DOCSLIB.ORG

The Claustrum, the External Capsule and the Extreme Capsule of Macaca Mulatfa'

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Claustrum, the External Capsule and the Extreme Capsule of Macaca Mulatfa' The Claustrum, the External Capsule and the Extreme Capsule of Macaca mulatfa' JOSEPH J. BERKE Laboratory of Comparative h'eurology. Depcutment of Am~ton~y, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michiga?z The claustrum is a sheet of gray matter tend beneath the rhinencephalic sulcus situated between the putamen and the (Ariens Kappers, '08; de Vries, 'lo). insular cortex. The external capsule bor- According to Landau ('19) and Faul ders the claustrum medially and separates ('26), the claustrum arises from a ventric- it from the putamen. Interposed between ular matrix, located at the palliostriatal the claustrum and the island is the extreme angle. This gray mass migrates ventro- caps&. Xlost of the interest in the claus- lateralward to lie behind the lower margin trum in past years has centered in onto- of the neocortex and underneath the genetic and phylogenetic studies. No rhineiicephalic cortex. Due to the neuro- biotaxic influence of the ascending fibers agreement has been reached amongst the of the lateral forebrain bundle, the anlage various investigators as to its significance of the claustrum becomes plate-like in and much controversy still exists. configuration. These last authors regarded At present, the knowledge of the fiber the claustrum as independent of both the connections of the claustrum is incom- striatum and the cortex, since their em- plete. The ways in which the basal gan- bryological studies showed no connection glia and the insular cortex are related to of the island with the claustrum during the claustrum and its surrounding cap- ontogenesis. This fact would not favor the sulcs present interesting problems. One theory advocated by Meynert ( 1884), Brod- might speculate that the claustrum serves mann ('09) and Rose ('28) that the as :I relay in the discharge; directly or by claustrum is a derivative of the insula. way of the basal ganglia: from the supple- Moreover, Landau ('23) reported a human mentary motor areas of the cortex to the case in which the insula was absent in tegmc-ntum of the midbrain. the presence of an ipsilaterd claustrum The two capsules that bound the claus- and Dodgson ('55) described a congenitally trum have also not been completely eval- malformed human brain in which the in- uated. There is no consensus regarding sula was present in the absence of the the functional significance or the fiber ipsilateral dorsal claustrum. Furthermore, componeiits of the cxternal and the ex- Macchi ('51) showed that the claustrum treme capsules and the claustrum. is developed before the island becomes differentiated. RET'IETV OF PERTINENT LITERATURE The topographical anatomy of the claus- v-cllious : earlier controversial theories re- arum has been described by Rose ('28). garding the development of the claustrum Klingler ('41), Macchi ('41, '47), and have been reviewed by Ariens Kappers, K511Bn ('51), and was reviewed by Rae I-Iuber, and Crosby ('36). Meynert (1884), ('54a). The claustrum has been divided Brodmann, ('09), Sterzi ('15), and Rose into a compact dorsal part, situated be- ('28) considered the claustrum a deriva- tween the putamen and the insular cortex, tion of the insular cortex. Brodmann ('09) and a ventral portion, which projects for- regarded it as a duplica.tion of the deepest ward into the white matter of the superior layer of this cortex. Ernst de Vries ('10) _-_____ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment felt that the claustrum was a part of the of the requirements for the degree of doctor of neopallium, drawn out subcortically to ex- philosophy in the University of Michigan. 297 298 JOSEPH J. BERKE temporal lobe (Macchi, '51; Rae, '54b). the claustrum. Fibers from the insular The ventral claustrum is broken up into cortex enter the extreme capsule and some scattered masses of gray by the fibers of of them continue medially to become inter- the anterior commissure and by the un- mingled with the claustral network (Rae. cinate fasciculus (Papez, '45). Landau '54a) Interconnections between the claus- ('36, '37,'38) described a claustral exten- trum and the insular cortex have been sion beyond the island which he termed described by Berlucchi ('27) and by KatB the claustrum parvum. Kuhlenbeck ('24) ('38) in the cat, by Alettler ('45) ir; the stated that the claustrum was fused with mangabey, and by Rae ('54a) in human the anterior perforated substance. Whit- mateiial. However, simjlar studies 011 the aker ('21) found macroscopic continuity human brain by Cajd ('O2), Piiitus ('32) between