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State of the Newsroom, 2014: Disruptions Accelerated

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State of the Newsroom, 2014: Disruptions Accelerated STATE OF THE NEWSROOM SOUTH AFRICA2 014 Disruptions Accelerated A WITS JOURNALISM PROJECT EDITED BY GLENDA DaNIELS Lead researcher and project co-ordinator: Dr Glenda Daniels For Wits Journalism: Professor Anton Harber; Professor Franz Krüger Photography: Dinesh Balliah Production, Design and Layout: Hothouse South Africa Editing: Gill Moodie, Grubstreet Proof reading: Ruth Becker Find full report at www.journalism.co.za/stateofnewsroom CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv PREFACE vi INTRODUCTION vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii 01 THE MEDIA LANDSCAPE 1 Media Industry Landscape, Structural Changes and Trends Big Stories of the Year: Nkandlagate; Nelson Mandela’s death; Oscar Pistorius Trial Broadcast Growth, New Kids on the Block, More Sunshine, Please Changes in the Media Landscape First Year of the New Press Council Transformation Updates: Race and Gender Media Freedom Trends Secrecy Bill Problems Surveillance: Big Brother is Watching You The National Key Points Act Attacks on Reporters and Photographers Shot Dead for Taking Pictures 02 DIGITAL-FIRST DEVELOPMENTS: EXPERIMENTATION AND PROMISCUITY 28 The International Situation Digital Developments in the SA newsroom Contribution of Mobile to Total Unique Browsers: March 2013 and March 2014 Digital-First Strategies and Developments in the SA Newsroom Comment and Analysis: Digital Developments Key Trends i 03 SOCIAL MEDIA TRENDs 41 Social Media Usage, Big Brother Surveillance Background: Discussion Points from the Sanef Social Media Panel Discussion Media and their Twitter Activity (July 2014) Survey: Social Media Trends in South African Newsrooms Social Media Policies Blurring of the Personal and Professional Legal and Disciplinary issues Policies and Regulation Key Trends 04 TWITTER AND JOURNALISM IN THE NEWSROOm 51 Work-related Tweets Drilling into the Different Newsrooms and Individual Twitter Accounts EWN Mail & Guardian City Press Key Trends 05 COMMUNITY NEWSPAPERS: DIVERSITIES AND DIFFICUltIEs 63 Challenges in the Community Newspapers’ Sector Local Voices verses Non Local Voices Diversity Race and Gender Drilling into the Individual Titles Difficulties and Struggles Key Trends 06 COMMUNITY RADIO: POWER PLAYS AND PRESSUREs 75 A Framework for Growth Notions of Community Emerging Themes Case Studies Alfred Nzo Community Radio Karabo FM Thetha FM Key Trends ii 07 WHERE DO JOURNALISM GRADUATES GO? 89 Which Institutions do the Graduates come from? What were their Qualifications? Did they get Internships after Graduating? How Long after Graduating till they found their First Full-time Jobs? Which Media Company Employed the most Journalism Graduates? Current Employer Current Job Considering Studying Further Key Trends BIBLIOGRAPHY 97 APPENDICES 101 Appendix 1: ABC figures of South Africa’s newspaper circulations for the period April-June 2014 Free newspapers Local Newspapers Weekend Newspapers Weekly Newspapers Daily Newspapers Appendix 2: Editors of Newspapers: Race and Gender Appendix 3: Radio 2014 Appendix 4: Arson, Assaults, Harassment, Intimidation, Death Threats and One Death: 2013-2014 (of journalists and photo-journalists) Appendix 5: List of Community Newspapers (source: AIP) Appendix 6: Mail & Guardian Social Media Policy iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I WISH TO EXPRESS MY SINCERE GRATITUDE TO ALL WHO SUPPORTED THIS RESEARCH. This support comes mainly in the form of media industry players (editors, journalists, digital managers, media and non- governmental organisations) for being truly generous with their time, for interviews and for supplying the necessary facts and figures of their news organisations. Without this co-operation and these interviews, and without the participation of the many newsroom editors and journalists as well as media companies’ digital and human-resources managers, this research could simply not have taken place. The digital managers from Media24, Mail & Guardian, Eyewitness News, Independent Newspapers, BDlive, Times Media Group, Daily Maverick and the SABC were especially patient in putting up with my questions about digital data, not once or twice, but perhaps about six times in the past year. I am also grateful to IAB/Effective Measure for providing data across all media – for more accurate standardised comparisons. About half of the existing media companies parted with their transformation and diversity data, so a big thank you to those who did participate: SABC, eSAT, Mail & Guardian Ltd. and Media 24. We hope that in the next issue, SoN 2015, we will have more companies on board. This 2014 State of the Newsroom benefitted from a number of collaborations. Community media activist Jayshree Pather contributed an interesting