Index (Figures in italics--Tables in bold) Absaroka thrust system, Great Basin 211 Chemehuevi Mountains, California 320, 330 Abu Durba block, Suez rift 552 development of 143, 143-4, 144, 145, 148 see also Gebel Ekma Block Devonian basins, Norway 537-8 accommodation faults, use of term 586, 587 Alps accretionary wedge lithosphere, rigidity of 367 decreasing friction at base 618 passive margin sequence 409 Adirondacks, NE America, reflective properties of Altiplano, S America, crustal elevation before crust 455 extension 191 Aegean extensional province aluminous granitic rocks, Great Basin 213 coastal marine basins 147 Alvarado Ridge, Rocky Mountains continental basins with through drainage 145 formation of 356 d6collement depth 80 location of 355-6, 356, 357 detachment complex 173-4 thermal state 365-7 footwall uplift 90-1, 92, 143 topography sideways shortening 584 E Rise profile 359-63,360, 361, 362 size of 177 origin of 363-5,364, 365, 366, 367-8 tilt-block/half graben basins 139, 140, 142, 143 profile 357, 358 Aegean-type cross-grabens 584 sedimentary cover 359, 359 Afar, Ethiopia Amargosa thrust fault, California 167 second generation of faulting 8 Anatoiian grabens, Aegean, continental basins with tilt-block/half graben basins 139 through drainage 145 tripIe-rift junction 559-60, 560, 560-1, 566, Anatolian Scholle, Turkey, lateral extension 127 570-1,570 'Andersonian' fault mechanics, fault dips 9 African Plate Andes movement of 427 crustal thickening before extension 240 see also Nubia Plate, Somalia Plate extensional features of south 428 African rift system, extensional basins 139, 142 anisotropy, effect on faulting, Himalayas 617 Afro-Arabian Platform Antarctic Peninsula rifting of 551 Cenozoic extension 419-20, 425-8, 426, 427 see also Suez rift alkaline volcanism 424-5, 427-8, 427, 428 Agulhas Bank, S Africa, bimodal volcanism 434 block faulting and graben formation 423-4, 425 airy isostasy West Coast magnetic anomaly and magmatism determination of, for subsidence 522 420-3, 421, 422, 425 North Sea 491 erosional unconformities 437 Southern Rocky Mountains 363, 364, 364, 365 marginal basin formation 425 Akhisar cross-graben, W Anatolian Province, Mesozoic extension 419 basement of 579, 579, 584 Pacific Margin, America, compared 428 Alasehir breakaway fault, W Anatolian Province Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group 436 579, 587, 580 Antarctic Plate, movement of 427 Ala~ehir earthquake, Turkey, evidence of low-angle Antarctica faulting 9-10 igneous activity connected breakup Gondwanaland Ala~ehir graben, W Anatolian Province 576, 577, 433,435-6, 435, 436-7,, 438, 439 579, 579 see also Antarctic Peninsula Albertan hinterland platform, E of Rocky antithetic faults Mountains, foreland extensional structures effect on tilt-block/half graben basins 142, 144 129, 130 evidence of, from modelling I I l, 113, 114, 116, Albion Range, Utah, relationship between 117 convergence and extension 618 Wessex Basin 520 Aleutian Trench, subduction erosion 596 Anvers Island, Antarctica, magmatism 420, 423 Alipohori Basin, Gulf of Corinth, abandoned basin Apache Group, Arizona 249, 249, 255, 258 150 Appalachians alkaline volcanism, Antarctic Peninsula 424-5, lithosphere, rigidity of 367 427-8, 427, 428 passive margin sequence 409 alluvial cones, formation of Aqaba Trough, opening of 551,552 coastal basins 147 Aquitaine hinterland basin, N of Pyrenees, continental basins 143, 144-5, 144, 145 extensional structures 128, 129 alluvial fans Arabian foreland platform, extensional Canadian Cordillera 413 structures 130-2, 131, 134, 134-5 622 Index Arabian Plate, movement at Sinai triple junction geothermal gradients 42, 54 561-2, 562, 563, 565-8, 567, 571, 572 gravity anomaly 8, 179, 227, 373 Arizona-Sonora Basin and Range 177, 178 magmatism 158, 171, 181, 195-7, 196, 197, 225, see also Basin and Range Province 226, 227, 436 Armorican Massif, S England 517-8, 519 bimodal volcanism 158, 177, 179, 199, 205,428 strain balancing of extension 528, 531, 534 ignimbrite eruption 177, 181, 182, 183-4 uplift and subsidence 91-2 magnetic anomaly 428 aseismic creep, lower crust 10, 11, 13 over-thickened lithosphere, as cause of extension Asian hinterland, N of Himalayas, extensional 104, 182-5, 187-8, 198-9, 203-5, 215-6, 240 structures 127, 128, 129 model of 188-94, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194 Asian Plate, collision and formation of Himalayas model, application of 194-9, 195, 196, 197, 198 611 plate tectonic setting, as cause of extension 158, asperity model of fault zones 337, 338, 348 179-80, 181-2, 184, 187, 198, 203, 216 asthenosphere sedimentary consequences of extension 139, 142, Alvarado Ridge 356, 357 143 Basin and Range Province 158, 185, 240 seismic evidence 157, 172-3, 172, 173, 223-4, dynamic effect of 70-2, 71 224, 225, 227-9, 228, 230, 231-2, 232, partial