DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessment of Ecological Effects on the Receiving Environment from the Discharge of Treated Wastewater from an Army Bay WWTP

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessment of Ecological Effects on the Receiving Environment from the Discharge of Treated Wastewater from an Army Bay WWTP Assessment of Ecological Effects on the receiving environment from the discharge of treated wastewater from an Army Bay WWTP (Photo Shane Kelly) Mark James1, Mike Stewart2, Chris Dada2, Shane Kelly3 and Sara Jamieson4 Prepared for Watercare Services Ltd November 2018 1Mark James 2 Streamlined Environmental Ltd Aquatic Environmental Sciences Ltd 3 Coast and Catchment Ltd PO Box 328 4 Tracks Ltd Whangamata 3643 Email: [email protected] Cell: 021 0538379 1 Executive Summary Watercare is preparing an Assessment of Environmental Effects (AEE) for new consents for the continued operation of a wastewater treatment plant and discharge to service growth in the Hibiscus Coast/ Orewa/Whangaparaoa area. The consent application process requires an assessment of the potential effects on the receiving environments and ecological values. The report summarises the status of the existing environment in the Whangaparaoa Passage and wider environment based on existing and new information collected as part of the consent application process. The report then provides an assessment of the potential effects of the existing and then the future discharges on the ecological values if a discharge to the existing discharge point (~1.3 km into the Whangaparaoa Passage in 25 m of water) is the final option. Future scenarios considered for modelling were a small increase in population in the “Short- term” through to ~2031 (to 116,000 PE), an increase in population serviced from a combined WWTP to 160,000 PE in the “Medium-term” (~2041) and up to 192,000 PE in the “Long-term” (~2053). Note that slightly lower populations are now being used for each scenario in the final AEE based on updated growth numbers provided and thus the risk assessment is conservative. A number of treatment options were also considered along with timeframes for the infrastructure development of the existing WWTP was at Army Bay and the discharge into the Whangaparaoa Passage. The existing environment off the Whangaparaoa Peninsula can be summarised as: A coastal region that is dynamic and well flushed, supports a diverse and productive intertidal and subtidal ecosystem and is valued for its recreational and cultural values, including kai moana. The region is valued for its terrestrial landforms of cliffs and shore platforms and ecologically for its diversity of biota along the shoreline, inter-tidal and sub-tidal habitats and as feeding grounds for a range of fish and bird species; Water quality in the current discharge has met the consent conditions over the last 5 years (the period assessed) and between 2012 and 2018 levels of nutrients, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) have been decreasing. A UV treatment system was installed in 2006 and has significantly improved the microbial quality of the discharge; The Whangaparaoa Passage, location of the current discharge point, has relatively high currents with strongest flows around the headlands and tend to be strongest on the ebb tide. Flows are to the north-east into the Hauraki Gulf on the ebb tide and to the south-west on a flood tide; 2 Water quality in the Whangaparaoa Passage and nearby sites is high quality and considered to be “excellent” according to the Auckland Council classification. There is no indication that the existing discharge is impacting on water or microbial quality; Monitoring of microbial indicators in the water and shellfish in the vicinity of the outfall show no effects of the present discharge and are below MFE guidelines for shellfish gathering with at least 92% of the shellfish samples meeting the FSANZ (Australia and New Zealand Food Standards) guideline. Occasionally microbial levels increase during rainfall events but this has not been attributed to the discharge; There is a relatively diverse benthic community throughout the Whangaparaoa Passage and area around the outer Whangaparaoa Peninsula, diversity and habitat complexity was lower towards the north but increased towards the coastline of the Whangaparaoa Peninsula and Tiritiri Matangi Island. Horse mussels and sponges are abundant and widespread around the margins, scallops are patchily distributed with diverse communities of polychaete worms and crustaceans throughout. The area has high infaunal values