DOCSLIB.ORG

6: Nigerian Pidgin English

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
6: Nigerian Pidgin English 6: Nigerian Pidgin English 1 / 14 Background i Nkonni Birn GoureGouré Zinder Bosso CHAD NIGERIA Illela Maradi Wurno NIGER Diffa Bol Dosso Sokoto Baga Lake Chad Daura Magaria Damasak gu to Nguru Komadu o k SOKOTO Katsina a So an Gumel G Kaura u g Namoda KATSINA Hadejia u N jia ad ig Birnin ade Kom e H BORNO N'Djamena r Kebbi Zamfa ra S Gusau o JIGAWA YOBE Gummi k o Kano ZAMFARA t Maiduguri Dikwa Kamba o Wudil m Damaturu a Gaya Gulbin Dutse r Ka Azare e ds Funtua KANO Potiskum Ye BamaBama KEBBI Dan BackiBacki Gulbi Kari Kandi Damboa Kandi Koko Limani la Mora YelwaYelwaYelwa Sabon Benin o Chibok Zaria g Bajoga Gwari n Mokolo o Biu Kainj KADUNA G Kontagora BAUCHI Maroua Reservoir Kaduna GOMBE BENIN K Bauchi a d Mubi u Gombe Gombi Guider Wawa NIGER na Jos Ndali Biliri Kajama ADAMAWA Minna Kanfanchan Léré Parakou Pala Pankshin Numan Garoua Amper Lau é CHAD Ni Bida PLATEAU Bénou ger Badeggi Abuja Yola Kisi KWARA Kwolla Jalingo FEDERAL Baro CAPITAL Q Shaki NASARAWA Ganye NIGERIA u TERRITORY é m OYO Ilorin Lafia é Ogbomosho B TARABA Tungo enue Ibi Oyo Lokoja Bali Kontcha Iseyin EKITI Wukari Iwo Osogbo Makurdi Ibadan Ife Ado-Ekiti KOGI Gboko Bohicon Akure BENUE Ngaoundéré OSUN r Ankpa Owo e Auchi Takum Abong Abeokuta g Oturkpo Katsina Ala Ondo ONDO i National capital N Ilaro OGUN A Gembu Banyo State capital Nkambe Ore N ENUGU Ikeja EDO Ogoja Town, village A Enugu Cotonou L LAGOS a Abakaliki M m Major airport Porto- g ba os Benin City Asaba B Awka EBONYI M International boundary Novo R Ikom Lake a A Bamenda Bamendjing h State boundary C.A.R. Bight of Benin Sapele Onits CROSS IMO ABIA RIVER Foumban Highway Warri DELTA Owerri Umuahia Bafoussam Yoko Main road CAMEROON Railroad Aba Nikongsamba a RIVERS Calabar nag N Uyo Sa0 50 100 150 200 km Gulf of Guinea i Yenagoa g Port AKWA Kumba e Oron The boundaries and names shown and the designations r BAYELSA Harcourt IBOM 0 50 100 mi D used on this map do not imply official endorsement or e acceptance by the United Nations. l t a Bight of Biafra Buea Douala Map No. 4228 Rev. 1 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support August 2014 Cartographic Section Source: United Nations Cartographic Section - http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/nigeria.pdf 2 / 14 Background I Long pre-colonial history I From mid-19th century onward: British rule I 1960 independence I Some democracy, Civil war (1967–1970), Military juntas I 1999 Return to democracy I 201 million inhabitants on 924 000 km2, 215/km2 Cf. Germany: 83 million on 357,000 km2, 232/km2 I 250 ethnic groups (three largest: Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba), > 500 languages, wide variety of cultures 3 / 14 Language in Nigeria By Ulamm - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2983770 4 / 14 English in Nigeria I English widely used for education, business, and official purposes. I Small minority (part of the urban elite) with English as a first language I Widely refered to as the official language of Nigeria I Nigerian Pidgin: more common in urban centers I Cline/unclear distinctions between Nigerian English and Nigerian Pidgin English 5 / 14 Phonology I reduced number of vowels, e.g. I short raised front vowel /æ/ replaced by low /a/: hand, carry, dat I central raised /2/ falls together with low back /O/: month, done, body, broders I diphthongs with mid-high onsets generally monophthongized: /eI/ ! /e/ day, Lagos, /@U/, /oU/ ! /o/ load, local I no dental fricatives: D ! /d/ dere, di, dose; /T/ ! /t/ month, thousand Cf. Schneider (2011, 141–149) 6 / 14 Phonology I tone produces minimal pairs I yes-no questions signalled by intonation 7 / 14 Syntax and morphology I wey invariant relative pronoun (1) Dr. Obari Gomba wey be lecturer for Department of English Studies, 8 / 14 Definiteness and number (2) a. À si mòto. I saw cars/the car/the cars/a car/some cars. b. À si mòto dèm. I saw cars/the cars/some cars. c. À si dì mòto. I saw the car/the cars. d. À si dì mòto dèm. I saw the cars. e. À si won mòto. I saw a car. = (4a-e) in Faraclas (2013, 179) [c. corrected] I optional marking of definiteness/number on the noun 9 / 14 Pronominal system subject object 1sg mi/à mi 2sg yu yu 3sg im/ì im/àm 1pl wi wi 2pl ùnà ùnà 3pl dem dem Table: Personal pronouns in Nigerian Pidgin (from Table 3 in Faraclas 2013, 180) I Benue-Kwa second person plural form ùnà 10 / 14 Negation I negation: invariant no in front of the verb phrase (3) À no bay nyam. “I didnt buy yams.” 11 / 14 Tense/aspect marking I temporal/aspectual relations expressed by preverbal markers: I go for future I don for completive I dey for ongoing actions (4) You don read Sozaboy by Ken Saro Wiwa or The Palm-Wine Drinkard by Amos Tutuola. (5) a. À gò go tawn. I will/would go to town. b. À dè go. I go/am going. c. À don go (finish). I have gone/went. d. A gri go. I agree to go. From Table 4. Tense-Aspect-Mood Markers, Faraclas (2013, 181) (6) Yù gò don dè chop finish. You will have been finished eating Cf. (j), Faraclas (2013, 181) 12 / 14 Copula I copula: I identity copula I locative/existential copula I copula highlighter be, de/dey, na (7) Di story na about how . (8) Di story na about one man, Mene from Dukana village and how di Biafra war affect im and im family. (9) Nà Audu we de haws, no bì mì. hl Audu rel loc.cop house neg ident.cop me It is Audus who is at home, it is not I (who am at home). = 11 in Faraclas 2013, 182 13 / 14 Various other things I for with wide range of meanings I wetin ‘what’ < what thing I say as a complementizer (including indirect speech) I reduplication to express intensification I serial verb constructions (10) a. À manij tek nayf kot yu. I managed to cut you with a knife. b. À bay nayf giv yù. I bought you a knife. 14 / 14 Faraclas, N. (2013). Nigerian pidgin. In S. M. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath, and M. Huber (Eds.), The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Vol. I: English-based and Dutch-based languages, pp. 176–184. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schneider, E. W. (2011). English around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 15 / 14.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The English Language and Tourism in Nigeria *
    Joumal of the School Of General and BaSic Studies THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND TOURISM IN NIGERIA * Ngozi Anyachonkeya ABSTRACT Thispaper examines the role of English as a dynamic language in tapping and documenting the potentials and bounties of tourism in Nigeria. It argues that the English language is a potent instrument in harnessing tourism bounties of a people especially among the fifty-four member nations of the Commonwealth. In Nigeria the English language remains the most strategic language for the exploitation and marketing of tourism bounties available in the country. This is so because English is Nigeria's official language and language of unity in a multiethnic country like ours. In doing this, the paper makes a disclaimer. It is thefact that the author of thispaper is not an authority on Tourism. The burden of this paper therefore is to lay bare the indispensable role of English - a global dynamic language and language of globalization - in the i •• exploitation of tourism wealth of Nigeria, and in selling these bounties to world civilization for document. In the final analysis the paper makes the following declarations. We could practically do nothing without language. It is rather impossible that we could successfully discuss Tourism as an academic discipline in Nigeria in isolation of language, vis-a-vis, English, the arrowhead and 'DNA' of culture. In the same vein, it is rather a tragic mission to explore the bounties of Tourism in Nigeria and make same available to the global village outside the English language medium, in view of Nigeria's status as among the fifty-four member nations of the Commonwealth.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Pidgin English on the Effective Learning of English Language Among Junior Secondary School Students in Port Harcourt
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 9 • No. 6 • June 2019 doi:10.30845/ijhss.v9n6p10 Impact of Pidgin English on the Effective Learning of English Language among Junior Secondary School Students in Port Harcourt Obisike Iheanyi Osondu Ph.D. School Of Foundation Studies Rivers State College of Health Science & Technology Port Harcourt, Nigeria Nwala Michael Alozie Ph.D Department Of English Studies University of Port Harcourt Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Mbong Joy Etaruwak Faculty of Education National Open University of Nigeria Abuja, Nigeria Abstract This study investigated mother tongue interference among junior secondary school students in Port Harcourt Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria where Pidgin English is mostly used in communication and serves as the L1. It focused on “transfer of rules” errors. The study adopted a quantitative research design with a sample size of 120 students randomly selected from four schools in the study area. The questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. Frequencies, percentages and mean scores were used to analyse the data. Any item that scores above 50% was considered valid. The major findings show that the students had “Transfer of Rules” Error on Phonology; they had 54.4% incorrect responses on the realization of /θ/ and /z/. The respondents also had difficulty in the correct usage of the morpheme “er” in generating words; they had an overall mean score of 60.4% under incorrect responses. The study therefore recommended adequate and constant practice so as to overcome negative mother tongue transfer. Keywords: Pidgin English, mother tongue, target language, interference, language, communication, interaction; deviation 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigerian English Usage and the Tyranny of Faulty Analogy III: Pronunciation
