As yet also no personal research brings to light the thera- the peutic properties of filbert, maple or sycamore Birch at 9,0 >0 feet elevation, forming a forest of itself, affords a bark used as writing paper or umbrella covers, and astringent qualities are assigned to the variety termed bhurjapatra. There are four kinds of mulberry, namely, purple, white, black and the common variety, upon the leaves of which the silk worms feed. At one time Subathoo was selected as favourable for sericulture, but Dehra Doon and the vicinity of Pathankote amongst other places were preferred. Silk dyers are accused of breeding communicable fevers in uncleanly habitations. Mulberry fruit is mildly laxative, refrigerant; the juice is adapted for gargles, else applied to wounds, ulcers, gouty limbs. Bird cherry bark is reported febrifuge. Beautiful specimens of foxglove were noticed at Simla andNynee Tal, but not at Subathoo, Mussooree, Dalhousie or Dharmsala. Books allude to the plant as flourishing at Murree, Dar- jeeling and Ootacamund. From Saharanpore henbane is sent to hospitals, but wherever cultivated is an uncertain remedy often inert. The Lancet tells of a lady becom- ing delirious, with vision as to size and colour of objects perverted, after taking a sixth of a grain of hyoscyamine, the amorphous alkaloid. One species in Belnchistan called kohi bung or mountain hemp is a powerful poison. The term bikli includes amongst other meanings the dry roots of Aconitum ferox, napellus, palmatum, luridum, four species of wolf's bane, but the most deadly monks- hood comes from the mountains of Nepaul. Roots are more active about the flowering period, and the acrid principle may retain virulence ten years. However valuable in fever or rheumatism, aconite appears mostly appreciated as convenient for homicidal transactions. Amongst a number of humble lowly plants the homely dandelion might be utilized more. In certain localities village Culpeppers are inoffensive Mahomedan fakirs, familiar with herbs, simples, shrubs and flowers of the neighbourhood, else cultivated in their own little gar- dens and sacred groves. Years ago it was suggested to encourage such men to exercise priestly influence as forest conservators, provided botanical energies or researches were not culpably directed to toxicological pursuits of a venial character. Amongst poisons may bo mentioned opium, aconite, datura, the tuberous root of LOCAL THERAPEUTICS. Gloriosa Superba, v. bishalanguli (a slender climbing plant with flowers of half deep crimson half By Surgeon-Major F. R. Hogg. long petals primrose at first opening, then altogether crimson), (Concluded from page 297J oleander, the milky juices of Calotropis gigantea, v. In October a sudden order to proceed from Dalhousie madar, and of Euphorbia neriifolia, v. mansasij. to Dharmsala, 77 miles distant, afforded an opportunity of As several of these poisons have other properties, they visiting Kangra Valley, where the fever of golden rice must be included in the general list. meets a in an bushes fields powerful foe army of green Abroma augusta, v. olutTcombol, a large sombre shrub, delicious tea urea yielding refreshing which, eliminating dark green leaves, blood-coloured flowers ; the slender from the body, can oft combat the coma of blood poison. fresh roots in half drachm doses combined with black heat and skin and Potent against cold, increasing action, pepper to relieve dysmenorrhcea induce conception. stimulative and nerve restorative after great fatigue, and Formerly called perennial flax. a of tea its a purifier water, cheap, convenient, portable by Abrus precatorius, v. goonj, substitute for liquorice ; can be accused of worst enemies only tanning dyspeptic a creeping shrub, small purple flowers, white or scarlet stomachs or spoiling the sleep of those indulging in excess. seeds, used as grain weights, or to make necklaces. Root As is no evidence of much adulteration with yet there demulcent, white seeds poisonous; the Symptoms closely leaves of elm, willow, poplar, oak, plane, or horse chesnut. resembling those of cholera. 324 THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE. [December 2, 1878.