chapter on community radio and there were organisations that were most helpful with sharing their statistics and insights, for example, the office of the Press Council SA, Save our SABC, the Association of Independent Publishers, the South African Press Association and the South African National Editors’ Forum (Sanef). The chapter on Social Media Trends, for instance, was a joint project between Sanef and SoN 2014. Special mention must be made of Izak Minnaar, from Sanef’s digital sub-committee, who initiated the collaboration out of which grew this chapter. University of Pretoria journalism academic Marenet Jordaan volunteered assistance for the Social Media Trends chapter, and her comments and suggestions were useful. Two groups of honours students at Wits Journalism were excited to have some of their findings published in the State of the Newsroom. These two groups did research on Twitter and Journalism and Community Newspapers: Diversity and Difficulties, under my guidance. The Twitter group consisted of Dean Falcke, Elvis Presslin, Vaylen Kirtley. A big thank you to Dean for conceptualising the tweet extraction method and going beyond the call of duty to help aggregate data. The Community Newspapers: Diversity and Difficulties group consisted of Thegandra Naidoo, Sisa Majola and Mzi Gcukumana, who did content analysis of the stories to assess the “local” component. In addition, special thanks to Wits Journalism Honours students Ilanit Chernick, Emelia Motsai, Pheladi Sethusa for their enthusiasm and help with survey materials and graphs. For the chapter on Digital-First Developments: Experimentation and Promiscuity, I am grateful to Jude Mathurine, at the time at Rhodes University, for his commentary and insights into new journalism. Online lecturer at Wits Journalism Dinesh Balliah also helped to decipher and demystify digital trends. For the last chapter, Where do Journalism Graduates Go?, thank you very much to all those heads of journalism departments and staff members who thought the survey would be useful to their teachings. They assisted with the survey dissemination and collection and were keen to also comment on the findings. Indeed it was wonderful that so many in the industry were keen to be involved in the State of the Newsroom research. iv Thank you to the Mellon Foundation for its grant, which assisted with funding for photography, fact checking, some chapter reviews, and conferencing to promote the report. Finally, thank you to Professors Anton Harber and Franz Krüger for reading and commenting on the different draft chapters. And then, there was great editing from Gill Moodie at Grubstreet and fact checking and proof reading with an eye for detail from Ruth Becker. For any comments on the content, criticisms or corrections and ideas for the future, please contact me directly at [email protected]. Glenda Daniels v PREFACE DISRUPTION IN OUR NEWSROOMS OPENS UP OPPORTUNITIES AS IT SHAKES UP INSTITUTIONS AND LEADERSHIP WHICH MAY HAVE BECOME COMPLACENT, RIGID AND DEFENSIVE. It can also be challenging and punishing, costing jobs, creating fear and uncertainty and sacrificing skills and experience. This we all know well, as disruption is the common factor running through this second State of the Newsroom (SoN) report and last year’s pilot publication. This turmoil is a global phenomenon as newsrooms take on the challenges of new technologies, but it has distinct local characteristics, particularly because of the on-going demands of social and political transformation needed to create a media which can best serve democracy and deal with the legacies of apartheid. SoN aims to provide research that will inform and stimulate those engaged in these challenges. SoN 2013 dipped a toe into these waters, and SoN 2014 aims to turn this into an annual opportunity to look at our news industry and assess our progress. The PMDTTT Report of 2012 into transformation in our media provided a basis for this – laying out many of the issues which needed to be addressed and calling for regular reporting on progress – and we hope that SoN contributes to this. At Wits Journalism, which is located close to the heart of the media industry, we see it as part of our mission to use the space and resources of an academic environment to promote informed examination of the news industry. SoN does not aim to be a comprehensive account of our newsrooms. We select some of the most topical aspects to research and vary this from year to year. Apart from an overview of the media landscape, including an update on the issues of racial and gender representivity and media freedom, this year we offer a look into the progress of digitisation, the use of social media among journalists, the contribution of community print media and the challenges of community radio. With a nod to self-examination, we include some research into journalism graduates to promote discussion
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