the claustrum and the amygdaloid and Itlacchi ('48) failed to reveal these nucleus. However, the claustro-amygdaloid fascicles. connections have been denied by Volsch Destruction of the frontal cortex anterior ('06),Hilpert ('28),and Broclthaus ('38). to the motor area in monkeys produced Nevertheless it is generally considered that degeneration in the claustrum according to portions of the ventral claustrum lie adja- Bianchi ('22) and lesions in areas 9 and cent to the amygdala, the superior tem- 11 of the macaques permitted denionstra- poral gyrus, and the ventral part of the tion of fiber connections to the claustrum, frontal lobe (Rae, '54a). according to Mettler ('35a, '47). Con- A detailed study of the microscopic struc- tinuity between the ventral claustrum and ture of the human claustrum was made by the gyrus olfactorius lateralis was noted Rae ('54a). Other descriptions of the by vcin Economo in 1929. Macchi ('48, microscopic anatomy of this region have '51), Landau ('19), and Rose ('28) de- been reported by Pintus ('30, '31), Brock- scribed connections of the claustrum with haus ('38, '40), and Nacchi ('48). The the olfactory area. These were disputed dorsal and the ventral claustrum are histo- by Spiegel ('19) and by Brockhaus ('42) logically similar. Silver preparations show Berlucchi (cat, '27) and Papez (man, '45) a network of fine and medium-sized fiber dcmonstrated fibers originating from the fascicles extending in various planes, piriforni cortex and passing around the with the bodies of the claustral cells in the frontal surface of the amygdala to reach interstices. The cell bodies are triangular, the claustrum. ovoid, fusiform or pyramidal in shape, with Hiras'twa and coworkers ('38) described the fusiform cells most numerous near the fibers from area 22 of the temporal cortex external and extreme capsules, and the to the claustrum, in support of Volsch's other types distributed at random (Rae, ('10) contention that the claustrum of '54a). The fusiform cells, which are typ- apes had fiber connections with the tem- ically oriented with their greatest diam- poral lobe. Macroscopic continuity bc- eters in the vertical plane, have been stud- tween the ventral claustrum 2nd. the rimy&- ied by several observers (V. Bechterew, daloitl nucleus has been reporrcd (Pilitus. 1899; Spiegel, '19; Kuhlenbeck, '24). The '31; Macchi, '48), although no filler con- large number of this type of cell is re- nections have been found. However. in garded as characteristic of the claustrum. Didelphis, van der Sprenkel ('26) re- In the literature to date, scanty informa- ported fibers in the lateral olfactory nu- tion has accumulated concerning the fiber cleus, which reached the contralnteral ex- connections of the claustrum 2nd much ternal capsule and the claustrum by way controversy still exists concerning those of the anterior commissure. This state- connections which have been reported. An ment W~Ssupported by Fox, McKinley and exchange of fibers between the external Magoun ('44), who stimulated the lateral czpsule and the lateral border of the puta- part of the olfactory bulb in the cat and men has been described by Wilson ('14), recorded positive potentials in the claus- Kodama ('27), Pintus ('32),hlacchi ('48), trum Le Gros Clark and Meyer ('47) re- and Rae ('54a). These fibers are not nu- moved the olfactory bulb but were unable merous in any one field, however, and it is to find degeneration in the claustruin of uncertain whether any of them arise in the rabbit. CLAUSTRUM, EXTERNAL AND EXTREME CAPSULE OF MACAQUE 299 Claustronigral or claustrotegmental con- sule (Dejerine, 1895; E. Smith, '31; Lauer, nections were suggested by the experi- '45). mental lesions of Rosegay ('44) in the cat. The geniculotemporal bundle and the Recruiting waves have been displayed in ventral thalamic radiations contribute the claustrum from stimulation of the fibers to the capsules. Vestibular and ol- centromedian and the interlaminar nuclei factory fibers (Papez, '45) have also been of the dorsal thalamus (Starzl and Ma- described. Temporal projection fibers in goun, '51). the extreme capsule have been noted (Bucy Many theories have been presented re- and Kluver, '55). Fibers from the inferior garding the functions of the claustrum and thalamic peduncle turn into the basal these have been well summarized by Rae claustral complex. Other projection fibers ('54b). Certain observers (Randacio, from the ipsilateral motor cortex (Hira- 1882; Kuhlenbeck, '24; Macchi, '48, '51) sawa and Kariya, '36) are contained within have considered the claustrum as part of the capsules. Whether any of these fibers the olfactory complex. Physiological eri- terminate in the claustrum has not been dence (Fox et