melting, effect on 67-8, 68, 68, 70, 199 234-40, 235, 236, 237, 241-2, 242 physical modelling of 96, 102, 103, 104 Moho 161, 230, 231, 232-4, 233, 234, 235, shear stress, effect on 56 240-1 thermal gradient, effect on 39-40, 190, 196, 199, strain rate 56, 64 520, 522 structures Wessex Basin 526 detachment zones 12-13, 157-8, 160-6, 161, asymmetrical breakup of continents, cause of 71-2 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 171,582, 613 asymmetrical subsidence of basins 140-2, 141 lower crust 172-3, 172, 173, 454 aulacogens, Canadian Cordillera 411 sub-detachment structures 170-1, 170 axial-transport systems for sediment 143 thrust deformation, similarity to 174 upper crust 158-60, 159, 160 tectonic setting 177, 178, 179-80, 205, 206, 207, 209, 215-6, 224-5,225 back-arc basin, Rocas Verdes, S America 434, 437, see also Chemehuevi Mountains, Colorado River 438,439 extensional corridor, Death Valley region, back-stripping Great Basin, magmatism, Metamorphic core subsidence, determination of 470, 522 complexes, northern Snake Range, Pacific Wessex Basin 523-6, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 527, Northwest, Rio Grande rift, Tucki Mountain 528, 530 detachment system Badwater Turtlebacks, Death Valley region 162, basin inversion 517 168, 169 Wessex Basin 523, 528, 531 Bahrain dome, Arabian foreland, faulting 130, 131 basins, sedimentary Baja California, Mexico, ridge-jumping 414 classification of 19 Bakir~ay graben, W Anatolian Province 576, 577, 'domino' fault arrays 27 578 formation of 31 Bala Fault system, Irish Sea 446, 449, 452, 459 mixed-mode basins 28-31, 29, 30, 31 Barbados fore-arc compression regime 599 sag and hanging wall basins 25-7, 25, 26, 27 Bare Mountains, Death Valley region,.detachment structure of 19-20, 20 fault 162, 168, 169 see also transfer faulting barrier model of fault zones 337 Bay of Biscay basin see also geometric barriers depth of decollement 80, 81 basement faulting, reactivation of thermal subsidence 78 Basin and Range Province 239, 379 Bay of Fundy basin, Appalachians, formation 522 Hopshu fore-arc 607 Beartooth Mountains, Canadian Cordillera, mafic- NW Scotland 496, 498-9 dyke intrusion 413 Suez rift 557 Beaverhead Group, Montana 206 UK continental shelf 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 460, Belt-Purcell Sequence, Canadian Cordillera, 409-11, 462 410 W Anatolian Province 580, 581, 584 Belted Range, Great Basin, faulting 204, 212 Wessex Basin 518, 520, 528, 531, 532, 533, 534 Ber~r Embayment-Viking graben system, hanging Basin and Range Province wall basin 25, 26, 27 basin formation 27, 140 Betic Cordillera, Spain early work 155 detachment faults 174 earthquakes 5, 58, 160, 227, 238, 330 relationship between extension and convergence extension, model of 155, 156-7, 157, 223,223, 618 238-9 Big Maria Mountains, California, detachment faults extent of 177-9, 204 171,301, 303 Index 623 bimodal volcanism c-axis fabrics Basin and Range Province 158, 177, 179, 199, northern Snake Range, Nevada 268, 277, 278-85, 205,428 278, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 290-1,292 Great Basin 211,213,213-4, 215 use of 274-5 Gondwanaland breakup 436, 436-7, 439 C-planes (shear surfaces) BIRPS reflection pattern, 'typical' pattern, northern Snake Range, Nevada 268, 277, 280, indication of extension 454-5,456, 282, 283, 291,292 457, 458 Solund Basin, Norway 543,543 Biscay-type passive margins, Honshu fore-arc 607 use of 280, 285,285 Black Mountains, Death Valley region see also S-C fabric detachment faults 168-9, 170 calc-alkaline volcanism, Antarctic Peninsula 424, 'turtleback' structures 396 427, 428, 436 block faulting, Antarctic Peninsula 419, 423-4 calcrete-type soil profile, formation of 146-7, 148 Borah Peak, Idaho 379-80, 379, 383 Caledonian structures, reactivation of N of Scottish earthquake data 7, 350, 350, 351, 381, 382 mainland 25,496, 504, 507 boudinage see lens structure Westphalian, Durham 511, 516 Bouguer gravity field Californian borderland fans, fan lobes 148 Alvarado Ridge 363,364, 365, 366, 367 Canadian Cordillera Antarctic Peninsula 423-4, 424 extension and passive-margin sequences 208, Basin and Range Province 8, 179, 227, 373 409-11,410 North Sea 477, 478, 479-80, 480 Mesozoic structures, effect on 414-5 Bowland basin, N England Proterozoic and Palaeozoic extension 411-14, 412 coastal/shelf basin 149 rift propagation and ridge jumping 414 transfer faults 142 Canadian Rockies 206 Bozdag-Aydin horst, W Anatolian Province 576-7, see also Pacific Northwest 576 Cape fold belt, S Africa, Gondwanian deformation Brae Field, Viking graben, transfer faulting 28 434, 436, 438 Bransfield Strait, Antarctica, marginal basin 419, 'carapace', use of term 19 420, 423,424, 425,426, 427, 439 carbonates, formation of 148-9, 149 breccia Carboniferous extensional basins, N England 24, Basin and Range Province 180