of a Celastrus panicidatus, v. sankhir, climbing shrub, green the Darjeeling Terai up to 4,000 feet, tree greenish flowers, yellow pink wood ; the rusty brown bearing fragrant flowers in May. Hard round fruits on seeds internally the leaves externally for rheumatism ; stem and branches. Pulp used to poison fish by the the scarlet oil in 10 minim doses stimulant, diaphoretic Lepchas, who however eat the same after boiling. Seeds and externally vesicant an inch long, ovoid, irregular ; shell greyish brown contains Dalbergici sissoo, v. shisham ?Night air in the plains a large kernel yielding by expression a yellow pale sher- oft perfumed by the fragrant greenish white flowers of ry coloured oil of unpleasant taste and smell. Seeds this useful tree, which gradually starves on the saline prescribed in 6 grain pills, the oil in 6 minim doses, gra- soil over kunkur at Mean Meer. Wood raspings said to be dually increased. Chaulmoogra has proved so valuable alterative. an alterative and tonic in scrofula, glandular swellings, Emblica officinalis, v. amla.?Between Dalhousie and general debility, the wasting diseases of children, that Dharmsala a very handsome tree with graceful foliage. the oil is attaining European celebrity. Applied exter- Small sour green fruit called emblie myrobalans con- nally for cutaneous affections. Doctors differ as to re- sidered anti-scorbutic, astringent ; the yellow flowers lative merits of Gurjun and Chaulmoogra oil for leprosy. refrigei'ant; the seeds cooling ; the bark, leaves and root Hemidesmus lndicus, v. anantamul, Indian sarsaparilla astringent; the fresh juice laxative. Infusion of leaves sold in bazars ; the fresh quill-shaped ^aromatic bitter applied to sore-eyes, a paste of root bark to infantile root in infusion alterative, diuretic, diaphoretic, very thrush, and twigs are used to purify water impregnated palatable with milk and sugar, a convenient combina- with vegetable matter. An aromatic confection of tion with various medicines, a capital tonic for weakiy emblie myrobalans recommended for painful dyspepsia. children, else for adults afflicted with chronic rheuma- Clitorcea ternatea, v. aparagita,?mussel shell creeper tism, dyspepsia or secondary syphilis. with blue or white flowers; the roasted seeds combined Holarrhena anti-dysenterica, v. hawar, small tree or mil- with acid tartrate of potash purgative, the root bark ky juiced shrub with white flowers, long follicles, pale demulcent, the leaves to alleviate the fever of variola. green foliage, brown acrid oat-like seeds. Black spongy- Euphorbia Antiquorum, v. thor, narsij, a prickly bitter bark in decoction or watery extract specific for shrub sacred to serpents, and planted on house tops dysentery, the toasted seeds febrifuge, the leaf juice and instead of a lightning couductor. Juice corrosive, pur- fruit astringent. gative, rubifacient ; resin acrid, drastic, emetic, and Ixora bandhuca, else coccinea, v. rungun, ornamen- though a dangerous remedy, believed to benefit chronic tal plants with fragrant blossoms, the superb crimson affections of rheumatic, neuralgia or gouty character. bandhuca offered at the shrines of Vishnu and Siva, and Feronia elephantum, v. kait, wood-apple tree, pale cdled the flame of the woods when used for torches. green fruit, rancid pulp, dull red flowers; the unripe Ixora coccinea, a most beautiful shrub with bright scar- astringent fruit tasting of turpentine, the ripe fruit let flowers contrasting with bay green leaves. Accord- anti-scorbutic, the leaves stomachic, carminative, the ing to Assistant-Surgeon Umrito Lall Deb, the fresh bark exudation a kind of gum. slender root ground on a curry stone with long pepper Ficus Bengalensis, v. bargad, banyan tree. Juice ap- and mixed with water will prove almost as efficacious plied to carious teeth or sore feet, seeds tonic, bark as ipecacuanha in dysentery. The taste aromatic and infusion alterative, else used as astringent gargle, pleasant, the dose about half a drachm, else a drachm of lotion or injection. Of the many varieties of the the tincture, which also contains long pepper. fig tribe the leaves, bark, fruit, mostly astringent ; Jasminum grandiflorum, v. chameli, bel, mugra.?Many the common fig laxative, the fruit, seeds, bark and varieties, including the familiar English jasmine with acrid milky