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Livre 4-2007 La bibliothèque DOSSIER Margaret Herrick Une mine de ressources sur le cinéma ien que l’Oscar soit le symbole le plus connu de l’Academy of Motion Picture B Arts and Sciences (Académie des arts et sciences cinématographiques), la petite statuette en or est loin de résumer toutes les activités de cette institution. Sa bibliothèque, la Margaret Herrick Library, déjà presque octogénaire, est un service de référence et de recherche de premier plan sur les nombreux aspects d’une industrie, le cinéma, qui est aussi une forme d’expression artistique. Ouverte à tous, cette bibliothèque de sociale et culturelle et de l’évolution recherche et de consultation sur place du graphisme. Ces affiches sont une domiciliée à Beverly Hills, en Californie, source de documentation importante attire les étudiants, les chercheurs, les sur la production cinématographi- professionnels du cinéma, les journa- que, et nombre d’entre elles sont émi- Linda Harris Mehr listes, les réalisateurs et le grand public. nemment emblématiques. Créations Ses fonds conçus pour documenter au départ éphémères, très prisées Margaret Herrick Library sur les multiples facettes, historiques aujourd’hui des collectionneurs, elles [email protected] et actuelles, de l’industrie et des mé- sont tout aussi demandées par les tiers du cinéma, rassemblent non seu- chercheurs que par les commissaires lement des collections de livres et de d’exposition. Celles conservées à la périodiques, de dossiers de presse et Margaret Herrick Library sont, pour de scénarios, mais aussi des collections la plupart, d’un seul tenant, mais il spécialisées de photographies, de ma- en existe aussi en trois ou six feuilles, nuscrits et d’affiches, des documents voire en vingt-quatre feuilles pour illustrés, des enregistrements d’histoire panneaux d’affichage géants : c’est orale et de musique, des bandes-son de le cas de celles du film des Marx Bro- films et des artefacts. thers, Un jour aux courses (1937), et de celles du Banni (1943), un film controversé de Howard Hughes 31 000 affiches qui lança Jane Russell. Si la majorité de ces affiches annoncent des films Très diversifiées, les collections produits aux États-Unis, la bibliothè- spécialisées sont une vraie mine que s’emploie à augmenter sa collec- d’or offerte aux chercheurs et aux tion d’affiches anciennes de films du passionnés du septième art. Il faut monde entier ; elle en possède notam- notamment signaler le fonds de plus ment une que beaucoup considèrent de 31 000 affiches réunies de la fin comme la toute première affiche du du XIXe siècle à nos jours, ensemble cinéma : un exemplaire de L’arroseur remarquable pour l’étude des tech- arrosé (1895) retrouvé dans les archi- * Article traduit de l’anglais par Oristelle Bonis. niques de marketing, de l’histoire ves privées de Louis Lumière. 23 BBF 2007 Paris, t. 52, no 4 Linda Harris Mehr dirige la bibliothèque Margaret Herrick. Professeur et chercheur en histoire et cinéma américains, elle est l’auteur de Motion Pictures, Television and Radio : A Union Catalog of Manuscript and Special Collections in the Western United States (G. K. Hall, 1977), et de nombreux articles. Rétrospectivement, certaines de ces affiches apparaissent comme autant de jalons de l’histoire du ci- néma : ainsi de celles choisies pour présenter Le vagabond (1915) de Charlie Chaplin ; Monte là-dessus (1923) de Harold Lloyd ; deux réali- sations russes : Le cuirassé Potem- COLLECTIONS SINGULIÈRESkine (1925) de Sergei Eisenstein, et L’homme à la caméra (1927) de Dziga Vertov ; L’ange bleu (1930), avec Marlène Dietrich ; La Reine Christine (1932), avec Greta Garbo ; La belle de Saïgon (1932), avec Jean Harlow et Clark Gable ; King Kong (1933) ; Le triomphe de la vo- lonté (1935) de Leni Riefenstahl ; La grande illusion (1937) de Jean Re- noir ; Assurance sur la mort (1944) de Billy Wilder ; Gilda (1946), avec Rita Hayworth ; Le voleur de bicy- clette (1948) de Vittorio De Sica ; Le jour où la terre s’arrêta (1951) de Robert Wise ; Le train sifflera trois fois (1952), de Fred Zinnemann ; Les vacances de M. Hulot (1953) de Jacques Tati ; La strada (1954) de Federico Fellini ; La fureur de vivre (1955), avec James Dean ; Le château de l’araignée (1957) d’Akira Kurosawa ; Le septième sceau (1957) d’Ingmar Bergman ; Les quatre cents coups (1959) de François Truffaut. La collection comprend également tou- tes les affiches de films ayant reçu 1950 et 1980, et dont certaines comp- personnels de gens du métier (pro- l’Oscar du meilleur film. tent parmi les œuvres graphiques les ducteurs, réalisateurs, scénaristes, Mentionnons par ailleurs trois col- plus réussies de cette période. acteurs, directeurs de la photo et lections d’affiches uniques au monde : directeurs artistiques, costumiers, le fonds Edward Mapp, riche de plus compositeurs, maquilleurs, spécialis- de 1 300 affiches de films tournés de- Les fonds spécialisés tes du film d’animation, journalistes, puis 1921 avec des acteurs noirs ; le publicitaires, etc.) ayant notablement legs de la