DOCSLIB.ORG

Weekly History Test Answers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Explanations PTS Code = B07 History 1. Ans: B demands. Some nationalists led by LokmanyaTilak agitated against the moderate behaviour of Exp: Dhrupad is the Indian classic music that congress against British rule. traces its origin to the chanting of vedic hymns and mantras. It is also primarily a form of worship, in which offerings are made to the divine through 7. Ans: D sound. Exp: Cripps Mission proposed to give dominion The earliest source that mentions a musical status after the war as well as elections to be held genre called Dhrupad is Ain-i-Akbari of Abu Fazl. after the war. Dhrupad had mainly thrived under patronage of Rajput and Mughal Period till 17th century not 8. Ans: B originated. Exp: Rowlatt Act was passed on the Dhrupad is performed in two parts- Alap and recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee and Bandish. In the Alap, the singer uses syllables named after its president, British judge Sir Sidney from Sanskrit Mantras. Rowlatt. The Rowlatt Committee was primarily a Sedition Committee and was appointed by the 2. Ans: C British Empire in India in 1918. The objective of the Rowlatt committee was to assess political violence Exp: The main aim was to liberate the social and terrorism in the country, particularly in Punjab shudra and untouchable castes from exploitation and Bengal. As a result of recommendations of and oppression. the Rowlatt committee, the Rowlatt Act, which was an expansion of the Defence of India Act 3. Ans: B 1915, was imposed in reaction to the threat in Bengal and Punjab. 4. Ans: B In organizing Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhiji tried Exp: Sattriya Dance has its origin in the ‘Sattras’ to utilize three types of political networks – the established by Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardev Home Rule, certain Pan-Islamist groups, and a in the 15th and the 16th century. The Sattras were Satyagraha Sabha which he himself started at established for the propagation of Vaishnavism Bombay. and later they became the religious, cultural and The Simon Commission was appointed to suggest social hub for the people of Assam. The great future constitutional reforms in India. Simon Vaishnavite Saint has developed this dance form Commission arrives in Bombay on 3 February 1928. with its basic roots aligned with the characteristics of other forms of Indian classical dance. 9. Ans: C 5. Ans: B Exp: Caves of Ajanta are the oldest rock-cut caves of India. Exp: Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang) was a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar traveller and translator Rock-cut caves of Barabar were built by Maurya who described the interaction between China and emperor, Ashok. India in the early Tang dynasty. He was impressed Ellora caves are located in Aurangabad district with the law and order situation of the country of Maharashtra. Total number of these rock-cut and foundwww.uniqueshiksha.in that roads and river routes were not caves is 34. These caves were built during the completely free from robbery. He was robbed period of 6th century to 10th century. These many a times. caves are associated with Buddhism, Hindu and Jain religions. 6.. Ans: B Exp: Moderates believed in the policy of 10. Ans: D settlement of minor issues with the government There were no temples in Rig Vedic age. by deliberations. But the extremists believed Construction of temples started in Gupta Age. in agitation, strikes and boycotts to force their Visit: www.uniqueshiksha.in | www.facebook.com/UniqueShiksha | Call: +91 8287360360 | Email: [email protected] | Karol Bagh 1 History 11. Ans: A 19 Māllīnātha Kalasha Mithila Exp: The 24 Tirthankaras With Their Details: Sr. Kusa- Name Symbol Birthplace 20 Munisuvrata Tortoise No granagar Rishabhanatha 1 Bull Ayodhya (Adinatha) 21 Naminatha Blue lotus Mithila 2 Ajitanatha Elephant Ayodhya 22 Neminatha Shankha Dvaraka 3 Sambhavanatha Horse Shravasti 23 Parshvanatha Snake Kashi Samet Kshatri- 4 Abhinandananatha Monkey 24 Mahavira Lion Sikhar yakund 5 Sumatinatha Heron Ayodhya 12.Ans: A Exp: Kuchipudi is a Classical Indian dance from Samet Andhra Pradesh. It is also popular all over 6 Padmaprabha Padma Sikhar South India. Vachika abhinaya (use of words or dialogues) is a special feature of the Kuchipudi style. Dancing on the brass plate by keeping the Samet feet on its edges is a feature of Kuchipudi dance. 