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Transforming Norwegian Special Operation Forces View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2006-06 Transforming Norwegian Special Operation Forces Robertsen, Tom A. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2801 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS TRANSFORMING NORWEGIAN SPECIAL OPERATION FORCES by Tom Robertsen June 2006 Thesis Advisor: Hy Rothstein Second Reader: Doug Borer Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2006 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: Transforming Norwegian Special Operation Forces 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 6. AUTHOR Robertsen, Tom 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT This paper explores transformation of Norwegian Special Operation Forces, raising the hypothesis that current organizational structure is inconsistent with future roles and missions. The inconsistency is derived from official documents pertaining to the transformation of Norwegian Armed Forces for the period 2005-2008. Where the military recommends disbanding two existing units, Marinejegerkommandoen and Hærens Jegerkommando, to re-commission a single unit under a single, unspecified command, the Government insists on maintaining the status quo. A likely consequence is a sub-optimal development of NORSOF as a strategic asset. Using the dichotomy of direct action vs. indirect action capabilities as a framework for understanding how Special Operation Forces (SOF) in general conduct operations, the author claims NORSOF possess capabilities only for the former. Analysis of the forces themselves, the security environment, and the strategies adopted to deal with current and future threats leads to the conclusion that NORSOF will increase its relevance by acquiring competency in indirect capabilities. If indirect capabilities become a core task for NORSOF, then the current organization should be maintained. If not, both units will continue to maintain overlapping tasks in direct capabilities. Future transformation issues will then evolve based on traditional arguments related to the maritime and land domains. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Special Operation Forces, Transformation, Cold War, Military Doctrine & 15. NUMBER OF Organization, Norway. PAGES 119 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited TRANSFORMING NORWEGIAN SPECIAL OPERATION FORCES Tom A. Robertsen Lieutenant Commander, Norwegian Navy B.S., Bergen School of Engineers, Norway, 1992 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN DEFENSE ANALYSIS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2006 Author: Tom Robertsen Approved by: Hy Rothstein Thesis Advisor Doug Borer Second Reader Gordon McCormick Chairman, Department of Defense Analysis iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT This paper explores transformation of Norwegian Special Operation Forces, raising the hypothesis that current organizational structure is inconsistent with future roles and missions. The inconsistency is derived from official documents pertaining to the transformation of Norwegian Armed Forces for the period 2005-2008. Where the military recommends disbanding two existing units, Marinejegerkommandoen and Hærens Jegerkommando, to re-commission a single unit under a single, unspecified command, the Government insists on maintaining the status quo. A likely consequence is a sub- optimal development of NORSOF as a strategic asset. Using the dichotomy of direct action vs. indirect action capabilities as a framework for understanding how Special Operation Forces (SOF) in general conducts operations, the author claims NORSOF possess capabilities only for the former. Analysis of the forces themselves, the security environment, and the strategies adopted to deal with current and future threats leads to the conclusion that NORSOF will increase its relevance by acquiring competency in indirect capabilities. If indirect capabilities become a core task for NORSOF, then the current organization should be maintained. If not, both units will continue to maintain overlapping tasks in direct capabilities. Future transformation issues will then evolve based on traditional arguments related to the maritime and land domains. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. TRANSFORMING NORWEGIAN SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES ............1 A. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1 B. THE LONG TERM PLANNING PROCESS................................................3 C. THE PROBLEM..............................................................................................6 D. RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................9 II. NORSOF: TRADITIONAL ROLES AND MISSION ...........................................13 A. DOCTRINE: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...................................13 1. Special Operations: Definition..........................................................14 2. Special Operations Missions .............................................................18 3. Strategic Special Operations.............................................................21 4. Levels of Military Operations and Organization............................24 B. NORSOF: HISTORY AND CURRENT CONTEXT.................................29 1. World War II......................................................................................29 2. The Cold War.....................................................................................33 3. Post Cold War to the Present............................................................37 C. SUMMARY ....................................................................................................42 III. THE NEW SECURITY ENVIRONMENT, FUTURE THREATS, AND NEW STRATEGIES .................................................................................................45 A. A NEW DEFINITION OF SECURITY?.....................................................45 B. THE NATURE OF THE NEW SECURITY ENVIRONMENT ...............47 1. The National Context.........................................................................48 2. The Global Context............................................................................49 3. National Interests...............................................................................52 C. A CHANGED STRATEGY: COLLECTIVE SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS............................................................53 D. SUMMARY ....................................................................................................61 IV. FUTURE ROLES AND MISSIONS ........................................................................63 A. EXPANDING ROLES AND MISSIONS.....................................................63 1. The National Context.........................................................................65 2. NATO and the UN .............................................................................72 3. Implications ........................................................................................77 B. TRANSFORMING NORSOF.......................................................................80 1. Flexibility Within the Spectrum of SOF Core Capabilities ...........83 2. Flexibility Within the Spectrum of Operations...............................84 3. Relevancy for NATO and UN Operations.......................................85 4. NORSOF Interoperability.................................................................86 5. NORSOF’s Strategic Role.................................................................87 C. CONCLUSION – IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......89 LIST OF REFERENCES......................................................................................................95
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