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Home , Basin and Range Province, George VI Sound, Gulf of Suez, Tonga Plate

Index (Figures in italics--Tables in bold)

Absaroka thrust system, 211 Chemehuevi , 320, 330 Abu Durba block, 552 development of 143, 143-4, 144, 145, 148 see also Gebel Ekma Block Devonian basins, Norway 537-8 accommodation faults, use of term 586, 587 Alps accretionary wedge , rigidity of 367 decreasing friction at base 618 passive margin sequence 409 Adirondacks, NE America, reflective properties of Altiplano, S America, crustal elevation before 455 extension 191 Aegean extensional province aluminous granitic rocks, Great Basin 213 coastal marine basins 147 Alvarado Ridge, Rocky Mountains continental basins with through drainage 145 formation of 356 d6collement depth 80 location of 355-6, 356, 357 detachment complex 173-4 thermal state 365-7 footwall uplift 90-1, 92, 143 topography sideways shortening 584 E Rise profile 359-63,360, 361, 362 size of 177 origin of 363-5,364, 365, 366, 367-8 tilt-block/half basins 139, 140, 142, 143 profile 357, 358 Aegean-type cross- 584 sedimentary cover 359, 359 Afar, Ethiopia Amargosa thrust , California 167 second generation of faulting 8 Anatoiian grabens, Aegean, continental basins with tilt-block/half graben basins 139 through drainage 145 tripIe-rift junction 559-60, 560, 560-1, 566, Anatolian Scholle, Turkey, lateral extension 127 570-1,570 'Andersonian' fault mechanics, fault dips 9 movement of 427 crustal thickening before extension 240 see also Plate, Somalia Plate extensional features of south 428 African rift system, extensional basins 139, 142 anisotropy, effect on faulting, 617 Afro-Arabian Platform rifting of 551 Cenozoic extension 419-20, 425-8, 426, 427 see also Suez rift alkaline volcanism 424-5, 427-8, 427, 428 Agulhas Bank, S , bimodal volcanism 434 block faulting and graben formation 423-4, 425 airy West Coast magnetic anomaly and magmatism determination of, for subsidence 522 420-3, 421, 422, 425 North 491 erosional unconformities 437 Southern Rocky Mountains 363, 364, 364, 365 marginal basin formation 425 Akhisar cross-graben, W Anatolian Province, Mesozoic extension 419 basement of 579, 579, 584 Pacific Margin, America, compared 428 Alasehir breakaway fault, W Anatolian Province Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group 436 579, 587, 580 , movement of 427 Ala~ehir , Turkey, evidence of low-angle faulting 9-10 igneous activity connected breakup Gondwanaland Ala~ehir graben, W Anatolian Province 576, 577, 433,435-6, 435, 436-7,, 438, 439 579, 579 see also Antarctic Peninsula Albertan hinterland platform, E of Rocky antithetic faults Mountains, foreland extensional structures effect on tilt-block/half graben basins 142, 144 129, 130 evidence of, from modelling I I l, 113, 114, 116, Albion Range, , relationship between 117 convergence and extension 618 Wessex Basin 520 , erosion 596 Anvers Island, Antarctica, magmatism 420, 423 Alipohori Basin, of Corinth, abandoned basin Apache Group, 249, 249, 255, 258 150 Appalachians alkaline volcanism, Antarctic Peninsula 424-5, lithosphere, rigidity of 367 427-8, 427, 428 passive margin sequence 409 alluvial cones, formation of Aqaba Trough, opening of 551,552 coastal basins 147 Aquitaine hinterland basin, N of Pyrenees, continental basins 143, 144-5, 144, 145 extensional structures 128, 129 alluvial fans Arabian foreland platform, extensional Canadian Cordillera 413 structures 130-2, 131, 134, 134-5 622 Index

Arabian Plate, movement at Sinai geothermal gradients 42, 54 561-2, 562, 563, 565-8, 567, 571, 572 gravity anomaly 8, 179, 227, 373 Arizona-Sonora Basin and Range 177, 178 magmatism 158, 171, 181, 195-7, 196, 197, 225, see also Basin and Range Province 226, 227, 436 Armorican Massif, S England 517-8, 519 bimodal volcanism 158, 177, 179, 199, 205,428 strain balancing of extension 528, 531, 534 eruption 177, 181, 182, 183-4 uplift and subsidence 91-2 magnetic anomaly 428 aseismic creep, lower crust 10, 11, 13 over-thickened lithosphere, as cause of extension Asian hinterland, N of Himalayas, extensional 104, 182-5, 187-8, 198-9, 203-5, 215-6, 240 structures 127, 128, 129 model of 188-94, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194 Asian Plate, collision and formation of Himalayas model, application of 194-9, 195, 196, 197, 198 611 plate tectonic setting, as cause of extension 158, asperity model of fault zones 337, 338, 348 179-80, 181-2, 184, 187, 198, 203, 216 asthenosphere sedimentary consequences of extension 139, 142, Alvarado Ridge 356, 357 143 Basin and Range Province 158, 185, 240 seismic evidence 157, 172-3, 172, 173, 223-4, dynamic effect of 70-2, 71 224, 225, 227-9, 228, 230, 231-2, 232, partial melting, effect on 67-8, 68, 68, 70, 199 234-40, 235, 236, 237, 241-2, 242 physical modelling of 96, 102, 103, 104 Moho 161, 230, 231, 232-4, 233, 234, 235, stress, effect on 56 240-1 thermal gradient, effect on 39-40, 190, 196, 199, strain rate 56, 64 520, 522 structures Wessex Basin 526 detachment zones 12-13, 157-8, 160-6, 161, asymmetrical breakup of , cause of 71-2 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 171,582, 613 asymmetrical subsidence of basins 140-2, 141 lower crust 172-3, 172, 173, 454 aulacogens, Canadian Cordillera 411 sub-detachment structures 170-1, 170 axial-transport systems for sediment 143 thrust deformation, similarity to 174 upper crust 158-60, 159, 160 tectonic setting 177, 178, 179-80, 205, 206, 207, 209, 215-6, 224-5,225 back-arc basin, Rocas Verdes, S America 434, 437, see also Chemehuevi Mountains, 438,439 extensional corridor, , back-stripping Great Basin, magmatism, Metamorphic core subsidence, determination of 470, 522 complexes, northern Snake Range, Pacific Wessex Basin 523-6, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 527, Northwest, , Tucki 528, 530 detachment system Badwater Turtlebacks, Death Valley region 162, basin inversion 517 168, 169 Wessex Basin 523, 528, 531 Bahrain dome, Arabian foreland, faulting 130, 131 basins, sedimentary Baja California, , ridge-jumping 414 classification of 19 Bakir~ay graben, W Anatolian Province 576, 577, 'domino' fault arrays 27 578 formation of 31 Bala Fault system, 446, 449, 452, 459 mixed-mode basins 28-31, 29, 30, 31 Barbados fore-arc compression regime 599 sag and hanging wall basins 25-7, 25, 26, 27 Bare Mountains, Death Valley region,.detachment structure of 19-20, 20 fault 162, 168, 169 see also transfer faulting barrier model of fault zones 337 basin see also geometric barriers depth of decollement 80, 81 basement faulting, reactivation of thermal subsidence 78 Basin and Range Province 239, 379 basin, Appalachians, formation 522 Hopshu fore-arc 607 Beartooth Mountains, Canadian Cordillera, mafic- NW Scotland 496, 498-9 dyke intrusion 413 Suez rift 557 Beaverhead Group, Montana 206 UK continental shelf 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 460, Belt-Purcell Sequence, Canadian Cordillera, 409-11, 462 410 W Anatolian Province 580, 581, 584 Belted Range, Great Basin, faulting 204, 212 Wessex Basin 518, 520, 528, 531, 532, 533, 534 Ber~r Embayment-Viking graben system, hanging Basin and Range Province wall basin 25, 26, 27 basin formation 27, 140 Betic Cordillera, Spain early work 155 detachment faults 174 5, 58, 160, 227, 238, 330 relationship between extension and convergence extension, model of 155, 156-7, 157, 223,223, 618 238-9 Big Maria Mountains, California, detachment faults extent of 177-9, 204 171,301, 303 Index 623