but they tend to be lower towards the north where the substrate is muddier and has less shell hash; Total organic carbon levels were surprisingly high in places but are within levels recorded at other high diversity sites nearby. A microalgae mat well to the north-west of the outfall was found in an earlier survey in the later part of 2017 but was not present when the area was resurveyed in April 2018 and is unlikely to be attributed to the present discharge form the Army Bay WWTP because of the distance from the discharge point; Overall there is no evidence of effects on water quality or the benthic community from the present WWTP discharge; The diverse invertebrate biota is reflected in a relatively high valued fisheries and juvenile habitat in the region. The main fish caught is snapper and kahawai. There is likely to be limited fishing in close to shore because of the NZ Defence Force activities in the area. Tiritiri Matangi is highly regarded for its cultural values; Following creation of a sanctuary and predator control the area around the headland of the Peninsula bird numbers have increased and the area supports at least 14 threatened species; and A number of mammals are observed in the area including common dolphin and Bryde’s whales and other whale species that are in transit through the area at times. 3 Effects of future increases to service an increasing population from an Army Bay WWTP The effects of future growth on a discharge into the Whangaparaoa Passage are as follows: Modelling has shown that even when reaching the full population growth predicted for 2053 there will be negligible and undetectable change in the salinity of the receiving waters; A staged approach to upgrading the plant has been proposed based on the following concept. Following the Stage 1 upgrade 40% of the plant design capacity will be provided using MBR technology which will result in a slight reduction in the discharged concentration for total nitrogen (TN) and TSS. The Stage 2 upgrade will increase the proportion of flow treated using the MBR technology, providing a further reduction in the TSS and further upgrades are proposed which will result in the discharged TN concentration being reduced to 10 mg N/L. Following the Stage 3 upgrade, the full plant will have been converted to MBR technology (or appropriate alternative providing the same effluent quality). With the proposed staged improved treatment, the annual median discharge for TN (nitrogen is the most important nutrient controlling phytoplankton growth in these environments) is predicted to reduce from the existing 14 mg/L to 12 mg/L and eventually to 10 mg/L over the three proposed upgrade steps and the concentrations for TSS will also improve. The staged reduction reflects continued operation of the existing WWTP alongside new technologies as population growth increases. Because of the relatively strong currents which will result in rapid dilution (>500x within 100 m of the outfall for over 90% of the time), the water quality of the receiving environment, even when fully developed and with increased nitrogen loads, will not change, will continue to be “excellent” and will not increase the risk of algal blooms; Even with the minimum dilution factor (70x) at the outfall, levels of metals and emerging contaminants will be reduced to below guidelines and levels known to be of concern; A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has been carried out for enterovirus, adenovirus, and norovirus and shows: o Microbial levels will increase with increasing population and will be higher during winter; o Microbial levels are greatest closest to the discharge point, will rapidly reduce away from the discharge point and decrease significantly by the time the water moves towards Huroa Point and Whangaparaoa Head. Most of the dispersal is likely to be the north-east or south-west; 4 o For recreational use, modeling has shown the microbial levels would be low and always below a “no observable effects level” of 1% for a 100-fold (2 log) removal efficacy and very low for a 3 log or 1,000x reduction at the WWTP for the three viruses assessed at all sites; o For shellfish gathering microbial levels would be below the “no observable effects level” threshold of 3% for a 100-fold reduction and low and always below thresholds for a 3 log reduction or 1,000x at all sites. Four log reduction would reduce the risk to practically zero; and o It is recommended that at least 1,000-fold (i.e. 3 Log) reduction in viral concentrations at the Army Bay WWTP, prior to discharge, should be sufficient even during the