al., '44; Rae, '54b; Segundo determined. Fibers of the ansa lenticularis and Machne, '56) suggests that this area is originating in the caudate nucleus have a correlation center for olfacto-visceral- been regarded by Foix and Nicolesco ('25) somatic impulses. Pintus ('32) and Lan- as passing in the external capsule with dau ('36) believed that the claustrum is some termination in the claustrum. related to the production of speech. Ariens Kappers ('08) felt that the claustrum MATERIALS AND METHODS exerts some effect upon motor responses, In this investigation, the experimental a conclusion which has been supported by subjects used were monkeys (Macaca the results of Mettler et al. ('39) and Kaada mulatta). Nine animals, with weights ('51), who found that movements evoked ranging between 2 and 7.2 kilograms, were from cortical excitation were inhibited chosen without preference for sex.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Post-Stroke Movement Disorders: Report of 56 Patients F Alarco´N, J C M Zijlmans, G Duen˜As, N Cevallos
    1568 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.2003.011874 on 15 October 2004. Downloaded from PAPER Post-stroke movement disorders: report of 56 patients F Alarco´n, J C M Zijlmans, G Duen˜as, N Cevallos ............................................................................................................................... J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1568–1574. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.011874 Background: Although movement disorders that occur following a stroke have long been recognised in short series of patients, their frequency and clinical and imaging features have not been reported in large series of patients with stroke. Methods: We reviewed consecutive patients with involuntary abnormal movements (IAMs) following a stroke who were included in the Eugenio Espejo Hospital Stroke Registry and they were followed up for at least one year after the onset of the IAM. We determined the clinical features, topographical correlations, See end of article for authors’ affiliations and pathophysiological implications of the IAMs. ....................... Results: Of 1500 patients with stroke 56 developed movement disorders up to one year after the stroke. Patients with chorea were older and the patients with dystonia were younger than the patients with other Correspondence to: Dr. F Alarco´n, Department IAMs. In patients with isolated vascular lesions without IAMs, surface lesions prevailed but patients with of Neurology, Eugenio deep vascular lesions showed a higher probability of developing abnormal movements. One year after Espejo Hospital, P.O. Box onset of the IAMs, 12 patients (21.4%) completely improved their abnormal movements, 38 patients 17-07-9515, Quito, Ecuador, South America; (67.8%) partially improved, four did not improve (7.1%), and two patients with chorea died.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: a Study of Pulse-Technique Efficacy
    691 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: A Study of Pulse-Technique Efficacy Val M. Runge1 Forty-two patients with the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis were examined by Ann C. Price1 proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 0.5 T. An extensive protocol was used to Howard S. Kirshner2 facilitate a comparison of the efficacy of different pulse techniques. Results were also Joseph H. Allen 1 compared in 39 cases with high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (CT). MRI revealed characteristic abnormalities in each case, whereas CT was positive in only 15 C. Leon Partain 1 of 33 patients. Milder grades 1 and 2 disease were usually undetected by CT, and in all A. Everette James, Jr.1 cases, the abnormalities noted on MRI were much more extensive than on CT. Cerebral abnormalities were best shown with the T2-weighted spin-echo sequence (TE/TR = 120/1000); brainstem lesions were best defined on the inversion-recovery sequence (TE/TI/TR =30/400/1250). Increasing TE to 120 msec and TR to 2000 msec heightened the contrast between normal and abnormal white matter. However, the signal intensity of cerebrospinal fluid with this pulse technique obscured some abnormalities. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis continues to be a clinical challenge [1,2). The lack of an objective means of assessment further complicates the evaluation of treatment regimens. Evoked potentials, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis , and computed tomography (CT) are currently used for diagnosis, but all lack sensitivity and/or specificity. Furthermore, postmortem examinations demonstrate many more lesions than those suggested by clinical means [3).