    Oko Okoro 26 Oko Okoro University of Lagos, Nigeria Nigerian English Usage and the Tyranny of Faulty Analogy III: Pronunciation We define ‘faulty analogy’ as the impulsive thinking by the vast majority of L2 users of English that if B is similar to A in a certain linguistic respect, then B can be treated exactly like A in that respect on account of this similarity. The data used in the study was collected from a wide range of sources – spoken and written – over a ten-year period from 2005 to 2015. Our theoretical framework derives from the Behaviourist theory of language acquisition through the process of imitation - and a major criticism of this theory. Additional theoretical insights benefitted from scholarly opinions from contact linguistics. The subsequent analysis of the data reveals that faulty analogy accounts for a large proportion of the errors and sub-standard forms typical of Nigerian English usage, and that wrong pronunciation is only one of the numerous categories of faulty analogy errors in Nigerian English. We conclude that awareness of faulty analogy as a linguistic phenomenon and a formidable source of error is the best way to overcome the problem that it poses to L2 users of English. And we recommend that this awareness can best be achieved through teaching faulty analogy formally in the school system and drawing attention to its various forms. Keywords: Analogy, Behaviourism, Fossilization, Imitation, Pronunciation. 1. Introduction Several factors have been identified as responsible for the emergence of sub-standard forms in Nigerian English. Most prominent is interference, followed, in no particular order, by inadequate motivation, poor teaching and learning resulting from lack of facilities, and crowded classrooms – all of which possibly lead to early fossilization.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamental Linguistic Information on English, Igala and Hausa Languages
    World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development WWJMRD 2017; 3(12): 409-419 www.wwjmrd.com International Journal Peer Reviewed Journal Fundamental Linguistic Information on English, Igala Refereed Journal Indexed Journal and Hausa Languages UGC Approved Journal Impact Factor MJIF: 4.25 e-ISSN: 2454-6615 Unubi, Sunday Abraham, Yusuf, Sadiya Unubi, Sunday Abraham Abstract Department of Igala Language This paper explores the fundamental linguistic information on English, Igala and Hausa languages. and Culture, School of As it is often said, information is power. The fundamental information on these languages as Languages, Kogi State College of Education, P. M. B. 1033 provided by the researchers here includes how their names came to be, their locations and Ankpa, Nigeria ethnographies, their genetic and typological classifications as well as their sociolinguistic profiles and dialectal issues. Of course, this typological and philological linguistic information is highly necessary Yusuf, Sadiya for linguists and language enthusiasts as it brings to their fingertips in just a single article such Department of Hausa information that is basic for any kind of study in these languages under focus here and other Language, School of languages of the world. Languages, Kogi State College of Education, P. M. B. 1033 Keywords: English, Igala and Hausa. Ankpa, Nigeria Introduction At any level of linguistic study (whether phonology, morphology, syntax, pragmatics or sociolinguistics) of any language, supplying the basic or fundamental linguistic information about such language is of utmost importance, and should be the usual practice. This is because such language did not just fall from the sky. It actually belongs to a particular branch of the tree of family of languages typologically.
    [Show full text]
  • Akande and Salami, Use and Attitudes Towards Nigerian Pidgin English