7 Suparshvanatha Swastika Sikhar Bharatanatyam is a classical Indian dance form that originated in the temples of South India. Crescent Chandra- 8 Chandraprabha Moon puri 13.Ans: B Exp: Tyagaraja composed thousands of devotional compositions, most in Telugu and in praise of 9 Pushpadanta Crocodile Kakandi Lord Rama many of which remain popular today. [2] Of special mention are five of his compositions 10 Shitalanatha Shrivatsa Bhadrikpuri called the Pancharatna Kritis which are often sung in programs in his honour. Annamayya (22 May 1408 – 4 April 1503) was a 15th-century Hindu Samet 11 Shreyanasanatha Rhinoceros saint and is the earliest known Indian musician to Sikhar compose songs called sankirtanas in praise of the god Venkateswara, a form of Vishnu. Champap- 12 Vasupujya Buffalo 14. Ans: D uri Exp: Sufis turned to asceticism and mysticism in protest against the growing materialism of the 13 Vimalanatha Boar Kampilya Caliphate as a religious and political institution. They were critical of the dogmatic definitions and 14 Anantanatha Falcon Ayodhya scholastic methods of interpreting the Qur’an and sunna (traditions of the Prophet) adopted by theologians. Instead, they laid emphasis on 15 Dharmanatha Vajra Ratnapuri seeking salvation through intense devotion and www.uniqueshiksha.inlove for God by following His commands, and by following the example of the Prophet Muhammad Antelope or 16 Shantinatha Hastinapur whom they regarded as a perfect human being. deer The sufis thus sought an interpretation of the Qur’an on the basis of their personal experience. 17 Kunthunatha Goat Hastinapur 15. Ans: B Nandyavar- 18 Aranatha Hastinapur 16. Ans: B ta or fish Exp: Bodhisattva is central to Mahayana Sect. 2 Visit: www.uniqueshiksha.in | www.facebook.com/UniqueShiksha | Call: +91 8287360360 | Email: [email protected] | Karol Bagh PTS Code = B07 17. Ans: B Magadha teaching his philosophy. Gandhara is not directly associated with the life of Buddha. It Exp: Raja Ram Mohan Roy is associated with Calcutta Unitarian Committee was expansion of Maurya empire that Gandhara received much Buddhist influence, notably during the reign of Asoka. Pradyota, the ruler of 18. Ans: D Avanti, was contemporary to Gautama Buddha. Exp : A special category of land Eripatti or tank Avanti was not directly related to the life of land, was known only in south India, This was Buddha. According to the Buddhist text, the land donated by individuals, the revenue from Anguttara Nikaya, Avanti was one of the sisteen which was set apart for the maintenance of’ the mahajanapadas of the 6th century BC. village tank, which indicates the dependence of the village on the tank for irrigation. 22. Ans: C Taniyurs were distinct revenue units under Cholas. Exp: Arches and Domes were introduced in India In South India centres of higher learning were during Sultanate Period. known as Ghatikas. There was a famous Ghatika at Kanchi, drawing students from far and near. 23. Ans: B These Ghatikas were run in temples. Exp: Annie Besant was the first woman President of Indian National Congress. She presided over 19. Ans: D the 1917 Calcutta session of the Indian National Exp: Dadabhai Naoroji, the ‘Grand Old Man of Congress. India’, who after a brilliant analysis of the colonial Badruddin Tyabji was the first muslim president economy put forward the theory of economic of Indian National Congress. He was elected in drain in Poverty and Un British Rule in India. 1887 Madras session. G.V. Joshi, G. Subramaniya lyer, G.K. Gokhale, Prithwis Chandra Ray and hundreds of other 24. Ans: A political workers and journalists analysed every Exp: Main features of Cabinet Mission were - aspect of the economy and subjected the entire range of economic issues and colonial economic • Provisions for three groups of provinces to policies to minute scrutiny. possess their separate constitutions. Romesh Chandra Dutt, a retired ICS officer, • Proposed the formation of a Union of India, published ‘The Economic History of India’ at comprising both the British India and the the beginning of the 20th century in which he Princely States. examined in minute detail the entire economic • Union would remain in charge of only foreign record of colonial rule since 1757. affairs, defense and communications leaving Dadabhai Naoroji, G. Subramaniya lyer and R. C. the residuary powers to be vested in the Dutt raised basic questions regarding the nature provinces. and purpose of British rule. Eventually, they were • Proposed setting up an Interim Government, able to trace the process of the colonialization of the which would remain in office till a new Indian economy and conclude that colonialism was government was elected on the basis of the the main obstacle to India’s economic development. new Constitution framed by the Constituent They clearly understood the fact that the essence Assembly. of British imperialism lay in the subordination of the • Indian economy to the British economy. Rejection of the demand for a full-fledged Pakistan. 20. Ans: D 25. Ans: B Exp: The CSP advocated decentralized socialism in which co-operatives, trade unions, independent Exp: Feudalism is a synonym for “politically farmers, and local authorities would hold a decentralized“. In a centralized kingdom, the substantial share of the economic power. As monarch effects strong direct control over his www.uniqueshiksha.inentire state; in a decentralized kingdom, the secularists, they hoped to transcend communal divisions through class solidarity. Some, such monarch’s power is limited by the strength of as Narendra Deva or Basawon Singh (Sinha), local lords, who have significant autonomy (even advocated a democratic socialism distinct from though they are officially subject to the monarch’s both Marxism and reformist social democracy.
Recommended publications
  • Chapter One an Introduction to Jainism and Theravada