juice of Ficus oppositifolia, v. rumbal, sprays of white flowers, yielding scented oils. Leaves emetic, antiperiodic. given internally in skin diseases or stomatitis, else local- Ficus religiosa, v. pipal, the poplar leaved fig trees ly applied for ear-ache. reverenced by Buddhists. Elephants and silk worms Jatropha Citrcas, v. /cadarn, safed ind, the angular physic like the leaves, birds enjoy the fruit, and on the nut. Hedge shrub yellow flowers, the seeds yielding an march it is better to draw water elsewhere if possible than oil 15 drops as powerful as an ounce of castor, or locally out of the old polluted village well under the cool dark employed when diluted an excellent embrocation in shade of the sacred pipal. Seeds alterative, leaves and chronic rheumatism. Leaves locally applied or given in the young shoots purgative, powdered root bark applied decoction as galactagogue. Warmed and rubbed with to aphthous sores. castor oil the leaves also are locally used to hasten Fraxinus ornus, v. anjan, much resembling the common suppuration. Seeds have proved an acro-narcotic poison. ash. Berry juice prescribed for spieen disease or scurvy. Milky juice so powerful a haemostatic that Dr. Evers Manna ash yielding the well known saccharine laxa by hypodermic injection was enabled to coagulate tive juice is a Sicilian tree. most' satisfactorily a small aneurism. The seeds of Jatro- Grislea tomentosa, v. dharee, a small tree, drooping pha multifida, the cotal plant, or physic nut, a herbaceous coarse tubular branches, foliage, small scarlet flowers shrub with bluish green leaves, above which spring most secreting much honey. Dried flowers stimulant, astrin- beautiful clusters of red coral-like flowers, are still more gent, prescribed for various haemorrhages or infantile powerfully purgative if not poisonous. dysentery, else sprinkled over ulcers. Juglans regia, v. ahhrot.?Glorious walnut trees about Ggnocardia odorata, v. chaulmoogra.?A large ever- Chumba, Solon, Pangi, Cashmere, but not on the Nil- SURGEON-MAJOR F. R. D eoembeu 2, 1878.] LOCAL THERAPEUTICS.?BY HOGG. 325

laments of certain varieties are either or feb- gheries according to Firminger. Oil used for cooking, the astringent rifuge. Paste combinations are applied to or bark as dentifrice, else prescribed as astringent; nuts erysipelas external inflammations. Large leaves serve as bed have a very hard shell, and the percentage of good ones sheets very in fevers. The stocks of the lotus marvellous. In America the inner bark of white walnut cooling and other s pecies supply starchy food during yields juglans, a mild cathartic resembling rhubarb. famines, but not to the same extent as the singhara (water Juniperus communis, v. nuch, pama. Berries called chesnut) said to keep alive 30,000 people for five months abhul, huber, diuretic, carminative, stimulant ; twigs and annually in Cashmere. leaves burnt to fumigate sick rooms. The species Olea, w.zaitun.?The wild olive, fig, vine and pomegra- yielding savin introduced into Darjeeling. nate may occasionlly be seen together at Subathoo. It Kalanchoe, v. talara.?Fleshy-leaved plant, yellow is believed that a good quality of oil can be obtained in flowers ; the burnt leaves applied to abscesses. the Punjab. Castor, croton, til, apricot, lemon grass, Lawsonia alba, v. mhindi, henna. Shrub resembling nutmeg, sandal-wood, ornum, amongst other oils are myrtle or privet, affords a red dye, and can be utilized convenient for hospital requirements. Those of linseed, as paste to soothe burning of the feet or cutaneous irrita- poppy, castor and mustard of very uncertain strength. bility. Oil prepared from scented greenish white flowers At Dalhousie a merchant sells a large variety of fra- inhaled or applied locally to relieve headache. Henna grant oils extracted from roses, jasmine, champa, khus- makes a to hide ugly places near hospitals. hedge khus, cinnamon, cloves and the of the civet v. babuna ?A of Chamomile henna, pouch Matucaria, description cat. with same stimulant tonic, carminative, anti-periodic pro- Ougeinia dalbergioides, v. sandan.?Tree, short crooked, perties ; the oil from flowers internally for flatulent colic gnarled trunk, pink fragrant flowers. Buds yield red and externally in liniments for sprains, rheumatism, neu- gum resembling kino. ralgia suggested. Oxalis