DOCSLIB.ORG

KOREAN PARENTS' PERCEPTIONS and ATTITUDES TOWARD the STUDY of ENGLISH in SOUTH KOREA by Joohee Kim

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
KOREAN PARENTS' PERCEPTIONS and ATTITUDES TOWARD the STUDY of ENGLISH in SOUTH KOREA by Joohee Kim KOREAN PARENTS' PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES TOWARD THE STUDY OF ENGLISH IN SOUTH KOREA by Joohee Kim A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of English West Lafayette, Indiana August 2020 THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL Dr. Margie Berns, Chair Department of English Dr. Tony Silva Department of English Dr. Dwight Atkinson University of Arizona Department of English Approved by: Dr. Margie Berns 2 I dedicate this work to my loving husband, Brian; my two beloved children, Victoria and Gloria; my mom and dad, Sanghee Han and Sukchul Kim; my parents-in-law, Beomjoo Maeng and Yesook Lee; and most importantly, to God, who gives all strength and power, guides me to pass through this long journey, and provides all that I need. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are so many people who have helped me complete this long journey. First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge and thank my advisor and committee chair, Professor Margie Berns, for her valuable time, thoughtful insights and advice, and most of all, for her patience throughout this whole process. Despite an extended pause in my work, she never gave up on me and has walked alongside me on this long path, offering continuous encouragement. She has been a wonderful mentor, not only in my academic life but also in my personal life. Without her considerate guidance and encouragement, I could not have finished this work. I have also been privileged to work with brilliant and caring committee members, Professor Tony Silva and Professor Dwight Atkinson. I deeply appreciate their continuous support. I am especially thankful for Professor Dwight, who I have spent most of my time in graduate school with and who helped me progress, supported me, and served on my committee even after moving to a different university. Finally, I would like to thank my beloved family in the U.S. and in South Korea; my husband who fully supports me in finishing my work; my dad and parents-in-law, who always support me and cheer me up; my brother, Woosung Kim, who takes care of everything I ask for in Korea; my two aunties, Jeongye Han, who has taken care of my eldest child while I have worked on this thesis, and Jungran Han, who is my closest friend and mentor; and most of all, my mom, who always believes in me and prays for me no matter what the circumstances. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 12 Goals of the Research Project and Research Questions............................................................. 13 Significance of the Project ......................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXTS ........................................... 16 The Three Concentric Circles of English ................................................................................... 16 History of the English Language in Korea ................................................................................ 18 English fever in South Korea ..................................................................................................... 26 American English in South Korea: Why is it Dominant? .......................................................... 31 Standard English ........................................................................................................................ 36 Korean English ........................................................................................................................... 38 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 42 Participants ................................................................................................................................. 42 Instrumentation .......................................................................................................................... 46 Procedure ................................................................................................................................... 47 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 47 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................ 49 Results of Part 1 ......................................................................................................................... 49 Results of Part 2 ......................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 5: LIMITATIONS OF THE RESERACh AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH .................................................................................................................................. 76 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSTION AND PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ............................... 78 APPENDIX A. SURVEY QUESTIONNARIE ............................................................................ 82 APPENDIX B. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF VARIABLES ............................................... 92 APPENDIX C. PAIRED SAMPLE T-TEST RESULTS ............................................................. 95 5 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 106 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Profile of Participants (N = 400) ..................................................................................... 43 Table 2 English-related Backgrounds of the Participants (N = 400) ............................................ 44 Table 3 Categorization of Items in the Survey ............................................................................. 46 Table 4 Descriptive Statistics of Importance of English .............................................................. 50 Table 5 Mean Comparison of the Measure of Importance of English (M1) across Demographic and Background Variables. ........................................................................................................... 51 Table 6 Descriptive Statistics of Negative Perceptions and Attitudes toward English. ............... 52 Table 7 Descriptive Statistics of Acceptance of Standard English ............................................... 54 Table 8 Mean Comparison of the Measure of “Acceptance of Standard English (M3)” across Demographic and Background Variables ..................................................................................... 56 Table 9 Descriptive Statistics of Recognition of World Englishes ............................................... 57 Table 10 Mean Comparison of the Measure of “Recognition of World Englishes (M4)” across Demographic and Background Variables. .................................................................................... 