    Chapter One an Introduction to Jainism and Theravada

    CHAPTER ONE AN INTRODUCTION TO JAINISM AND THERAVADA BUDDfflSM CHAPTER-I An Introduction to Jainism and Theravada Buddhism 1. 0. History of Jainism "Jainism is a system of faith and worship. It is preached by the Jinas. Jina means a victorious person".' Niganthavada which is mentioned in Buddhist literature is believed to be "Jainism". In those days jinas perhaps claimed themselves that they were niganthas. Therefore Buddhist literature probably uses the term 'nigantha' for Jinas. According to the definition of "Kilesarahita mayanti evamvaditaya laddhanamavasena nigantho" here nigantha (S. nkgrantha) means those who claimed that they are free from all bonds.^ Jainism is one of the oldest religions of the world. It is an independent and most ancient religion of India. It is not correct to say that Jainism was founded by Lord Mahavlra. Even Lord Parsva cannot be regarded as the founder of this great religion. It is equally incorrect to maintain that Jainism is nothing more than a revolt against the Vedic religion. The truth is that Jainism is quite an independent religion. It has its own peculiarities. It is flourishing on this land from times immemorial. Among Brahmanic and i^ramanic trends, Jainism, like Buddhism, represents ^ramanic culture. In Buddhist literatures, we can find so many 'GJ, 1 ^ DNA-l, P. 104 informations about Jainism. The Nigantha Nataputta is none else but Lord Mahavlra.^ 1.1. Rsabhadeva According to tradition, Jainism owes its origin to Rsabha, the first among the twenty-four Tirthankaras. The rest of the Trrthahkaras are said to have revived and revealed this ancient faith from time to time.
  • The Rattas Patronage to Jainism

