For other uses, see Sherlock Holmes (disambiguation). tween medical investigation and the detection of crime.[7] Another inspiration is thought to be Francis “Tanky” Sherlock Holmes (/ˈʃɜːrlɒk ˈhoʊmz/) is a fictional private Smith, a policeman and master of disguise who went on detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan to become Leicester’s first private detective.[8] Doyle. Known as a “consulting detective” in the sto- Another inspiration might be Maximilien Heller, by ries, Holmes is known for a proficiency with observation, French author Henry Cauvain. It is not known if Co- , and logical reasoning that borders on the nan Doyle read Maximilien Heller, but in this 1871 fantastic, which he employs when investigating cases for a novel (16 years before the first adventure of Sherlock wide variety of clients, including Scotland Yard. First ap- Holmes), Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed, anti- pearing in print in 1887 (in ), the char- social, polymath, cat-loving, and opium-smoking Paris- acter’s popularity became widespread with the first series based detective.[9][10][11] of short stories in , beginning with "" in 1891; additional stories ap- peared from then to 1927, eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories. All but one are set in the Victorian 2 Fictional character biography or Edwardian periods, taking place between about 1880 to 1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes’s 2.1 Early life friend and biographer Dr. Watson, who usually accom- panies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street, London, where many of the stories begin. Though not the first fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes is arguably the most well-known, with Guinness World Records listing him as the “most portrayed movie charac- ter” in history.[1] Holmes’s popularity and fame are such that many have believed him to be not a fictional charac- ter but a real individual;[2][3][4] numerous literary and fan societies have been founded that pretend to operate on this principle. The stories and character have had a pro- found and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole, with both the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays, television, films, video games, and other media for over one hundred years.

1 Inspiration for the character

Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by Joseph Bell, a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of for whom he had worked as a clerk. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing broad conclusions from minute observations.[5] However, he later wrote to Doyle: “You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and well you know it”.[6] Sir , Chair of Medi- cal Jurisprudence at the Medical The cover page of Beeton’s Christmas Annual issue which con- School, is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes. Little- tains Holmes’s first appearance in 1887 (A Study in Scarlet). john, who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh, provided Doyle with a link be- Details about Sherlock Holmes’s life, except for the ad-

1 2 2 FICTIONAL CHARACTER BIOGRAPHY

ventures in the books, are scarce in Conan Doyle’s orig- inal stories. Nevertheless, mentions of his early life and extended family paint a loose biographical picture of the detective. An estimate of Holmes’s age in "" places his year of birth at 1854; the story, set in August 1914, describes him as sixty years of age.[12] Holmes says that he first developed his methods of deduction as an under- graduate; his earliest cases, which he pursued as an ama- teur, came from fellow university students.[13] A meeting with a classmate’s father led him to adopt detection as a profession,[14] and he spent six years after university as a consultant before financial difficulties led him to accept John H. Watson as a fellow lodger (when the first pub- lished story, “A Study in Scarlet”, begins). Beginning in 1881 Holmes has lodgings at 221B Baker Street, London. According to an early story[15] 221B is an apartment at the upper end of the street, up seventeen Holmes and Watson in a illustration for "Silver steps. Until Watson’s arrival Holmes worked alone, only Blaze". occasionally employing agents from the city’s underclass; these agents included a host of informants, and a group cold and unemotional manner. You have of street children he called “the Baker Street Irregulars". attempted to tinge it ["A Study in Scarlet"] The Irregulars appear in three stories: A Study in Scarlet, with romanticism, which produces much the and "The Adventure of the Crooked same effect as if you worked a love-story .... Man". Some facts should be suppressed, or, at least, a His parents are not mentioned in the stories, although just sense of proportion should be observed in Holmes mentions that his “ancestors” were “country treating them. The only point in the case which squires". In "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", he deserved mention was the curious analytical claims that his grandmother was sister to the French artist reasoning from effects to causes, by which I Vernet, without further clarifying whether this is Claude succeeded in unravelling it.[17] Joseph, Carle, or Horace Vernet. Holmes’s brother — Sherlock Holmes on John Watson’s “pam- Mycroft, seven years his senior, is a government offi- phlet”, The Sign of the Four cial who appears in “The Adventure of the Greek Inter- preter”, "The Final Problem", and "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans" and is mentioned in "The Ad- Nevertheless, Holmes’s friendship with Watson is his venture of the Empty House". Mycroft has a unique civil most significant relationship. When Watson is injured service position as a kind of human database for all as- by a bullet, although the wound turns out to be “quite su- pects of government policy. He lacks Sherlock’s interest perficial”, Watson is moved by Holmes’s reaction: in physical investigation, however, preferring to spend his time at the Diogenes Club. It was worth a wound; it was worth many wounds; to know the depth of loyalty and love which lay behind that cold mask. The clear, 2.2 Life with Watson hard eyes were dimmed for a moment, and the firm lips were shaking. For the one and only Holmes works as a detective for twenty-three years, with time I caught a glimpse of a great heart as well physician John Watson assisting him for seventeen.[16] as of a great brain. All my years of humble but They were roommates before Watson’s 1887 marriage single-minded service culminated in that mo- and again after his wife's death. Their residence is main- ment of revelation.[18] tained by their landlady, Mrs. Hudson. Most of the stories are frame narratives, written from Watson’s point of view as summaries of the detective’s most interesting 2.3 The cases. Holmes frequently calls Watson’s writing sensa- Great Hiatus tional and populist, suggesting that it fails to accurately and objectively report the “science” of his craft: Conan Doyle wrote the first set of stories over the course of a decade. Wishing to devote more time to his histori- Detection is, or ought to be, an exact cal novels, he killed off Holmes in a final battle with the science and should be treated in the same criminal mastermind Professor James Moriarty in “The 3

mary occupation. The move is not dated precisely, but can be presumed to predate 1904 (since it is referred to retrospectively in “The Second Stain”, first published that year). The story features Holmes and Watson coming out of retirement to aid the war effort. Only one other adven- ture, "The Adventure of the Lion’s Mane" (narrated by Holmes), takes place during the detective’s retirement.

3 Personality and habits

Holmes and Moriarty struggle at the Reichenbach Falls; drawing by Sidney Paget.

Final Problem” (published 1893, but set in 1891). After resisting public pressure for eight years, the author wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles (which appeared in 1901, with an implicit setting before Holmes’s death; some the- orise that it occurs after “The Return”, with Watson plant- ing clues to an earlier date).[19][20] In 1903 Conan Doyle wrote “The Adventure of the Empty House”, set in 1894; Holmes reappears, explaining to a stunned Watson that he had faked his death in “The Final Problem” to fool his enemies. “The Adventure of the Empty House” marks Sidney Paget illustration from “The Adventure of the Golden the beginning of the second set of stories, which Conan Pince-Nez” Doyle wrote until 1927. Watson describes Holmes as "bohemian" in his habits Holmes aficionados refer to the period from 1891 to and lifestyle. Described by Watson in The Hound of the 1894—between his disappearance and presumed death in Baskervilles as having a “cat-like” love of personal clean- “The Final Problem” and his reappearance in “The Ad- liness, Holmes is an eccentric with no regard for contem- venture of the Empty House”—as the Great Hiatus:[21] porary standards of tidiness or good order. In "The Ad- the earliest known use of this expression is in the arti- venture of the Musgrave Ritual", Watson says: cle “Sherlock Holmes and the Great Hiatus” by Edgar W. Smith, published in the July 1946 issue of The Baker Street Journal. The 1908 short story "The Adventure of Although in his methods of thought he was Wisteria Lodge" is however described as taking place in the neatest and most methodical of mankind 1892 due to an error on Conan Doyle’s part. ... [he] keeps his cigars in the coal-scuttle, his tobacco in the toe end of a Persian slip- per, and his unanswered correspondence trans- 2.4 Retirement fixed by a jack-knife into the very centre of his wooden mantelpiece ... He had a horror In “His Last Bow”, Holmes has retired to a small farm of destroying documents .... Thus month af- on the Sussex Downs and taken up beekeeping as his pri- ter month his papers accumulated, until every 4 3 PERSONALITY AND HABITS