    [Show full text]
  • Amygdaloid Projections to the Ventral Striatum in Mice: Direct and Indirect Chemosensory Inputs to the Brain Reward System
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 22 August 2011 NEUROANATOMY doi: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00054 Amygdaloid projections to the ventral striatum in mice: direct and indirect chemosensory inputs to the brain reward system Amparo Novejarque1†, Nicolás Gutiérrez-Castellanos2†, Enrique Lanuza2* and Fernando Martínez-García1* 1 Departament de Biologia Funcional i Antropologia Física, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, València, Spain 2 Departament de Biologia Cel•lular, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, València, Spain Edited by: Rodents constitute good models for studying the neural basis of sociosexual behavior. Agustín González, Universidad Recent findings in mice have revealed the molecular identity of the some pheromonal Complutense de Madrid, Spain molecules triggering intersexual attraction. However, the neural pathways mediating this Reviewed by: Daniel W. Wesson, Case Western basic sociosexual behavior remain elusive. Since previous work indicates that the dopamin- Reserve University, USA ergic tegmento-striatal pathway is not involved in pheromone reward, the present report James L. Goodson, Indiana explores alternative pathways linking the vomeronasal system with the tegmento-striatal University, USA system (the limbic basal ganglia) by means of tract-tracing experiments studying direct *Correspondence: and indirect projections from the chemosensory amygdala to the ventral striato-pallidum. Enrique Lanuza, Departament de Biologia Cel•lular, Facultat de Amygdaloid projections to the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and adjoining struc- Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de tures are studied by analyzing the retrograde transport in the amygdala from dextran València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50 ES-46100 amine and fluorogold injections in the ventral striatum, as well as the anterograde labeling Burjassot, València, Spain. found in the ventral striato-pallidum after dextran amine injections in the amygdala.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bilateral Cortico-Striate Projection
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.28.1.71 on 1 February 1965. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1965, 28, 71 A bilateral cortico-striate projection J. B. CARMAN, W. M. COWAN, T. P. S. POWELL, AND K. E. WEBSTER From the Departments of Anatomy, University of Oxford, and University College, London During the course of studies on the projection of the ined, and evidence for a bilateral projection has been cerebral cortex upon the striatum in the rabbit found in 20 animals. The evidence for this projec- (Carman, Cowan, and Powell, 1963) and the cat tion depends upon the collective findings in several (Webster, 1964) degeneration was seen bilaterally in brains, but only a few typical examples will be Nauta preparations of the striatum in some, but not described in full. The findings in the remaining all, animals. For two main reasons this observation experiments will be summarized in composite was not included in the earlier study. First, because figures. of the difficulty of interpreting any findings of Experiment R30 is representative of the rabbit bilateral degeneration in silver preparations, and, brains in which a projection to the contralateral particularly as it is well known that the striatum striatum was found after a lesion involving the sen- commonly shows pseudo-degeneration, it was im- sori-motor cortex. The cortical damage in this brain perative to exclude this possibility by the prepara- is in the form of a broad strip along the dorsal guest. Protected by copyright. tion of further material using both the frozen and surface of the hemisphere from just behind the paraffin Nauta methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Hippocampal–Caudate Nucleus Interactions Support Exceptional Memory Performance