    Use and Attitudes towards Nigerian Pidgin English among Nigerian University Students Akinmade T. Akande and L. Oladipo Salami 1. Introduction Attitudes towards language or language behaviour implicate social meanings relative to social norms in a given speech community. As demonstrated in the literature, language attitude study is not only a way of understanding how language is used, for example, as a symbol of identity or in-group membership, it also helps to illuminate the social importance of a given code or language (see Adegbija, 1994; Ihemere 2006; Salami 1991). Attitudinal studies of language are also important to linguistics because they could help to explain language maintenance and shift, which are apparently influenced by whether the change or maintenance is favoured or disfavoured by members of the speech community (Mann 1993; 1998). In Nigeria, Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE) used to be seen generally as the code of the non-literate as well as a bastardisation of English and its use was, therefore, considered a mark of the level of one’s proficiency in English. For instance, Agheyisi (1971:30) claims that the typical users of NPE are those that have little or no formal education. However, as Akande (2008:37) has noted, the sociolinguistic reality in Nigeria today is such that NPE is spoken by university graduates, professors, lawyers and journalists. It has also been demonstrated that NPE is not used only in informal settings but also in offices and other formal settings (Akande 2008). In other words, the claim that NPE is the code of the non-literate does not seem to have validity as there are a lot of educated speakers in Nigeria who can use both Standard English and NPE proficiently (Akande 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Pronunciation Intelligibility of Nigerian Speakers of English
    DOCTORAL THESIS Pronunciation intelligibility of Nigerian speakers of English Idowu, Fiyinfolu Award date: 2019 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 PRONUNCIATION INTELLIGIBILITY OF NIGERIAN SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH By FIYINFOLU OLUBUNMI IDOWU, BA, MA A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in English Language and Linguistics Department of Media, Culture & Language University of Roehampton 2018 Abstract Traditionally, English language pronunciation teaching was typically based on native-speaker norms usually RP British English or General American in most cases. In other words, people studied English intending to interact with native speakers and attaining this “native-like” accent was the goal. However, in the light of the expansion of English as a global language such assumptions are in urgent need of reconsideration and re-evaluation, especially as the situation nowadays is shifting to a scenario where English is increasingly being used for communication world-wide between speakers of other languages (De Souza, 1999; Jenkins, 2000; 2007;2010; 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Variation and Language Engineering in Yoruba-English Code-Switching
    Variation and language engineering in Yoruba-English code-switching Emmanuel Adedayo Adedun, University of Lagos Mojisola Shodipe, University of Lagos Abstract This study deals with the identification and characterization of the variable features of code-switching as used by Yoruba-English bilinguals in Lagos, Nigeria. Against the background of the domestication of English in Nigeria and the reality of language variation across individual, social and generational perspectives, we explore the unique linguistic strategies with which the Yoruba-English speaker reinvents urban speech to meet the challenges of contemporary dynamics of communication in a fast changing world. 1.0 Introduction The concept of language variation has remained a prominent theme in sociolinguistic enquiry by virtue of its centrality to the explication of the social context of language use. Since no speech community can be said to be completely homogenous, the fact of language variation remains a glaring reality as exemplified in everyday uses of language in different societies. Firth (1951: 78) had stressed the fact that language must be as varied as the groups who use it and the multiplicity of functions to which it is applied. Similarly, Coates (1990: 24) in delineating the domain of sociolinguistics as the social context of language use, argues that ―the study of language in its social context means crucially the study of linguistic variation‖. Consequently, sociolinguistic studies have been largely characterized by the exploration of the systematic relationship between language and socio-cultural organization of speech communities. The basic assumption behind this is that speakers functioning as members of a particular speech community, and within the ambit of a particular culture, have internalized not only the rules of grammar but also the rules of appropriate speech usage.
