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The Landed Elite and Politics in Pakistani Punjab

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The Landed Elite and Politics in Pakistani Punjab The London School of Economics and Political Science Class, Power, and Patronage: The Landed Elite and Politics in Pakistani Punjab Hassan Javid A thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, June 2012. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 102,476 words. ii Abstract Following their conquest of Punjab, the British erected an administrative apparatus that relied heavily upon the support of the province’s powerful landed elite. The relationship between the two was one of mutual benefit, with the British using their landed allies to ensure the maintenance of order and effective economic accumulation in exchange for state patronage. Over a century and a half later, the politics of Pakistani Punjab continues to be dominated by landowning politicians, despite significant societal changes that could have potentially eroded their power. In order to answer the question of why this is so, this thesis uses a historical institutionalist approach to argue that the administrative framework emerging out of the initial bargain between the colonial state and the landed classes gave rise to a path-dependent process of institutional development in Punjab that allowed the latter to increasingly entrench themselves within the political order during the colonial and post-colonial periods. In doing so, the landed elite were also able to reinforce their bargain with the colonial state and, after independence, the Pakistani military establishment, perpetuating a relationship that facilitated the pursuit of the interests of the actors involved. In order to account for this path-dependent process of institutional development, this thesis treats the initial period of colonial rule in Punjab as a ‘critical juncture’, tracing the factors that led the British to rely on the landed elite for support, and enter into the bargain between the two actors that drove subsequent institutional developments. The thesis then explores the mechanisms used to perpetuate this arrangement over time, focusing in particular on the use, by the state and the landed elite, of legislative interventions, bureaucratic power, and electoral politics, to reinforce and reproduce the institutional framework of politics in Punjab. Finally, the thesis also looks at points in time during which this dominant institutional path has been challenged, albeit unsuccessfully, with a view towards understanding both the circumstances under which such challenges can emerge, and the lessons that can be learnt from these episodes with regards to the prospects for the creation of a democratic and participatory politics in the province. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES .......................................................................................................... VIII ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................ IX CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 4 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 13 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY, ANALYTICAL TOOLS, AND CONCEPTS ................................................................................... 28 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 28 HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 29 The Case Study Method................................................................................................................. 31 Historical Institutionalism ............................................................................................................ 34 PATH DEPENDENCE ............................................................................................................................ 36 Critical Junctures and Path Dependence...................................................................................... 41 Process Tracing ............................................................................................................................ 48 A NOTE ON PRIMARY SOURCES .......................................................................................................... 52 THE CONCEPTS OF CLASS AND STATE IN PUNJAB ............................................................................... 53 Class.............................................................................................................................................. 54 The State ....................................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER THREE: THE FOUNDATIONS OF COLONIAL RULE IN PUNJAB ............................................................................................. 75 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 75 THE INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN INDIA .................................................... 78 COLONIAL RULE IN PUNJAB : THE FOUNDING YEARS , 1849-1857 ...................................................... 84 THE ARISTOCRATIC REACTION , 1857-1868 ........................................................................................ 93 THE CANAL COLONIES ..................................................................................................................... 100 THE DEBT CRISIS AND THE PUNJAB ALIENATION OF LAND ACT 1900.............................................. 114 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................... 119 CHAPTER FOUR: REPRODUCING THE STATE-LANDLORD BARGAIN IN COLONIAL PUNJAB ................................................ 120 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 120 PUNJAB IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY .................................................................................. 121 BUREAUCRATIC POWER AND PATRONAGE ....................................................................................... 126 ELECTORAL COMPETITION , THE STATE , AND THE LANDED ELITE .................................................... 135 Electoral Rules ............................................................................................................................ 135 Political Parties .......................................................................................................................... 140 LEGISLATIVE POWER AND THE LANDED ELITE ................................................................................. 146 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................... 163 CHAPTER 5: FACTIONALISM, ELECTIONS, AND THE STATE- LANDLORD BARGAIN ...................................................................... 165 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 165 PARTY POLITICS , PARTITION , AND THE PERPETUATION OF LANDED POWER .................................... 167 LANDED FACTIONALISM , INTRA -CLASS CONFLICT , AND AUTHORITARIANISM IN PAKISTAN ........... 180 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................... 195 iv CHAPTER 6: MILITARY AUTHORITARIANISM AND THE LANDED ELITE IN PUNJAB ............................................................ 198 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 198 THE ENDURING ROOTS OF MILITARY POWER IN PAKISTAN .............................................................. 199 AYUB KHAN AND THE RE-ENTRENCHMENT OF THE STATE -LANDLORD BARGAIN ............................ 202 DICTATORSHIP , DEMOCRACY , AND THE PUNJABI LANDED ELITE ..................................................... 215 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................
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