bimodal volcanism c-axis fabrics Basin and Range Province 158, 177, 179, 199, northern Snake Range, 268, 277, 278-85, 205,428 278, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 290-1,292 Great Basin 211,213,213-4, 215 use of 274-5 Gondwanaland breakup 436, 436-7, 439 C-planes (shear surfaces) BIRPS reflection pattern, 'typical' pattern, northern Snake Range, Nevada 268, 277, 280, indication of extension 454-5,456, 282, 283, 291,292 457, 458 Solund Basin, Norway 543,543 Biscay-type passive margins, Honshu fore-arc 607 use of 280, 285,285 Black Mountains, Death Valley region see also S-C fabric detachment faults 168-9, 170 calc-alkaline volcanism, Antarctic Peninsula 424, 'turtleback' structures 396 427, 428, 436 block faulting, Antarctic Peninsula 419, 423-4 calcrete-type soil profile, formation of 146-7, 148 Borah Peak, Idaho 379-80, 379, 383 Caledonian structures, reactivation of N of Scottish earthquake data 7, 350, 350, 351, 381, 382 mainland 25,496, 504, 507 boudinage see lens structure Westphalian, Durham 511, 516 Bouguer gravity field Californian borderland fans, fan lobes 148 Alvarado Ridge 363,364, 365, 366, 367 Canadian Cordillera Antarctic Peninsula 423-4, 424 extension and passive-margin sequences 208, Basin and Range Province 8, 179, 227, 373 409-11,410 477, 478, 479-80, 480 Mesozoic structures, effect on 414-5 Bowland basin, N England Proterozoic and Palaeozoic extension 411-14, 412 coastal/shelf basin 149 rift propagation and ridge jumping 414 transfer faults 142 Canadian Rockies 206 Bozdag-Aydin , W Anatolian Province 576-7, see also 576 Cape fold belt, S Africa, Gondwanian deformation Brae Field, Viking graben, transfer faulting 28 434, 436, 438 Bransfield Strait, Antarctica, marginal basin 419, 'carapace', use of term 19 420, 423,424, 425,426, 427, 439 carbonates, formation of 148-9, 149 breccia Carboniferous extensional basins, N England 24, Basin and Range Province 180 139, 142 Chemehuevi Mountains 320, 322, 324, 327, Cardigan Bay basin, seismic evidence 446, 459 329, 330 Carpathian molasse plain, tectonic tilting, effect of Colorado River extension corridor 305, 307 146 Death Valley region 403 cataclasite Himalayas 613 Basin and Range Province 164-5 Honshu fore-arc 601 Chemehuevi Mountains, California 307, 320, NW Scotland 496 322, 323, 327, 329, 330, 331 brittle-ductile transition metamorphic core complexes, Arizona 247, 248, determination of 53, 57-9, 57, 58 248, 255,259, 259, 260-1 earthquakes 5, 9-12, 9, 10, 11, 14, 58-9, 58, 373 Tucki Mountain area, California 403,404 extension, importance in 238, 267-8 zone, Utah 339-40, 341,345 see also detachment zone, yield stress Devonian basins, Norway 545 brittle layer NW Scotland 496 mesoscopic fractures 127-36, 129, 131, 133, 134, Catalina-Rincon shear zone, Arizona 251,255,256 135 marble quartzite and calc-silicate tectonites 261, microstructures see microfaults, pebble fabric 261 see also crustal extension, rheology microbreccias and cataclasites 258-61,259, 260 Brunswick graben, E USA, result of crustal mylonite gneisses 257-8, 257, 258 extension 522 San Pedro Valley, detachments in 262-3 Buckhead opencast coal mine, Durham see Durham Santa Catalina detachment, rocks above 261-2 coal-field structural relationships 255-6 Buckshin Mountains, Arizona, age of sedimentary basins, seismic evidence 446, extension 315, 316 457, 459, 459 Bulgaria, earthquake faulting 9 cement phases, Westphalian, Durham 513, 516 Bullfrog Hills, Death Valley region, detachment Central graben, N Sea faults 162, 168, 169 crustal thinning 477, 487, 488, 490 Butterknowle-Wigglesworth fault system, formation of 477, 491 Westphalian, Durham, tectonic control of Central Lowland, N , topo- structures 511,513, 514, 516 graphic profile 357, 358, 360 B~iytik Menderes graben, Turkey, faulting 576, 577 Challis volcanics, N American Cordillera 207, Byerlee's Law, rheology of crust and 188 208-9 Byrd Subglacial Basin, Antarctica, volcanic rocks Channel Basin, Wessex Basin, formation of 518, 435 519, 532 624 Index

Chemehuevi , California 303,305, Wessex Basin 517 305, 306, 313,314, 321 western UK continental shelf 453 fault rocks produced 329-30 Himalayas, calculation of stress 615-7, 615, 616, movement of 317, 320, 330, 331,332, 332, 333 616 mullion structures 324, 325, 326, 326, 327 NW America, Mesozoic 203,210 rocks, upper and lower plates 307, 315-20, 316, vein structures 599 318, 319, 328 see also Basin and Range Province--over- Tertiary deformation 322, 323-4 thickened lithosphere Chemehuevi Mountains, California Compton Valence anticline, Wessex Basin 520 detachment faults and allochthons 320-4, 321 Confusion Range synclinorium, Basin and Range extensional faulting, age of 316-7 Province 231 fault rocks 300, 327-30, 328 Connecticut Basins, Appalachians, formation of 522 fault system, evolution of 330-3,332 conservative barrier geology 302, 315-6, 316, 317-20, 318, 319 change to non-conservative 350 mullion structures 324-7, 325, 326 fault zones 338, 339 regional setting 301, 313-4, 315 Wasatch fault zone 340, 341, 344, 346, 347, 347, 351 see also Chemehuevi detachment fault, Basin and continental escape, Himalayas 611 Range Province continental ridge, characteristics of 355 Chile Plate, convergence rate 216 see also Alvarado Ridge Chiwaukum graben, N American Cordillera 210 continental shelf, UK chloritoids, Tucki Mountain area, California 398, basement faulting 48, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 399, 402-3,402 460, 462 clastic dykes, Honshu fore-arc 602 lower crust reflective properties 448, 452-5,453, clay-rich haloes, fractures, NE Scotland 497,497, 454, 456, 457, 462-3 498 regional variations 455-62, 459, 460, 461 claystone dykes, Westphalian, Durham 513 sedimentary basins 445-52, 446, 447, 448, 449, Clearwater core complex, N American Cordillera 450, 451, 452 208 convergent plate regime, cause of extension 158, cleavage 428, 437, 438-9 Devonian basins, Norway 540, 541,544 Copper Canyon, Death Valley region, turtlebacks Tucki Mountain area, California 399, 402, 403, 162, 164, 168, 169 405 Corinth Gulf, coastal marine gulf basin 147, 148 coal, continental basin formation 146 Coronation miogeocline, evolution of 409 COCORP seismic data coupling of plates, Basin and Range Province 158, Basin and Range Province 227-9, 228 372 southern Appalachian line 455,458 crack-system, sandstone filled Colonsay basin, UK continental shelf 446, 457 Honshu fore-arc 602, 605 Westphalian, Durham 513, 514, 515 Bouguer gravity field 179 cratonic , seismic characteristics of crust 241 detachment fault beneath 308 Crawford-Meade thrust system, Great Basin 211 rotation of 158 creep parameters, rocks and minerals 54, 55 seismic data 229-31,231, 235, 241,242 cross-faults see transfer faults stability of 53 Crossman Peak fault, Colorado River extension synchronous uplift of area 357, 358, 362 corridor, fault geometry 303,304, 305, 305, thermal state 158, 179, 366 306, 307 Colorado River extensional corridor 314, 315 Crowsnest Pass, Rocky Mountains, influence of allochthonous tilted blocks 304-5,305 early structure 415 detachment faults 300, 301,304, 305, 306-8 crustal composition extension, causes of 300, 308 detachment zones, effect on 47-9, 48 extension estimates 306, 314 lithospheric strength, effect on 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, geological setting 299-300, 301, 302, 304 49, 61, 61 shoaling faults 301, 303 crustal extension 6 520, 521, 522 see also Chemehuevi Mountains, Basin and Range Wessex Basin 527-8, 527, 530, 531,532, 533-4 Province see also lithosphere--extension factor Columbia River Group, N American crustal shortening Cordillera 211 separation of seismic and aseismic deformation 13 Columbia River fault zone, Canada 207, 618 see also crustal thickening Comoros hot-spot, 571 crustal thickening compression Antarctic Peninsula 423 features of extension stress, cause of 216, 428, 611-2 Basin and.Range Province 180-1, 182, 269, Himalayas 617, 618 372 western 203, 204-5,206 Death Valley region 393,396-8, 397, 398, see also Basin and Range Province--over- 399 thickened lithosphere Index 625 crustal thickness strain rate, effect of 49, 50 extension, effect on 40, 42, 45, 45, 49, 216 UK continental shelf 456, 462 lithospheric strength, control of 40, 44, 49, 61, uplift of 13-14, 15, 81, 81, 82, 83, 93 61,62,62 use of term 7, 12, 156, 158, 300-1,316 crustal thinning Viking graben, N Sea 473,473, 474 beneath W Anatolian Province 575,577, 579-80, 580 Alvarado Ridge 364, 364, 365,367-8 modelling