worst-case maximum discharge scenario (192,000 PE), to reduce health risks to an acceptable level for contact recreation and consumption of raw shellfish harvested at all the selected sites in the receiving environment. There is no evidence that benthic aquatic habitats and communities are adversely affected at present and any effects of the future discharge would only be in the immediate vicinity of the discharge pipe, if they did occur, and would be within the bounds of the natural variability in the area; and Birds and fish in the coastal environment are highly mobile and would not be adversely affected. The overall conclusion is that because of the rapid dilution and dispersion at this site combined with an improved level of treatment there will not be any detectable or ecologically significant change in the receiving environment including trophic state, risk of algal blooms, and there would be no effects on fish resources, mammals or birds.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 29 November 2005
    University of Auckland Institute of Marine Science Publications List maintained by Richard Taylor. Last updated: 31 July 2019. This map shows the relative frequencies of words in the publication titles listed below (1966-Nov. 2017), with “New Zealand” removed (otherwise it dominates), and variants of stem words and taxonomic synonyms amalgamated (e.g., ecology/ecological, Chrysophrys/Pagrus). It was created using Jonathan Feinberg’s utility at www.wordle.net. In press Markic, A., Gaertner, J.-C., Gaertner-Mazouni, N., Koelmans, A.A. Plastic ingestion by marine fish in the wild. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. McArley, T.J., Hickey, A.J.R., Wallace, L., Kunzmann, A., Herbert, N.A. Intertidal triplefin fishes have a lower critical oxygen tension (Pcrit), higher maximal aerobic capacity, and higher tissue glycogen stores than their subtidal counterparts. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. O'Rorke, R., Lavery, S.D., Wang, M., Gallego, R., Waite, A.M., Beckley, L.E., Thompson, P.A., Jeffs, A.G. Phyllosomata associated with large gelatinous zooplankton: hitching rides and stealing bites. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Sayre, R., Noble, S., Hamann, S., Smith, R., Wright, D., Breyer, S., Butler, K., Van Graafeiland, K., Frye, C., Karagulle, D., Hopkins, D., Stephens, D., Kelly, K., Basher, Z., Burton, D., Cress, J., Atkins, K., Van Sistine, D.P., Friesen, B., Allee, R., Allen, T., Aniello, P., Asaad, I., Costello, M.J., Goodin, K., Harris, P., Kavanaugh, M., Lillis, H., Manca, E., Muller-Karger, F., Nyberg, B., Parsons, R., Saarinen, J., Steiner, J., Reed, A. A new 30 meter resolution global shoreline vector and associated global islands database for the development of standardized ecological coastal units.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Checklist of New Zealand Decapoda (Arthropoda: Crustacea)
    Tuhinga 22: 171–272 Copyright © Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (2011) Annotated checklist of New Zealand Decapoda (Arthropoda: Crustacea) John C. Yaldwyn† and W. Richard Webber* † Research Associate, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Deceased October 2005 * Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand ([email protected]) (Manuscript completed for publication by second author) ABSTRACT: A checklist of the Recent Decapoda (shrimps, prawns, lobsters, crayfish and crabs) of the New Zealand region is given. It includes 488 named species in 90 families, with 153 (31%) of the species considered endemic. References to New Zealand records and other significant references are given for all species previously recorded from New Zealand. The location of New Zealand material is given for a number of species first recorded in the New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity but with no further data. Information on geographical distribution, habitat range and, in some cases, depth range and colour are given for each species. KEYWORDS: Decapoda, New Zealand, checklist, annotated checklist, shrimp, prawn, lobster, crab. Contents Introduction Methods Checklist of New Zealand Decapoda Suborder DENDROBRANCHIATA Bate, 1888 ..................................... 178 Superfamily PENAEOIDEA Rafinesque, 1815.............................. 178 Family ARISTEIDAE Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891..................... 178 Family BENTHESICYMIDAE Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 .......... 180 Family PENAEIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 ..................................