    The Rattas Patronage to Jainism

    Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (AIIRJ) UGC Approved Sr.No.64259 Vol - V Issue-I JANUARY 2018 ISSN 2349-638x Impact Factor 4.574 The Rattas Patronage to Jainism Dr.S.G. Chalawadi Asst. Professor, Dept of A I History and Epigraphy Karnatak University, Dharwad The Rattas were the significant ruling dynasty, who claimed descent from the Rastrakutas. The earliest record is dated 980 A.D. It comes from the place called sogal. It is believed that sogal was their early capital, from where they shifted first to Soundatti and later on to Belgaum. Their reign continued till 1238 A.D.1 When they were thrown out of power by the seunas of Devagiri. The Rattas served under the Chalukyas of Kalyan and tried to become independent. When the Kalachuries displaced 'the Chalukyas generally the Rattas claimed authority over a large administrative division known as Kohundi or kondi 3000. This included major parts of Soundatti, Gokak, Hukkeri, Raibag, Chikkodi, Bailhongal and Mudhol, Jamakhandi talukas which fall in Belgaum and Bijapur districts. The line of descent of Rattas rulers, commences with Nanna and ends with Lakshmideva - II. In between there were eleven rulers, namely Karthavirya-I, Nanna - I, Erga, Anka, Nanna-II, Karthavirya II, Sena-II, Karthavirya-III, Lakshmideva-I, Karthavirya-IV and Mallikarjuna- II. The Rattas in the course of their rule patronaged both saivism and Jainism. By erecting temples and Basadis and giving much grants to them. One of the earliest references to Jaina patronage under the Rattas is noticed in Soundatti inscription. We are told that Karthavirya-I gave land (grants) to the Basadis constructed by Pritvirama his successors Kannakaira also gave grants to Jinalya at Soundatti.
  • Voliirw(People and Places).Pdf

    Voliirw(People and Places).Pdf

    Contents of Volume II People and Places Preface to Volume II ____________________________ 2 II-1. Perception for Shared Knowledge ___________ 3 II-2. People and Places ________________________ 6 II-3. Live, Let Live, and Thrive _________________ 18 II-4. Millennium of Mahaveer and Buddha ________ 22 II-5. Socio-political Context ___________________ 34 II-6. Clash of World-Views ____________________ 41 II-7. On the Ashes of the Magadh Empire _________ 44 II-8. Tradition of Austere Monks ________________ 50 II-9. Who Was Bhadrabahu I? _________________ 59 II-10. Prakrit: The Languages of People __________ 81 II-11. Itthi: Sensory and Psychological Perception ___ 90 II-12. What Is Behind the Numbers? ____________ 101 II-13. Rational Consistency ___________________ 112 II-14. Looking through the Parts _______________ 117 II-15. Active Interaction _____________________ 120 II-16. Anugam to Agam ______________________ 124 II-17. Preservation of Legacy _________________ 128 II-18. Legacy of Dharsen ____________________ 130 II-19. The Moodbidri Pandulipis _______________ 137 II-20. Content of Moodbidri Pandulipis __________ 144 II-21. Kakka Takes the Challenge ______________ 149 II-22. About Kakka _________________________ 155 II-23. Move for Shatkhandagam _______________ 163 II-24. Basis of the Discord in the Teamwork ______ 173 II-25. Significance of the Dhavla _______________ 184 II-26. Jeev Samas Gatha _____________________ 187 II-27. Uses of the Words from the Past ___________ 194 II-28. Biographical Sketches __________________ 218 II - 1 Preface to Volume II It's a poor memory that only works backwards. - Alice in Wonderland (White Queen). Significance of the past emerges if it gives meaning and context to uncertain world.
  • Life of Mahavira As Described in the Jai N a Gran Thas Is Imbu Ed with Myths Which

    Life of Mahavira As Described in the Jai N a Gran Thas Is Imbu Ed with Myths Which

    T o be h a d of 1 T HE MA A ( ) N GER , T HE mu Gu ms J , A llahaba d . Lives of greatmen all remin d u s We can m our v s su m ake li e bli e , A nd n v hi n u s , departi g , lea e be d n n m Footpri ts o the sands of ti e . NGF LL W LO E O . mm zm fitm m m ! W ‘ i fi ’ mz m n C NT E O NT S. P re face Introd uction ntrod uctor remar s and th i I y k , e h storicity of M ahavira Sources of information mt o o ica stories , y h l g l — — Family relations birth — — C hild hood e d ucation marriage and posterity — — Re nou ncing the world Distribution of wealth Sanyas — — ce re mony Ke sh alochana Re solution Seve re pen ance for twe lve years His trave ls an d pre achings for thirty ye ars Attai n me nt of Nirvan a His disciples and early followers — H is ch aracte r teachings Approximate d ate of His Nirvana Appendix A PREF CE . r HE primary con dition for th e formation of a ” Nation is Pride in a common Past . Dr . Arn old h as rightly asked How can th e presen t fru th e u u h v ms h yield it , or f t re a e pro i e , except t eir ” roots be fixed in th e past ? Smiles lays mu ch ’ s ss on h s n wh n h e s s in his h a tre t i poi t , e ay C racter, “ a ns l n v u ls v s n h an d N tio , ike i di id a , deri e tre gt su pport from the feelin g th at they belon g to an u s u s h h th e h s of h ill trio race , t at t ey are eir t eir n ss an d u h u s of h great e , o g t to be perpet ator t eir is of mm n u s im an h n glory .
  • Lord Mahavira Publisher's Note