of transfer faulting 580-6, 581, 583 Antarctic Peninsula 423 584, 585 Colorado River extension corridor 306, 308 Wessex Basin 527, 528, 534 Devonian basins, Norway 546, 547 see also Basin and Range Province, Catalina- N Sea basins 470, 472, 477, 483, 484, 485, 487, Rincon shear zone, Colorado River 488, 490, 491 extensional corridor, northern Snake Range western UK continental shelf 447, 447, 448, decollement, Tucki Mountain detachment 450, 450, 452, 461 system extension due to 299, 300, 308 deviatoric stress Culpepper basin, Appalachians, formation 522 determination of 59 cyclicity Himalayas, calculation of 616, 617 Devonian basins, Norway 537, 539 Devils Elbow fault, California 305, 320, 321, 324 periodic footwall uplift, caused by 148 327, 329 upper and lower plates 315-6, 316, 317-20, 318, 319, 328 Danakil Plate, Africa 560 Devonian basins, Norway see Norway--Devonian Darby thrust system, Great Basin 211 basins Darwin granite suite, Chile 436 dewatering veins Dead Mountains, Colorado River extensional Honshu fore-arc 598, 602, 603 corridor, detachment fault 314 Westphalian, Durham 513, 515 , opening of 551,552 Diamond Valley basin, Nevada, ramp and flat Dead Sea shear 559, 560 faulting 20 age of 569, 570, 570, 571 Dionard fault, NW Scotland 495, 496, 497 rifting 560, 561,563-4, 566 Dixie Valley earthquake, western N America, fault Death Valley fault zone 394, 395, 406 geometry 7 Death Valley region domal form, detachment faults 171 detachment faults 162, 166-70 dome and basin interference patterns, Death Valley earthquakes 379, 381, 382, 383 region 403,404, 407 fan development, effect of tilting on 143-4 domino-type faulting fault systems 205, 213, 303, 393-4, 395, 406, Armorican margin 91 407 Basin and Range Province 159, 251,251 sub-detachment structures 170-1, 170 basin formation 27 upper crustal structures 159, 159 modelling of 8, 97, 98, 100, 100, 101, 106, volcanism 213-4 139-40, 474 see also Basin and Range Province, N of Scottish mainland 506-7, 506, 509 Tucki Mountain detachment system N Scottish basins 455-6 decollements see detachment zone uplift of 82-9, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 deltaic environment Viking graben, N Sea 475 coastal marine basin 147, 147 W Anatolian Province, Turkey 582 Westphalian, N England 511 Dorn Law creep, determination of ductile formation density values, N Sea sediments 480-1,481, 482 36, 51-2 denudation fault see detachment zone drainage systems depocentre, transformation to structural high 517 effect of tilting on axial rivers 145-6 Wessex basin 520, 523, 528, 531 use of transfer faults 143, 144 Derbyshire dome, England, carbonate coastal basin Draper domain, Wasatch fault zone, Utah 341 149 palaeo-slip direction and stress tensor 340-4, 343, detachment zone 344, 344 crustal extension mechanism for 12-13,223, Drauzug, southern Austria, relationship between 223, 473-5, 521, 522, 537 extension and convergence 618 depth, determination of 79-80, 80, 80, 92, 93 Dronning Maud Land basalt flows, Antarctica 435, Devonian basins, Norway 538-9, 539, 540, 545, 436 546-7, 546 ductile layer Himalayas 613 microstructures see cleavage, pressure shadows, Honshu fore-arc 607 lineation physical modelling of 100-1, 101 reflective properties of crust, effect on 238, 239, rheology, effect on 47-9, 48, 49 453,455, 462 sedimentary basins, control of 20, 21, 22, 25, 25, 26 see also lithosphere--extension factor/3, seismic evidence 9-10, 15 rheology 626 Index

Dufek intrusion, Antarctica 435,435, 435-6 listric fault, control by 117, 121-4, 121, 122, Durham coalfield, Westphalian strata 512 123, 124 reactivation of Caledonian structures 511, 516 planar fault, control by 114, 118, 119, 120 succession 512-3,513, 514 procedure 109-11,110 syndepositional structures 511-2, 513-6, 515 uniformly stretching basement 111, 114, 115, dykes 116, 117 Basin and Range Province 167, 171,317, 323 physical modelling, various scales Canadian Cordillera 413 brittle and ductile crust over mantle 102-4, Suez rift 551,552 103, 104, 105 brittle crust 97-100, 98, 99, 100 brittle crust over ductile crust 101-2, 102 earthquakes brittle crust with ductile layer 100-1, 101 activity conclusions 104, 106 Basin and Range Province 5, 58, 160, 227, 238, problems of 95-6 330 procedure 96-7, 97, 106 Great Basin 373-4, 373, 374, 377-80, 377, 378 Wasatch fault zone, Utah 337, 339, 347-51, Falkland Islands, igneous activity--breakup of 349, 350 Gondwanaland 435 Gulf of Suez 565, 566, 567 Fallon Basin, Basin and Range Province, W Anatolian Province 576, 577,577-8,578, 582 asymmetrical subsidence 142 information from 463 fanglomerates brittle-ductile transition 5, 9-12, 9, 10, 11, Colorado River extensional corridor 300, 303, 14, 58-9, 58, 373 306, 324 detachment zones 12-14, 15 Death Valley region 395,404 normal faulting 4-7, 5, 6, 14-15, 330 Solway Basin, UK 21, 22 see also strain rates--Great Basin , convergence of 179-80, 184, 187, East Africa, earthquake focal depths 5, 7 216 East African graben, Malawi 142 fault dip East African Rift system 355, 559, 566, 570, 570, bedding dip, relationship to 97 571 Death Valley region 394, 396 East Pacific Rise, extinction of 180, 182, 185 earthquake plane solutions 4, 5, 6-7, 6, 9-10, East Shetland Platform, N Sea 14-15 crustal thinning 488, 491 Salt segment, Utah 351 footwall uplift 89-90, 92 Suez rift 552, 553 gravity anomaly 479, 480 faulting gravity-seismic profiles 481-2, 483, 484 physical modelling of Egan Range, Great Basin, tilting of 204, 212 length 97, 100 El Asnam earthquake, Algeria, low angle normal nucleation 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 120, 121, faulting 10 123, 124-5, 125, 140 elastic region, lithosphere 35, 36, 38 propagation 124 Elko Formation, Great Basin 212 spacing 97, 98 en ~chelon deeps refraction of, Suez rift 552, 554, 555, 556, 556, formatio~ of 561 557 564, 565, 568 regeneration of, for maximum extension 8, 12, 14 en 6chelon faulting see also basement faulting Wessex Basin 520 Ferrar supergroup, Antarctica 433,435-6, 435, 436, western Shetland Basin 501 437, 438 Erft graben, Rhine 145 Flannan fault, UK continental shelf, seismic European Foreland, extensional structures 128, 129, evidence 48, 448, 455 132--4, 133, 134 Flatrocks area, Arizona, extensional fractures 256, evaporitic deposits, formation of 145, 148 258 extension 'flower' type geometry, effect of transfer faulting amount of 28, 28, 29 Basin and Range Province 179, 269 fluids see hydrothermal fluids north of Scottish mainland 504 Foca cross-graben, W Anatolian Province, subsi- UK continental shelf 462 dence 576, 578-9, 579, 584 Viking graben, N Sea 470, 475 focal depth earthquakes, examples of 4-6, 5, 7 W Anatolian Province 576, 580, 582 foliation determination of 522-3 Catalina-Rincon shear zone, Arizona 258, 259, 260 physical modelling, fault geometry Chemehuevi Mountains, California 317, 322, 327, conclusions 124-5, 125 332 linear basement dislocation 111, 111, 112, 113, Devonian basins, Norway 541, 543-4 114 modelling 251,251, 252, 253, 257 Index 627