corniculata, v. amrool.?Yellow wood sorrel, a Messua Ferrea, v. nagsura, iron wood tree of small size, pretty little annual, purple foliage, yellow flowers, and dense foliage of brilliant crimson leaves, white fragrant containing oxalic acid. Leaves, leaf juice, stalks, flowers flowers scenting the air of Assam in April. Dried flowers serviceable in dysentery. Plant antiscorbutic, refrigerant. stimulant, bark and root infusion tonic, oil applied to Palmacece,v. trina raja (king of grasses) Jchurma, narial. painful joints. Of the tribe generally the fruit pulp, root and terminal Alichelia Champaca, v. champa, an evergreen regal tree, buds refrigerant, diuretic ; the alkaline ashes remedial for fine foliage, large primrose flowers powerfully perfumed rheumatism. Solitary palms about hill ravines recal to with cowslip aroma. Planted near temples, for the ar- remembrance the magnificent date trees of Mooltan. rows of the god of love are tipped with five flowers, The betel and the cocoanut grow together in Western namely, from the mango, messua ferrea, pavonia odorata, India. The sago palm prefers the most warm climate strychnos potatorum and the champa tree. Bitter aromatic of the Indian Archipelago. The seeds of areca catechu bark, infusion or decoction invaluable as tonic or febri- or betel palm chewn with chunain and leaves of betel fuge, root bark emmenagogue, lemon-colored flowers ap- pepper universally used as masticatory, aromatic, carmi- plied to foetid nostrils, odorous capsules used for bodily native, stumulant, disinfectant and aphrodisiac. inunction and the fruit eaten. Piper bette, v.pan.?Betel leaf pepper ; shrubby creeper. Aloringa Pterygosperma, v. sanjna, horse radish tree. Leaf juice stomachic, especially when combined with The fresh root in appearance, taste, smell and medicinal camphor, cardamoms, cloves. Leaves warmed and smeared properties as stimulant and diuretic well deserving the with oil and applied over chest or liver in pneumonia name. Bark, flowers, gum, oil, antispasmodic ; leaves and hepatitis. To arrest secretion of milk or reduce locally applied to relieve facial neuralgia or ear-ache. glandular swellings layers of warm leaves are used. Myrsine Africana, v. chachri, bebrang.?Hedge shrub Leaves also similarly adapted to lull headache and in pink white flowers, fruit called baberang, seeds anthel- another form to dress chronic ulcers. The pan stalk mintic, carminative, and applied to ringworm. Embe- serves as a convenient method of overcoming infantile lea ribes seeds also called baberang. constipation by local stimulation. Nerium Oleander, v. kanira.?Shrub, rod-like stems, Pana Indica, v. bankhor, panlcar.?Horse chesnut so pink, deep red, white, variegated flowers both single and attractive about Dalhousie especially on mountain slopes ; double of each. Partial to dry stony river-beds. Tinc- the bark febrifuge, the fruit applied to rheumatic joints. ture of root bark prescribed internally and a paste locally Liquor castaneas equinaa in drachm doses a London applied to ringworm patches. Every part of the plant remedy for gout, acute rheumatism and neuralgia ; the is poisonous, and twigs, maliciously added to the water oil applied externally. of boiling meat, have been proved the cause of tetanic Pavonia odorato, v. bala, fragrant roots aromatic, symptoms. cooling, astringent. Nympfuea, v. nilofar, water lily, apparently in bazar Pharbitis, v. haladana, weed creeper, azure blue flower, demand, although about Dalhousie no marshes favorable seeds purgative resembling jalap in action, the dose 30 to growth. Water cress thrives in slow running streams grains, but Waring suggests 50 grains of a powder com- with a bottom of sand or gravel. There are white, bril- posed of haladana 5 drachms, Cream of Tartar 9, Ginger liant red and rose-colored lilies. Firminger describes 1, all well pounded and sieved. Nymphcea ccerulea, a tulip size many-petalled blue flower Pirns longifolia, v. chir, produces a fair the with yellow centre emitting orris root like perfume. Fi- turpentine, MEDICAL GAZETTE. 1878. g2Q THE INDIAN [December 2,