    [Show full text]
  • Syntactic Variation in Nigerian English and Students Achievement in English Language
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 21, Issue 7, Ver. V (July. 2016) PP 131-139 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Syntactic Variation in Nigerian English and Students achievement in english language OBEKA NGOZI OHAKAMIKE Department of Arts and Social ScienceFaculty of EducationEbonyi State University Abstract:-This paper examined the issue of syntactic variation in Nigerian English as it relates to students achievement in English language. Syntactic variation stems from the fact that no two languages are the same. The concept of Nigerian English was discussed. It was observed that when English language is not the mother tongue of the speakers who use it for communicative purpose, another variety is bound to emerge. Nigerian English has been described as being strikingly different from the standard British English variety. Characteristics of the Nigerian English were analyzed viz-a-viz the Standard British English. It was observed to be full of errors and variants. Students‟ achievement in English language over the years has been a cause of concern to not only the students‟ but to the generality of Nigerians. One may blame the failure on the interference of the mother tongue on the target language coupled with the insistence that English language exam should be marked based on the standard British English. Based on the above, one of the recommendations is that English language curriculum should be structured to include areas of syntactic variation in Nigerian English viz- aviz the standard British English. I. INTRODUCTION One of the important functions of English language in Nigeria lies in its use as the language of education.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship of Nigerian English and Nigerian Pidgin in Nigeria: Evidence from Copula Constructions in Ice-Nigeria
    journal of language contact 13 (2020) 351-388 brill.com/jlc The Relationship of Nigerian English and Nigerian Pidgin in Nigeria: Evidence from Copula Constructions in Ice-Nigeria Ogechi Florence Agbo Ph.D student, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany [email protected] Ingo Plag Professor of English Language and Linguistics Faculty of Arts and Humani- ties, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany [email protected] Abstract Deuber (2006) investigated variation in spoken Nigerian Pidgin data by educated speakers and found no evidence for a continuum of lects between Nigerian Pidgin and English. Many speakers, however, speak both languages, and both are in close contact with each other, which keeps the question of the nature of their relationship on the agenda. This paper investigates 67 conversations in Nigerian English by educated speakers as they occur in the International Corpus of English, Nigeria (ice-Nigeria, Wunder et al., 2010), using the variability in copula usage as a test bed. Implicational scaling, network analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis reveal that the use of vari- ants is not randomly distributed over speakers. Particular clusters of speakers use par- ticular constellations of variants. A qualitative investigation reveals this complex situ- ation as a continuum of style, with code-switching as one of the stylistic devices, motivated by such social factors as formality, setting, participants and interpersonal relationships. Keywords Nigerian Pidgin – Nigerian English – code-switching – style-shifting – implicational scaling – network analysis – cluster analysis © Ogechi Agbo and Ingo Plag, 2020 | doi:10.1163/19552629-bja10023 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc License at the time of Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 04:45:27PM publication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Taxonomy of Nigerian Varieties of Spoken English
    Vol.5(9), pp. 232-240, November 2014 DOI: 10.5897/IJEL2014.0623 Article Number: B500D5F47763 International Journal of English and Literature ISSN 2141-2626 Copyright © 2014 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/IJEL Full Length Research Paper The taxonomy of Nigerian varieties of spoken English Oladimeji Kaseem Olaniyi Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria. Received 05 June, 2014; Accepted 3 September, 2014 The dream of a Nigerian English dictionary has recently been actualized. The academic body of teachers and researchers known as NESA recently published a dictionary of the Nigerian English. The corpus of words and expressions in the dictionary represents the meaning and pronunciation