    Lord Mahavira Publisher's Note

    LORD MAHAVIRA [A study in Historical Perspective] BY BOOL CHAND, M.A. Ph.D (Lond.) P. V. Research Institute Series: 39 Editor: Dr. Sagarmal Jain With an introduction by Prof. Sagarmal Jain P.V. RESEARCH INSTITUTE Varanasi-5 Published by P.V. Research Institute I.T.I. Road Varanasi-5 Phone:66762 2nd Edition 1987 Price Rs.40-00 Printed by Vivek Printers Post Box No.4, B.H.U. Varanasi-5 PUBLISHER’S NOTE 1 Create PDF with PDF4U. If you wish to remove this line, please click here to purchase the full version The book ‘Lord Mahavira’, by Dr. Bool Chand was first published in 1948 by Jaina Cultural Research Society which has been merged into P.V. Research Institute. The book was not only an authentic piece of work done in a historical perspective but also a popular one, hence it became unavailable for sale soon. Since long it was so much in demand that we decided in favor of brining its second Edition. Except some minor changes here and there, the book remains the same. Yet a precise but valuable introduction, depicting the relevance of the teachings of Lord Mahavira in modern world has been added by Dr. Sagarmal Jain, the Director, P.V. Research Institute. As Dr. Jain has pointed out therein, the basic problems of present society i.e. mental tensions, violence and the conflicts of ideologies and faith, can be solved through three basic tenets of non-attachment, non-violence and non-absolutism propounded by Lord Mahavira and peace and harmony can certainly be established in the world.
  • Module 1A: Uttar Pradesh History

    Module 1A: Uttar Pradesh History

    Module 1a: Uttar Pradesh History Uttar Pradesh State Information India.. The Gangetic Plain occupies three quarters of the state. The entire Capital : Lucknow state, except for the northern region, has a tropical monsoon climate. In the Districts :70 plains, January temperatures range from 12.5°C-17.5°C and May records Languages: Hindi, Urdu, English 27.5°-32.5°C, with a maximum of 45°C. Rainfall varies from 1,000-2,000 mm in Introduction to Uttar Pradesh the east to 600-1,000 mm in the west. Uttar Pradesh has multicultural, multiracial, fabulous wealth of nature- Brief History of Uttar Pradesh hills, valleys, rivers, forests, and vast plains. Viewed as the largest tourist The epics of Hinduism, the Ramayana destination in India, Uttar Pradesh and the Mahabharata, were written in boasts of 35 million domestic tourists. Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh also had More than half of the foreign tourists, the glory of being home to Lord Buddha. who visit India every year, make it a It has now been established that point to visit this state of Taj and Ganga. Gautama Buddha spent most of his life Agra itself receives around one million in eastern Uttar Pradesh, wandering foreign tourists a year coupled with from place to place preaching his around twenty million domestic tourists. sermons. The empire of Chandra Gupta Uttar Pradesh is studded with places of Maurya extended nearly over the whole tourist attractions across a wide of Uttar Pradesh. Edicts of this period spectrum of interest to people of diverse have been found at Allahabad and interests.
  • Hinduism and Hindu Philosophy