corner of the room was stacked with bundles houses—when he feels it morally justifiable,[24] but con- of manuscript which were on no account to be demns Holmes’ manipulation of innocent people in "The burned, and which could not be put away save Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton". [13] by their owner. Holmes derives pleasure from baffling police inspec- tors with his deductions, and has supreme confidence— In many of the stories, Holmes dives into an apparent bordering on arrogance—in his intellectual abilities. mess to find an item most relevant to a mystery. The While the detective does not actively seek fame and is detective starves himself at times of intense intellectual usually content to let the police take public credit for his activity, such as during "The Adventure of the Norwood work,[25] Holmes is pleased when his skills are recog- Builder"—wherein, according to Watson: nised, and responds to flattery.[26] Police outside Lon- don ask Holmes for assistance if he is nearby, even dur- [Holmes] had no breakfast for himself, for ing a vacation.[26] Watson’s stories and newspaper arti- it was one of his peculiarities that in his more cles reveal Holmes’s role in the cases, and he becomes intense moments he would permit himself no well known as a detective; many clients ask for his help food, and I have known him to presume upon instead of (or in addition to) that of the police.[27] his iron strength until he has fainted from pure inanition.[22] Government officials and royalty are among those he serves. A Prime Minister[28] and the King of Bo- hemia[29] visit 221B Baker Street to request Holmes’s assistance; the government of France awards him its Legion of Honour for solving a case;[30] Holmes declines a knighthood “for services which may perhaps some day be described";[18] the King of Scandinavia is a client;[31] and he aids the Vatican at least twice.[32] The detective acts on behalf of the British government in matters of national security several times.[33] As shooting practice during a period of boredom, Holmes decorates the wall of his Baker Street lodgings with a “patriotic” VR (Victoria Regina) in “bullet-pocks” from his revolver.[13] Although the detective is usually dispassionate and cold, during an investigation he is animated and excitable. He has a flair for showmanship, preparing elaborate traps to capture and expose a culprit (often to impress observers).[34] Except for that of Watson, Holmes avoids casual com- pany; when Watson proposes visiting a friend’s home for rest, Holmes only agrees after learning that “the establish- ment was a bachelor one, and that he would be allowed the fullest freedom”.[26] In “The Adventure of the Gloria Scott" he tells the doctor that during two years at college he made only one friend, Victor Trevor: “I was never a very sociable fellow, Watson, always rather fond of mop- ing in my rooms and working out my own little methods Sidney Paget, whose illustrations in The Strand Magazine iconi- of thought, so that I never mixed much with the men of cised Holmes and Watson. my year; ... my line of study was quite distinct from that of the other fellows, so that we had no points of contact Although his chronicler does not consider Holmes’s habit- at all”. The detective is similarly described by Stamford ual use of a pipe (or his less frequent use of cigarettes and in A Study in Scarlet. cigars) a vice per se, Watson—a physician—occasionally criticises the detective for creating a “poisonous at- Holmes relaxes with music in "The Red-Headed League", mosphere” of tobacco smoke.[23] Holmes acknowledges taking the evening off from a case to listen to Pablo de Watson’s disapproval in "The Adventure of the Devil’s Sarasate play violin. His enjoyment of vocal music, par- Foot": “I think, Watson, that I shall resume that course of ticularly Wagner’s, is evident in "The Adventure of the tobacco-poisoning which you have so often and so justly Red Circle". condemned”. His companion condones the detective’s willingness to bend the truth (or break the law) on behalf of a client— lying to the police, concealing evidence or breaking into 3.3 Attitudes towards women 5

bank in “The Red-Headed League” to reimburse him for money spent solving the case. Holmes has his wealthy banker client in "The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet" pay the costs of recovering the stolen gems, and claims the reward posted for their recovery. In "The Problem of Thor Bridge" the detective says, “My professional charges are upon a fixed scale. I do not vary them, save when I remit [omit] them altogether”. In this context a client is offering to double his fee, and it is implied that wealthy clients habitually pay Holmes more than his standard fee. The detective tells Watson, in "A Case of Identity", about a gold snuff box received from the King of Bohemia af- ter “A Scandal in Bohemia” and about a valuable ring given to him by the Dutch royal family; in “The Adven- ture of the Bruce-Partington Plans”, he receives an emer- ald tie pin from Queen Victoria. In "The Adventure of the Priory School" Holmes rubs his hands with glee when the Duke of Holdernesse mentions his ₤6,000 fee, the amount of which surprises even Watson (at a time where 1891 Sidney Paget Strand portrait of Holmes for "The Man with annual expenses for a rising young professional were in the Twisted Lip" the area of ₤500).[37] However, in "The Adventure of Black Peter" Watson notes that Holmes would refuse to help even the wealthy and powerful if their cases did not 3.1 Drug use interest him.

Holmes occasionally uses addictive drugs, especially in the absence of stimulating cases. He uses cocaine, which 3.3 Attitudes towards women he injects in a seven-percent solution with a syringe kept in a Morocco leather case. Although Holmes also dab- bles in morphine, he expresses strong disapproval when he visits an opium den; both drugs were legal in late- 19th-century England. Watson and Holmes use tobacco, smoking cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, and the detective is an expert at identifying tobacco-ash residue. As a physician Watson strongly disapproves of his friend’s cocaine habit, describing it as the detective’s “only vice”, and concerned about its effect on Holmes’s mental health and intellect.[35][36] In "The Adventure of the Miss- ing Three-Quarter" Watson says that although he has “weaned” Holmes from drugs, he remains an addict whose habit is “not dead, but merely sleeping”.