58 Table 11 Descriptive Statistics of Familiarity with American English ........................................ 58 Table 12 Mean Comparison of the Measure of “Familiarity with American English (M5)” across Demographic and Background Variables ..................................................................................... 59 Table 13 Descriptive Statistics of “Importance of Native-likeness” ............................................ 61 Table 14 Mean Comparison of the Measure of “Importance of Native-likeness (M6)” across Demographic and Background Variables. .................................................................................... 62 Table 15 Descriptive Statistics of Acceptance of Korean English ............................................... 62 Table 16 Descriptive Statistics for Preference for NETs .............................................................. 63 Table 17 Mean Comparison of the Measure of “Preference for NETs (M8)” across Demographic and Background Variables ............................................................................................................ 64 Table 18 All Part 2 Questions and their Results ........................................................................... 65 Table 19 Pairs of Questions in Part 2 and Part 1 .......................................................................... 65 Table 20 Pairs of Questions Regarding General Ideas of English ................................................ 65 Table 21 Pairs of Questions Regarding Negative Perceptions and Attitudes toward English ...... 68 Table 22 Pairs of Questions Regarding Native-likeness ............................................................... 69 Table 23 Pairs of Questions Regarding Standard English and WE .............................................. 70 7 Table 24 Pairs of Questions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2018-05-Ma-Yang.Pdf
    RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF ENGLISH IDEOLOGY IN GLOBALIZING SOUTH KOREA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ASIAN STUDIES MAY 2018 By Seung Woo Yang Thesis Committee: Young-A Park, Chairperson Cathryn Clayton Patricia Steinhoff Keywords: Korean, English, Globalization, English Ideology, National Competitiveness i ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many individuals and organizations I would like to thank for this academic and personal undertaking. The Center for Korean Studies was a big reason why I chose UH Manoa. I owe a great appreciation to the Center for Korean Studies for the remarkable events as well as the opportunity to serve as a graduate assistant. Not only the position provided financial assistance, but I am truly greatful for the learning opportunities it presented. I am also thankful for the opportunity to present this thesis at the Center for Korean Studies. Thank you Director Sang-Hyup Lee, Professor Tae-ung Baik, Mercy, and Kortne for welcoming me into the Center. Thank you, the East-West Center, particularly Dr. Ned Shultz and Kanika Mak-Lavy, for not only the generous funding, but for providing an outside-the-classroom learning that truly enhanced my graduate studies experience. The East-West Center provided the wonderful community and a group of friends where I can proudly say I belong. Thank you Mila and Fidzah. I jokingly believe that I did not finish my thesis on time because of you guys. But I credit you guys for teaching me and redefining the value of trust, generosity, and friendship.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing Together
    Performance Research A Journal of the Performing Arts ISSN: 1352-8165 (Print) 1469-9990 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rprs20 Growing Together Shin Eun Kyoung To cite this article: Shin Eun Kyoung (2016) Growing Together, Performance Research, 21:6, 98-102, DOI: 10.1080/13528165.2016.1239905 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2016.1239905 Published online: 01 Dec 2016. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rprs20 Download by: [141.2.185.20] Date: 01 December 2016, At: 16:43 Growing Together Emancipatory lessons from North Korean defectors’ art education in South Korea SHIN EUN KYOUNG In order to address some of the fundamental North Korean style and tried to enhance the queries concerning the meaning of art in our ‘cultural and technical sophistication’ (Kim time, and the necessity of art education, I would 1990a [1982]: 38) of the people with the purpose like to look into an alternative school for of promoting ‘Juche ideology’. In particular, he North Korean youth defectors in South Korea. created an authoritative genre of art as ‘the Matters of art pre-education are not only an anti-Japanese revolutionary arts’. The genre obstacle for North Korean youth defectors, deals with the model of anti-Japanese but also a problem that potentially affects the revolutionary fighters because Kim thought that art education of our time. People who provide such works of art could provide viewers with the education could easily deal with learners as opportunity to re-experience ‘what the they intend.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Importance of English Education in South Korea
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Educational Administration: Theses, Dissertations, Educational Administration, Department of and Student Research Spring 5-2014 Understanding the Importance of English Education in South Korea and Exploring the Reasons Why South Korean Students Come to a University in the Midwest Jaekeun Cho University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsedaddiss Part of the Higher Education Administration Commons Cho, Jaekeun, "Understanding the Importance of English Education in South Korea and Exploring the Reasons Why South Korean Students Come to a University in the Midwest" (2014). Educational Administration: Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research. 170. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsedaddiss/170 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Educational Administration, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Educational Administration: Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Understanding the Importance of English Education in South Korea and Exploring the Reasons Why South Korean Students Come to a University in the Midwest by Jaekeun Cho A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: Educational Administration Under Supervision of Professor Miles Bryant Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2014 Understanding the Importance of English Education in South Korea and Exploring the Reasons Why South Korean Students Come to a University in the Midwest Jaekeun Cho, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2014 Adviser: Miles T.