of words as used by Nigerians.As a headlamp into the major and minor languages spoken by a vast population of Nigerians, this article seeks to stratify the varieties of Nigerian English on the basis of the popularity of the various ethnic groups which culminate in the variations that subsist in the accents of English available in Nigeria. As a result, in the first instance, a pyramid which classifies the over three hundred languages into three levels (in a pyramidal structure) is proposed. Secondly, coalesced phonemic inventories from all the varieties of Nigerian English are linguistically reconciled. From the methodology of the study to the findings, formal and informal interviews, perceptual and acoustic experiments carried out textually and inter-textually form the background of results which have been corroborated in the literatures of Nigerian English. This study is basically an appraisal of Nigerian English without any bias for the educated, uneducated, standard, or sub-standard varieties.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Policy: Nigeria and the Role of English Language in the 21St Century
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute) European Scientific Journal June 2013 edition vol.9, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 LANGUAGE POLICY: NIGERIA AND THE ROLE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE 21ST CENTURY Shaibu Sunday Danladi Institute Of Political Studies, Faculty Of Political Studies, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Abstract This article examines the role of English in Nigeria as a medium of communication, political activities-social and academic guidance from its historical perspective, and the duration of gradual transition to the present status of bilingualism and its democratization of language in conformity with national unification. It shows how English occupied an influential role in the formation of the national expectations and integration of the Nigerian nation through its ‘‘official language" status. We find that even a decade after decolonization in Nigeria, English continues to enjoy its primacy, especially in the formation of political and educational systems as a medium of instruction. It highlights the transition from English monopoly to bilingualism in accordance with indigenous demands for language change in educational policy that could be the form in line with mother tongue languages. It also evaluates and shows the current relationship between language shift and language death in another case with the emergence of the Nigerian Pidgin English. Specifically, it critically analyses how language issues are politically motivated in educational, political and social life of the nation in pre- and post-colonial administration. This paper scrutinizes the current response from society on the language issues as it moves toward global democratization of the language situation in Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Ebira English in Nigerian Supersystems: Inventory and Variation
    Ebira English in Nigerian Supersystems: Inventory and Variation D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt der Philosophischen Fakultät der Technischen Universität Chemnitz von Herrn Adeiza Lasisi Isiaka, geboren am 14. 12. 1983 in Ado - Ekiti Chemnitz, 30.01.2017 Dean: Prof. Dr. Stefan Garsztecki Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Josef Schmied External Examiner: Prof. Dr. Albertus J van Rooy To my father and mother i Content List of Figures iv List of Tables vi 1 Nigerian English Varieties: Conflicts and Emergence ................................ 1 1.1 The Ebira English Subsystem ...................................................................................... 3 2 Through Evolution, Diversity and Powers of English in Nigeria ............... 8 2.1 Functional Powers of English since Contact ............................................................. 11 2.2 The Ebira People and English in Ebiraland ............................................................... 18 2.3 The Benue Congo Phylum ......................................................................................... 20 2.4 Ebira and Yoruba Vowel Systems ............................................................................. 22 2.5 NigE Varieties: Ethno-linguistic Nexus .................................................................... 24 2.5.1 Level of Education.............................................................................................. 26 2.5.2 The Lects and Quest for Standardisation ...........................................................
    [Show full text]