3.2 Finances

During his career, Holmes works for the most power- ful monarchs and governments of Europe (including his own), wealthy aristocrats and industrialists, and impover- ished pawnbrokers and governesses. Although when the stories begin Holmes initially needed Watson to share the rent for their residence at 221B Baker Street, by the time of “The Final Problem”, he says that his services to the government of France and the royal house of Scandinavia had left him with enough money to retire comfortably. The detective is known to charge clients for his expenses 1904 Sidney Paget illustration of The Adventure of Charles Au- and claim any reward offered for a problem’s solution; in gustus Milverton "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" he says that He- len Stoner may pay any expenses he incurs, and asks the As Doyle wrote to Joseph Bell, “Holmes is as inhuman as 6 4 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS a Babbage's calculating machine and just about as likely 3.3.1 to fall in love”.[38] Holmes says in , “I am not a whole-souled admirer of womankind”,[39] and Main article: Irene Adler in "The Adventure of the Second Stain" finds “the mo- tives of women ... inscrutable .... How can you build Irene Adler is a retired American opera singer and actress on such quicksand? Their most trivial actions may mean who appears in "A Scandal in Bohemia". Although this is volumes ... their most extraordinary conduct may depend her only appearance in the canon, she is one of the most upon a hairpin or a curling tongs”.[40] In The Sign of the notable female characters in the stories: the only woman Four he says, “I would not tell them too much. Women who has ever challenged Holmes intellectually, and one of are never to be entirely trusted—not the best of them”. only a handful of people who ever bested him in a battle Watson calls him “an automaton, a calculating machine”, of wits. For this reason, Adler is the frequent subject of and the detective replies: “It is of the first importance not pastiche writing. The beginning of the story describes the to allow your judgement to be biased by personal quali- high regard in which Holmes holds her: ties. A client is to me a mere unit—a factor in a problem. The emotional qualities are antagonistic to clear reason- ing. I assure you that the most winning woman I ever To Sherlock Holmes she is always the knew was hanged for poisoning three little children for woman. I have seldom heard him mention her their insurance-money”.[41] under any other name. In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex. It was At the end of The Sign of Four Watson reveals to Holmes not that he felt any emotion akin to love for that “Miss Morstan has done me the honour to accept me Irene Adler ... yet there was but one woman to as a husband in prospective.” him, and that woman was the late Irene Adler, He gave a most dismal groan. 'I feared as much,' said of dubious and questionable memory. he. 'I really cannot congratulate you.' I was a little hurt. 'Have you any reason to be dissatisfied with my choice?' I Five years before the story’s events, Adler had a brief li- asked. 'Not at all. I think she is one of the most charming aison with Crown Prince of Bohemia Wilhelm von Orm- young ladies I ever met, and might have been most useful stein while she was prima donna of the Imperial Opera in such work as we have been doing. She had a decided of Warsaw. Recently engaged to the daughter of the genius that way; [...] But love is an emotional thing, and King of Scandinavia and fearful that, if his fiancée’s fam- whatever is emotional is opposed to that true cold rea- ily learned of this impropriety, their marriage would be son which I place above all things. I should never marry called off, Ormstein hires Holmes to regain a photograph myself, lest I bias my judgement.' of Adler and himself. Adler slips away before Holmes (The Complete Illustrated Sherlock Holmes, Omega can succeed, leaving only a photograph of herself (alone) Books Ltd., 1986, ISBN 1-85007-055-5, p. 92) and a note to Holmes that she will not blackmail Orm- Watson says in “The Adventure of the Copper Beeches” stein. that the detective inevitably “manifested no further inter- Her memory is kept alive by the photograph of Adler that est in the client when once she had ceased to be the centre Holmes received for his part in the case. of one of his problems”. In "The Lion’s Mane", Holmes writes, “Women have seldom been an attraction to me, for my brain has always governed my heart,” indicating 4 Knowledge and skills that he has been attracted to women on occasion, but has not been interested in pursuing relationships with them. Ultimately, however, in "The Adventure of the Devil’s In the first novel, A Study in Scarlet, Holmes’ background Foot" he claims outright that “I have never loved...”. is presented. In early 1881 he is a chemistry student with a number of eccentric interests, almost all of which Despite his overall attitude, Holmes is adept at effortlessly make him adept at solving crimes. Shortly after meeting putting his clients at ease, and Watson says that although Holmes, Watson assesses the detective’s abilities: the detective has an “aversion to women”, he has “a pe- culiarly ingratiating way with [them]". Watson notes in “The Adventure of the Dying Detective” that Mrs. Hud- 1. Knowledge of Literature – nil. son is fond of Holmes because of his “remarkable gen- 2. Knowledge of Philosophy – nil. tleness and courtesy in his dealings with women. He dis- liked and distrusted the sex, but he was always a chival- 3. Knowledge of Astronomy – nil. rous opponent”.[42] In “The Adventure of Charles Augus- 4. Knowledge of Politics – Feeble. tus Milverton,” the detective easily manages to become 5. Knowledge of Botany – Variable. Well engaged under false pretenses in order to obtain informa- up in belladonna, opium and poisons gen- tion about a case, but also abandons the woman once he erally. Knows nothing of practical gar- has the information he requires. dening. 4.1 Holmesian deduction 7

6. Knowledge of Geology – Practical, but the detective calls himself “an omnivorous reader with a limited. Tells at a glance different soils strangely retentive memory for trifles”. from each other. After walks, has shown The detective is particularly skilled in the analysis of me splashes upon his trousers, and told physical evidence, including latent prints (such as foot- me by their colour and consistence in prints, hoof prints, and bicycle tracks) to identify actions what part of London he had received at a crime scene (“A Study in Scarlet”, "The Adventure of them. Silver Blaze", “The Adventure of the Priory School”, The 7. Knowledge of Chemistry – Profound. Hound of the Baskervilles,"The Boscombe Valley Mys- 8. Knowledge of Anatomy – Accurate, but tery"); using tobacco ashes and cigarette butts to identify unsystematic. criminals ("The Adventure of the Resident Patient", The Hound of the Baskervilles); comparing typewritten letters 9. Knowledge of Sensational Literature – to expose a fraud (“A Case of Identity”); using gunpow- Immense. He appears to know every de- der residue to expose two murderers ("The Adventure of tail of every horror perpetrated in the the Reigate Squire"); comparing bullets from two crime century. scenes (“The Adventure of the Empty House”); analyzing 10. Plays the violin well. small pieces of human remains to expose two murders 11. Is an expert singlestick player, boxer and ("The Adventure of the Cardboard Box"), and an early swordsman. use of fingerprints ("The Norwood Builder"). 12. Has a good practical knowledge of British Holmes demonstrates a knowledge of psychology in “A law. Scandal in Bohemia”, luring Irene Adler into betraying , A Study in Scarlet where she hid a photograph based on the premise that an unmarried woman will save her most valued possession Subsequent stories reveal that Watson’s early assessment from a fire. Another example is in "The Adventure of was incomplete in places and inaccurate in others. At the Blue Carbuncle", where Holmes obtains information the end of A Study in Scarlet Holmes demonstrates a from a salesman with a wager: “When you see a man with knowledge of Latin. Despite Holmes’s supposed igno- whiskers of that cut and the 'Pink 'un' protruding out of rance of politics, in “A Scandal in Bohemia” he immedi- his pocket, you can always draw him by a bet .... I daresay ately recognises the true identity of “Count von Kramm”. that if I had put 100 pounds down in front of him, that His speech is peppered with references to the Bible, man would not have given me such complete information Shakespeare, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and the as was drawn from him by the idea that he was doing me detective quotes a letter from Gustave Flaubert to George on a wager”. Sand in the original French. At the end of “A Case of Identity”, Holmes quotes Hafez. In The Hound of the Baskervilles, the detective recognises works by Martin 4.1 Holmesian deduction Knoller and Joshua Reynolds: “Excuse the admiration of a connoisseur .... Watson won't allow that I know any- Holmes’s primary intellectual detection method is thing of art, but that is mere jealousy, since our views abductive reasoning.[45][46] Holmesian deduction consists upon the subject differ”. In “The Adventure of the Bruce- primarily of observation-based inferences, such as his Partington Plans” Watson says that in November 1895 study of cigar ashes.[45][47][48] “From a drop of water”, “Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had un- he writes, “a logician could infer the possibility of an dertaken upon the Polyphonic Motets of Lassus", con- Atlantic or a Niagara without having seen or heard of one sidered “the last word” on the subject.[43] Holmes is also or the other”.[49] In “A Scandal in Bohemia”, Holmes de- a cryptanalyst, telling Watson in “The Adventure of the duces that Watson had gotten wet lately and had “a most Dancing Men": “I am fairly familiar with all forms of se- clumsy and careless servant girl”. When Watson asks how cret writing, and am myself the author of a trifling mono- Holmes knows this, the detective answers: graph upon the subject, in which I analyse one hundred [44] and sixty separate ciphers”. It is simplicity itself .... My eyes tell me In A Study in Scarlet Holmes claims to be unaware that the that on the inside of your left shoe, just where earth revolves around the sun, since such information is the firelight strikes it, the leather is scored by irrelevant to his work; after hearing that fact from Watson, six almost parallel cuts. Obviously they have he says he will immediately try to forget it. The detective been caused by someone who has very care- believes that the mind has a finite capacity for information lessly scraped round the edges of the sole in or- storage, and learning useless things reduces one’s ability der to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, you to learn useful things. The later stories move away from see, my double deduction that you had been out this notion: in the second chapter of The Valley of Fear in vile weather, and that you had a particularly he says, “All knowledge comes useful to the detective”, malignant boot-slitting specimen of the Lon- and near the end of “The Adventure of the Lion’s Mane” don slavey. 8 4 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

to incriminate the guilty. In the latter story Watson says, “The stage lost a fine actor ... when [Holmes] became a specialist in crime”.[54]