    [Show full text]
  • The Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology All MEST Up?
    The Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology All MEST up? Joseph Mondello Global Leadership and Organization Professor Dongjae Kim December 15, 2008 Overview For historical, social and cultural reasons, education holds a special position in Korean society. A rigorous education, marked by years of single-minded study tested in the crucible of a life-changing, all-encompassing examination has been a rite of passage for the high-bred Korean for centuries. Since the advent of the Republic of Korea education has retained its central role in society while gaining a new significance as a means of social mobility through universal education and a perceived meritocracy brought about by the focus on standardized testing. At the same time, questions related to education have been applied to the other pressing issues of this modern nation. Two modern strains of thought have been especially influential on the development of the modern South Korean education system. The first of these is South Korean society's the emphasis on codifying Koreanness, fairness and, in recent years, balanced regional development. The other is the focus on development, progress, and the development of South Korea as a leading nation with world-class institutions and human resources. No government agency better reflects the interplay of these two opposing drives than the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. The Ministry has long been a battle ground over which the struggle between fostering the best and brightest and raising the standards of education for all has played out. In this highly politicized environment the MEST has wrestled with serving out its mission while at the same time facing uncertainty over what that mission is.
    [Show full text]
  • 12.8 MB Download UIC-Scribe-2016
    DEAN’S LETTER “The Meaning of Knowing” As a professor who teaches philosophy and literature, I sometimes contemplate the meaning of knowing. When I say “I Know”, what does it really mean? What do I know about the things that I think I know? This may sound quite silly, however, it is no simple matter. Chuang Tzu, the ancient Chinese classic, discloses the fallacy of sensory conviction that we associate with certainty. What we believe to be the most real and obvious is little more than subjective bias. Let’s read the following example from “Discussion on Making All Things Equal”. Men claim that Mao-ch’iang and Lady Li were beautiful, but if fish saw them they would dive to the bottom of the stream......If so, which knows how to fix the standard of beauty for the world? (Translated by Burton Watson) According to the logic proposed in this argument, our concept of beauty is not based on the object of our aesthetic appreciation but it exists in our subjective cognitive faculty. In other words, the beauty of an object has in fact nothing to do with the form or appearance of the object, and therefore we can never secure precise clue to objectively characterizing our judgment of beauty. In this sense, the basis of our sensory conviction which we assume is the most real and empirical becomes dismantled. Considering the underlying implication of the above quote, it seems that Chuang Tzu might have suggested the limitation of our knowledge. Put simply, we do not know the extent of what we know.