    [Show full text]
  • Kaipara Harbour Targeted Marine Pest Survey May 2019
    Kaipara Harbour Targeted Marine Pest Survey May 2019 Melanie Tupe, Chris Woods and Samantha Happy April 2020 Technical Report 2020/008 Kaipara Harbour targeted marine pest survey May 2019 April 2020 Technical Report 2020/008 M. Tupe (nee Vaughan) Environmental Services, Auckland Council C. Woods National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, NIWA S. Happy Environmental Services, Auckland Council NIWA project: ARC19501 Auckland Council Technical Report 2020/008 ISSN 2230-4525 (Print) ISSN 2230-4533 (Online) ISBN 978-1-99-002214-2 (Print) ISBN 978-1-99-002215-9 (PDF) This report has been peer reviewed by the Peer Review Panel. Review completed on 30 April 2020 Reviewed by two reviewers Name: Samantha Hill Position: Head of Natural Environment Design (Environmental Services) Name: Imogen Bassett Position: Biosecurity Principal Advisor (Environmental Services) Date: 30 April 2020 Recommended citation Tupe, M., C Woods and S Happy (2020). Kaipara Harbour targeted marine pest survey May 2019. Auckland Council technical report, TR2020/008 Cover image: close-up image of the Australian droplet tunicate, Eudistoma elongatum. Photo credit: Chris Woods (NIWA) © 2020 Auckland Council Auckland Council disclaims any liability whatsoever in connection with any action taken in reliance of this document for any error, deficiency, flaw or omission contained in it. This document is licensed for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. In summary, you are free to copy, distribute and adapt the material, as long as you attribute it to the Auckland Council and abide by the other licence terms. Executive summary The introduction of new species to an environment in which they did not evolve has been recognised as one of the top threats to ecosystem function and biodiversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Intertidal Life of the Tamaki Estuary and Its Entrance, Auckland July 2005 TP373
    Intertidal Life of the Tamaki Estuary and its Entrance, Auckland July 2005 TP373 Auckland Regional Council Technical Publication No. 373, 2008 ISSN 1175-205X(Print) ISSN 1178-6493 (Online) ISBN 978-1-877483-47-9 Intertidal life of the Tamaki Estuary and its Entrance, Auckland Bruce W. Hayward1 Margaret S. Morley1,2 1Geomarine Research, 49 Swainston Rd, St Johns, Auckland 2c/o Auckland War Memorial Museum, Private Bag 92 018, Auckland Prepared for Auckland Regional Council Envrionmental Research 2005 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Auckland Regional Council Approved for ARC publication by: _____________________________ Grant Barnes 21 July 2008 Recommended Citation: Hayward, B. W; Morley, M.S (2005). Intertidal life of the Tamaki Estuary and its entrance, Auckland. Prepared for Auckland Regional Council. Auckland Regional Council Technical Publication Number 373. 72p Contents 1 Executive Summary 1 2 Introduction 3 2.1 Study Area 3 2.2 Rock Types Along the Shore 6 2.3 Origin and Shape of the Tamaki Estuary 6 2.4 Previous Work 7 2.4.1 Ecological Surveys 7 2.4.2 Introduced Species 7 2.4.3 Environmental Pollution 8 2.4.4 Geology 9 2.5 Tamaki Estuary Steering Committee 9 3 Methodology 10 3.1 Survey Methodology 10 3.2 Biodiversity and Specimens 10 4 Intertidal Habitats and Communities 11 4.1 Salt Marsh and Salt Meadow 11 4.2 Mangrove Forest 11 4.3 Seagrass Meadows 12 4.4 Sublittoral Seaweed Fringe 12 4.5 Estuarine Mud 12 4.6 Shelly Sand Flats 12 4.7 Shell Banks and Spits
    [Show full text]
  • Quail Island: Foreshore Resource Assessment
    QUAIL ISLAND: FORESHORE RESOURCE ASSESSMENT BY M.R. BUTCHER, R.M. EMBERSON, R.R. SCOTT AND S.P. WORNER (ENTOMOLOGY DEPARTMENT, LINCOLN COLLEGE) Report to: Commissioner of Crown Lands, Department of Lands & Survey, Christchurch. 1. INTRODUCTION First through the Landscape section, and more recently the Parks and Recreation section, of the Department of Horticulture, Landscape and Parks, Lincoln College has been involved with the resource evaluation of Quail Island as a reserve. The island after a varied history as a ballast supplier, ships' graveyard, leper colony, quarantine station and farm was declared a recreation reserve in August 1975. Under the Reserves Act 1977 a management plan which protects the island's scenic, historic, archaeological, biological, geological and soil and water values, as well as improving its value for recreation, must be prepared. A number of agencies including the groups mentioned above have been invited to provide information to help in the preparation of the management plan. The Department of Lands and Survey which administers the island and which commissioned this foreshore survey is aware that the marine life around the island and in particular in the inter-tidal zone influences the use and enjoyment of the island. The department hopes that the reserve may be extended to Low Water Springs and it is the area between High Water Springs and Low Water Springs on which the present survey has been centred. 