    Brain Struct Funct DOI 10.1007/s00429-017-1556-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Hippocampal–caudate nucleus interactions support exceptional memory performance Nils C. J. Müller1 · Boris N. Konrad1,2 · Nils Kohn1 · Monica Muñoz-López3 · Michael Czisch2 · Guillén Fernández1 · Martin Dresler1,2 Received: 1 December 2016 / Accepted: 24 October 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Participants of the annual World Memory competitive interaction between hippocampus and caudate Championships regularly demonstrate extraordinary mem- nucleus is often observed in normal memory function, our ory feats, such as memorising the order of 52 playing cards findings suggest that a hippocampal–caudate nucleus in 20 s or 1000 binary digits in 5 min. On a cognitive level, cooperation may enable exceptional memory performance. memory athletes use well-known mnemonic strategies, We speculate that this cooperation reflects an integration of such as the method of loci. However, whether these feats the two memory systems at issue-enabling optimal com- are enabled solely through the use of mnemonic strategies bination of stimulus-response learning and map-based or whether they benefit additionally from optimised neural learning when using mnemonic strategies as for example circuits is still not fully clarified. Investigating 23 leading the method of loci. memory athletes, we found volumes of their right hip- pocampus and caudate nucleus were stronger correlated Keywords Memory athletes · Method of loci · Stimulus with each other compared to matched controls; both these response learning · Cognitive map · Hippocampus · volumes positively correlated with their position in the Caudate nucleus memory sports world ranking. Furthermore, we observed larger volumes of the right anterior hippocampus in ath- letes.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Expression of Prohormone and Proprotein Convertases in the Rat CNS: a Comparative in Situ Hybridization Analysis
    The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1993. 73(3): 1258-1279 Gene Expression of Prohormone and Proprotein Convertases in the Rat CNS: A Comparative in situ Hybridization Analysis Martin K.-H. Schafer,i-a Robert Day,* William E. Cullinan,’ Michel Chri?tien,3 Nabil G. Seidah,* and Stanley J. Watson’ ‘Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0720 and J. A. DeSeve Laboratory of *Biochemical and 3Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W lR7 Posttranslational processing of proproteins and prohor- The participation of neuropeptides in the modulation of a va- mones is an essential step in the formation of bioactive riety of CNS functions is well established. Many neuropeptides peptides, which is of particular importance in the nervous are synthesized as inactive precursor proteins, which undergo system. Following a long search for the enzymes responsible an enzymatic cascade of posttranslational processing and mod- for protein precursor cleavage, a family of Kexin/subtilisin- ification events during their intracellular transport before the like convertases known as PCl, PC2, and furin have recently final bioactive products are secreted and act at either pre- or been characterized in mammalian species. Their presence postsynaptic receptors. Initial endoproteolytic cleavage occurs in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues has been dem- C-terminal to pairs of basic amino acids such as lysine-arginine onstrated. This study examines the mRNA distribution of (Docherty and Steiner, 1982) and is followed by the removal these convertases in the rat CNS and compares their ex- of the basic residues by exopeptidases. Further modifications pression with the previously characterized processing en- can occur in the form of N-terminal acetylation or C-terminal zymes carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and peptidylglycine a-am- amidation, which is essential for the bioactivity of many neu- idating monooxygenase (PAM) using in situ hybridization ropeptides.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    THE NEURAL CIRCUITRY OF RESTRICTED REPETITIVE BEHAVIOR By BRADLEY JAMES WILKES A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Bradley James Wilkes To my father, Wade Wilkes, for his lifelong support, love, and encouragement ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by funding from the Dissertation Research Award from the American Psychological Assocation, the Pilot Project Award (Non-Patient Oriented Clinical/Translational Research) from the Clinical and Translational Science Institute at the University of Florida, the Robert A. and Phyllis Levitt Award, the Gerber Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Psychology Research Award, and the Jacquelin Goldman Scholarship in Developmental Psychology. I would especially like to thank Drs. Mark Lewis, Marcelo Febo, David Vaillancourt, Luis Colon-Perez, Darragh Devine, Timothy Vollmer, and Michael King for their support and guidance. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Distinct Transcriptomic Cell Types and Neural Circuits of the Subiculum and Prosubiculum Along 2 the Dorsal-Ventral Axis 3 4 Song-Lin Ding1,2,*, Zizhen Yao1, Karla E