    [Show full text]
  • The Association of Education in a New Society And
    Lee et al. BMC Public Health (2021) 21:766 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10770-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The association of education in a new society and social support from the education with the health of North Korean defectors: a cross-sectional study Jihyun Lee1,2, Yui Park1, Dong-Hun Han2,3* , Ji Won Yoo4, Wenlian Zhou5, Pearl Kim6 and Jay J. Shen6* Abstract Background: The number of North Korean defectors (NKDs) escaping to South Korea has increased. The health status of NKDs is an essential factor for a successful settlement into South Korean society. However, no studies have been conducted on the health status of NKDs in terms of education and social support. The aim of this study was to determine the associations of education and social support with the self-rated health status among NKDs. Methods: This study utilized data gained from face-to-face interviews with 126 NKDs. A multivariable logistic regression and path analysis were performed to assess the effects of education in South Korea and social support on their self-rated health status and to explore the complex relationships between direct and indirect effects of the variables. Results: NKDs who did not experience regular education in South Korea responded that they were in poor health compared to their counterpart (OR = 5.78). Although a direct association between education in South Korea and self-rated health was not shown, there was an indirect path from education in South Korea to self-rated health through social support. Conclusions: Participation in regular education in South Korea is important for the health status of NKDs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Preferences for Institutions: Evidence from North
    The Development of Preferences for Institutions: Evidence from North Korean Refugees Syngjoo Choi Byung-Yeon Kim Seo-young Silvia Kim Jungmin Lee Sokbae Leey August 2015 Abstract We explore the development of support for market economy and democracy among North Korean refugees settled in South Korea since their experiences of socialism in North Korea and capitalism in South Korea make them an ideal sample. We …nd that these refugees exhibit weaker support for both institutions than native-born South Koreans. Nevertheless, exposure to market activities in North Korea is positively associated with preferences for market economy as well as for democracy. Communist Party membership in North Korea and education in South Korea are respectively linked to stronger support for market economy and democracy. Lastly, those who were young at the time of arrival at South Korea assimilate quickly to democracy. JEL Classi…cation: D02, P10, P20. Keywords: institutions, preferences for institutions, market economy, democracy. The paper has bene…ted from suggestions by participants in the WCCE 2015 and various seminars. We acknowledge that this work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea through Seoul National University. yJungmin Lee is at Sogang University, Republic of Korea, and is also a¢ liated with the Institute for the Study of Labor, Germany. All other authors are at Seoul National University, Republic of Korea. Choi is also a¢ liated with University College London, United Kingdom, and Choi and Sokbae Lee have a¢ liations with the Institute for Fiscal Studies, United Kingdom. 1 1 Introduction Public support for institutions is a key factor in determining their stability.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence in South Korean Schools and the Relevance of Peace Education
    VIOLENCE IN SOUTH KOREAN SCHOOLS AND THE RELEVANCE OF PEACE EDUCATION by SOONJUNG KWON A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Education University of Birmingham March 2015 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis aims to explore and analyse the culture of violence which is, arguably, deeply embedded in South Korean schooling and to suggest how this can be re- directed towards a culture of peace through peace education. In order to achieve this goal, fieldwork was conducted for a year, employing critical ethnography and case studies. Data gained from this fieldwork were analysed and discussed within the conceptual frameworks of Bourdieu’s symbolic violence and peace education theories – Hick’s defining peace in particular. This finding of this thesis fall into four parts: some selected cultural elements of everyday school life; symbolized and institutionalized violence; authoritative school management and increasingly atypical employment; and how to change this culture of violence to peace: possibilities of peace education? These findings are discussed in relation to theories to show the ways in which socio-historical backgrounds and ideologies (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The English Fever in South Korea: Focusing on the Problem of Early English Education
    Journal of Education & Social Policy Vol. 2, No. 2; June 2015 The English Fever in South Korea: Focusing on the Problem of Early English Education Bok-Rae, Kim Prof. of Andong National University Department of European Culture & Tourism College of Humanities Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do South Korea Abstract The English language craze in Korea has made people obsessed with English under globalization. From preschoolers to college students, all are busy studying English. Parents also make a great effort to improve their children’s English, as early as possible. Ultimately, the problem of English education is that of “constructed reality” into which the success psychology of each Korean is condensed; therefore, it must be viewed from the historical, structural, institutional, hierarchical, and cultural perspectives of Korean society. This paper presents a critical review of the English language craze in Korea from multi-perspectives. It consists of three major sections. The first section briefly discusses English fever in Korea in relation to the early English education. The second section examines some of the major driving forces behind the expansion of English education or English as a cultural capital. The final section analyses the problem of early English education and plans for its solution. Keywords: English, early education, education fever, cultural capital, globalization 1. Introduction The English language craze in South Korea has made people obsessed with English according to the logic of globalization. But the significant differences between Korean and English, particularly in sentence structure and morphology (word structure), make it hard for most Koreans to learn English. Nevertheless, Korean society has driven all to learn English, on the simple and naive assumption that anybody can master English, if they study long and hard.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Short-Term Classes on Unification in South Korean Universities
    Creating Short-term Classes on Unification in South Korean Universities Andrea Rakushin Lee1, Hak Soo Yoo2 , Daniel R. Bailey3* 1Department of English Language and Literature, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, 268 Chungwondaero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbukdo, South Korea [email protected] 2Department of Russian Language, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221-gil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungcheongnamdo, South Korea [email protected] 3Department of English Language and Literature, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, 268 Chungwondaero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbukdo, South Korea [email protected] *Corresponding Author https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v16i1.8474 Received: 12 October 2019 Accepted: 1 February 2020 Date of online publication: 27 April 2020 Published: 27 April 2020 Abstract: Young adults will be the next generation of leaders, and it is critical for them to be cognizant of major issues that impact society. Unification is a significant issue in South Korea, especially in light of the recent summits between South and North Korea. This study is rooted in principles of peace education to promote peaceful discourse related to unification issues. Unification education plays an important role in K-12 education in South Korea; however, it is not prioritized at the university level. This case study, which included open-ended surveys, interviews, and focus groups, explored South Korean university students’ (n=33) views of creating short-term classes on unification and the types of topics that they think should be taught in these classes. Primary results indicate that most participants expressed interest in taking short-term classes on unification issues. The paper also includes practical implications that can be considered when developing short-term classes on unification in South Korean universities.
