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Complete List of Contents

Volume 1 Ability testing and bias...... 1 American Indian and Native Abolition movement...... 3 Heritage Month...... 70 Aboriginal Canadians ...... 5 American Indian civil rights...... 71 Accent discrimination...... 9 American Indian Civil Rights Act...... 74 Accommodationism...... 11 American Indian Defense Association (AIDA). . 75 Acculturation, generational ...... 11 American Indian Movement...... 76 Adarand Constructors v. Peña...... 13 American Indian Policy Review Commission. . . 77 Adolescent ethnic identity...... 14 American Indian Religious Freedom Act. . . . 78 Affirmative action ...... 16 American Indian slavery...... 78 African American Baptist Church...... 20 American Indians: agriculture ...... 80 African American cowboys ...... 22 American Indians: an overview...... 81 African American-American Indian relations. . 22 American Indians: dance and music ...... 84 African : an overview...... 25 American Indians: demographics...... 86 : cultural impact ...... 27 American Indians: education...... 90 African Americans: education...... 29 American Indians: families and socialization. . . 95 African Americans: employment ...... 32 American Indians: film...... 96 African Americans: families and socialization. . 34 American Indians: in the justice system. . . . . 98 African Americans: film...... 36 American Indians: stereotypes ...... 101 African Americans: in the Civil War...... 38 American Indians: women and social equality. . 103 African Americans: literature...... 40 American Jewish Committee...... 105 African Americans: music...... 42 American Jewish Congress (AJC)...... 105 African Americans: stereotypes...... 46 American Nazi Party (ANP) ...... 105 African Americans: women and social equality. . 47 Amerind...... 107 African Canadians...... 50 , , and Mennonites...... 108 Afro-...... 52 Amistad slave revolt...... 108 . . 54 Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH)...... 111 AIDS conspiracy theory...... 55 Anglo-conformity...... 111 Alaska Native Brotherhood and Alaska Native Anglophone...... 112 Claims Settlement...... 56 Anglo-Protestant stereotypes...... 112 Alcatraz Island occupation ...... 57 Anglo-Protestants...... 113 Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education . . . 58 Anglo-Saxon...... 114 Alianza Federal de Mercedes ...... 58 Annihilation or expulsion of peoples. . . . . 114 Alien land laws...... 59 Anti-Catholicism...... 116 Alienation, racial and ethnic...... 60 Anti-Defamation League...... 117 Allotment system...... 61 Anti-Semitism...... 117 AME Church ...... 62 Antislavery laws of 1777 and 1807. . . 120 AME Zion Church...... 64 Wars...... 121 Homecoming Act ...... 64 : an overview...... 123 American Anti-Slavery Society...... 65 Arab Americans: demographics...... 128 American Colonization Society...... 66 Arab Americans: stereotypes...... 132 American Council on Race Relations...... 67 Arab Canadians...... 133 American Indian activism...... 67 Senate Bill 1070...... 134

