analyzing Abu Tammam’s poems and this has caused to played a special role in defining the structure of the Arabian start a comparative study of Abu Tammam and al-Buhturi creativity. ode. Although this poetic innovation was primarily associated As the further stabilization of the theoretical foundations of literary with the name of Bashar ibn Burd and Abu Nuwas, then it was further developed by Abu Thamam, who has attracted everyone criticism at that time required more extensive comparisons, Abu by bringing innovations to poem both in form and in content. Thamam’s creations began to be studied in comparative with There has been some controversy when researchers have al-Mutanabi’s poetry. been analyzing Abu Tammam’s poems and this has caused External factors. Studies of the Koran and especially field to start a comparative study of Abu Tammam and al-Buhturi of the Koran’s miracle [17, p. 165]. The philological analysis creativity. As the further stabilization of the theoretical of the Koran, its style and expression have had a great influence foundations of literary criticism at that time required more on the development of Arabic literary criticism. Scholars, who extensive comparisons, Abu Thamam’s creations began to make an effort to investigate such a serious issue, have committed be studied in comparative with al-Mutanabi’s poetry. Arab themselves to the defense of the Koran, and they worked tirelessly philosophers obtained information on summarizing certain points of theory of literary criticism, and in other words, by to protect the word of God from distortions; compares the language influenced Aristotle’s Poetics about the artistic expression of Arabic folklore and poetry examples with the expressions of the poem they made their contribution to the development of the Koran and thus promotes the wider development of Arabic of Arab literary criticism. literary criticism. [16; 18; 19]. Traces of Greek Philosophy Key words: literary criticism, scientific approach, poetry, [5; 9]. A number of external factors, including Greek philosophy, prose, meter and measurements of poetry. and especially the translation of Aristotle’s works into Arabic, have had a significant impact on the development of Arab literary Intruduction. Since the theoretical foundations, norms of rules criticism. Under these factors, Arab philosophers obtained and size of Arab literary criticism in the second and third centuries information on summarizing certain points of theory of literary of the Hijra have been identified to some extent, literary criticism criticism, and in other words, by influenced Aristotle’s Poetics has began to develop in its unique way from 4th century of the Hijra about the artistic expression of the poem they made their [4, p. 121; 19, p. 64]. Over the past two centuries, literary criticism contribution to the development of Arab literary criticism. has a certain form both scientific and critics have identified the terms Scientific and theoretical features of literary criticism. Ancient related to literary criticism and they have laid the basis for its future philosophers looked at the analysis of poetic examples from a new 82 ISSN 2409-1154 Науковий вісник Міжнародного гуманітарного університету. Сер.: Філологія. 2019 № 41 том 1 Improvement of nature– تهذيب الطبع .prism by identifying factors influencing the development of 5 A book about poems and poets– كتاب الشعر والشعراء .literary criticism. The deepening of the theoretical foundations of 6 ,A book about Aruz [12, p. 58–68; 22– كتاب العروض .literary criticism has led to transformation of this field to an 7 independent science, and to forming a new form in literary p. 254–256]. book, in which the author brought together "عيار الشعر" This The .)صيغة العلم بالشعر( ”criticism – the “scientific form in poetry form has come to a specific form of term, that is, traditional expressiveness with criticism, is distinguished from others in terms knowledge is combined with Arabic linguistics, and non- of its scientific value and theoretical information [18, p. 87]. It is traditional knowledge with philosophy [6, p. 21]. These two in this work that the author’s ideas about literary criticism are compounds, which formed from science laid the foundations for widely contains [22, p. 255]. the theory of Arabic literary criticism. Thus, scholars who lived in Criticism style. While examining Ibn Tabataba’s creativity, we the 4th century of the Hijri established literary criticism as an are witnesses that in contrast with Ibn Qutayba, the criticism and the independent science by defining critical terms and specific criteria. dimensions of beauty is take a littile part in his works, but from time Critics have penetrated into the depths of poetic specimens during to time he penetrates the depths of the theory of criticism and he is this period, trying to analyze the texts of the poem in terms of trying to formd this field as an independent science [12, p. 118]. meaning and form in particular and in detail [11, p. 68]. Ibn Tabataba, whose aim is to develop literary criticism theory work based on "عيار الشعر" Thus, the writing of the first fundamental critical works on differing from his predecessors wrote his ?Do you understand – "؟َت همف" ,poetry, and especially poem with regards to structure of ode, the question-and-answer principle I bring – "ما سألت أن أصفه لك من علم الشعر" ;”God bless you“ " هللا أ اح طك" coincide to the fourth century of the Hijri. Among these books, Ibn ,has a particular importance clarity to their asked about the science of poetry "عيار الشعر" Tabataba al-Alawi’s work Do not hurry to explain difficult things to – "التأني لتيسير ما عسر منه عليك" p. 19–88]. This is the first time in the work of the author the ,6] I clarify what they asked, etc. by – " عنه سأل م ما ل ك م ب ين أنا" ;theory of Arabic literary criticism was elaborated on scientific you grounds and the basic provisions of the concept of “scientific using like this phrases he trying to give to this poem a teaching form” in poetry were defined. character [18, p. 3]. The author in his mentioned work, gives a Life and creativity of Ibn Tabataba. Family tree of Ibn livelihood to the learning process, trying to guide those who begin to Tabataba, whose true name was Abul-Hasan Mohammed ibn learn the science of poetry and understand the artistic beauty of the ode Ahmad is related to Ali ibn Abi Talib. Ibn Tabataba, whose birth structure. Ibn Tabataba avoids using scientific and complicated terms date is unknown, as recorded have been born in Isfahan, where he and expressions to convey his thoughts in an easy language, and spent his entire life and died in 322 Hijri [1, p. 151; 7, p. 5, 308; avoids philosophical ideas for keeping readers from falling into deeper 14, p. 244; 20, p. 427; 21, p.