A Revitalized Kop Van Zuid Bridging the Gaps Between the Development of the Kop Van Zuid and Its Transforming Surrounding Neighbourhoods Through Public Space
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A revitalized Kop van Zuid Bridging the gaps between the development of the Kop van Zuid and its transforming surrounding neighbourhoods through public space Georgiana Manuela Ungureanu TU Delft October 2010 Contacts: Georgiana Manuela Ungureanu [email protected] +31 (0)611 299 814 Mentor Team: Dr. Diego Sepulveda Carmona, D.A Researcher Urbanism; Chair of Spatial Planning & Strategy Bouwkunde; TU Delft [email protected] Maurice Harteveld, Ir. M.G.A.D. Teacher Urbanism; Chair of Urban Design Bouwkunde; TU Delft [email protected] Jolai van der Vegt Assistant Professor Urbanism; Chair of Real Estate and Housing Bouwkunde; TU Delft [email protected] Kristel Aalbers Researcher Urbanism; Chair of Real Estate and Housing Bouwkunde; TU Delft [email protected] External commitee member: Leontine de Wit [email protected] Cover image source: flickr.com A revitalized Kop van Zuid Bridging the gaps between the developing Kop van Zuid and its transforming surrounding neighbourhoods through public space Georgiana Manuela Ungureanu 1535560 TU Delft, MSc Urbanism Complex Cities Studio, Thesis report, October 2010 Contents I Motivation of the project 9 The built environment Ground floor with potential for II Introduction 11 transformation 48 Built environment current stage 49 The kop van Zuid project 14 Density and potentials 50 Problem definition 17 Built environment and the public - Field of research and research private relationship 52 questions 18 The public space 60 Methodology 19 Public space- theoretical research III Research 21 the charactersitics of public space as an integration platform for a Kop van Zuid in the context of multicultural society 62 Rotterdam city 25 Public space existing network Kop van Zuid in the Ranstad evaluation and potentials 72 context 27 The Municipal plans 102 Rotterdam’’s main corridors 28 Research conclusions 104 Rotterdam’s main centalities 29 Future and new conditions brought IV Proposal 106 by the infrastructural developments 30 Vision 108 A new metro line 30 New tram lines and two new Strategy bridges 31 Street hierarchy proposal 110 New developements and its effects Strategic guidelines boulevards 112 on the accessibility of the main Design strategy boulevards 113 transport nodes 33 Stakeholders boulevards 114 Strategic guidelines city street 115 Statistical facts 35 Design strategy city street 116 Social composition 36 Stakeholders city street 117 Ethinicity 36 Strategic guidelines neighbourhood Income 37 street 118 Employment 37 Design strategy neighborhood street Education 38 119 Household composition 39 Stakeholders neighbourhood street 120 Facilities 40 Strategic guidelines local street 121 Childcare 40 Design strategy local street 122 Shops 40 Stakeholders local street 123 Built environment 41 General design strategy for built Housing size 41 environment 124 Housing type 41 Building conversion through CPO Housing period 41 strategies 125 Housing value 41 General design strategy 126 Housing owneship 42 Urban plan 128 Urban plan public space network 128 The local scale 45 Boulevard public space and design Land use 46 guidelines 129 Local connectivity and missing City public space and design guidelines links 46 130 4 A revitalized Kop van Zuid Neighorhood public space and design guidelines 131 Local public space and design guidelines 132 Urban plan functions 133 Design project Selected area for the design project 134 Block design proposal for the semi- public space first interpretation 136 Block design proposal for the semi- public space second interpretation 137 City street continuity design detail 139 V Evaluation and conclusions 144 Bibliography 148 5 A revitalized Kop van Zuid I Project motivation 8 A revitalized Kop van Zuid I. The transformations in the societies all percentage of the city’s population, around the world that have been taking and without an approach that targets place in the last decades, as a result of the several categories of a society a the emergence of service economy and misbalanced situation unavoidably communications revolution, brought arises, especially in a society with it a great metamorphosis on the characterized by “super-diversity”. city. It is a fact that diversity represents a This thesis explores such a case in clear characteristic of our city reality. the city of Rotterdam, a world port city Many cities in Europe like Frankfurt, which in the last four decades has Munich, Birmingham, Manchester, been faced with a changing economic Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Marseilles, context. Therefore, as working city by Stuttgart, Brussels, etc., count definition, Rotterdam had to adapt, more than 40% of its population as in order to strengthen and diversify immigrants or children of immigrants its economy. The development of the (Häußermann et al 2008). Moreover, Kop