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Aryan “race”...... 135 ...... 209 Aryan ...... 136 (BPP) ...... 212 Ashkenazic and German ...... 137 movement...... 214 Asian American gangs...... 138 ...... 215 Asian American Legal Defense Fund Blackness and whiteness (legal definitions). . . 217 (AALDEF)...... 139 Black-on-black violence...... 218 Asian American movement...... 140 Bleeding ...... 219 : an introduction ...... 141 Bloc Québécois ...... 221 Asian Americans: education...... 144 Blue laws...... 222 Asian Americans: employment...... 147 Bolling v. Sharpe...... 223 Asian Americans: families and socialization. . . 149 Border patrols ...... 224 Asian Americans: film...... 151 Bracero program...... 225 Asian Americans: stereotypes ...... 154 Brain drain...... 227 Asian Americans: women...... 155 British as dominant group. . . . . 227 Asian Indians in ...... 158 Broadcast media: All in the Family...... 228 Asian Pacific American Labor Brown v. Board of Education ...... 229 Alliance (APALA)...... 160 Buchanan v. Warley...... 231 Assimilation: cultural and structural . . . . . 161 Buddhist holidays and celebrations...... 231 Assimilation: theories...... 164 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)...... 233 Compromise...... 166 Burke Act...... 234 Attitude-receptional assimilation ...... 167 Busing and school integration ...... 235 Authoritarian personality theory ...... 168 Cable Act ...... 239 Bakke case...... 171 ...... 239 Banking practices and racial relations. . . . . 172 ...... 241 Baseball and the early impact of Campus ethnoviolence ...... 242 African Americans...... 174 Canadian policy on refugees...... 244 Batson v. ...... 175 Canarsie ...... 245 Behavior-receptional assimilation...... 176 Capital punishment and race...... 246 Bigotry ...... 176 Carlisle Indian School...... 247 Bilingual Education Act...... 177 Caste model (American South) ...... 248 Bilingual education and racial relations. 178 Catholic holidays and celebrations...... 249 Bilingualism in Canada...... 181 Caucasian...... 250 Biosocial theories and race relations. . . . . 184 Celtic Irish ...... 251 Biracialism and multiracialism...... 186 Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood. . . . . 251 Black “brute” and “buck” stereotypes. . . . . 189 Charleston church shooting of 2015 . . . . . 252 Black cabinet ...... 190 Charleston race riots (1865)...... 254 ...... 190 Charter of Rights and Freedoms...... 254 Black codes...... 192 Charter of the ...... 256 Black colleges and universities...... 193 Charter Schools and Racial/Ethnic Relations . . 256 . . . . 195 v. and Black conservatism: Four Key Worcester v. Georgia...... 258 Characteristics of Black Conservatives. . . . 197 Cherokee Tobacco case...... 260 Black flight...... 198 Conference (1961)...... 260 : an overview...... 199 movement: Chicano...... 261 movement...... 202 Chin murder ...... 261 Black Jews...... 202 Chinatowns...... 262 Black LGBTQ community...... 203 Chinese American Citizens Alliance...... 264 ...... 205 ...... 265 Black middle class/black underclass relations. . 207 Chinese Canadians...... 267

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Chinese Exclusion Act...... 270 Contact and adaptation patterns ...... 335 Chinese Six Companies...... 272 Contact hypothesis...... 337 Christian Front...... 274 ...... 339 Christian Identity movement ...... 275 Cooper v. Aaron...... 339 Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. Hialeah. . . . 276 Council of Federated Organizations (COFO). . 340 Cities and ethnic diversity...... 276 Crack cocaine and race relations...... 341 Citizens Councils...... 278 Creole...... 342 Citizenship Act...... 278 Cress theory...... 343 Civic assimilation...... 280 Crime and race/ethnicity...... 343 Civil Liberties Act of 1988...... 280 Criminal justice system and racial and Civil liberties in the ...... 281 ethnic relations...... 346 Civil rights...... 284 Crime trends ...... 350 Civil Rights Act of 1957...... 287 Crips...... 352 Civil Rights Act of 1960...... 288 Critical race theory ...... 353 ...... 288 Crown Heights conflicts ...... 354 ...... 290 Cuban American National Foundation (CANF). 355 Civil Rights Act of 1991...... 292 ...... 356 Civil Rights Acts of 1866-1875...... 292 Cuban Revolution ...... 358 Civil Rights cases...... 293 Cuban-African American relations...... 360 Civil rights...... 294 Cultural citizenship...... 362 ...... 297 Cultural pluralism...... 363 Children in the Civil Rights movement. . . . 301 Cultural relativity v. ...... 363 Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987...... 302 Culture and language ...... 364 Civil War and race relations ...... 304 Culture of ...... 366 “Classless” society...... 307 Cultures of resistance. . . 368 Class theories of racial/ethnic relations. . . . 308 Curanderismo ...... 368 Clinton massacre of 1875 ...... 310 DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Code switching...... 310 Arrivals)...... 369 Colegrove v. Green ...... 311 DAPA (Deferred Action for Parents of Colfax massacre (1873)...... 312 Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents).370 College admissions and race relations. . . . . 313 De facto and de jure segregation...... 371 College entrance examinations and race Declaration of ...... 371 relations...... 314 Deference rituals...... 373 Colliflower v. Garland ...... 316 Delano Grape Strike ...... 373 Colonial model of ...... 317 Delgamuukw v. British Columbia ...... 375 Color coding ...... 318 Department of Indian Affairs and Women’s League...... 318 Northern Development ...... 376 Columbus and ...... 319 Desegregation of the US defense industry. . . 377 Competition theory and human ecology. . . . 321 Desegregation of US public schools...... 379 Compromise of 1850...... 323 Determined Residents United for Mohawk Compromise of 1877...... 324 Sovereignty (DRUMS) ...... 382 Confiscation Acts of 1861 and 1862...... 325 (1967)...... 383 Conformity theories...... 325 ...... 384 Congress of Racial Equality...... 326 Discrimination: an introduction...... 385 Congressional Black Caucus...... 328 Discrimination: behaviors...... 387 Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHC). . . . 328 Discrimination: direct institutionalized. . . . 388 Conquest and annexation and race relations . . 329 Discrimination: direct v. indirect ...... 388 Conservatives and racial/ethnic relations. . . 331 Discrimination: indirect institutionalized . . . 389 Constitutional racism...... 334 Discrimination: intentional v. unintentional. . 390