4.3 Combat

British Army (Adams) Mark III, which differed from the Mark II in its ejector-rod design

Poster for the 1900 play Sherlock Holmes by Conan Doyle and actor William Gillette, which included the line “Elementary, my dear Watson” (a phrase absent from the stories)

Deductive reasoning allows Holmes to learn a stranger’s occupation, such as the retired Marine sergeant in A Study in Scarlet; the ship’s-carpenter-turned-pawnbroker in “The Red-Headed League”, and the billiard-marker and retired artillery non-commissioned officer in “The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter”. By studying inan- imate objects, he makes deductions about their owners Webley Bulldog (Watson’s pocket watch in The Sign of the Four and a hat,[50] pipe,[51] and walking stick[52] in other stories). The detective’s guiding principle, as he says in The Sign of the Four and elsewhere in the stories, is: “When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, how- ever improbable, must be the truth”.[53] However, Conan Doyle does not paint Holmes as infalli- ble (his fallibility being a central theme of "The Adven- ture of the Yellow Face").[51]

4.2 Disguises

Holmes displays a strong aptitude for acting and disguise. 1868 Webley RIC In several stories (“The Adventure of Charles Augus- tus Milverton”, "The Man with the Twisted Lip", “The Adventure of the Empty House” and “A Scandal in Bo- hemia”), to gather evidence undercover he uses disguises 4.3.1 Pistols so convincing that Watson fails to recognise him. In oth- ers (“The Adventure of the Dying Detective” and, again, Holmes and Watson carry pistols with them—in Watson’s “A Scandal in Bohemia”), Holmes feigns injury or illness case, his old service weapon (probably a Mark III Adams 9

revolver, issued to British troops during the 1870s).[55] In 4.3.5 Martial arts the stories, the pistols are used (or displayed) on a num- ber of occasions. In "The Musgrave Ritual" Holmes is In “The Adventure of the Empty House”, Holmes tells described as decorating the wall of his flat with a patri- Watson that he used martial arts to fling Moriarty to his otic VR (Victoria Regina) of bullet holes. Holmes and death in the Reichenbach Falls: “I have some knowledge Watson shoot the eponymous hound in The Hound of the ... of baritsu, or the Japanese system of wrestling, which Baskervilles, and in “The Adventure of the Empty House” has more than once been very useful to me”. “Baritsu” Holmes pistol-whips Colonel Sebastian Moran. In "The is Conan Doyle’s version of bartitsu, which combined Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist", “The Adventure of jujitsu with boxing and cane fencing.[57] Black Peter” and "The Adventure of the Dancing Men" Holmes or Watson use a pistol to capture the criminals, and the detective uses Watson’s revolver to reconstruct a 4.3.6 Physical strength crime in “The Problem of Thor Bridge”. A Webley Bull- dog (carried by Holmes),[55] Webley RIC[55] and Webley- The detective is described (or demonstrated) as possess- Government (“WG”) army revolver[55] have been associ- ing above-average physical strength. In “The Adventure ated with Holmes and Watson. of the Speckled Band”, Dr. Roylott demonstrates his strength by bending a fire poker in half. Watson describes Holmes as laughing, "'I am not quite so bulky, but if he had remained I might have shown him that my grip 4.3.2 Cane and sword was not much more feeble than his own.' As he spoke he picked up the steel poker and, with a sudden effort, As a gentleman, Holmes often carries a stick or cane. He straightened it out again.” In “The Yellow Face” Holmes’s is described by Watson as an expert at singlestick, and chronicler says, “Few men were capable of greater mus- uses his cane twice as a weapon.[56] In A Study in Scarlet cular effort.” Watson describes Holmes as an expert swordsman, and in “The Adventure of the Gloria Scott" the detective prac- tises fencing. 5 Influence

4.3.3 Riding crop

In several stories Holmes carries a riding crop, threaten- ing to thrash a swindler with it in “A Case of Identity”. With a “hunting crop”, Holmes knocks a pistol from John Clay’s hand in “The Red-Headed League” and drives off the adder in “The Adventure of the Speckled Band”. In "The Six Napoleons" he uses his crop (described as his favourite weapon) to break open one of the plaster busts.

4.3.4 Boxing

Holmes is an adept bare-knuckle fighter; in The Sign of the Four he introduces himself to McMurdo, a prize fighter, as “the amateur who fought three rounds with you at Alison’s rooms on the night of your benefit four years back.” McMurdo remembers: “Ah, you're one that has wasted your gifts, you have! You might have aimed high, if you had joined the fancy.” “The Adventure of the Glo- ria Scott" mentions that Holmes trained as a boxer, and in “The Yellow Face” Watson says: “He was undoubt- edly one of the finest boxers of his weight that I have ever seen”. The detective occasionally engages in hand-to-hand com- bat with his adversaries (in “The Adventure of the Soli- Sidney Paget illustration of Holmes for “The Adventure of the tary Cyclist” and "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty"), Abbey Grange” and is always victorious. 10 6 LEGACY

5.1 Forensic science orary fellowship on Holmes[58] for his use of forensic sci- ence and analytical chemistry in popular literature, mak- The Sherlock Holmes stories helped marry forensic sci- ing him (as of 2010) the only fictional character thus hon- ence, particularly Holmes’ acute observation of small oured. clues, and literature. He uses trace evidence (such as shoe and tire impressions), fingerprints, ballistics, and handwriting analysis to evaluate his theories and those 5.2 The detective story of the police. Some of the detective’s investigative tech- niques, such as fingerprint and handwriting analysis, were Although Holmes is not the original fictional detective (he in their infancy when the stories were written; Holmes fre- was influenced by Edgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste Dupin quently laments the contamination of a crime scene, and and Émile Gaboriau's Monsieur Lecoq), his name has crime-scene integrity has become standard investigative become synonymous with the role. The investigating procedure. detective (such as Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot and Dorothy L. Sayers' Lord Peter Wimsey) became a popu- Because of the small scale of much of his evidence (to- lar character for a number of authors. bacco ash, hair, or fingerprints), the detective often uses a magnifying glass at the scene and an optical microscope at his Baker Street lodgings. He uses analytical chemistry 5.3 Scientific literature for blood residue analysis and toxicology to detect poi- sons; Holmes’s home chemistry laboratory is mentioned John Radford (1999)[59] speculated on Holmes’s intelli- in “The Adventure of the Naval Treaty”. Ballistics feature gence. Using Conan Doyle’s stories as data, he applied in “The Adventure of the Empty House” when spent bul- three methods to estimate the detective’s intelligence quo- lets are recovered and matched with a suspected murder tient and concluded that his IQ was about 190. Sny- weapon. der (2004)[60] examined Holmes’s methods in the con- Holmes observes the dress and attitude of his clients and text of mid- to late-19th-century criminology, and Kemp- suspects, noting style and state of wear of their clothes, ster (2006)[61] compared neurologists’ skills with those skin marks (such as tattoos), contamination (such as ink demonstrated by the detective. Didierjean and Gobet stains or clay on boots), their state of mind, and physi- (2008)[62] reviewed the literature on the psychology of cal condition in order to deduce their origins and recent expertise, using Holmes as a model. history.