v. damask at oleo resin convenient for preparing plasters, ointments or Rhododendra, chin, aru, bras.?Flowers fumigating pastiles. Pinus excelsa, chil, in Kumaon the Simla, Landour, Dalhousie, Dharmsala ; mauve, pink, leaves and branches covered with a kind of manna. white or yellow at Darjeeling, where 24 species flourish to Gamble. Flowers made into or Pinus Smithiana, v. raiang,? spruce fir, produces cones according jelly for as ingredients of gaja pipal, a concoction recommended for applied headache. Leaves of talisfar smoked asthma and diarrhoea. Pinus Webbiana, v. tos?Silver fir. stimulant. Leaves of booloo poisonous. Bark of varieties Flower Dried powdered leaves used for asthma or hemoptysis. several excellent snuff. buds and All these four conifers flourishing at Dalhousie, especially young leaves said to poison cattle. A kind of intoxicat- at Bukrota. ing drink prepared from the crimson scarlet flowers of v. one kind. Plantago Isphagula, isphagul. ?Annual with short v. white and stem, imbricated small white flowers Persian plant, but Rottlera tinctoria, Tcamala.?Large shrub, flowers. covered seeds sold in all bazars as specific in chronic diarrhoea or yellow Capsules with bright red powder and certain phases of dysentery, two teaspoonful doses. found also in leaves stalks. Consisting of minute Bruised seeds answer as emoll ent poultices and the hairs and a resinous substance, this powder of peculiar leaves applied to bruises. odour is in 2 drachm doses a specific to expel tape worm ; and fruit to and bites. An oint- Pongamia glabra, v, kurunja, Indian beech, large tree leaves applied stings ment recommended for skin diseases. Chief value de- almost evergreen, flowers mixed blue, white and purple, on the inflammable granular Jcamala, leaves bright glistening green. Seeds yield by expres- pends mealy large of which have been forwarded to sion a fixed oil useful externally in skin diseases or as quantities hospitals from the botanical at embrocation in rheumatism. The leaves and pods as gardens Saharanpore. v. bed mushk.?There are poultice in clean ulcers infested with worms. Salix, bed, pani jama, many varieties of and the of salicine Populus, v. safaida.?At Dharmsala near Bhagsoo willows, although presence the neutral of the bark has not been satis- barracks young poplars are growing very rapidly, and principle demonstrated as it be a the straight avenue, a mile long of poplars 100 feet factorily yet, may only question of time. contains salicine. Elsewhere salicine high near Sirinagar, is made familiar by photographs. Poplar make an excellent substitute for and sali- Bark vermifuge, buds alterative. Besides black and may quinine, has a wonderful in acute white varieties other species yield a balsamic exudation. cylic acid proved specific rheu- matism. Dr. at Dalhousie treated Platanus orientalis, v. chinar.?The plane trees of Ringer satisfactorily a with acid which Chumba, Kangra, Kashmir do not appear noted in native lady expensive salicylic eventually no doubt will be extracted from the willows medicine ; and though the larch is credited with astrin- growing near the water brooks of gent arid stimulaut properties in cases of profuse Lahore, Peshawur, Dharmsala, Kashmir or Dalhousie itself. bronchitic expectoration, the European tree as yet does not like the Himalayas as compared with the Alps. Sapindus detergens, v. rita, soap-nut.?Handsome small white flowers. Seeds and for Brandis appears contented with the deodar, which how- tree, expectorant prescribed or to else to clean ever does not yield such good turpentine. epilepsy, externally applied abscesses, hair. Fruit used to wash clothes. Punica granatum, v. anar.?Decoction of pomegranate pulp Shorea v. flower. fruit rind useful in diarrhoea and dysentery, also conve- robusta, sal.?Large tree, yellow v. ral for to ulcers nient in combinations to act as gargle, lotion or injection. Resin, prescribed dysentery, applied or else to make or to burn in Decoction of root bark of male tree is well known as chilblains, plasters pastiles for sick chambers. specific to expel tape worm. Afghanistan supplies the fumigating nutt best fruit At Meerut and on the road from Kussowlie Strychnospotatorum^. nirmali,clearing ree, middle sized white flowers fruit emetic to Simla the scarlet flowers and the rich dark green leaves evergreen, fragrant Young seeds clear water. of the wild pomegranate attract admiration. eventually astringent. Ripe muddy v with Quercus ilex, v. ban. After the lordly trees of old Terminalia arjuna, arjan.?Tree buttressed oalc