2. TERMS OF REFERENCE We were requested by the Department of Lands and Survey (Ref. 8/3/322/4) to provide advice on the following matters: 1. A description (type of (sic) extent) of marine life around the island.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasion Biology of the Asian Shore Crab Hemigrapsus Sanguineus: a Review
    Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 441 (2013) 33–49 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jembe Invasion biology of the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus: A review Charles E. Epifanio ⁎ School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes, DE 19958, USA article info abstract Article history: The Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, is native to coastal and estuarine habitat along the east coast of Received 19 October 2012 Asia. The species was first observed in North America near Delaware Bay (39°N, 75°W) in 1988, and a variety Received in revised form 8 January 2013 of evidence suggests initial introduction via ballast water early in that decade. The crab spread rapidly after its Accepted 9 January 2013 discovery, and breeding populations currently extend from North Carolina to Maine (35°–45°N). H. sanguineus Available online 9 February 2013 is now the dominant crab in rocky intertidal habitat along much of the northeast coast of the USA and has displaced resident crab species throughout this region. The Asian shore crab also occurs on the Atlantic coast Keywords: fi Asian shore crab of Europe and was rst reported from Le Havre, France (49°N, 0°E) in 1999. Invasive populations now extend Bioinvasion along 1000 km of coastline from the Cotentin Peninsula in France to Lower Saxony in Germany (48°– Europe 53°N). Success of the Asian shore crab in alien habitats has been ascribed to factors such as high fecundity, Hemigrapsus sanguineus superior competition for space and food, release from parasitism, and direct predation on co-occurring crab North America species.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecology of the Grapsid Crabs Plagusia Capensis, Leptograpsus Variegatus, Cvclograpsus Insularum and Cvclograpsus Lavauxi in Northern New Zealand
    395 Bacon M.R. (1971a) The ecology of the grapsid crabs Plagusia capensis, Leptograpsus variegatus, Cvclograpsus insularum and Cvclograpsus lavauxi in Northern New Zealand. Unpub. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Auckland. Bacon M.R. (1971b) Distribution and ecology of the crabs Cvclograpsus lavauxi and C.insularum in Northern New Zealand. N.Z. J. Mar. Fresh~at. Res. 5:415-426. Baker A.N. (1971) Food and feeding of kahawai (Teleostei: Arripididae) . N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 5(2):291-299. ". i Baker W.H. (1906) Notes on South Australian decapod , Crustacea, Part 4. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. 30:104-117, pls I-Ill. Balbontin F.C., I.G. Campodonico, &L.M. Guzman.(1979) Descripcion de huevos y larvas de especies de Careproctus (Pisces;Liparidae) comensales de Paralomis granulosa y Lithodes antarctica (Crustacea;Lithodidae). Ans. Inst. Par. 10:235-243. Balss H. (1913) Ostrasiatische Decapoden. I Die Galatheiden und Paguriden. Abhandl. d. math. phys. Klasse der K. Baver. Akademie der Wissenschaften, 11 Supple Bd, 9, Abhandlg. pp 1-85, pls. 1-11, figs 1-54 . Balss H. (1922) Ostrasiatische Decapoden. III Die Dromiacien, Oxystomen und Parthenopiden. IV Die Brachyrhychen (Cancridae). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 88:104-140, figs 1-9. Balss H. (1929) Decapoden des Roten Meeres. IV Oxyrhyncha und Schlussbetrachtungen. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 102:1-30,Figs 1-9,pl 1. Balss H. (1930) Zoologische Ergebuisse der Reisen von Dr. L. Kohl-Lassen nach den Subaritarktischen Inseln bei Neuseeland und nach Sudgiorgien. Die Dekapoden (Crustaceen). Senckenbergiana 12:195-210, 6 figs. Balss H. (1933) Beitrage zur Kenntris der Gattung Pilumnus (Crustacea Dekapoda) und Verwandter Gattungen.