    Hinduism and Hindu Philosophy

    Essays on Indian Philosophy UNIVE'aSITY OF HAWAII Uf,FU:{ Essays on Indian Philosophy SHRI KRISHNA SAKSENA UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII PRESS HONOLULU 1970 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 78·114209 Standard Book Number 87022-726-2 Copyright © 1970 by University of Hawaii Press All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America Contents The Story of Indian Philosophy 3 Basic Tenets of Indian Philosophy 18 Testimony in Indian Philosophy 24 Hinduism 37 Hinduism and Hindu Philosophy 51 The Jain Religion 54 Some Riddles in the Behavior of Gods and Sages in the Epics and the Puranas 64 Autobiography of a Yogi 71 Jainism 73 Svapramanatva and Svapraka!;>atva: An Inconsistency in Kumarila's Philosophy 77 The Nature of Buddhi according to Sankhya-Yoga 82 The Individual in Social Thought and Practice in India 88 Professor Zaehner and the Comparison of Religions 102 A Comparison between the Eastern and Western Portraits of Man in Our Time 117 Acknowledgments The author wishes to make the following acknowledgments for permission to reprint previously published essays: "The Story of Indian Philosophy," in A History of Philosophical Systems. edited by Vergilius Ferm. New York:The Philosophical Library, 1950. "Basic Tenets of Indian Philosophy," previously published as "Are There Any Basic Tenets of Indian Philosophy?" in The Philosophical Quarterly. "Testimony in Indian Philosophy," previously published as "Authority in Indian Philosophy," in Ph ilosophyEast and West. vo!.l,no. 3 (October 1951). "Hinduism," in Studium Generale. no. 10 (1962). "The Jain Religion," previously published as "Jainism," in Religion in the Twentieth Century. edited by Vergilius Ferm.
  • A Primer of Hinduism '— ^ 7 Primer of Hinduism

    A Primer of Hinduism '— ^ 7 Primer of Hinduism

    CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The original of tliis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023004645 Cornell University Library BL 2001.F23P9 1914 primer of Hinduism. 3 1924 023 004 645 PRIMER OF HINDUISM BY J. N. FARQUHAR, M.A. LITERARY SECRETARY, NATIONAL COUNCIL OF YOUNG MENS CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS, INDIA AND CEYLON SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED Price Eight Annas HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ERUCHSHAW BUILDING, HORNBY ROAD, BOMBAY ji SUNKURAMA CHETTY ST., GEORGE TOWN, MADRAS THE ASSOCIATION PRESS 86 COLLEGE STREET, CALCUTTA A PRIMER OF HINDUISM '— ^ 7 PRIMER OF HINDUISM BY J. N. FARQUHAR, M.A. LITERARY SECRETARY, NATIONAL COUNCIL OF YOUNG MEN's CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS, INDIA AND CEYLON SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED iivaicf<pa\aiiiaaaOai tA, Ttavra iv tw Xpicrif HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, NEW YORK, TORONTO, MELBOURNE BOMB.--i AND MADRAS THE ASSOCIATION PRESS, CALCUTTA 1914 L BL M.A, OXFORD ! HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY PREFACE It is the conviction of the writer of this Primer that Hinduism cannot be understood unless it be studied historically. For this reason the first thirteen chapters oi the book deal with the growth of the reli- gion in connexion with the political and literary history of the country. Only when the student has realized how Hinduism came to be is he in a position to attempt to study any particular part of the religion. To think of the religion as a sort of intricate machine to be studied in pieces is to misconceive the whole.
  • Jain Values, Worship and the Tirthankara Image

    Jain Values, Worship and the Tirthankara Image

    JAIN VALUES, WORSHIP AND THE TIRTHANKARA IMAGE B.A., University of Washington, 1974 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard / THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA May, 1980 (c)Roy L. Leavitt In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Anthropology & Sociology The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date 14 October 1980 The main purpose of the thesis is to examine Jain worship and the role of the Jains1 Tirthankara images in worship. The thesis argues that the worshipper emulates the Tirthankara image which embodies Jain values and that these values define and, in part, dictate proper behavior. In becoming like the image, the worshipper's actions ex• press the common concerns of the Jains and follow a pattern that is prized because it is believed to be especially Jain. The basic orientation or line of thought is that culture is a system of symbols. These symbols are implicit agreements among the community's members, agreements which entail values and which permit the Jains to meaningfully interpret their experiences and guide their actions.
  • Sculptural Art of Jains in Odisha: a Study

