® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Nanotechnology: The Engineer’s Frontier Dr. Anthony F. Laviano [email protected] 310. 524-4145 October 2004 Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. The Vision IEEE Los Angeles Council 14 December 2002 Meeting Crossing the Delaware on 22 December 2002 NANOWorld 21-23 September 2004 Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 1 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Acceptance of Ideas for Application Innovators First 2.5% Early Adapters Next 13.5% Early Majority Next 34% Late Majority Next 34% Laggards Remaining 16% Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. You may ask me, “What is Nanotechnology?” My answer is this. “Nanotechnology is the collaboration of chemistry, biology, physics, computer, and material sciences integrated with Engineering, Application and Education entering the Universe of Nanoscale. This means science and engineering focused on creating materials, devices, and systems at the atomic and molecular level.” Dialogues for The Cookie Jar by Dr. Anthony F. Laviano Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 2 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Then Electronics, January 22,1960 Button like Amplifier Now Now and Beyond Palm Airplane Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 3 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. U.S. Funding Trends Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. BAE Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 4 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Also….Universities and IEEE Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Approved by Congress Signed by President S. 189 Dec 2003 $3.7B Senate Bill 2515 dated 27 June 2002 Established Nanotechnology in DOD Organization House Bill 766 dated 7 May 2003 Nanotechnology Research and Development Act Nanotechnology Education NSF 2004 Funded Workforce For 21st Century Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 5 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. 1996 – 2002 Nano-Patents “Nano” in the patent: 2812 “Quantum” in a claim: 1469 “Nano” in a claim: 195 “Nanotechnology” in the patent: 148 “Nanoparticle” in the claim: 90 “Nanotube” in a claim: 60 ‘Nanowire” in a claim: 7 …and growing! Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Generic Technology Readiness Levels TR9 Actual System Flight Proven Through Successful Mission Operations Flight Tests Life & Operations TR8 Actual System Completed & Flight Qualified Through Test & Demonstration Sciences TR7 System Prototype Demonstration in a Flight Environment Technology Demonstration TR6 Systems/Subsystem Model or Prototype Demo, in Relevant Environment TR5 Component and/or Breadboard Validation in Relevant Environment Technology Development TR4 Component and/or Bread Validation in Laboratory Environment Aerospace Prove Feasibility TR3 Analytical & Experimental Critical Function (Proof of Design) Basic TR2 Technology Concept and/or Application Formulated Research TR1 Basic Principles Observed & Reported S.A.G. Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 6 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Nanotechnology Nano-biosensors Nanowires and nanotubes interact with the biochemical world for DNA, protein characterization and sensing GHz frequency nano-electronics and NEMS Understanding the ultimate speed limits of molecular electronics and single-electron-transistor devices Nano-electromechanical devices Nanotube and Nanowire growth Chemical vapor deposition for devices beyond the lithographic limit Development of thin-film based catalyst technologies Towards THz electronic devices Deep-submicron HEMT devices Quantum transport in the ballistic regime Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Electronics at the Molecular Scale Synthesis of Novel Nanomaterials We can now synthesize and characterize a wide range of nanowire and nanotube materials, allowing investigation of electronics at the scale of individual molecules. Development and Testing of Nanoelectronics Nanoscale circuits can be 100x smaller than state-of-the art electronics and can operate with single electrons or from quantum physics principles. To take advantage of these circuits, however, further research is required to learn how they truly operate. Nanocircuit Devices for Chemical Sensors Nanowire electronics are exquisitely sensitive to tiny changes, such as when a molecule from the air lands on the device. This research is leading towards new types of detectors able to sense ultralow concentrations of harmful chemicals. Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 7 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Atomic & Molecular Basis of Nanotechnology Atom by Atom Assembly of 1-D Metal Wire I The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is used to move Tip single atoms and to assemble them into 1-D chains, thus V Vacuum revealing the formation of band structure. Surface Chemical Sensors – single molecule on 1-D metal chain The adsorption of a single CO molecule on a 1-D Au chain causes dramatic changes in the electronic structure which determines electrical conductivity. Molecular Electronics – single molecule bridge Individual atoms are moved to form two atomic chains separated by a gap. A molecule is manipulated to bridge this gap, connecting the molecule to two leads. Nanomagnetism – novel magnetic nanostructures Magnetic atoms are assembled into novel nanostructures and molecules containing a magnetic atom are connected to two magnetic leads. Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Nanowires in Analytical Chemistry Nanowire Synthesis by Electrodeposition A new method for preparing arrays of size-similar metal and semiconductor nanowires has been developed. Effects of adsorbed molecule layers on Metal and Semiconductor Nanowires. Why does the attachment of molecules to the surface of metal nanowires modify their conductivity? BioSensors By anchoring virus particles to metal nanowires, highly selective biosensors can be prepared. Gas Sensors Metal nanowire arrays that rapidly and selectively detect gases including hydrogen and ammonia have been developed. Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 8 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Bucky Ball Fullerenes Nanotubes Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. The Molecular Switches SYNTHESIS Possibilities Simple & Modular Molecular Electronics SWITCHING SWITCHING MECHANISM Redox-Controllable Bistable & Hysteretic Electromechanical with Metastability MOLECULES MOLECULES Amphiphilic MOLECULES Functionalized for Robust for Self-Organization Self-Assembly DEVICES DEVICES Good Interfacial Interactions Molecular Dependent Between Molecules and Electrodes Switching Signatures Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 9 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 10 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. MOEMS Although it measures only 2 s 1.5 cm, up to 24 functions can be fit on an eight-channel chip. Besides saving space, the chip can decrease costs by using semiconductor batch fabrication techniques for its manufacture. Developing better, faster and cheaper laser-based products is the incentive behind increased MOEMS development. There is no clear benefit to low-volume production of the devices. Companies want to move away from the high-cost precision manufacturing components used in huge, room-size printers and photocopiers to MOEMS, which could reduce the size and cost of its machines while also enhancing image Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Integrated Circuit This photograph is a close-up of a computer chip approximately one square centimeter in area. In integrated circuits, a process called photolithography is used to introduce a precise pattern of conduction lines (wires). Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 11 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Nano IC Roadmap Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 12 ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Competitive Cost Through Engineering Design 100 ACTUAL 90 Influences INFLUENCE 80 70% 70% of Initial ON TOTAL 70 COST 60 Product Cost 50 % 5% 40 20 5% 30 20 10 % MANUFACTURING 30% LABOR 15% MATERIAL ST L CO 50% NA G ITI O TIN RAD OUN DESIGN T ACC Graph - Courtesy of 5% Munro and Associates Buy and Apply Supply Chain Management Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano ® “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Performance, Functionality, and Today Design Reliability, etc Today Size Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 13 “… harmonizing things seen and not seen.” – S.A.G. Time Line for Evolut ® 15 billion – Universe begins (Big Bang) ion of Life on Earth 15 billion years ago 5 billion – Formation of Sun and Solar System Copyright © 2004 by Anthony F. Laviano 4.5 billion – Life begins in oceans on Earth 2.5 billion – Continents form 2 billion – O2 atmosphere forms by photosynthesis Years Before Present 1 billion – Simple