northern Snake Range, Nevada 268, 271,275, gouge, fault zones 276, 276, 277-8,291,292 Basin and Range Province 164, 165, 167, 263 Tucki Mountain area, California 398, 403 Colorado River extension corridor 307, 324, footwall collapse, evidence from modelling 23, 23, 327, 329 111, 113, 124-5, 125 Death Valley region 403 footwall uplift NW Scotland 496-7 calculation of 82-9, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, Grass Valley, Basin and Range Province, Moho 92-3 depth 230, 233 examples of 89-92, 143, 148 gravitational instability Fordingbridge High, Wessex Basin 520 Basin and Range Province 183, 199 foreland extension, brittle mesofractures 127-36, Himalayas 614-7, 615, 616, 616, 618 129, 131, 133, 134, 135 gravity anomaly, produced by non-rotational Fort Canyon domain, Wasatch fault zone 341 faulting 7-8 palaeo-slip direction and stress tensor 340-4, 343, see also Bouguer gravity field 344, 344, 346-7, 346 gravity slides Franciscan rocks, Great Basin, folding of 215 basin margins 20, 20, 147, 148 free-air anomaly, southern Rocky Mountains 363-4, British Coal Measures 514, 515 364, 365 Honshu fore-arc 602, 605 frictional failure, relationship to fault dip 9 Ogilvie Mountains, Canada 411,413 Funeral Mountains, Death Valley region, Suez rift 554, 556-7 detachment fault 162, 168, 169 Great Basin, N American Cordillera Furnace Creek fault zone, Death Valley region 394, detachment fault 607 395, 406 earthquake history 373-4, 373, 374, 376, 377-80, 377 tectonics and magmatism 155, 155, 204, 205, 206, zone, Death Valley region 205, 213, 211-4, 215,371-3, 372, 389-90, 389 379, 381, 382, 383,395, 406 thermal and mechanical history 192, 193, 197-8, garnet-peridotite mantle source, Antarctica 424 197, 198, 198-9 gas reserves, Wessex Basin 518 uplift of 357, 358 Gebel Ekma block, Suez rift 552 see at~ Basin and Range Province faulting 551-4, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557 Great Glen Fault, UK continental shelf, reactivation Gediz earthquakes, Turkey of 446, 452, 474, 479 low-angle normal faulting, evidence of 9-10 , N American Cordillera, synchronous scarps associated with 331 uplift of area 357, 358, 359, 360, 362, 364, geometrical barriers 366, 367 fault zones 338 Greece see also conservative barriers, non-conservative earthquake focus 5, 7 barriers, Wasatch fault zone gravity anomaly 8 George VI Sound, Antarctica, graben 419, 420, 423, Greenland, submarine fan complexes 148 426 Griffith theory, brittle failure prediction 36, 52 Guatemala fore-arc, subduction erosion 503 detachment zones, effect on 48-9, 48, 49, 57-8, 57 Gulf of Aden 559, 560 earthquake depth, effect on 5, 58-9 age of 569-70, 570, 571 extension, effect of 40, 42, 45-6, 45, 46, 47, 49 rifting 560, 562-3, 566 heat flow values , , alluvial fans 413 Antarctic Peninsula 425 , opening of 179, 180 Arabia-Africa rifting 564, 571 Gulf of Corinth, Greece Great Basin 373 asymmetry of movements in faulting 9, 9, l0 southern Rocky Mountains 348, 365-8 submarine fans 148 lithospheric strength Gulf of Elat, Red Sea different regions 38-40, 42 fan aprons 148 effect on 35-8, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 54, 56, 56, formation of 563, 564, 564, 566, 567, 568, 568 60-3, 61, 62, 188-9, 188, 189, 194 Gulf of Euboea, Aegean, coastal marine gulf basin scale of faulting, effect on 140 147 seismic reflection of lower crust, effect on 453 , fault geometry 7 timing of extension, effect on 192-4, 192, 193, Gulf of Suez 559, 560, 560 194, 216 age of 569, 570, 570 Gondwanaland 419, 433,434, 435, 436 rifting of 139, 563,564, 564, 565, 566-8, 567, 568 back-arc extension 437, 438, 439 symmetry of 355 erosional unconformities 437 igneous activity 433-4, 435-7, 438-9 intracontinental extension 434-5,438, 439 Halibut Horst, N Sea G6rdes cross-graben, W Anatolian Province 576, basement highs 82 579, 579, 584 gravity anomaly 478, 479, 480 628 Index

Hampton Creek, Nevada, geochronology 286-8, effect of fault zones 287, 289-90 Chemehuevi Mountains, California 329, 330-1 hanging valleys, formation of 1~,4, 144 Honshu fore-arc 598-9 hanging wall basin, formation of 25-7, 25, 26, 522 NW Scotland 497 hanging wall collapse, Wessex Basin 520, 533 Wasatch fault zone, Utah 338-9, 344, 349, 351 Happy Valley, Arizona, mylonites 257 effect on heat flow, Alvarado Ridge 356 Harcuvar Mountains, Arizona, sub-detachment effect on reflective properties of lower crust, UK structures 171 continental shelf 453 Hardluck Fault, Canadian Cordillera, 412, 413,414 Harper Fault, Canadian Cordillera, 411,412, 414 Hasteinen Basin, Norway Iapetus Suture, UK continental shelf, basement geology 537-8, 538 fault 446, 452, 457 geometry 539 ignimbrite flare-up, Gondwanaland 439 Hazeva Formation, Dead Sea shear 563 Immigrant Pass pluton, Great Basin, intrusion of heat flow see geothermal gradient 212 Hebgen Lake area, Montana , movement of 571-2, 611 asymmetrical subsidence 140-2, 141 Inner Moray Firth basin, N Sea earthquake 160, 350, 350, 351, 379-80, 379, depth of d6collement 80 381, 382, 383 footwall uplift 89, 92 lacustrine facies 145 Interior Plains, Canada, rigidity of lithosphere 367 'scoop' shape 142 Intermountain Seismic Belt, Basin and Range tectonic tilting of river 144, 145-6 Province 373,379, 383,386, 389 hematite-clay coated rock, fault zones, NW Scotland intrabasinal faulting, formation of mini-grabens 496-7 145, 146 Hendry's Creek, Nevada 269, 270 Irish Sea basin, seismic evidence 446, 459-60, 459 see also McCoy Creek Group quartzites island-arc magmatism, Antarctic Peninsula 425 Herod Formation, Dead Sea shear 563 isostacy high-angle normal faulting, use of term 7 anomalies High Lava Plains, Great Basin, extension 213 Alvarado Ridge 363,364, 364, 365 Highland Boundary fault, Scotland 28, 29, 30 N Sea graben system 479, 483, 484, 485, 489, Himalayan mountain belt 611 491 extension 240, 611-2, 617-8 equilibrium, UK continental shelf basins 452 normal faulting 612-3, 612 readjustment, modelling of 102, 103, 104, 104, cause of 614-7, 614, 615, 616, 616 106, 522 location 613 rebound, Chemehuevi Mountains, California 331 timing of 613-4 rigidity of lithosphere 367 Hoachanas volcanic rocks, S Africa 436 James Ross Island Volcanic Group, Antarctica 420, Homer Mountains, Colorado River extensional 424, 425 corridor 301 Jebel Marra hot-spot, Dead Sea shear 571 detachment faults 303 joints, mesofractures on forelands 131, 132, 133, Honshu fore-arc, Japan 134, 135 compared other Japanese trench sites 602-3 Judd fault, N of Scottish mainland, transfer fault extension stresses 595-6, 595, 604, 607 503, 504, 507, 508, 508 geology 594-5 Jumpoff Joe fault, N American Cordillera 208 small-scale extensional features, evidence of 598-602, 599, 600, 601, 605 subduction erosion, evidence of 593,596-8, 597, Katnloops Formation, N American Cordillera 603-4, 604, 605, 606 207-8, 208 Horda Platform, N Sea 467 Kapuskasing zone, E Canada, reflective properties gravity anomaly 478, 480, 480 of crust 455 seismic data 469, 470, 472, 473, 473 Karoo-Ferrar-Tasman Dolerite suite see Ferrar horizontal extension, evidence of 135, 135-6 supergroup Hornelen Basin, Norway karstic surfaces, development of 148 geology 537, 538 Kermadec Plate, convergence rate 216 geometry 538, 539, 539 Kettle River fault, N American Cordillera 208 structure 539-40, 544, 545, 546 Kinlochbervie fault zone, NW Scotland 495, 497, Hope-Straight Creek, Pacific Northwest, compression 498 207, 210 Kishenehn Formation, N American Cordillera 206, Horse Camp basin, ,Nevada, development of 214 210 House Range stock, Basin and Range Province 236-8 Kitikami massif, Japan, basement complex 607 Humboldt River Valley, Basin and Range Province, Kootenay Arc, Rocky Mountains, influence of early Moho depth 230, 233 structure 415 hydrothermal fluids , movement of 179-80, 181-2 lndex 629