    [Show full text]
  • Leigh Marine Laboratory Publications
    Leigh Marine Laboratory Publications List maintained by Richard Taylor. Last updated: 23 August 2010. This map shows the relative frequencies of words in the publication titles listed below (1967-2007), with “new” and “zealand” removed (otherwise they dominate). It was created using Jonathan Feinberg’s utility at www.wordle.net. In press Morrison, M.A., Jeffs, A.G., Hooker, S.H. Detection of sub-tidal mussel beds on rocky reefs using acoustics. Journal of Remote Sensing. Takeyama, H., Suzuki, S., Matsunaga, T., Satoh, K., Sakai, M., Yoshimura, T., Lavery, S., Jeffs, A., Chow, S. A novel technique to investigate natural diets of larval marine animals using peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-directed PCR clamping. Marine Biotechnology. 2010 Alfaro, A.C., McArdle, B., Jeffs, A.G. 2010. Temporal patterns of arrival of beachcast green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) spat harvested for aquaculture in New Zealand and its relationship with hydrodynamic and meteorological conditions. Aquaculture 302: 208-218. Costello, M.J., Coll, M., Danovaro, R., Halpin, P., Ojaveer, H., Miloslavich, P. 2010. A census of marine biodiversity knowledge, resources, and future challenges. PLoS ONE 5(8): e12110. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012110. Dudley, B.D., Barr, N.G., Shima, J.S. 2010. Influence of light intensity and nutrient source on δ13C and δ15N signatures in Ulva pertusa. Aquatic Biology 9: 85-93. Finkel, Z.V., Beardall, J., Flynn, K.J., Quigg, A., Rees, T.A.V., Raven, J.A. 2010. Phytoplankton in a changing world: cell size and elemental stoichiometry. Journal of Plankton Research 32: 119-137. Flynn, K.J., Raven, J.A., Rees, T.A.V., Finkel, Z., Quigg, A., Beardall, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Decapod Crustacea of the Kermadec Biodiscovery Expedition 2011
    www.aucklandmuseum.com Decapod crustacea of the Kermadec Biodiscovery Expedition 2011 Shane T. Ahyong Australian Museum & University of New South Wales Abstract The Kermadec Islands, the only emergent feature of the Kermadec Ridge, mark the northern limit of New Zealand’s territorial waters. The decapod crustaceans of the Kermadec Islands have been the subject of sporadic studies. In May 2011, a joint expedition of the Auckland War Memorial Museum, the Australian Museum, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, and the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research surveyed terrestrial and shallow marine habitats around the Kermadec Islands. Fifty-nine species of decapod crustaceans in 49 genera and 26 families are recorded of which five species are new to science:Anachlorocurtus australis, Athanas mendax, Gnathophyllum oceanicum, Rhynchocinetes okuno, and Nanocassiope neozelandica. Twenty-one species are first records for New Zealand waters and three species are first records for the Kermadec Islands, but already known from mainland New Zealand. Keywords Decapoda; new species; Kermadec Islands; New Zealand INTRODUCTION the Australian Museum, Sydney (AM). Measurements of specimens are in millimetres (mm). Total length (tl), The Kermadec Islands, the only emergent feature of given for some shrimps, is measured from the rostral tip the Kermadec Ridge, lie about 900 km northeast of to the tip of the telson. Carapace length (cl) is measured Auckland, North Island, New Zealand, and define along the dorsal midline and includes the rostrum. the northernmost aspect the New Zealand Exclusive Carapace width (cw) is the maximum width. Postorbital Economic Zone. The biota of the Kermadec Islands is carapace length (pcl), measured for some shrimps, is of special interest because of the subtropical position of measured from the posterior margin of the orbit to the the islands.
    [Show full text]
  • L Anson H. Hines
    /66 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 39(2): 444-466, LARVAL INVERTEBRATE WORKSHOP LARVAL PATTERNS IN THE LIFE HISTORIES OF BRACHYURAN CRABS (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA, BRACHYURA) L Anson H. Hines 4 ABSTRACT Developmental and larval patterns of brachyuran crabs are compared using data extracted from the literature for complete larval descriptions of 47 species and partial larval descriptions of 154 species. Focus was on four areas of interest: (1) Relationship between egg size, larval growth and size of first crab at settlement. Species with direct or abbreviated development had large eggs. Megalopal size and first crab size were positively correlated with adult size; egg size and zoeal size were not. Zoeal growth increased significantly with number of zoeal instars. There were no significant effects of egg size or adult size on incubation and larval periods. Species which produced only one brood per year had significantly longer brood incubation times, longer zoeal and total larval periods, and larger sizes of last zoea, first crab and adult size than multiple brood species. (2) Patterns indicating evolutionary constraints by lineage (family) on larval biology. Among the seven families with data for the most species (Cancridae, Grapsidae, Majidae, Ocypodidae, Portunidae, Pinnotheridae, and Xanthidae), there were significant differences in: adult size, incidence of species with single broods per year, brood incubation period, egg size, first zoea size, number of zoeal instars, first crab size, zoeal period, and total larval period. However, there were no significant differences in last zoeal size or megalopal size, except for large megalopas of Ocypode spp. (3) Patterns of larval biology with respect to adult habitat and climatic zone.