famille Cudequest, qui com- Les collections spécialisées (plus contribué au septième art. prend plus de 1 200 affiches de films d’un millier, au total), permettent de Les archives consacrées aux réali- d’animation réalisés à partir de 1911 ; se documenter sur la production et sateurs et aux producteurs s’avèrent et enfin le fonds Koszarski, qui rassem- les activités des entreprises et des particulièrement utiles à ceux qui ble plus de 1 700 affiches de films po- organismes du secteur cinématogra- désirent mieux comprendre le pro- lonais sortis en salle entre les années phique, ainsi que sur les parcours cessus de fabrication des films. C’est BBF 2007 24 Paris, t. 52, no 4 LA BIBLIOTHÈQUE MARGARET HERRICK DOSSIER notamment le cas, pour n’évoquer Grant, Katharine Hepburn, Gre- Herrick possède une documentation que quelques-uns des trésors consti- gory Peck, Hattie McDaniel, Steve fournie. tués en la matière par la bibliothèque, McQueen, entre autres…) rensei- Quant aux « curiosités » que l’on des fonds Alfred Hitchcock, George gnent non seulement sur leur car- peut trouver dans les collections spé- Stevens, George Cukor, John Huston, rière à l’écran mais aussi sur leurs cialisées, elles vont du découpage Fred Zinnemann, Lewis Milestone, autres occupations. Le métier de scé- des séquences du Train sifflera trois Sam Peckinpah, Hal Ashby, Martin Ritt, nariste apparaît à travers les multiples fois, annoté par Fred Zinnemann William Wyler, Hal Wallis. La plupart ébauches et révisions des scénarios ; avec des indications de son cru sur contiennent des notes et des échan- les fichiers de correspondance éclai- l’incrustation de l’horloge dans les ges de courrier sur quasiment tous rent des questions d’ordre person- plans, au scénario de L’ombre d’un les aspects de la réalisation d’œuvres nel ou professionnel – l’impact, par doute (Hitchcock, 1943) rédigé par précises, y compris les versions suc- exemple, qu’a eu la liste noire 1. Ring Thornton Wilder, en passant par les cessives du scénario, la distribution Lardner Jr, Paul Jarrico, Robert Lees notes prises en 1915 par Joseph He- des rôles, la prospection des lieux et Fred Rinaldo, Norman Panama, Va- nabery pour les « cartons » (ou inter- du tournage, le calendrier des prises lentine Davies et Barré Lyndon font titres) de Naissance d’une nation ; à de vue, le montage, la promotion, les partie des nombreux scénaristes sur la lettre envoyée par Sigmund Freud premières, l’accueil du public, à quoi lesquels la bibliothèque Margaret à un de ses collègues, où il analyse s’ajoute souvent une correspondance le rapport de Charlie Chaplin au per- privée qui éclaire les autres activités sonnage du Vagabond ; au courrier 1. Allusion au fichage dont quantité d’acteurs, et centres d’intérêt des individus con- cinéastes et scénaristes d’Hollywood (et des que Mary Pickford adressa en 1910 à cernés. dizaines de milliers d’Américains avec eux) Francis Boggs pour lui proposer des firent l’objet aux États-Unis pendant les années De même, les papiers rassemblés cinquante, lors de la période restée dans l’histoire sujets de film ; à des correspondan- sur les acteurs (Mary Pickford, Cary sous le nom de maccarthysme. ces, enfin, de personnalités diverses, 25 BBF 2007 Paris, t. 52, no 4 dont Ernest Hemingway, John Stein- beck, Jean-Paul Sartre, Ray Bradbury, Carson McCullers, James Agee, David O. Selznick, Paul Newman, Humphrey Bogart, Audrey Hepburn, David Niven et Ava Gardner… Scénarios, musiques de films, storyboards… La collection des scénarios Turner/MGM contient plus de 30 000 documents concernant près de 1 900 films réalisés entre 1918 et 1986. Ces archives, donation de la so- COLLECTIONS SINGULIÈRESciété Turner Entertainment, couvrent la production des longs métrages produits par la MGM dès sa constitu- tion et se composent essentiellement de scénarios, dans leurs différentes moutures, acceptés par les sociétés Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures Corporation et Louis B. Mayer 2. De nombreux écrivains et dra- maturges figurent dans ce fonds pour avoir travaillé avec la MGM, no- tamment F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, John O’Hara, James M. Cain, Dorothy Parker, Dashiell Hammett, P. G. Wodehouse, Aldous Huxley et pany est consacré à la production et ils représentent une source d’infor- William Saroyan. Tout aussi longue, à la distribution des films des années mation de premier ordre sur l’his- la liste des scénaristes comprend, trente et quarante dont les acteurs toire de la censure au cinéma, et sur entre autres, Ben Hecht, Frances Ma- sont uniquement des Noirs, tandis l’évolution des mœurs sociales et cul- rion, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Dalton que le fonds de la Screen Composers turelles des États-Unis. Trumbo, Paddy Chayefsky, Garson Association s’intéresse au travail des La bibliothèque possède égale- Kanin et Ruth Gordon. compositeurs de musiques de film ment des collections de documents La collection des scénarios Para- des années quarante et cinquante.
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