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.14.876516; this version posted December 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Distinct transcriptomic cell types and neural circuits of the subiculum and prosubiculum along 2 the dorsal-ventral axis 3 4 Song-Lin Ding1,2,*, Zizhen Yao1, Karla E. Hirokawa1, Thuc Nghi Nguyen1, Lucas T. Graybuck1, Olivia 5 Fong1, Phillip Bohn1, Kiet Ngo1, Kimberly A. Smith1, Christof Koch1, John W. Phillips1, Ed S. Lein1, 6 Julie A. Harris1, Bosiljka Tasic1, Hongkui Zeng1 7 8 1Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA 9 10 2Lead Contact 11 12 *Correspondence: [email protected] (SLD) 13 14 15 Highlights 16 17 1. 27 transcriptomic cell types identified in and spatially registered to “subicular” regions. 18 2. Anatomic borders of “subicular” regions reliably determined along dorsal-ventral axis. 19 3. Distinct cell types and circuits of full-length subiculum (Sub) and prosubiculum (PS). 20 4. Brain-wide cell-type specific projections of Sub and PS revealed with specific Cre-lines. 21 22 23 In Brief 24 25 Ding et al. show that mouse subiculum and prosubiculum are two distinct regions with differential 26 transcriptomic cell types, subtypes, neural circuits and functional correlation. The former has obvious 27 topographic projections to its main targets while the latter exhibits widespread projections to many 28 subcortical regions associated with reward, emotion, stress and motivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Imaging of the Confused Patient: Toxic Metabolic Disorders Dara G
    Imaging of the Confused Patient: Toxic Metabolic Disorders Dara G. Jamieson, M.D. Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY The patient who presents with either acute or subacute confusion, in the absence of a clearly defined speech disorder and focality on neurological examination that would indicate an underlying mass lesion, needs to be evaluated for a multitude of neurological conditions. Many of the conditions that produce the recent onset of alteration in mental status, that ranges from mild confusion to florid delirium, may be due to infectious or inflammatory conditions that warrant acute intervention such as antimicrobial drugs, steroids or plasma exchange. However, some patients with recent onset of confusion have an underlying toxic-metabolic disorders indicating a specific diagnosis with need for appropriate treatment. The clinical presentations of some patients may indicate the diagnosis (e.g. hypoglycemia, chronic alcoholism) while the imaging patterns must be recognized to make the diagnosis in other patients. Toxic-metabolic disorders constitute a group of diseases and syndromes with diverse causes and clinical presentations. Many toxic-metabolic disorders have no specific neuroimaging correlates, either at early clinical stages or when florid symptoms develop. However, some toxic-metabolic disorders have characteristic abnormalities on neuroimaging, as certain areas of the central nervous system appear particularly vulnerable to specific toxins and metabolic perturbations. Areas of particular vulnerability in the brain include: 1) areas of high-oxygen demand (e.g. basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus), 2) the cerebral white matter and 3) the mid-brain. Brain areas of high-oxygen demand are particularly vulnerable to toxins that interfere with cellular respiratory metabolism.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhesus Monkey Brain Atlas Subcortical Gray Structures