    [Show full text]
  • Representing Talented Women in Eighteenth-Century Chinese Painting: Thirteen Female Disciples Seeking Instruction at the Lake Pavilion
    REPRESENTING TALENTED WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHINESE PAINTING: THIRTEEN FEMALE DISCIPLES SEEKING INSTRUCTION AT THE LAKE PAVILION By Copyright 2016 Janet C. Chen Submitted to the graduate degree program in Art History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson Marsha Haufler ________________________________ Amy McNair ________________________________ Sherry Fowler ________________________________ Jungsil Jenny Lee ________________________________ Keith McMahon Date Defended: May 13, 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Janet C. Chen certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: REPRESENTING TALENTED WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHINESE PAINTING: THIRTEEN FEMALE DISCIPLES SEEKING INSTRUCTION AT THE LAKE PAVILION ________________________________ Chairperson Marsha Haufler Date approved: May 13, 2016 ii Abstract As the first comprehensive art-historical study of the Qing poet Yuan Mei (1716–97) and the female intellectuals in his circle, this dissertation examines the depictions of these women in an eighteenth-century handscroll, Thirteen Female Disciples Seeking Instructions at the Lake Pavilion, related paintings, and the accompanying inscriptions. Created when an increasing number of women turned to the scholarly arts, in particular painting and poetry, these paintings documented the more receptive attitude of literati toward talented women and their support in the social and artistic lives of female intellectuals. These pictures show the women cultivating themselves through literati activities and poetic meditation in nature or gardens, common tropes in portraits of male scholars. The predominantly male patrons, painters, and colophon authors all took part in the formation of the women’s public identities as poets and artists; the first two determined the visual representations, and the third, through writings, confirmed and elaborated on the designated identities.
    [Show full text]
  • International Student's Handbook
    International Student’s HANDBOOK 01 INTERNATIONAL STUDENT’S HANDBOOK CONTENTS NEW STUDENT’S CHECKLIST New Student’s Checklist 04 Office/Emergency Contact Information for New Students 12 Buildings You May Need to Know 16 Korea at a Glance 19 Getting Started 24 Accommodation 36 Campus Life 48 KAIST Intranet 64 Academic 69 Off-Campus 82 Student ID Card Immigration 90 Orientation Program FAQ 100 For Degree-Seeking Students Appendix 105 For Exchange Students For Visiting Student Researchers New Student’s Checklist INTERNATIONAL STUDENT’S HANDBOOK Student ID Card For Degree-Seeking Students Your Student ID card serves as an ID card as well as a key card into your dormitory and campus There are numerous tasks you will need to complete in your first week at KAIST. Follow this checklist buildings after 18:00. You’ll be able to receive your card from ISSS about a week before the semester to stay on track. begins. If you lose your ID card, you can apply for reissuance at the Safety & Security Team (1st floor of W8). You will need to pay a fee for reissuance. Checklist Orientation Program(does not apply to Visiting Student Researchers) ISSS provides various orientation activities so that new students can settle in quickly. The orientation Register for a Portal ID (https://iam.kaist.ac.kr) program provides valuable information and on-campus activities. You will also be able to meet other international students. Register for courses (http://portal.kaist.ac.kr → Academic System) All new students need to take part in the orientation program. To register, you need to sign up for it Find out the name of your dorm building and room number before arriving* in advance (a sign-up sheet will be sent via email).
    [Show full text]