Kvamshesten basin, Norway, deformation, evidence lithophile elements, enrichment of, Gondwanaland of 537, 538, 538, 539--40, 539,545, 546 437 kyanite, fault zones lithosphere, extension factor Basin and Range Province 161, 166, 168 detachment layer depth, effect on 79-82, 79, 80, Washington and British Columbia 'Shuswap' 83, 92, 93 domes 173 determination of 520-2, 521, 587 Wessex Basin 526, 526, 527-8, 527, 530, 531, 532, 533-4 lacustrine facies footwall uplift, effect on 82-9, 85, 86, 88 Basin and Range Province 159, 212 strain rate, effect of 45-6, 46, 49, 50 formation of 145 subsidence, effect on 76-8, 78 Westphalian, Durham 513-4, 514 values for different basins 8, 46, 47, 49, 89-92, lag faults see detachment faults 472 Lamia graben, Aegean 145 lithosphere, .strength of amagmatic corridor, N American crustal composition, effect of 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, Cordillera 205, 214-5,215-6 43, 49, 61-2, 61 lateral-transport systems for sediment 143 crustal thickness, effect of 40, 44, 49, 61, 61, 62, Laxford front, NW Scotland, basement fabric, 62 effect on faulting 499 determination of 188 'leaf tectonics', basins formed by 28-31, 29, 30 extension, effect of 40, 42, 45-6, 45, 46, 47, 49 lens structures geothermal gradient, effect of 35-6, 36-40, Basin and Range Province 157, 168, 170-1, 170, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 49, 60-1, 61, 61-2, 62, 239, 261, 308 188-9, 188, 189 Death Valley region 400, 401-2, 405 lithosphere, thermal age of 522-3 formation of 156, 157, 170, 299, 3~9 Little Chief granite stock, Death Valley region 396 physical modelling 102, 102 Little Cottonwood stock, Utah, intrusion of 339, Solund Basin, Norway 541 341,345 leucogranite intrusion, Himalayas 613,614, 618 Locride, Aegean, hanging wall basin 142, 143 Levant fault, Suez rift, movement of 551 Lomonsov Ridge, N American Cordillera, example Lewis and Clark line, N American Cordillera 207, of ridge-jumping 414 208, 210 London-Brabant platform, Wessex Basin, trans- Lewisian, Scotland, seismic data 454-5 gression 531 lineation longitudinal faults, Suez rift 551-2, 553, 554, 554, Catalina-Rincon shear zone 257-8,257, 258, 259, 557, 557 261 low-angle normal faults see detachment zones Chemehuevi Mountains, California 317, 322 lower crust northern Snake Range, Nevada 269, 271,275-6, Australian craton 454 276, 277 Basin and Range Province 172-3, 172, 173, 454 NW Scotland 497, 498, 498 physical modelling of 96 Solund basin, Norway 540, 543, 544, 545 reflective properties, UK continental shelf 452-5, Suez rift 552, 553, 554, 557 453, 454, 462 Tucki Mountain area, California 398, 399, 401, viscous flow 70-2, 71 401, 405 Lower Rhine embayment, formation of 128, 129, 132 listric faulting see also Rhine graben system Basin and Range Province 140, 180, 181,238, Lully Foothills Formation, Antarctica 423 248, 294, 351,394 effect of, in extension 27, 140, 142, 156, 223,223 McCoy Creek Group quartzi.tes, Hendry's Creek, footwall uplift 82, 89, 89, 92 Nevada ramp and flat arrays 20-4, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 finite strain, orientation and magnitude of 271--4, Honshu fore-arc 598, 601,604, 605-7, 606 272, 273, 273 Inner Moray Firth basin 89 geochronology 288, 299 N of Scottish mainland 501,505, 506, 506, 507, interpretation 278-85 508, 509 microstructures and c-axis fabrics 275, 277-8, NW Scotland 496, 498, 499 280-5, 282, 283, 284, 285 physical modelling, evidence from 101, 102, 109, McKenzie model 521, 522, 527 111,111, 113, 114, 117, 117, 121--4, 121, 122, Mackenzie Mountains, Canadian Cordillera 410, 123, 124, 127 413,415 S America, from Gondwanaland 434 mae:rostructures, 'foreland' extension 134, 134 UK continental shelf 448, 452, 455, 459 Madison Front, Montana, hanging wall basin 142 use of term 14 Madison River graben, Montana 145 W Anatolian Province 576, 577 magmatic arc Wessex basin 518 Gondwanaland 434, 437 Westphalian, Durham 513 Nevada 226 630 Index magmatism metamorphic conditions Antarctic Peninsula 419, 421-3, 422, 424-5,427, core complexes, N American Cordillera 269, 292, 428 393, 394, 394-5 Canadian Cordillera 409, 411,412, 413 Devonian basins, Norway 545, 547 character of 195-7, 196, 197, 199, 216 Himalayas 612, 613,614 Devonian basins, Norway 545 metamorphic core complexes extension, relationship to 39--40, 53, 62, 238, 299, description of 247,293 300, 450 detachment zones 12, 15,227 Gondwanaland 433,434, 435-7, 435, 437,438, origin of 180-5 439 outcrop of 177, 178, 180, 236, 237 heat flow, effect of 366 reflective properties 462 Himalayas 614, 617, 618 use of term 157-8 Honshu fore-arc 594, 595,596 see also Catalina-Rincon shear zone, Colorado N American Cordillera 204-5,215-6 River extensional corridor, northern Snake Alvarado Ridge 356, 366, 367 Range, shear zones, Tucki Mountain detach- Colorado River extensional corridor 299, 300, ment system 306, 308, 317-8, 320 Mexico, second generation of faulting 8 Great Basin 167, 192, 193, 197-8, 211-4, 215, Mexico fore-arc, vein structures 598, 599 372-3, 389, 389 mica 'fish' Las Vegas amagmatic corridor 214-5 northern Snake Range, Nevada 240, 277,280, Mohave and Sonoran desert regions 215 282, 285,285, 291,292 northern Snake Range, Nevada 268, 269 Tucki Mountain area, California 402, 403 Pacific Northwest 193, 197, 199, 206-11 microbreccia North Sea 479, 480, 481-2, 484, 485, 486, 486 Basin and Range Province 164, 165, 258-9, 260, Red Sea 563,564, 569 261 reflective properties of lower crust, effect of 453, shear zones 254 455,462-3 microfaults Wessex Basin 518 Chemehuevi Mountains, California 322, 323,330 see also Basin and Range Province Honshu fore-arc 600-1,600, 603,605 magnetic anomalies Solund Basin, Norway 540-1, 542, 544 Basin and Range Province 428 microstructures Red Sea and Gulf of Aden 559, 569 quartz, use of 274-5 see also West Coast magnetic anomaly northern Snake Range, Nevada 275-6, 276, Magnetic Quiet Zone, use of term 561 277-8, 278-85,282, 283, 292 Magnus Basin, N Sea, seismic data 467, 468, 469, see also C-Planes, foliation, lineation 470, 471, 473, 474 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, compared Alvarado Ridge 356 Main Boundary Thrust, Himalayas 611, 612, 613, Midland Valley, Scotland, 614, 614 formation 23, 29, 30 Main Central Thrust, Himalayas 611, 612, 613,614, Midland Valley graben, N Sea, sedimentation 477 614 , off Mexico, subduction Malvern axis, N of Wessex Basin, Precambrian erosion 596 trend 520 Minch fault, UK continental shelf, seismic evidence Manisa horst, W Anatolian Province, basement of 448, 455, 503, 504, 504 579, 579 miogeocline, N American Cordillera 235 mantle Mississippi River, tectonic tilting, effect of 146 focus of earthquakes 5-6, 5 mixed-mode basins, strike-slip and dip-slip arrays W North America 187, 240 19, 28-31, 29, 30 Marginal Belt basins (McLean) 507, 509 Mohave Mountains, Colorado River extensional , Antarctica, graben 420, 423 corridor, faulting 308 Marianas fore-arc, subduction erosion 593 see also Crossman Peak Fault marine transgressions, effect on coastal marine Mohave Wash Fault, California 304, 305,305, basins 147-8 307,313,321, 322-3,324 Market Weighton region, Yorkshire, sedimentary fault rocks 329-30 basin 491 lenses 171 Marysvale field, Utah, magmatism 214 movement 320, 323, 330, 331,332, 333 Maxwell visco-elastic model, use of 36, 51 mullion structures 324, 325, 326-7,327,331 megabreccias, Basin and Range Province 159, 160, upper and lower plate, rocks 315,316, 317, 318, 162-3, 163, 167, 168, 169, 213 319, 328 Mendecino triple junction, Basin and Range Mohorovicic discontinuity Province, formation of 240 Alvarado Ridge 364, 364, 365, 367 Merrick Mountains, Antarctic Peninsula, Basin and Range Province 161,230, 230, 231, 425 232-4, 233, 234, 235, 238, 239, 240-1 mesoscopic fractures Colorado River extensional corridor 308 examples of 128-34, 129, 131, 133 N Sea 470, 473,473, 474, 474, 475,487, 488, foreland extensional features 127, 134-6 490-1 Index 631

density contrast across 488-9 d6collement depth 80 isometric projection 486-7, 488, 490, 491 density values 480-1,481, 482, 488-9 temperature 191-4, 192, 193, 195, 195 formation of 77, 78, 142, 477, 490-I W North America 194, 195, 199 gravity anomalies 477, 478, 479-80, 480 UK continental shelf 447, 450, 452-3,452, 454, initial crustal thickness 487-8 462 lateral crustal variations 487, 490 Wessex Basin 526-7, 534 structure of 19-20, 20, 21, 139, 148 region, California, extension 155, three-dimensional modelling 486-7,488, 489, 490, 156, 158, 177, 178, 178, 205, 215 491 Monashee complex, N American Cordillera 208 transfer faulting 28, 575 Moray Firth Basins, N Sea, gravity anomalies 477, two-dimensional modelling profiles 481-6, 481, 479, 480, 491 483, 484, 485, 486, 487 Mormon Mountains, Nevada, sideways shortening see also Viking graben 584 North Shetland Spur Mormon Point, Death Valley region, turtlebacks geological profile 473 162, 168, 169 seismic evidence 467, 468, 469, 470 mud plumes, formation of coastal basins 149 North Viking graben 25 mullion structures see also Viking graben Chemehuevi Mountains, California 322, 324-7, Northern Ireland, sedimentary basins 446, 457 325, 326, 327, 330, 331 Northern