    Sculptural Art of Jains in Odisha: a Study

    International Journal of Humanities And Social Sciences (IJHSS) ISSN (P): 2319-393X; ISSN (E): 2319-3948 Vol. 6, Issue 4, Jun - Jul 2017; 115 - 126 © IASET SCULPTURAL ART OF JAINS IN ODISHA: A STUDY AKHAYA KUMAR MISHRA Lecturer in History, Balugaon College, Balugaon, Khordha, Odisha, India ABSTRACT In ancient times, Odisha was known as Utkal, which means utkarsh in kala i.e., excellent in the arts. Its rich artistic legacy permeates through time, into modern decor, never deviating from the basics. Each motif or intricate pattern, draws its inspiration from a myth or folklore, or from the general ethos itself. Covered by the dense forests, soaring mountains, sparkling waterfalls, murmuring springs, gurgling rivers, secluded dales, deep valleys, captivating beaches and sprawling lake, Odisha is a kaleidoscope of past splendor and present glory. Being the meeting place of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, with is delightful assimilations, from the fascinating lifestyle of the tribes, Odisha retains in its distinct identity, in the form of sculptural art, folk art and performing art. The architectural wonders of Odisha must be seen in the Jain caves, which speak about the fine artistry of Odisha’s craftsmen, in the bygone era. The Odias displayed their remarkable creative power, in the Jain sculptural art. While they built their caves like giants, they sculptured the caves like master artists. The theme of these sculptures was so varied, for the artist and his imagination so deep that, as if, he was writing an epic on the surface of the stone. KEYWORDS: Art, Architecture, Sculpture, Prolific INTRODUCTION Odisha has a rich and unique heritage of art traditions, beginning from the sophisticated ornate temple architecture, and sculpture to folk arts, in different forms.
  • Jain Philosophy and Practice I 1

    Jain Philosophy and Practice I 1

    PANCHA PARAMESTHI Chapter 01 - Pancha Paramesthi Namo Arihantänam: I bow down to Arihanta, Namo Siddhänam: I bow down to Siddha, Namo Äyariyänam: I bow down to Ächärya, Namo Uvajjhäyänam: I bow down to Upädhyäy, Namo Loe Savva-Sähunam: I bow down to Sädhu and Sädhvi. Eso Pancha Namokkäro: These five fold reverence (bowings downs), Savva-Pävappanäsano: Destroy all the sins, Manglänancha Savvesim: Amongst all that is auspicious, Padhamam Havai Mangalam: This Navakär Mantra is the foremost. The Navakär Mantra is the most important mantra in Jainism and can be recited at any time. While reciting the Navakär Mantra, we bow down to Arihanta (souls who have reached the state of non-attachment towards worldly matters), Siddhas (liberated souls), Ächäryas (heads of Sädhus and Sädhvis), Upädhyäys (those who teach scriptures and Jain principles to the followers), and all (Sädhus and Sädhvis (monks and nuns, who have voluntarily given up social, economical and family relationships). Together, they are called Pancha Paramesthi (The five supreme spiritual people). In this Mantra we worship their virtues rather than worshipping any one particular entity; therefore, the Mantra is not named after Lord Mahävir, Lord Pärshva- Näth or Ädi-Näth, etc. When we recite Navakär Mantra, it also reminds us that, we need to be like them. This mantra is also called Namaskär or Namokär Mantra because in this Mantra we offer Namaskär (bowing down) to these five supreme group beings. Recitation of the Navakär Mantra creates positive vibrations around us, and repels negative ones. The Navakär Mantra contains the foremost message of Jainism. The message is very clear.
  • Location PLATETITLE SIXTYCHARNAME Source Count GHABHARA MULNAYAK SHRI MAHÄVIR SWÄMI 1993 PRATISHTHA by GHABHARA MULNAYAK SHRI MAHÄVIR SWÄMI DRS