trunks. Fruit bark astringent, leaves to England the Holm looks very insignificant, but has tonic, applied soothe ear-ache. many astringent properties of other varieties, and the Terminalia bellerica, v. bahera.?Belleric oak galls answer for diarrhoea dysentery or intermittent myrobalans. Half fruit afterwards kernels fever. Serve also as ingredients of lotions, gargles or ripe purgative, astringent ; and Decoction recommended astringent injections. The decoction has been given narcotic locally astringent to relieve mucus from or bowel. according to Waring in cases of poisoning by opium, discharges lungs v liar, haritahi ?Galls formed on aconite or datura as an antidote. The excellent tea of Terminalia chebula, in diarrhoea or Fruit Palampore ddubtless would be equally efficacious. the young twigs given dysentery. in Quamoclyt vulgaris, v. Jcamlata, Barbadoes sweet william. serviceable fevers, asthma, dyspepsia, ascites, enlarged or liver. Crimson Cypress Vini. A very pretty creeper, small vivid spleen Taxus baccata, v. brahmi. Bark decoction of yew scarlet flowers, deep green foliage like fennel ; seeds for the sedative leaves in but purgative. The Convolvulus minor, Convolvulus major, given rheumatism, epilepsy, both leaves and berries excite vomi or (morning glory), the traveller's midnight lilies, and the may ting, purging to coma. moon flower all related, with apparently the same aperient tendency Tamarindus v. imli occasion- qualities. Mirabilis Jalapa, gool-i-ubbas, the marvel of Indica, ?Pulp purgative but mild laxative as a rule, seeds Peru, bearing flowers crimson, yellow, white ; ever chang- ally, anthelmintic, leaves and bai k astringent, antiscorbutic ing colour on the same plant, very abundant at Subathoo. December 2, 1878.] SALICIN, &c.?BY SURGEON-JOHN C. LUCAS. 32 7

Tinospora cordifolia, v.gilo, gulancha, a climbing hedge shrub, yellow flowers. Boot tonic, diuretic, demulcent, febrifuge, useful in ague, dyspepsia, chronic rheumatism. Stem, leaves, root, watery extract all of service, and the young leaves applied to erysipelas. Tribulus atalus, v. rasha, low trailing plant, yellow scented flowers. Seeds diuretic, astringent. Vitex hegundo, v. samalu. Five-leaved chaste tree. Tall shrub, blue fragrant flowers. Root tonic, febrifuge, ver- mifuge, diuretic. Leaves smoked in headache and catarrh. Dried fruit vermifuge. Leaf juice applied to scrofulous ulcers. Heated leaves applied to sprains or painful joints will marvellously afford relief ; a decoction of the leaves also answers admirably. Ulmus, v. maral.?Very fine elms in Chumba, the bark astringent, alterative, tonic ; the decoction beneficial in psoriasis ; the leaves applied to boils. Zingiber, v. adrak.?Excellent ginger at Subathoo and Kangra ; the fresh rhizome very palatable. Aromatic, carminative, stimulant in colic and digestive derange- ments, else locally applied to lull the agonies of headache, neuralgia or toothache. The following list of gums should be included amongst Jocal therapeutics, namely the various acacias, tamarisk, prune, mango, uhak, horse radish tree, cashaw, odina ?KQdier, bombax, semul, conocarpus latifolia, apricot, soapnut, jack tree, hog plum, wild cherry, sal, likewise the products of the fragrant firs and goodly cedars. At Dharmsala the beautiful church with stained glass windows, stone pulpit and painted chancel together with the peaceful pretty cemetery owe much to the taste and zeal of the Reverend J. H. Hocking, who trained the honeysuckle and ivy up the walls and planted willows, poplars, horse cliesnuts, yews, oaks and cypresses to con- trast with every bright flower, with the green turf and neat meandering paths of gneiss or limestone. Beneath the snows and sharply pointed granite peaks of 16,000 feet elevation ; here rests Lord Elgin, whose epitaph might also be inscribed over Lord Dalhousie, to whom people in India are indebted for trunk roads, railways, postal and telegraphic systems, the fertilizing Baree Doab Canal, forest conservancy, the cool hill stations on the Murree and Ohumba ranges, the tea plant at Kaugra, the public dispensaries, and every kiudly encouragement to those digging laboriously in the mines of research into the botany, geology and zoology of the Punjab. Many of the plans of Lord Dalhousie are now prospering. \ ?' He being dead yet speaketh." I