van Zuid project – the project it is also the case that diversity is not in focus for this thesis – has been anymore characterized by one mono- developed in such a context, and lingual, mono-ethnic group, like Turks, as the research developed in this former Yugoslavians, etc. Today the thesis will prove, it created series of city is faced with a “super-diversity” undesirable effects on the surrounding (Vertovec, 2006) of people from more areas. At present the Kop van Zuid than one hundred and fifty countries, in supports further development, and innumerable combinations. due to an improvement of the public transportation system, which is to come These economic transformations in the next years, the development brought another important change conditions will change. upon the city: the need for a continuous reposition into the world economy. This thesis investigates and proposes a In this way, a strong competition in different approach, than the municipal between cities all around the world has one that is focused on the area emerged in, and cities have engaged development, towards an integral into the process of adapting itself, in one that considers people and their order to attract the creative economies. demands, and is activated by a public Theorist Charles Laundry sustains, that space network. the creative firms settle themselves into the cities in which the creative class, which is the focus group of the new service economy, wants to live. This theory has a great impact on the way the urban development ideologies are established today, where in most of the cases, the attraction of the creative worker into the city represents the main goal. The attraction of the creative class into the city is a part of the phenomenon that needs to take place. However, the creative class represents a small 9 A revitalized Kop van Zuid II Introduction Source: flickr.com II. Kop van Zuid project Kop van Zuid master plan Source: Meyer (1999) With 600.000 inhabitants, Rotterdam centre were rebuilt after the massive is the second largest city in the bomb damage during World War II, the Netherlands after Amsterdam. subsequent relocation It is located in the centre of the of the docks left large areas of derelict southern part of the Randstad with land in the city and high unemployment an agglomeration of around 7 million especially among unskilled workers. people, or nearly half the country’s At the same time there was an exodus population. Rotterdam is in the centre of people to the growing suburbs of a travel-to-work area of about 1.3 and a large inflow of immigrants from million inhabitants, called Greater former Dutch colonies and elsewhere. Rijnmond. Its port, situated in the delta By 1996, 22% of Rotterdam’s working of the Rhine and the Maas, is the population and 40% of its residents largest port in Europe and for more were of non-Dutch origin. In 2005 than forty years was the largest port unemployment in the city was 11%, in the world. Although its docks and with much higher rates among ethnic terminals have been moved a few miles minorities. away to land reclaimed from the sea, In recent years the main strategy of the it still retains its immense national and Municipal Council of Rotterdam has international importance, generating been focusing on both building on the 10% of the GDP (Gross Domestic strength of its port and logistics sector Product) of the Netherlands. and on diversifying the city’s economy Traditionally Rotterdam has been and expanding its facilities to make it a predominant working class city, an attractive location for ‘knowledge while the other three big cities of the industries’ and for ‘knowledge workers’. Randstad (Den Haag, Utrech and This means repositioning Rotterdam Amsterdam) have been seen as more away, in part, from its traditional roots attractive. Although the port and city and attracting in new people. 14 A revitalized Kop van Zuid II. Kop van Zuid master plan Source: Meyer (1999) Kop van Zuid (“Southern Headland”) have a very poor image, which made it is a peninsula on the south bank of difficult to attract private investment or the River Maas directly opposite to people to choose to live there. Rotterdam’s city centre. It covers some 125 ha and used to be an important Originally intended issues to port area with docks, a shipyard and be address by the Kop van Zuid a terminal for ocean-going liners, project but all these activities closed down when the port moved downstream The scheme to regenerate Kop van to the mouth of the river during the Zuid was set out in the 1986 through a 1960s and 1970s, and Kop van Zuid complex master plan that was aiming became abandoned. It was an isolated to change Rotterdam as a whole. It and largely hidden area, cut off from had strong social as well as economic the river by warehouses and from and physical goals, and above all it surrounding areas by railway lines, aimed not only to change the image and was poorly connected with the of the city to outsiders (particularly city centre.