6 Legacy

6.1 “Elementary, my dear Watson”

Sherlock Holmes Museum, London

Study

19th-century Seibert microscope

He also applies this method to walking sticks (The Hound of the Baskervilles) and hats (“The Adventure of the Blue Drawing room Carbuncle”), with details such as medallions, wear, and contamination yielding information about their owners. The phrase “Elementary, my dear Watson” is never ut- In 2002 the Royal Society of Chemistry bestowed an hon- tered by Holmes in the sixty stories written by Conan 6.3 Societies 11

Doyle. He often observes that his conclusions are “el- the stories with contemporary history to construct biogra- ementary”, however, and occasionally calls Watson “my phies of the two and publishes scholarly analyses from the dear Watson”. One of the nearest approximations of the Holmes universe.[69] phrase appears in “The Adventure of the Crooked Man”, One detail analyzed in the Game is Holmes’s birthdate, when Holmes explains a deduction: "'Excellent!' I cried. [63][64] with Morley contending that the detective was born on 'Elementary,' said he.” 6 January 1854.[72][73] Laurie R. King also speculated The phrase “Elementary, my dear fellow, quite elemen- about Holmes’s birthdate, based on A Study in Scarlet and tary” appears in P. G. Wodehouse's novel, Psmith in the “The Adventure of the Gloria Scott"; details in "Gloria City (1909–1910),[64] and “Elementary, my dear Watson, Scott" indicate that Holmes finished his second (and final) elementary” in his 1915 novel Psmith, Journalist (neither year of university in 1880 or 1885. Watson’s account of spoken by Holmes).[65] The exact phrase “Elementary, his wounding in the Second Afghan War and return to my dear Watson” is used by protagonist Tom Beresford England in A Study in Scarlet place his moving in with in Agatha Christie’s 1922 novel The Secret Adversary. It Holmes in early 1881 or 1882. According to King, this also appears at the end of the 1929 film The Return of suggests that Holmes left university in 1880; if he be- Sherlock Holmes, the first Holmes sound film.[63] William gan university at age 17, his birth year would probably Gillette (who played Holmes on the stage and on radio) be 1861.[74] had previously said, “Oh, this is elementary, my dear fel- Another topic of analysis is the university Holmes at- low”. The phrase may have become familiar because of tended. Dorothy L. Sayers suggested that, given details its use in ’s scripts for The New Adventures of in two of the Adventures, the detective must have stud- Sherlock Holmes radio series, which was broadcast from [66] ied at Cambridge rather than Oxford: “of all the Cam- 1939 to 1947. Holmes utters the exact phrase in the bridge colleges, Sidney Sussex (College) perhaps offered 1953 short story “The Adventure of the Red Widow” by [67] the greatest number of advantages to a man in Holmes’s Conan Doyle’s son, Adrian. position and, in default of more exact information, we may tentatively place him there”.[75] 6.2 The Holmes’s emotional and mental health have long been Great Game subjects of analysis in the Game. At their first meet- ing, in A Study in Scarlet, the detective warns Watson Main article: Sherlockian game that he gets “in the dumps at times” and doesn't open Conan Doyle’s 56 short stories and four novels are his “mouth for days on end”. Leslie S. Klinger (editor of The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes) has suggested that Holmes exhibits signs of bipolar disorder, with intense enthusiasm followed by indolent self-absorption. Other modern readers have speculated that Holmes may have Asperger’s syndrome, based on his intense attention to details, lack of interest in interpersonal relationships, and tendency to speak in monologues.[76] The detective’s iso- lation and distrust of women is said to suggest a desire to escape, with William Baring-Gould (author of Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street: A Life of the World’s First Con- sulting Detective) and others—including Nicholas Meyer, in his story The Seven Percent Solution—implying a fam- ily trauma, the murder of Holmes’s mother, as the cause.

Russ Stutler's view of 221B Baker Street 6.3 Societies known as the "canon" by Holmes aficionados. Early canonical scholars included Ronald Knox in Britain[68] In 1934, the Sherlock Holmes Society (in London) and (credited with inventing “the Game”)[69] and Christopher the Baker Street Irregulars (in New York) were founded. Morley in New York,[70] who founded the Baker Street Both are still active, although the Sherlock Holmes Soci- Irregulars—the first society devoted to the Holmes ety was dissolved in 1937 and revived in 1951. The Lon- canon—in 1934.[71] don society is one of many worldwide who arrange visits The Sherlockian game (also known as the Holmesian to the scenes of Holmes adventures, such as the Reichen- game, the Great Game, or simply the Game) attempts to bach Falls in the Swiss Alps. resolve anomalies and clarify details about Holmes and The two societies founded in 1934 were followed by Watson from the Conan Doyle canon. The Game, which many more Holmesian circles, first in the U.S. (where treats Holmes and Watson as real people (and Conan they are known as “scion societies”—offshoots—of the Doyle as Watson’s literary agent), combines aspects of Baker Street Irregulars) and then in England and Den- 12 7 ADAPTATIONS AND DERIVED WORKS

Holmes. He was the only fictional character so honoured, along with eminent Britons such as Lord Byron, Benjamin Disraeli, and Florence Nightingale.[79] A number of London streets are associated with Holmes. York Mews South, off Crawford Street, was renamed Sherlock Mews, and Watson’s Mews is near Crawford Place.[80]

7 Adaptations and derived works

The popularity of Sherlock Holmes has meant that many writers other than Arthur Conan Doyle have created tales of the detective in a wide variety of different media, with varying degrees of fidelity to the original charac- ters, stories, and setting. According to The Alternative Sherlock Holmes: Pastiches, Parodies, and Copies by Pe- ter Ridgway Watt and Joseph Green, the first known pe- riod pastiche dates from 1893. Titled “The Late Sherlock Holmes”, it came from the pen of Doyle’s close friend, J. M. Barrie, who was to create Peter Pan a decade later. A common take is creating a new story fully detailing an otherwise-passing canonical reference (such as an aside mentioning the "giant rat of Sumatra, a story for which the world is not yet prepared” in "The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire"). Other adaptations have seen the char- Statue of Holmes in an Inverness cape and a deerstalker cap on acter taken in radically different directions or placed in Picardy Place in Edinburgh (Conan Doyle’s birthplace) different times or even universes. For example, Holmes falls in love and marries in Laurie R. King's Mary Russell series, is re-animated after his death to fight future crime mark. There are at least 250 Sherlockian societies world- in the animated series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Cen- wide, including Australia, India, and Japan (whose soci- tury, and is meshed with the setting of H.P. Lovecraft's [77] ety has 80,000 members). Cthulhu Mythos in Neil Gaiman's “A Study in Emerald” (which won the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Short Story). An especially influential pastiche was Nicholas Meyer's 6.4 Museums The Seven-Per-Cent Solution, a 1974 New York Times bestselling novel in which Holmes’s cocaine addiction has For the 1951 Festival of Britain, Holmes’s living room progressed to the point of endangering his career. It was was reconstructed as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibi- made into a film of the same name in 1976, and pop- tion, with a collection of original material. After the fes- ularised the pastiche-writing trend of introducing clearly tival, items were transferred to The Sherlock Holmes (a identified and contemporaneous historical figures (such as London pub) and the Conan Doyle collection housed in Oscar Wilde, Aleister Crowley, or ) into Lucens, Switzerland by the author’s son, Adrian.[77] Both tales featuring Holmes, something Conan Doyle himself exhibitions, each with a Baker Street sitting-room recon- never did. struction, are open to the public. In 1990, the Sherlock Holmes Museum opened on Baker Street in London, followed the next year by a museum in 7.1 Related and derivative writings Meiringen (near the Reichenbach Falls) dedicated to the detective.[77] A private Conan Doyle collection is a per- Main article: Sherlock Holmes pastiches manent exhibit at the Portsmouth City Museum, where the author lived and worked as a physician.[78] In addition to the Holmes canon, Conan Doyle’s 1898 "The Lost Special" features an unnamed “amateur rea- soner” intended to be identified as Holmes by his readers. 6.5 Other honours The author’s explanation of a baffling disappearance, ar- gued in Holmesian style, pokes fun at his own creation. The London Metropolitan Railway named one of its 20 Similar Conan Doyle short stories are the early “The Field electric locomotives deployed in the 1920s for Sherlock Bazaar”, “The Man with the Watches” and 1924’s "How 7.2 Adaptations in other media 13