Pennines, sedimentary basin 491 Death Valley region 394 Northern Permian Basin, N Sea, rift formation 477 Mygdonia area, Greece, abandoned basin 150 northern Snake Range, Nevada mylonites 11, 12 geological setting 269, 270 Basin and Range Province 164-6, 164, 165, 166, 268-9, 268 177, 180, 181 see also Basin and Range Province, northern Catalina-Rincon shear zone 255,257-8,257, Snake Range Decollement 259, 260 northern Snake Range Decollement, Nevada 12 metamorphic core complexes, Arizona 247-8, lower-plate geochronology 286-90, 287, 289 248, 250, 251,252, 253,254, 255 lower-plate kinematic evolution 290-3,291 northern Snake Range, Nevada 286-90, 287, lower-plate strain 289 microstructures and c-axis fabric 274-85,276, Colorado River extensional corridor 300 278, 279, 280, 281,282, 283, 284, 285 Chemehuevi Mountains 314, 315, 317,322, 326, orientation and magnitude of finite strain 327-9, 328 271--4, 272, 273, 273, 274, 275 compressive regime 174 Northumberland graben 142, 145 Devonian basins, Norway 543, 545 Norway, Devonian basins extension relationship to N Scotland Devonian basin 547, 547 geology 537-8, 538 Nankai fore-arc, Japan, compressional regime 599 geometry 25,538-9, 539 Naxos Island, Aegean, detachment complex 173-4 metamorphism and magmatism 545-6 Negro Creek, Nevada 269, 270 structural analysis 539--45,540, 541, 542, 543, see also Prospect Mountain Quartzite 544, 546 Newark Basin, Appalachians, formation of 522 Nubia Formation, Suez rift 551 Newport fault, N American Cordillera 208 Nubia Plate, movement at Sinai triple junction Niger Delta faults, geometry 7 562, 563, 565-6, 567, 568, 571 Ninety Fathom fault line, Westphalian, Durham 511 non-conservative barrier fault zones 338, 339 -floor volcanism, Antarctic Peninsula 425 Wasatch fault zone, Utah 340, 341,341, 344, ocean lithosphere, extension in 53, 56, 60, 60, 61-2, 345-6, 345, 351 414 change in 350-1 ocean ridge, Antarctic Peninsula, ridge-trench rupture characteristics 347-50, 349 collision 419, 426, 427, 427, 428 , interactions of 187 oceanic ridge, compared to southern Rocky North Anatolian fault, Turkey 576, 576 Mountain continental rise 359, 361 North Atlantic, opening of 509 Ogallala cover, Alvarado Ridge 359, 360 North Atlantic realm, seismic reflection pattern Ogden rupture segment, Wasatch fault zone, Utah 455,456 338, 345 North Celtic Sea basin, seismic evidence 445, Ogilvie Mountains, Canadian Cordillera, extension 446, 450, 450, 452, 457, 459, 459, 460, 461, 409, 410, 411-3, 412, 415 462 oil reserves, Wessex Basin 518 North Island, New Zealand, magmatism 158 Old Woman range, Colorado River extensional North Lewis basin, seismic evidence 446, 448, 455 corridor 301 North Sea basins detachment fault 303,305,305 632 lndex olivine, effect on lithospheric strength 36, 37, 38, plagioclase, control of deformation 36, 38, 40, 40, 43, 47, 48, 49, 61 43, 47, 48, 49 olivine theolites, Antarctica 424, 426 planar faulting Olympus Cove domain, Wasatch fault zone, Utah, Basin and Range Province 156, 351, 372, 394 palaeo-slip direction and stress tensor 340-4, earthquakes, connection with 7, 12, 14 341, 342, 344, 344 evidence from modelling 111,113, 117, 120, 121, open fractures, Honshu fore-arc 602 123, 124 Orange Basin, Africa, bimodal volcanism 434 modelling of extension, controlled by 109, 114, Orcadian basin, N Sea, sedimentation 477 118, 119, 120 orogenic belts, seismic characteristics compared N of Scottish mainland 506, 506 to cratons 241-2 NW Scotland 498, 499 Outer Hebrides fault zone, seismic evidence 446, UK continental shelf 448, 452 448, 452, 455,456, 503, 504, 504 see also domino-type faulting Outer Isles fault 48 Outer Isles thrust see Outer Hebrides fault zone analysis of 461 area, Great Basin, deformation rates convergence rates, compression and extension 182, 380-3,381, 382 184, 184, 216, 428 Oyashio Landmass, Japan, subsidence 595,595, 596 Gondwanaland 437, 438 western North America 158, .187, 198 Platea area, Aegean, fault spacing 91 Pacific Northwest, tectonic events and magmatism Playa , formation of 143, 144, 145 193, 197, 198-9, 205, 206-11, 206, 207, 209, Plymouth Bay basin, UK continental shelf 446, 447, 215 452, 453, 461-2 , movement of 179-80, 181-2, 187, 216 Polla fault, NW Scotland 495, 496 Pahrump Group, Death Valley region, metamorphic polyphase rifting 517 conditions 394 Wessex Basin 520, 528, 530, 531,532, 534 palaeosol profile, Westphalian, Durham 514, 516 Porphyritica Formation, S America 436, 438 Panamint Mountains, Death Valley region 162, porphyroblasts 167-8, 167, 169, 170, 394, 395 Himalayas 612 partial duplexes (Gibbs) 29 Solund basin, Norway 543, 544 partial melting Tucki Mountain area, California 396, 398 amount and distribution of 67-8, 68, 69 pressure shadows cause of 67, 68 Himalayas 612 geological effects of 69, 70, 72 Solund basin, Norway 540, 542, 543,544 subsidence, effect on 68-9, 68, 142-3 Price River Formation, Great Basin 211 Paskapoo Formation, Canadian Rockies, deposition Prospect Mountain Quartzite, Negro Creek, Nevada of 206 finite strain, orientation and magnitude of passive-margin sequences, Canadian Cordillera 271-4, 272, 273, 273, 274 409-11,410, 415 geochronology 288, 289 Patagonian hinterland platform, foreland exten- interpretation of 278-81,284-5 sional structures 129, 130, 134 microstructure and c-axis fabrics 275-7,276, 278, Peach Springs , Chemehuevi Mountains, 279, 280, 281, 283 California 320 Prospect thrust system, Great Basin 211 Pearce and Tobin scarps, Nevada 331 protomylonite, Chemehuevi Mountains, California peat, formation of 146, 147 327, 329 pebble fabric orientation Provo rupture segment, Wasatch fault zone, Utah Catalina-Rincon shear zone 261 338, 345, 345 Devonian basins, Norway 540, 541,541, 542, 543, pseudotacylite 543, 544, 546 Catalina-Rincon shear zone 260 Peel basin, UK continental shelf 446, 457 Chemehuevi Mountains, California 327,329, Peru-Chile margin, subduction erosion 596 330 Peru Plate, convergence rate 216 Devonian basins, Norway 545 phacoids, fault zones, NW Scotland 497 pull-apart basins 28, 522 phyllites, Solund Basin, Norway 540 Viking graben, N Sea 474 Pickering, Vale of, N England, 'flower' type Wessex Basin 520 geometry 28, 29 Purbeck-Isle of Wight fault, Wessex Basin piggy-back thrust propagation 332 520 Pinaleno Mountains, Arizona, shear zone 258, 268 Purbeck-type fault and fold zones 24, 24 pinch and swell structures, Tucki Mountain area Purcell trench, N American Cordillera, detachment 401,402 zone 207, 208 Pioneer Mountains, N American Cordillera, pure shear 7, 8 extension 204, 208 Basin and Range Province 268, 273,274, 290, Piute Mountain range, Colorado River extensional 291,291, 292, 293 corridor, detachment fault 303,305, 305 rheology, effect of 11-12, 11, 14 /ndex 633

quartz, control of upper-crust deformation 36, 37, Rocas Verdes back-arc basin, S America, develop- 38, 40, 43, 47, 48, 49 ment of 434, 437, 438, 439 quartz microfabrics, Himalayas 612 Rockall, Greenland, example of ridge-jumping 414 see also northern Snake Range Decollement Rockall Plateau, Norway, formation of 69 quartz monzonite roll-off roll-on structures 24, 24 source mylonites, Catalina-Rincon shear zone rollover structures 20, 140 255,257, 258, 261 California 331,401,406 Wasatch fault zone, Utah 345 Devonian basins, Norway 539 modelling, evidence from 114, 120, 123, 124, 124 N Scottish basins 455 Raft River range, Utah 204, 208, 212, 214, 268 Rona Ridge, N of Scottish mainland 501, 501-3, ramp and flat faulting 4, 20-4, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 502, 503, 504, 507, 508 Chemehuevi Mountains, California 331,332 rotation of faults UK continental shelf 450, 452, 459, 460 90 Rathlin Trough, UK continental shelf 446, 449,457 Basin and Range Province 157, 158, 159, 160, Rawhide Mountains, Colorado River extensional 166, 169, 227 corridor, detachment fault 301, 307, 308, 314 Chemehuevi Mountains 330 Red Butte domain, Wasatch fault zone, Utah, shear zones 249, 252-3,254, 255, 259, 260 palaeo-slip direction and stress