    [Show full text]
  • The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Crustacea Brachyura
    NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH BULLETIN 153 The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Crustacea Brachyura by E. W. BENNETT 15 Coney Hill Road St. Clair, Dunedin New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 22 April 1964 THE MARINE FAUNA OF NEW ZEALAND CRUSTACEA BRACHYURA NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH BULLETIN 153 The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Crustacea Brachyura by E. W. BENNETT 15 Coney Hill Road St. Clair, Dunedin New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 22 20s. April 1964 CONTENTS PAGE Foreword 5 Abstract 8 Check List of the New Zealand Brachyura 9 Introduction 11 Species to be Excluded 14 Sources of Material 15 Acknowledgments . 15 List of Stations 16 Collection and Preservation of Crabs . 17 Systematics 20 Geographical Distribution of the New Zealand Brachyura 86 Bibliography 91 Index 115 FIGURES Frontispiece Captain J. P. Bollons, i.s.o., J.P. Photographic Illustrations FIGURE PAGE Line Drawings 104 Petrolisthes elongatus 99 105 Petrocheles spinosus 99 FIGURE PAGE 1-4 Ebalia laevis 20 106 Lyreidus fossor n. sp. 100 5 Lyreidus fossor n. sp. 24 107 Ebalia laevis . 100 6-7 Lyreidus fossor n. sp. 24 108 Merocryptus lambriformis 101 8-9 Lyreidus fossor n. sp. 25 109 Latreillopsis petterdi 101 10 Cyrtomaia hispida 30 110 Cyrtomaia hispida 102 11-16 Cyrtomaia hispida 31 111 Trichoplatus huttoni 102 17 Trichoplatus huttoni 33 112 Paramithrax peroni 103 18-20 Trichoplatus huttoni 34 113-114 Paramithrax minor 103 21-24 Paramithrax peroni 39 115-116 Paramithrax ursus 104 25-28 Paramithrax minor 41 105 29-32 Paramithrax ursus 43 117 Leptomithrax longimanus 33-36 Basal Article of Antennae, Paramithrax anc1 118 Leptomithrax australis 105 Leptomithrax, s.
    [Show full text]
  • Host Partitioning by Parasites in an Intertidal Crustacean Community
    J. Parasitol., 96(5), 2010, pp. 862–868 F American Society of Parasitologists 2010 HOST PARTITIONING BY PARASITES IN AN INTERTIDAL CRUSTACEAN COMMUNITY Anson V. Koehler and Robert Poulin Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Patterns of host use by parasites throughout a guild community of intermediate hosts can depend on several biological and ecological factors, including physiology, morphology, immunology, and behavior. We looked at parasite transmission in the intertidal crustacean community of Lower Portobello Bay, Dunedin, New Zealand, with the intent of: (1) mapping the flow of parasites throughout the major crustacean species, (2) identifying hosts that play the most important transmission role for each parasite, and (3) assessing the impact of parasitism on host populations. The most prevalent parasites found in 14 species of crustaceans (635 specimens) examined were the trematodes Maritrema novaezealandensis and Microphallus sp., the acanthocephalans Profilicollis spp., the nematode Ascarophis sp., and an acuariid nematode. Decapods were compatible hosts for M. novaezealandensis, while other crustaceans demonstrated lower host suitability as shown by high levels of melanized and immature parasite stages. Carapace thickness, gill morphology, and breathing style may contribute to the differential infection success of M. novaezealandensis and Microphallus sp. in the decapod species. Parasite-induced host mortality appears likely with M. novaezealandensis in the crabs Austrohelice crassa, Halicarcinus varius, Hemigrapsus sexdentatus, and Macrophthalmus hirtipes, and also with Microphallus sp. in A. crassa. Overall, the different parasite species make different use of available crustacean intermediate hosts and possibly contribute to intertidal community structure.
    [Show full text]