Watson Learned the Trick", a parody of the Watson– 7.2 Adaptations in other media Holmes breakfast-table scenes. The author wrote other material, especially plays, featuring Holmes. Much of it Main article: Adaptations of Sherlock Holmes appears in Sherlock Holmes: The Published Apocrypha, Further information: List of actors who have played Sher- edited by Jack Tracy; The Final Adventures of Sherlock lock Holmes Holmes, edited by Peter Haining, and The Uncollected Guinness World Records has listed Holmes as the “most Sherlock Holmes, compiled by Richard Lancelyn Green. In terms of writers other than Doyle, authors as diverse as Anthony Burgess, Neil Gaiman, Dorothy B. Hughes, Stephen King, Tanith Lee, A.A. Milne, and P.G. Wode- house have all written Sherlock Holmes pastiches. No- tably, famed American mystery writer John Dickson Carr collaborated with Arthur Conan Doyle’s son, Adrian Co- nan Doyle, on The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes, a pastiche collection from 1954. In 2011 Anthony Horowitz pub- lished a Sherlock Holmes novel, The House of Silk, pre- sented as a continuation of Conan Doyle’s work and with the approval of the Conan Doyle estate.[81] In early 2014 a sequel, Moriarty, was announced and published.[82] Some authors have written tales centred on characters from the canon other than Holmes. The author M.J. Trow wrote a series of seventeen books using Inspector Lestrade as the central character, beginning with The Ad- ventures of Inspector Lestrade in 1985. Carole Nelson Douglas' Irene Adler series is based on “the woman” from “A Scandal in Bohemia”, with the first book (1990’s Good Night, Mr. Holmes) retelling that story from Adler’s point of view. has been the subject of several efforts: Enter the Lion by Michael P. Hodel and Sean M. Wright (1979), a four-book series by Quinn Fawcett, and the 2015 Mycroft, by former NBA star Kareem Abdul- as Holmes Jabbar. John Gardner, Michael Kurland, and Kim New- man, amongst many others, have all written tales in which Holmes’s nemesis Professor Moriarty is the main charac- ter. Laurie R. King recreated Holmes in her Mary Russell series (beginning with 1994’s The Beekeeper’s Appren- tice), set during the First World War and the 1920s. Her Holmes, semi-retired in Sussex, is stumbled upon by a teenaged American girl. Recognising a kindred spirit, he trains her as his apprentice and subsequently marries her. As of 2015, the series included thirteen novels and a novella tied into a book from King’s Kate Martinelli se- ries (The Art of Detection). The Final Solution, a 2004 novella by Michael Chabon, concerns an unnamed but long-retired detective inter- ested in beekeeping who tackles the case of the missing parrot belonging to a nine-year-old Jewish refugee boy from Germany. Mitch Cullin's novel A Slight Trick of the Mind (2005) takes place two years after the end of the Second World War, and explores an old and frail Sher- lock Holmes (now 93) as he comes to terms with a life spent in emotionless logic; this was also adapted into a film, 2015’s Mr. Holmes.

Jeremy Brett as Holmes in the Granada series 14 7 ADAPTATIONS AND DERIVED WORKS portrayed movie character”,[1] with more than 70 actors The 1984–1985 Japanese anime series Sherlock Hound playing the part in over 200 films. His first screen appear- adapted the Holmes stories for children, with its char- ance was in the 1900 Mutoscope film, Sherlock Holmes acters being anthropomorphic dogs. The series was co- Baffled.[83] The detective has appeared in many foreign- directed by Hayao Miyazaki.[86] language versions, including a Russian miniseries broad- [84] Jeremy Brett is considered the definitive Holmes by critic cast in November 2013. Julian Wolfreys.[87] Brett played the detective in four se- William Gillette’s 1899 play Sherlock Holmes, or The ries of Sherlock Holmes, created by John Hawkesworth Strange Case of Miss Faulkner was a synthesis of four for Britain’s Granada Television from 1984 to 1994, and Conan Doyle stories: “A Scandal in Bohemia”, “The Fi- appeared as Holmes on stage. Watson was played by nal Problem”, “The Adventure of the Copper Beeches”, David Burke and Edward Hardwicke in the series. and A Study in Scarlet. In addition to its popularity, the Bert Coules penned The Further Adventures of Sher- play is significant because it, rather than the original sto- lock Holmes[88] starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and ries, introduced the key visual qualities commonly associ- Michael Williams/Andrew Sachs as Watson,[89] based ated with Holmes today: his deerstalker hat and calabash on throwaway references in Doyle’s short stories and pipe. It also formed the basis for the Gillette’s 1916 novels.[88] He also produced original scripts for this se- film, Sherlock Holmes. In his lifetime, Gillette performed ries, which was also issued on CD.[90] Coules had pre- as Holmes some 1,300 times. In the early 1900s, H.A. viously dramatised the entire Holmes canon for Radio Saintsbury took over the role from Gillette for a tour of Four.[88][91] the play. Between this play and Conan Doyle’s own stage adaptation of “The Adventure of the Speckled Band”, The 2009 film Sherlock Holmes,[92] which earned Robert Saintsbury portrayed Holmes over 1,000 times.[85] Downey Jr. a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal of Holmes and which co-starred Jude Law as Watson, fo- Basil Rathbone played Holmes and played cuses on Holmes’s antisocial personality.[93] Downey and Watson in fourteen U.S. films (two for 20th Century Fox Law returned for a 2011 sequel, Sherlock Holmes: A and a dozen for Universal Pictures) from 1939 to 1946, Game of Shadows. As of October 2014, an outline for and in The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes on the a third film has been made, but a script has yet to be Mutual radio network from 1939 to 1946 (before the role written.[94] of Holmes passed to Tom Conway). While the Fox films were period pieces, the Universal films were distinctive Benedict Cumberbatch plays a modern version of the de- for abandoning Victorian Britain and moving to a then- tective (with Martin Freeman as Watson) in the BBC One contemporary setting in which Holmes occasionally bat- TV series Sherlock, which premiered on 25 July 2010. tled Nazis. In the series, created by Mark Gatiss and Steven Moffat, the stories’ original Victorian setting replaced by present- day London. Cumberbatch’s Holmes uses modern tech- nology (including texting and blogging) to help solve crimes.[95] Similarly, on 27 September 2012, Elementary premiered on CBS. Set in contemporary New York, the series features Jonny Lee Miller as Sherlock Holmes and Lucy Liu as a female Dr. Joan Watson. The 2015 film Mr. Holmes,[96] starred Ian McKellen as a retired Sherlock Holmes living in Sussex, in 1947, who grapples with an unsolved case involving a beautiful woman. The film is based on Mitch Cullin's 2005 novel A Slight Trick of the Mind. Holmes has also appeared in video games, including the Adventures of Sherlock Holmes series of seven titles. The detective is based on Jeremy Brett’s portrayal, with the series’s plot independent of the Conan Doyle stories.