    Rhesus Monkey Brain Atlas: Subcortical Gray Structures Manual Tracing for Hippocampus, Amygdala, Caudate, and Putamen Overview of Tracing Guidelines A) Tracing is done in a combination of the three orthogonal planes, as specified in the detailed methods that follow. B) Each region of interest was originally defined in the right hemisphere. The labels were then reflected onto the left hemisphere and all borders checked and adjusted manually when necessary. C) For the initial parcellation, the user used the “paint over function” of IRIS/SNAP on the T1 template of the atlas. I. Hippocampus Major Boundaries Superior boundary is the lateral ventricle/temporal horn in the majority of slices. At its most lateral extent (subiculum) the superior boundary is white matter. The inferior boundary is white matter. The anterior boundary is the lateral ventricle/temporal horn and the amygdala; the posterior boundary is lateral ventricle or white matter. The medial boundary is CSF at the center of the brain in all but the most posterior slices (where the medial boundary is white matter). The lateral boundary is white matter. The hippocampal trace includes dentate gyrus, the CA3 through CA1 regions of the hippocamopus, subiculum, parasubiculum, and presubiculum. Tracing A) Tracing is done primarily in the sagittal plane, working lateral to medial a. Locate the most lateral extent of the subiculum, which is bounded on all sides by white matter, and trace. b. As you page medially, tracing the hippocampus in each slice, the superior, anterior, and posterior boundaries of the hippocampus become the lateral ventricle/temporal horn. c. Even further medially, the anterior boundary becomes amygdala and the posterior boundary white matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncinate Fasciculus Findings in Schizophrenia: a Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
    Article Uncinate Fasciculus Findings in Schizophrenia: A Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study Marek Kubicki, M.D., Ph.D. Objective: Disruptions in connectivity prominent white matter tract connecting between the frontal and temporal lobes temporal and frontal brain regions, in 15 Carl-Fredrik Westin, Ph.D. may explain some of the symptoms ob- patients with chronic schizophrenia and served in schizophrenia. Conventional 18 normal comparison subjects. A 1.5-T GE Stephan E. Maier, M.D., Ph.D. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) stud- Echospeed system was used to acquire 4- ies, however, have not shown compelling mm-thick coronal line-scan diffusion ten- evidence for white matter abnormalities, sor images. Maps of the fractional anisot- Melissa Frumin, M.D. because white matter fiber tracts cannot ropy were generated to quantify the water be visualized by conventional MRI. Diffu- diffusion within the uncinate fasciculus. Paul G. Nestor, Ph.D. sion tensor imaging is a relatively new technique that can detect subtle white Results: Findings revealed a group-by- Dean F. Salisbury, Ph.D. matter abnormalities in vivo by assessing side interaction for fractional anisotropy the degree to which directionally orga- and for uncinate fasciculus area, derived from automatic segmentation. The pa- Ron Kikinis, M.D. nized fibers have lost their normal integ- rity. The first three diffusion tensor imag- tients with schizophrenia showed a lack of ing studies in schizophrenia showed lower normal left-greater-than-right asymmetry Ferenc A. Jolesz, M.D. anisotropic diffusion, relative to compari- seen in the comparison subjects. son subjects, in whole-brain white matter, Robert W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Embryology and Fiber Tract Connections of the Corpus Striatum in the Albino Rat
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1935 The Embryology and Fiber Tract Connections of the Corpus Striatum in the Albino Rat James K. L. Choy Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Anatomy Commons Recommended Citation Choy, James K. L., "The Embryology and Fiber Tract Connections of the Corpus Striatum in the Albino Rat" (1935). Master's Theses. 22. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/22 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1935 James K. L. Choy LOYOLA UNIVERSITY SCHOOl, OF MEDICINE THE EMBRYOLOGY AND FIBER TRACT CONNECTIONS OF THE CORPUS STRIATUM IN THE ALBINO RAT. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY of the GRADUATE SCHOOL of LOYOLA UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE by James K.L. Choy, B.S.M. 1935 THE EMBRYOLOGY AND FIBER TRACT CONNECTIONS OF THE CORPUS STRIATUM IN THE ALBINO RAT. I. PREFACE Before entering upon a discussion of the problem itself, I would lil{e to take this opportunity to acknowledge the assis­ tance and encouragement I received in the preparation of this paper. To Dr. R. M. Strong, who suggested the problem, I am deeply obligated for his encouragement, practical guidance, and helpful suggestions in the procedure of this work.
    [Show full text]