tensor 340-4, Tucki Mountain area 398, 403,405 342, 344, 344, 347, 348 Dead Sea shear 564 Red Sea 559, 560 during extension 7-9, 8, 14, 21, 27, 140, 474 fan aprons 148 Gondwanaland 435 rifting 355,551,552, 560, 561-3,564-5,564, 568 Honshu fore-arc 603, 604, 607 age of 568-71,570, 571 modelling of 114, 115, 117, 120, 123, 124, 124 cause of 571-2 N of Scottish mainland 506 reefs, formation 148, 149 Scotland 456, 496, 498 refraction of faulting, Suez rift 552, 554, 555, 556, Solund Basin, Norway 544, 544, 546 556, 557 Viking graben, N Sea 473 regressive facies, due to slow subsidence, Wessex W Anatolian Province 577, 579-80, 584-6, 584, Basin 528,529, 531,533, 534 586, 587 Republic Creek graben, N American Cordillera 208 Wessex Basin 528, 533 reverse drag see rollover structures Ruby Mountains, Nevada, pure shear 268 rheology Ruhr rift system, heat flow 38, 42 faulting, effect on 10-12, 10, 11, 14 faulting, refraction of 552, 554, 555, 556, 556, 557 shear zone 251-2, 252, 253,253, 254 S-C fabric Devonian Basins, Norway 537, 544, 545, 546, Himalayas 612 547 Tucki Mountain area, California 402-3,402, 405 terminology 14 sabkha , formation of 148 viscous flow, effect of 70-2, 71 Sacramento Mountains, California 301 see also Catalina-Rincon shear zone detachment fault 306, 307, 314, 315, 320 Rhine graben system sag basins, formation of 25, 25 formation of 127, 128, 129, 132, 139 Weald Basin, southern England 518 heat flow 38, 42 Saguaro National Monument, Arizona, brittle- sedimentary and stratigraphic consequences 145, ductile deformation 256, 258-9, 259 146 Salt Lake segment, Wasatch fault zone, Utah Rhone-Simplon line, Alps, relationship between compared other rupture segments 350, 351 extension and convergence 618 evolutionary change 350-1 Riddleville basin, Appalachians, formation of 522 fault-zone structure 344, 351 ridge-jumping, spreading ridges onto continental geometry 346-7, 346, 347 lithosphere 62, 180, 414, 426 non-conservative barriers 345-6, 345 rift shoulders, uplift of 67, 71, 71, 102, 102, 103, 104 palaeo-slip direction and stress tensor 340-4, Rincon Valley granite, Arizona 262 341, 342, 343, 344, 344 Ringkobing Fyn High, N Sea 477 rupture characteristics 347-50 Rio Grande rift 356 structure 339-40, 340 asthenospheric ridge 367 salt layer intrabasinal faults 142 decoupling, cause of 7, 20 opening of 53, 62, 158, 241, 356, 366 Irish Sea 449, 459 sedimentary and stratigraphic consequences 145, N Sea 481,485 146-7, 357 Red Sea 559 symmetry 142, 178, 355 Wessex Basin 520 see also Basin and Range Province system 180, 205, 215,379, 389 Riverside Mountains, California, detachment fault San Luis Basin, Colorado, tectono-sedimentary 171 facies 145 634 Index

San Manuel detachment fault, Arizona 263 Shimanto Belt, Japan, subduction-accretion terrain San Pedro Valley, Arizona, detachment zone 255, 595,598 256, 257, 262-3 Shingle Pass Tuff, Great Basin 212 San Rafael Swell, Colorado Plateau 229, 230, 237 'Shuswap' domes, Washington and British Columbia, sand shoals, development of 148, 149 detachment faults 173 Sanshi graben system, N China, heat flow values siderite nodules, Westphalian, Durham 513 38-9, 42 Santa Catalina fault, Arizona 255,256 batholith, emplacement of 204, 211-2, 226, 237, see aso Catalina-Rincon shear zone 238 Santa Rosa Mountains, California, mylonite zones heat flow values 179 174 Moho 233,234, 235 Schell Creek range, Nevada 268 Simav graben, W Anatolian Province 576, 577 extension 269 simple shear 7, 8, 251,251 faulting 230, 231,233, 236, 239 Basin and Range Province 268, 273--4, 274, 275, Moho 233,241 290, 291,291, 292, 293 Scilly fault system, UK continental shelf 446, 451, rheology, effect of 11-12, 11, 14 452, 461 Sinai Plate, movement at Sinai triple junction Scotland 561-2, 562, 565-8, 567, 568 faulting Sinai triple junction, Arabia-Africa rifting 560-1, N of mainland 501-9, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 560, 564 508 cause of 571-2 NW Scotland 495-9, 495, 497, 498, 499 kinematic model 565-8, 567, 568 sedimentary basins 25,448, 445-7, 547, 547 plate kinematics 561-3, 562 three-layered rheological crust 47-8, 48, 49 Dead Sea shear 563--4 Seal Nunataks, Antarctic Peninsula 425 Gulf of Suez 565 sediment compaction, calculation of 81-2, 83 northern Red Sea 564-5 sedimentary consequences of extension 139-43 rifting, history of 568-71,569, 570, 571 basin evolution and abandonment 149-50 Skidoo granitic pluton, Death Valley region 394-5, coastal marine gulf basin 147-8, 147 395, 403-4 coastal/shelf basin 148-9, 149 slikenslides continental basin Colorado River extensional corridor 305,323, with interior drainage 143-5, 144 326 with through drainage 145-7, 146 Honshu fore-arc 599 Sera Geral Rocks, S America 435, 436, 439 NW Scotland 497 Sevier Desert, Great Basin W Anatolian Province 579, 581, 582 basin structure 20, 25, 27 Wasatch fault zone, Utah 341-2, 342, 343, 344, detachment 80, 204, 213,214, 227, 230, 231, 344 235,239 Slocan Lake fault zone, N American Cordillera 207 extension, model of 475 slumps see gravity slides Moho 233,234, 239 Snake Range, Nevada Sevier Thrust Belt, Great Basin 211 detachment 81), 161,227, 239, 241,285-6 Seychelles, ridge-jumping 414 second generation faulting 8 shale detachment layer 20 see also northern Snake Range shear joint, foreland extensional structure 132, 133, Solan Bank High, N of Scottish mainland 502, 134, 135 503-4, 503, 505, 507, 509 shear surfaces see C-planes Solund basin, Norway shear zones, model of 299, 300 formation 546-7, 546, 547 Devonian basins, Norway 537, 541,543,543, geometry 538, 539, 539 545, 546, 546, 547, 547 metamorphism and magmatism 545 Honshu fore-arc 598 sedimentology 537-8,538 metamorphic core complex, Arizona 247-9, 248 structure 540-5,541, 542, 543, 544 Catalina-Rincon zone 255-63,256, 257, 258, Solway basin, UK 21, 22, 23 259, 260, 261, 262 Soma cross-graben, W Anatolian Province 576, 579, geological implications 254-5, 254 579 kinematic implications 251,251 Somalia Plate, movement at Sinai triple junction simulation of 249-50, 249, 250 561-2, 562, 563,566, 571 structural complications 263-4, 263, 264 Sonomia Range, Great Basin, volcanics 204, 213 tapering-upward zone 251-4, 252, 253 Sonomia terrain, Nevada 226 UK continental shelf 452 Sonoran Desert region, extension 155, 156, 158, 205, Shetland Spine fault system, N of Scottish 215 mainland-501,502, 507, 508 South Africa Shetland Terraces, N Sea Gondwanaland, evidence of 434, 435,435, 436, geological profile 473,473 437, 439 seismic evidence 467, 468, 469, 470 strain rate of craton 56 Index 635

South America, evidence of Gondwanaland 434, Suez rift 435,435, 436, 437, 439 faulting characteristics 551-2, 553, 554, 556-7 , movement of 427 refraction 552, 554, 555 South Celtic Sea basin 445,446, 450, 450, 452, 453, transverse and longitudinal faulting 554, 556, 457, 459, 459, 460 557 South Irish Sea Lineament, basement fault 446, 452 geological setting 551,552 South Mountains, Arizona, pure shear 268 tectonic setting 551,553 South Viking graben, N Sea 25, 27 Suurberg volcanic rocks, S Africa 436 see also Viking graben syndepositional structures Southern Uplands fault, Scotland 28 Honshu fore-arc 602 stable sliding behaviour, mode of slippage 58, 68 Westphalian, Durham 511-2, 513-6, 515 stick-slip behaviour, mode of slippage 58, 58 Syrian arc, Suez rift, compression 551,553, 557 Sticklepath fault, Wessex Basin, transfer fault 519, Syrian-Turkish foreland, extensional structures 128, 520 129 Stord basin, N Sea, gravity modelling 480, 480, 483, 484, 485, 486, 490 Straight Creek fault, N American Cordillera, talus fans, formation of 149, 149 compression 210 Tampen spur, N Sea 468, 469, 473, 473 strain rates Tanque Verde antiform, Arizona, fault rocks 256, brittle-ductile transition, effect on 57-8, 57 257, 260, 261 calculation of, Great Basin 51 taphrogens, use of term 575 earthquake data 377-80, 378, 379 Tasmania, igneous rocks from breakup of extension rates calculated 387-9, 387, 388, Gondwanaland 435,436 389, 389-90 