7.3 Copyright issues

The copyright for Conan Doyle’s works expired in the United Kingdom at the end of 1980, were revived in 1996, expired again at the end of 2000, and are in the public domain there.[97] All works published in the United States before 1923 are in the public domain; this in- Benedict Cumberbatch as Holmes in Sherlock cludes all the Sherlock Holmes stories, except for some of 15 the short stories collected in The Case-Book of Sherlock 9 See also Holmes. Conan Doyle’s heirs registered the copyright to The Case-Book in 1981 in accordance with the Copyright • Popular culture references to Sherlock Holmes Act of 1976.[97][98][99] • HOLMES 2 (police computer system) On 14 February 2013, Leslie S. Klinger filed a declaratory judgement suit against the Conan Doyle es- • Inductive reasoning tate in the Northern District of Illinois asking the court to acknowledge that the characters of Holmes and Wat- • List of Holmesian studies son were public domain in the U.S.[100] The court ruled in • Giovanni Morelli Klinger’s favour on 23 December, and the Seventh Cir- cuit Court of Appeals affirmed its decision on 16 June 2014.[101] The case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case, letting the ap- 10 References peals court’s ruling stand. This final step resulted in the characters from the Holmes stories, along with all but ten [1] Sherlock Holmes: pipe dreams, Daily Telegraph 15 De- of the Holmes stories, being in the public domain in the cember 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010. [102] U.S. [2] Rule, Sheila (5 November 1989). “Sherlock Holmes’s Mail: Not Too Mysterious”. The New York Times. Re- trieved 10 March 2016. 8 Works [3] Simpson, Aislinn (4 February 2008). “Winston Churchill didn't really exist, say teens”. The Telegraph. Retrieved Main article: Canon of Sherlock Holmes 10 March 2016.

[4] “One in five Britons think Sherlock Holmes, Miss Marple and even Blackadder were genuine historical figures”. 8.1 Novels Mail Online. 5 April 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2016. [5] Lycett, Andrew (2007). The Man Who Created Sherlock • A Study in Scarlet (published 1887 in Beeton’s Christ- Holmes: The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. mas Annual) Free Press. pp. 53–54, 190. ISBN 978-0-7432-7523-1.

• The Sign of the Four (published 1890 in Lippincott’s [6] Barring-Gould, William S. The Annotated Sherlock Monthly Magazine) Holmes. Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. p. 8. ISBN 0-517- 50291-7. • The Hound of the Baskervilles (serialised 1901– 1902 in The Strand) [7] Doyle, A. Conan (1961). The Boys’ Sherlock Holmes, New & Enlarged Edition. Harper & Row. p. 88. • The Valley of Fear (serialised 1914–1915 in The Strand) [8] “Top Hat Terrace (Leicester)". Retrieved 4 January 2015. [9] “Peter D. O'Neill, foreword to Maximilien Heller". Re- trieved 10 November 2015. 8.2 Short story collections [10] "¿Fue Sherlock Holmes un plagio?". Retrieved 10 The short stories, originally published in magazines, were November 2015. later collected in five anthologies: [11] "Maximilien Holmes. How Intertextuality Influences Translation, by Sandro Maria Perna, Università degli • The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (stories pub- Studi di Padova 2013/14” (PDF). Retrieved 10 Novem- lished 1891–1892 in The Strand) ber 2015.

• The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (stories published [12] Klinger, Leslie (2005). The New Annotated Sherlock 1892–1893 in The Strand as further episodes of the Holmes. New York: W.W. Norton. p. xlii. ISBN 0- Adventures) 393-05916-2. [13] Doyle, Arthur Conan (1893). The Original illustrated • The Return of Sherlock Holmes (stories published 'Strand' Sherlock Holmes (1989 ed.). Ware, England: 1903–1904 in The Strand) Wordsworth. pp. 354–355. ISBN 978-1-85326-896-0. • His Last Bow: Some Later Reminiscences of Sherlock [14] "The Adventure of the Gloria Scott" Holmes (stories published 1908–1917) [15] Conan Doyle, Arthur (1892), “A Scandal in Bohemia”, • The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes (stories pub- The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, ISBN 978-0-7607- lished 1921–1927) 1577-2 16 10 REFERENCES

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[75] Dorothy L. Sayers, “Holmes’s College Career”, for the [93] “HFPA – Nominations and Winners”. Goldenglobes.org. Baker Street Studies, edited by H. W. Bell, 1934. In the Retrieved 10 January 2011. foreword to Unpopular Opinions, in which her essay ap- peared, Sayers says that the “game of applying the meth- [94] “Susan Downey Talks The Judge, Sherlock Holmes 3, ods of the Higher Criticism to the Sherlock Holmes canon Pinocchio, Yucatan and More”. Collider. 14 October ... has become a hobby among a select set of jesters here 2014. and in America”. [95] Thorpe, Vanessa (18 July 2010). “The Guardian. Sherlock [76] Lisa Sanders (4 December 2009). “Hidden Clues”. The Holmes is back... sending texts and using nicotine patches". New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2011. London.

[77] “Two Sherlock Holmes museums in Switzerland? Ele- [96] “Mr. Holmes”. Retrieved 27 September 2015. mentary!". Swissinfo. Retrieved 26 October 2014. [97] Itzkoff, Dave (19 January 2010). “For the Heirs to [78] “Welcome to Portsmouth City Museum”. Portsmouth Mu- Holmes, a Tangled Web”. The New York Times. seums and Records. Retrieved 26 October 2014. [98] “Techdirt article”. Techdirt article. Retrieved 10 January [79] Reed, Brian (1934). Railway Engines of the World. Ox- 2011. ford University Press. p. 133. [99] “Elementary My Dear Watson...It’s Called the Public Do- [80] Mews News. Lurot Brand. Published Summer 2009. Re- main...Or is It?". Techdirt.com. 24 December 2009. Re- trieved 24 September 2013. trieved 10 January 2011. 18 11 FURTHER READING

[100] “Holmes belongs to the world”. Free Sherlock!. 14 Febru- • Green, Richard Lancelyn (1987). The Sherlock ary 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013. Holmes Letters. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0-87745-161-3. [101] Stempel, Jonathan (16 June 2014). “Sherlock Holmes be- longs to the public, U.S. court rules”. Reuters. Retrieved • Hall, Trevor (1969). Sherlock Holmes: Ten Literary 16 June 2014. Studies. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-0469- [102] “Sherlock Holmes belongs to us all: Supreme Court de- 4. clines to hear case”. LA Times. 3 November 2014. Re- • trieved 3 November 2014. Hall, Trevor (1977). Sherlock Holmes and his cre- ator. New York: St Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312- 71719-9.

