Nanotechnology: the Engineer's Frontier

Home , Engineer, Molecular electronics

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Nanotechnology: The Engineer’s Frontier

Dr. Anthony F. Laviano [email protected] 310. 524-4145 October 2004

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

The Vision IEEE Los Angeles Council 14 December 2002 Meeting Crossing the Delaware on 22 December 2002

NANOWorld

21-23 September 2004

1 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Acceptance of Ideas for Application

Innovators First 2.5%

Early Adapters Next 13.5%

Early Majority Next 34%

Late Majority Next 34%

Laggards Remaining 16%

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

You may ask me, “What is Nanotechnology?” My answer is this. “Nanotechnology is the collaboration of chemistry, biology, physics, computer, and material sciences integrated with Engineering, Application and Education entering the Universe of Nanoscale. This means science and engineering focused on creating materials, devices, and systems at the atomic and molecular level.”

Dialogues for The Cookie Jar by Dr. Anthony F. Laviano

2 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Then

Electronics, January 22,1960 Button like Amplifier

Now

Now and Beyond Palm Airplane

3 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

U.S. Funding Trends

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

BAE

4 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Also….Universities and IEEE

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Approved by Congress Signed by President

S. 189 Dec 2003 $3.7B Senate Bill 2515 dated 27 June 2002 Established Nanotechnology in DOD Organization House Bill 766 dated 7 May 2003 Nanotechnology Research and Development Act Nanotechnology

Education NSF 2004 Funded Workforce For 21st Century

5 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

1996 – 2002 Nano-Patents “Nano” in the patent: 2812 “Quantum” in a claim: 1469 “Nano” in a claim: 195 “Nanotechnology” in the patent: 148 “Nanoparticle” in the claim: 90 “Nanotube” in a claim: 60 ‘Nanowire” in a claim: 7 …and growing!

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Generic Technology Readiness Levels

TR9 Actual System Flight Proven Through Successful Mission Operations Flight Tests Life & Operations TR8 Actual System Completed & Flight Qualified Through Test & Demonstration Sciences

TR7 System Prototype Demonstration in a Flight Environment Technology Demonstration TR6 Systems/Subsystem Model or Prototype Demo, in Relevant Environment

TR5 Component and/or Breadboard Validation in Relevant Environment Technology Development TR4 Component and/or Bread Validation in Laboratory Environment Aerospace

Prove Feasibility TR3 Analytical & Experimental Critical Function (Proof of Design)

Basic TR2 Technology Concept and/or Application Formulated Research TR1 Basic Principles Observed & Reported S.A.G.

6 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Nanotechnology Nano-biosensors Nanowires and nanotubes interact with the biochemical world for DNA, protein characterization and sensing

GHz frequency nano-electronics and NEMS Understanding the ultimate speed limits of molecular electronics and single-electron-transistor devices Nano-electromechanical devices Nanotube and Nanowire growth Chemical vapor deposition for devices beyond the lithographic limit Development of thin-film based catalyst technologies Towards THz electronic devices Deep-submicron HEMT devices Quantum transport in the ballistic regime

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Electronics at the Molecular Scale Synthesis of Novel Nanomaterials We can now synthesize and characterize a wide range of nanowire and nanotube materials, allowing investigation of electronics at the scale of individual molecules.

Development and Testing of Nanoelectronics Nanoscale circuits can be 100x smaller than state-of-the art electronics and can operate with single electrons or from quantum physics principles. To take advantage of these circuits, however, further research is required to learn how they truly operate.

Nanocircuit Devices for Chemical Sensors Nanowire electronics are exquisitely sensitive to tiny changes, such as when a molecule from the air lands on the device. This research is leading towards new types of detectors able to sense ultralow concentrations of harmful chemicals.

7 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Atomic & Molecular Basis of Nanotechnology Atom by Atom Assembly of 1-D Metal Wire I The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is used to move Tip single atoms and to assemble them into 1-D chains, thus V Vacuum revealing the formation of band structure. Surface Chemical Sensors – single molecule on 1-D metal chain The adsorption of a single CO molecule on a 1-D Au chain causes dramatic changes in the electronic structure which determines electrical conductivity.

Molecular Electronics – single molecule bridge Individual atoms are moved to form two atomic chains separated by a gap. A molecule is manipulated to bridge this gap, connecting the molecule to two leads.

Nanomagnetism – novel magnetic nanostructures Magnetic atoms are assembled into novel nanostructures and molecules containing a magnetic atom are connected to two magnetic leads.

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Nanowires in Analytical Chemistry

Nanowire Synthesis by Electrodeposition A new method for preparing arrays of size-similar metal and semiconductor nanowires has been developed.