    Location PLATETITLE SIXTYCHARNAME Source Count GHABHARA MULNAYAK SHRI MAHÄVIR SWÄMI 1993 PRATISHTHA by GHABHARA MULNAYAK SHRI MAHÄVIR SWÄMI DRS

    Location PLATETITLE SIXTYCHARNAME Source Count GHABHARA MULNAYAK SHRI MAHÄVIR SWÄMI 1993 PRATISHTHA BY GHABHARA MULNAYAK SHRI MAHÄVIR SWÄMI DRS. DEEPAK & HIMANI DALIA & ANOKHI, NIRALI & ANERI DALIA Previous 57 GHABHARA MULNAYAK SHRI MAHÄVIR SWÄMI SATISH-KINNARY,AAKASH-PURVA-RIYAAN-NAIYOMI,BADAL-SONIA SHAH Previous 59 GHABHARA MULNAYAK SHRI MAHÄVIR SWÄMI NA 0 GHABHARA MULNAYAK SHRI MAHÄVIR SWÄMI 0 GHABHARA MULNAYAK SHRI MAHÄVIR SWÄMI 2009 PRATISHTHA BY 18 GHABHARA MULNAYAK SHRI MAHÄVIR SWÄMI VAIDYA RAMANBEN BHAKKAMBHAI TUSHAR DIMPLE HEMLATA PRABODH Gheeboli 57 GHABHARA MULNAYAK SHRI MAHÄVIR SWÄMI DR. CHANDRAKANT PRANLAL SHAH AND DEVYANI SHAH Raffle 46 0 GHABHARA SHRI PÄRSHVANÄTH 1993 PRATISHTHA BY 18 GHABHARA SHRI PÄRSHVANÄTH DR.RASHMI DIPCHAND, CHANDRIKA, RAJU, MONA, HITEN GARDI Previous 54 GHABHARA SHRI PÄRSHVANÄTH KERNEL,CHETNA,RAJA,MEENA,ASHISH,AMI,SHAILEE & SUJAL PARIKH Previous 58 GHABHARA SHRI PÄRSHVANÄTH NAGINDAS-VIJKORBEN, ARVIND-KIRAN, MANISH, ALKA SHAH Previous 51 GHABHARA SHRI PÄRSHVANÄTH 0 GHABHARA SHRI PÄRSHVANÄTH 2009 PRATISHTHA BY 18 GHABHARA SHRI PÄRSHVANÄTH ANISH, ANJALI, DULARI PARAG, MEMORY OF SHARDA MAFATLAL DOSHI Gheeboli 60 GHABHARA SHRI PÄRSHVANÄTH JYOTI PRADIP GRISHMA JUGNU SANYA PINKY MEHUL SAHIL & ARMAAN Raffle 60 0 GHABHARA SHRI SHÄNTINÄTH 1993 PRATISHTHA BY 18 GHABHARA SHRI SHÄNTINÄTH SURESH-PUSHPA, SNEHAL-RUPA & PARAG-TORAL BHANSALI Previous 49 GHABHARA SHRI SHÄNTINÄTH KUSUM & DALPATLAL PARIKH FAMILY BY REKHA AND BIPIN PARIKH Previous 57 GHABHARA SHRI SHÄNTINÄTH JAYANTILAL, NITIN-MEENA, MICHELLE, JESSICA, JAMIE SHAH Previous 54 GHABHARA SHRI SHÄNTINÄTH 0 GHABHARA SHRI SHÄNTINÄTH 2009 PRATISHTHA BY 18 GHABHARA SHRI SHÄNTINÄTH IN PARENTS MEMORY BY PARESH,LOPA,JATIN AND AMIT SHAH FAMILY Gheeboli 59 GHABHARA SHRI SHÄNTINÄTH SUSHILA-NAVIN SHAH AND FAMILY JAINIE JINESH PREM KOMAL KAJOL Raffle 60 0 GHABHARA SHRI AJITNÄTH 1993 PRATISHTHA BY 18 GHABHARA SHRI AJITNÄTH DR.ANIL-BHARTI, RITESH & REEPAL SHAH Previous 36 GHABHARA SHRI AJITNÄTH ASHOK-DR.