11 Further reading • Hammer, David (1995). The Before-Breakfast Pipe of Mr. Sherlock Holmes. London: Wessex Pr. ISBN • Accardo, Pasquale J. (1987). Diagnosis and De- 0-938501-21-6. tection: Medical Iconography of Sherlock Holmes. • Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. Harrison, Michael (1973). The World of Sherlock ISBN 0-517-50291-7. Holmes. London: Frederick Muller Ltd. • • Baring-Gould, William (1967). The Annotated Jones, Kelvin (1987). Sherlock Holmes and the Sherlock Holmes. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. Kent Railways. Sittingborne, Kent: Meresborough ISBN 0-517-50291-7. Books. ISBN 0-948193-25-5. • • Baring-Gould, William (1962). Sherlock Holmes of Keating, H. R. F. (2006). Sherlock Holmes: The Baker Street: The Life of the World’s First Consulting Man and His World. Edison, NJ: Castle. ISBN 0- Detective. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. OCLC 7858-2112-0. 63103488. • Kestner, Joseph (1997). Sherlock’s Men: Masculin- • Blakeney, T. S. (1994). Sherlock Holmes: Fact or ity, Conan Doyle and Cultural History. Farnham: Fiction?. London: Prentice Hall & IBD. ISBN 1- Ashgate. ISBN 1-85928-394-2. 883402-10-7. • King, Joseph A. (1996). Sherlock Holmes: From • Bradley, Alan (2004). Ms Holmes of Baker Street: Victorian Sleuth to Modern Hero. Lanham, US: The Truth About Sherlock. Alberta: University of Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3180-5. Alberta Press. ISBN 0-88864-415-9. • Klinger, Leslie (2005). The New Annotated Sherlock • Campbell, Mark (2007). Sherlock Holmes. London: Holmes. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393- Pocket Essentials. ISBN 978-0-470-12823-7. 05916-2.

• Dakin, David (1972). A Sherlock Holmes Commen- • Klinger, Leslie (1998). The Sherlock Holmes Refer- tary. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0- ence Library. Indianapolis: Gasogene Books. ISBN 7153-5493-0. 0-938501-26-7.

• Duncan, Alistair (2008). Eliminate the Impossible: • Lester, Paul (1992). Sherlock Holmes in the Mid- An Examination of the World of Sherlock Holmes on lands. Studley, Warwickshire: Brewin Books. Page and Screen. London: MX Publishing. ISBN ISBN 0-947731-85-7. 978-1-904312-31-4. • Lieboe, Eli. Doctor Joe Bell: Model for Sherlock • Duncan, Alistair (2009). Close to Holmes: A Look Holmes. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green Uni- at the Connections Between Historical London, Sher- versity Popular Press, 1982; Madison, Wisconsin: lock Holmes and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. London: University of Wisconsin Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0- MX Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904312-50-5. 87972-198-5

• Duncan, Alistair (2010). The Norwood Author: • Mitchelson, Austin (1994). The Baker Street Irreg- Arthur Conan Doyle and the Norwood Years (1891– ular: Unauthorised Biography of Sherlock Holmes. 1894). London: MX Publishing. ISBN 978-1- Romford: Ian Henry Publications Ltd. ISBN 0- 904312-69-7. 8021-4325-3.

• Fenoli Marc, Qui a tué Sherlock Holmes ? [Who • Payne, David S. (1992). Myth and Modern Man shot Sherlock Holmes ?], Review L'Alpe 45, Glénat- in Sherlock Holmes: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Musée Dauphinois, Grenoble-France, 2009. ISBN the Uses of Nostalgia. Bloomington, Ind: Gaslight’s 978-2-7234-6902-9 Publications. ISBN 0-934468-29-X. 19

• Redmond, Christopher (1987). In Bed with Sherlock • Tracy, Jack (1996). Subcutaneously, My Dear Holmes: Sexual Elements in Conan Doyle’s Stories. Watson: Sherlock Holmes and the Cocaine Habit. London: Players Press. ISBN 0-8021-4325-3. Bloomington, Ind.: Gaslight Publications. ISBN 0- 934468-25-7. • Redmond, Donald (1983). Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Sources. Quebec: McGill-Queen’s Univer- • Wagner, E. J. (2007). La Scienza di Sherlock sity Press. ISBN 0-7735-0391-9. Holmes. Torino: Bollati Boringheri. ISBN 978-0- 470-12823-7. • Rennison, Nick (2007). Sherlock Holmes. The • Unauthorized Biography. London: Grove Press. Weller, Philip (1993). The Life and Times of Sher- ISBN 978-0-8021-4325-9. lock Holmes. Simsbury: Bracken Books. ISBN 1- 85891-106-0. • Richards, Anthony John (1998). Holmes, Chemistry • Wexler, Bruce (2008). The Mysterious World of and the Royal Institution: A Survey of the Scientific Sherlock Holmes. London: Running Press. ISBN Works of Sherlock Holmes and His Relationship with 978-0-7624-3252-3. the Royal Institution of Great Britain. London: Ir- regulars Special Press. ISBN 0-7607-7156-1.

• Riley, Dick (2005). The Bedside Companion to 12 External links Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-7156-1. • “For the Heirs to Holmes, a Tangled Web” - New York Times article • Riley, Peter (2005). The Highways and Byways of Sherlock Holmes. London: P.&D. Riley. ISBN 978- • “The Burden of Holmes”- Wall Street Journal article 1-874712-78-7. • The Sherlock Holmes Society of London (founded 1951) • Roy, Pinaki (Department of English, Malda Col- lege) (2008). The Manichean Investigators: A Post- • Discovering Sherlock Holmes at Stanford University colonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories. New Delhi: • Chess and Sherlock Holmes essay by Edward Win- Sarup and Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-849-4. ter, • • Sebeok, Thomas; Umiker-Sebeok, Jean (1984). Sir Arthur Conan Doyle audio books by Lit2Go "'You Know My Method': A Juxtaposition of from the University of South Florida. Charles S. Peirce and Sherlock Holmes”. In Eco, • Sherlock Holmes plaques on openplaques.org Umberto; Sebeok, Thomas. The Sign of Three: Dupin, Holmes, Peirce. Bloomington, IN: History • The Sherlock Holmes Collections at the University Workshop, Indiana University Press. pp. 11–54. of Minnesota (special collections and rare books) ISBN 978-0-253-35235-4. OCLC 9412985. Previ- ously published as chapter 2, pp. 17–52 of Sebeok, Thomas (1981). The Play of Musement. Blooming- ton, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253- 39994-6. LCCN 80008846. OCLC 7275523.

• Shaw, John B. (1995). Encyclopedia of Sherlock Holmes: A Complete Guide to the World of the Great Detective. London: Pavilion Books. ISBN 1-85793- 502-0.

• Smith, Daniel (2009). The Sherlock Holmes Com- panion: An Elementary Guide. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-84513-458-7.

• Starrett, Vincent (1993). The Private Life of Sher- lock Holmes. London: Prentice Hall & IBD. ISBN 978-1-883402-05-1.

• Tracy, Jack (1988). The Sherlock Holmes Ency- clopedia: Universal Dictionary of Sherlock Holmes. London: Crescent Books. ISBN 0-517-65444-X. 20 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text

• Sherlock Holmes Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes?oldid=723881196 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Magnus Manske, TwoOneTwo, RjLesch, Derek Ross, Eloquence, Mav, Malcolm Farmer, Sjc, Ed Poor, Arvindn, PierreAbbat, Deb, Ortolan88, William Avery, SimonP, Ant, Zoe, Heron, Comte0, Formulax~enwiki, Mintguy, Isis~enwiki, Modemac, Hephaestos, Mrwojo, Frecklefoot, Ed- ward, Kchishol1970, Infrogmation, Tubby, Ken Arromdee, Michael Hardy, Tim Starling, Paul Barlow, Kwertii, Isomorphic, Liftarn, Wwwwolf, Bobby D. 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