Effects of adsorbed molecule layers on Metal and Semiconductor Nanowires. Why does the attachment of molecules to the surface of metal nanowires modify their conductivity?

BioSensors By anchoring virus particles to metal nanowires, highly selective biosensors can be prepared.

Gas Sensors Metal nanowire arrays that rapidly and selectively detect gases including hydrogen and ammonia have been developed.

8 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Bucky Ball

Fullerenes

Nanotubes

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. The Molecular Switches SYNTHESIS Possibilities Simple & Modular Molecular Electronics

SWITCHING SWITCHING MECHANISM Redox-Controllable Bistable & Hysteretic Electromechanical with Metastability

MOLECULES MOLECULES Amphiphilic MOLECULES Functionalized for Robust for Self-Organization Self-Assembly

DEVICES DEVICES Good Interfacial Interactions Molecular Dependent Between Molecules and Electrodes Switching Signatures

9 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

10 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

MOEMS Although it measures only 2 s 1.5 cm, up to 24 functions can be fit on an eight-channel chip. Besides saving space, the chip can decrease costs by using semiconductor batch fabrication techniques for its manufacture.

Developing better, faster and cheaper laser-based products is the incentive behind increased MOEMS development. There is no clear benefit to low-volume production of the devices. Companies want to move away from the high-cost precision manufacturing components used in huge, room-size printers and photocopiers to MOEMS, which could reduce the size and cost of its machines while also enhancing image

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Integrated Circuit

This photograph is a close-up of a computer chip approximately one square centimeter in area. In integrated circuits, a process called photolithography is used to introduce a precise pattern of conduction lines (wires).

11 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Nano IC Roadmap

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

12 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Competitive Cost Through Engineering Design 100 ACTUAL 90 Influences INFLUENCE 80 70% 70% of Initial ON TOTAL 70 COST 60 Product Cost 50 % 5% 40 20 5% 30 20 10

% MANUFACTURING 30% LABOR 15% MATERIAL ST L CO 50% NA G ITI O TIN RAD OUN DESIGN T ACC Graph - Courtesy of 5% Munro and Associates Buy and Apply Supply Chain Management

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Performance, Functionality, and Today Design Reliability, etc

Today

Size

13 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

t) c n ) ti n x io e ) Time Line for Evolution of Life on Earth s s o e n l m a p o x c m e e u n b h a t i rs s s r u ir si b a f e m s ( h a o s m t n u e n (C i il s st h y D b n t s m ( a ie y r to r t h p S a o n r E o f e o sa a h ) s v l n p e e s e m o o o y a i te o ) S s g c n H m g b l e ra o o n d n s a p i f a n a ( s ts b t o H a e m n te c f B c r m l a r in e o g n o m o r a l e t c i u r f o m p v x n e B S in o e f i e a c ( f r s n d d r n s f s s e t a n n s a a r n o n t n a a s e r i i n h a e l l a p a e g n g e p l s t t p e e o e n s p r s s m a p e b ti b i o e r r p e a t e v i i T t n s e n tm l i F F / rs a i r m if o a p D K i t e r m – – F rs g iv o L C 2 i – n n – i n – F n F – – O S n io io n U – n n – – o l l o n – E o i il il li o – n io i n n ll l li 0 n o ll ll o o i m m i l 0 o o li i i li li m i 0 li l b b l l m 5 0 m , n il i i i 0 7 5 5 0 b b .5 .5 b b 5 4 3 6 2 0 a 5 5 4 2 2 1 5 4 1 N

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

14 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Electronics Today…

Shunt Regulator Buck Converter

Heater Schematic Series Regulator

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

Electronics Today…

Nanoparticles • 1. Surface Pre-organisation

• 2. Plasmon sensing “antenna”

HO2C SH HS SH HS • 3. Optoelectronic assemblies S HS

S S S

S HS S SH • 4. Potentially mobile “reporters” CO2H Photonics

HO C 2 CO2H

HO2C

∆λ = m ∆є -dependence on EM field strength HO2C

Nanocrystals Molecular Sensors (n,0)

(n,n)

15 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

…and Today

On the Head of a Pin

® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

NANOWorldSM Concluding Remark

“… Application and Use is the essence of

April, 2005 Technology. This means, Nanotechnology Santa Clara, California USA is the Engineer’s Frontier, a place to build Mission: Education an Industry”. Goal: Application Objective: USE

www.wescon.com/nanoworld www.nanoworldusa.com

16 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G.

From all of us in the NANOWorld…

Thank You!