tensile force geodetic date 383, 384 lithospheric strength, effect on 38, 40, 41 geological data (palaeostrain) 383-5,385, 386 regions of different tectonic status 38-40, 42 palaeostrain and contemporary rates compared tension gashes 382, 385-7, 389 Honshu fore-arc 598, 599 seismic data 371,374-7, 376, 377 pebbles, Solund Basin, Norway 540, 541, 542, 544 values 380-3,380, 381 Thermaic Gulf, Aegean, coastal marine gulf basin earthquakes 10 147 extension, effect on style of 46, 47, 49, 50 thermal age, of lithosphere 522-3 extension, effect on timing of, western N America thermal characteristics see geothermal gradient 188-9, 191, 192, 192, 193, 194, 196, 198, thermal event, breakup of Gondwanaland 438-9 198 thermal subsidence 517, 520-2, 521 faulting, effect on 140 N Sea basins 472, 491 lithospheric strength, effect on 42, 45-6, 45, 46, Wessex basin 527,528,531,532, 534 49, 59-62, 60, 61, 62 tholeiitic flood basalts, formed during breakup of physical modelling of 96, 101, 103--4, 104 Gondwanaland 435,437, 439 rheology, effect of 36, 37 thrust systems, compared to extensional fault stress tensor systems 23, 24, 24, 332-3 Solund Basin, Norway 540-1,542, 544 see also compression Wasatch fault zone, Utah 340-4, 342, 343, 344, thrusting, reactivation of 23, 24 344, 346-7, 346, 348, 350-1,351 Devonian basins, Norway 547 stretching factor see lithosphere--extension factor j3 Wessex Basin 518, 531-2, 533 structural high inversion see also compression cause of 517 Tibet Wessex Basin 523, 528, 531 crustal elevation before extension 191 stylolites, foreland extensional structures 128, 135, earthquakes 5, 7 136 Tibet-type graben, W Anatolian Province 584, 584 subduction Tilley Group of coals, Westphalian, Durham 511, Antarctic Peninsula 419-20, 426, 427,427, 428 512, 513,514, 515 erosion, Honshu fore-arc 593, 595-6, 607 Titus Canyon formation, Great Basin 213 Gondwanaland 435, 438 Tmolosschutt deposits, W Anatolian Province 577 western N America 158, 180, 182, 184, 226, 371-2 Tobifera volcanic rocks, S America 436, 438 submarine fans, formation of 147, 147, 148 Toiyabe Range, Great Basin, faulting 204, 212 subsidence Tonga Plate, convergence rate 216 calculation of 68-9, 68, 76-8, 76, 77, 78, 79 topography see gravitational instability Viking graben, N Sea 470-2, 471,474, 475,491 Toroda Creek graben, N American Cordillera 208 partial melting, effect of 68-9, 68, 142-3 Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica, evidence of viscous flow, effect of 71, 71, 72 extension 436, 438 see also back-striping transfer faults subsidiary faults, Wasatch fault zone, Utah 338, determination, importance of 587-8 339, 344, 348, 349, 349 modelling of 580-4, 581, 583 636 Index transfer faults (cont.) Unst basin, N Sea 478 sedimentary basins, effect on 21, 22, 28, 28, gravity anomaly 479, 480 97, 135, 142, 143 uplift during rifting Death Valley region 394, 395, 406, 407 cause of 71, 71, 72 N of Scottish mainland 507, 509 see also footwall uplift Suez rift area 552, 553, 554, 554, 556, 557,557 Utsira High granite, N Sea 478, 480, 480, 482, 485, Wessex Basin 518-20, 519, 531-2 486, 486, 491 types of 586, 586 use of term 575 W Anatolian Province 576, 576, 577-8 Vale of Pewsey Basin, Wessex Basin, geometry of transform faults 518, 519 Basin and Range Province 170, 179, 180 Valhalla complex, Canadian Cordillera 208 information from 561 Vardar graben, Aegean 145 Red Sea 559, 562 Variscan front, UK continental shelf 446, 452, 452, transpressional and transtensional regimes 459-60, 460 basins formed 19, 21 variscan structures, control of development 459-60, Viking graben, N Sea 474 461,518, 520 Canadian Cordillera 411 veins 134, 135 N American Cordillera 187, 198, 210, 215 Aquitaine hinterland basin, N of Pyrenees 128 transverse faults see transfer faults Chemehuevi Mountains, California 329-30, 330 -Traverse Mountains, Wasatch fault zone, Utah E Arabian foreland platform 132 non-conservative barriers 340, 344, 345,345, 346, European foreland 132 350 Honshu fore-arc 598-600, 599, 600, 602, 603,605 rupture characteristics 347-50 Mexico fore-arc 598, 599 triple junction NW Scotland 497-8, 498 Afar, Ethiopia, triple-rift junction 559-60, 560, Solund Basin, Norway 543, 544 560-1, 566, 570-1,570 Velarde mini-graben, Rio Grande 145 NW America 180, 181-2 Vestland Arch, N Sea 478 see also Sinai triple junction gravity anomaly 480, 480 Tucki Mountain detachment system, Death Valley Viking graben, N Sea region crustal thinning beneath 470, 471, 477, 486, 487, extension 405-7 488, 490 faulting 162, 164, 167, 167, 169, 394-6, 395 faulting 472-3,473 kinematic analysis 405, 405 formation of 21, 25, 27, 473-5,474, 477 lower-plate deformation 396--403,397, 398, 399, gravity anomalies 479, 480-6, 480, 483, 484, 485 400, 401, 402, 404 location 467, 468 timing of 403--4 seismic data 468, 469, 470 see also Basin and Range Province subsidence 470-2, 471, 474, 475,491 Turkey Virginia Street fault, Utah 340, 344 faulting 5, 7, 9-10, 498 volcanic arc, Honshu fore-arc 594 see also W Anatolian Province V6ring Plateau, Norway, formation of 69 Turtle Mountains area, Colorado River extensional corridor, extensional faulting 303, 305, 307 Wadi AI Batin, Arabian foreland, extensional Turtleback area, Death Valley region, faulting 303 structures 130-2, 131 'turtleback' structure, Tucki Mountain area, Wall Mountain tuff, Alvarado Ridge 367 California 394, 396 Warm Spring fault, Utah 340, 344 two-mica granites, N American Cordillera 181, 183, Wasatch fault zone, Great Basin 338, 339, 386 209, 255 see also Salt Lake Segment Wasatch front, Utah fault scarps 331 seismic data 230-1,376, 386-7 Uinta Arch, Utah 339 Weald basin, Wessex Basin 519 ultracataclasite, Basin and Range Province 248, 254, formation of 518, 532 259, 260, 260, 261 , Antarctica ultramylonites back-arc basin formation 433,434, 437 Catalina-Rincon shear zone 260 rift valleys 435,438 transition zone of faults 11 unconformity 437 unconformities, rifted continental margins Wenatchee Formation, N American Cordillera 210 cause of 67, 71 Wernecke, Pinguicula and Mackenzie Mountain Gondwanaland 437 sequence, Canadian Cordillera 409-11,410 underplating of crust Wessex Basin, England Himalayas 617 extension, determination of reflective properties, effect on 455,462, 463 pre-stretched crustal thickness 522-3 lndex 637

tectonic subsidence by backstripping 523-31, White Wolf fault zone, Great Basin, earthquakes 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 529, 530, 532, 533 379 history 531-4 whole lithosphere failure 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 45 location 517-8 Wildrose Canyon, Death Valley region, detachment regional geology and structure 23-4, 24, 518-20, faults 162, 169 519 Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, mylonite zones West Coast Magnetic Anomaly, Antarctica 419, 420-3, 174 421,422, 423-4, 424, 424-5,425, 425-6, 428 Windermere sequence, Canadian Cordillera 409, West Orkney basin, depth of decollement 80 411,413-4, 414 West Shetland basin, structure 501,502, 503 Winterborne-Kingston Trough, Wessex Basin West Shetland platform 501,502 formation of 520, 526, 526, 528, 532 Western Anatolian extensional province, Turkey geometry of 518, 519, 520 cross-faults Witchground graben, N Sea, gravity anomalies 477, importance of 575,587-8 ,~86, 487, 490 modelling of 580-6, 581, 583, 584, 585 types of 586-7, 586 geology 576-80, 576, 578, 579, 580 Yerington district, Nevada, faulting 577 Western Approaches basin, England Yezo Group, Japan, subduction-accretion terrain development of 460-1,519, 520 595 seismic data 445, 446, 451 yield stress of lithosphere Western Channel Basin, UK continental shelf 446, brittle-ductile transition 57-9, 58 460-1 continental lithosphere 60-1, 61, 62-3, 62 Whipple Mountains, Colorado River extensional definition of 53 corridor depth, effect of 53, 54, 54 detachment fault 268, 304, 304, 305, 306, 306-7, geothermal gradient 54, 56, 56 314, 320, 323 modelling 56 sediments 316, 320 oceanic lithosphere 60, 60, 61-2