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Discrimination: overt/expressed v. covert. . . 390 Economics and race...... 423 Discrimination: racial and ethnic...... 391 Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Company. . . . . 426 Discrimination: responses to...... 396 Education and racial/ethnic relations. . . . . 426 Discrimination: spatial dimensions...... 397 Egalitarian symbiosis...... 430 Discrimination: systemic...... 399 Elk v. Wilkins ...... 430 Disease and intergroup contact ...... 399 Employment Division v. ...... 430 Disfranchisement laws in . . . . . 402 Employment in Canada...... 431 Disidentification...... 404 Enclave economies...... 434 Disparate impact theory ...... 404 English-only and official English movements . . 435 Distinct society concept...... 405 Entitlement programs...... 438 Diversity ...... 407 Entrepreneurship in ethnic minority Diversity training programs...... 407 communities ...... 441 DNA profiling: an overview...... 409 Environmental racism...... 443 Dominant group ...... 412 Epithet transfer ...... 445 ...... 413 Epithets and pejorative language...... 446 Draft riots (1863)...... 415 Equal educational opportunity...... 447 Drugs and racial/ethnic relations ...... 417 Equal Employment Opportunity Act. . . . . 450 Duro v. Reina ...... 420 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . 450 Dyer antilynching bill ...... 420 Equality...... 451 Eastern European Jews ...... 421 Equality of opportunity...... 452 Eastern Orthodox holidays and celebrations ...... 453 ebonics...... 422 Ethnic enclaves...... 453

Volume 2 Ethnic heritage revival...... 457 Fascism in Canada...... 484 Ethnic identities of women...... 457 Federal riot...... 485 Ethnic identity: choice and Federally recognized ...... 486 development...... 463 FEMA response to Hurricane Katrina: Ethnic studies programs...... 464 an overview ...... 486 Ethnicity and ethnic groups...... 466 ...... 489 Ethnocentrism in American history...... 468 Fifteen Principles...... 492 ...... 469 Fifteenth Amendment...... 492 theory ...... 469 and race Ethnoviolence ...... 470 relations...... 494 Euro-American...... 471 Filipino Veterans’ movement ...... 496 Eurocentrism...... 472 Financial crisis of 2008 and communities European immigration to Canada: of color...... 497 1867–present...... 472 First Nations-white relations in Canada. . . . 500 European immigration to the United States: Fisher v. University of ...... 504 1790–1892...... 474 Fish-ins...... 505 European immigration to the Foreign professionals in the United States. 507 United States: 1892–1943...... 477 Fourteenth Amendment...... 508 Ex parte Crow Dog...... 479 Francophone...... 510 External colonialism...... 480 Frank ...... 510 Fair Employment Practices Free African Society...... 511 Committee (FEPC)...... 481 Free blacks...... 513 Fair Housing Act ...... 482 Freedmen’s Bureau...... 514

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Freedom Riders...... 515 Head Start ...... 574 Freedom Summer ...... 516 Health care and racial/ethnic relations. . . . 575 Free-Soil Party ...... 517 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States. . . . 578 French Canadian women ...... 518 Hindu Holidays and Festivals...... 579 French Canadians ...... 519 culture...... 580 of the Indian...... 522 Hirabayashi v. United States...... 582 Frustration-aggression theory...... 523 Hispanic v. Latino ...... 583 Fugitive slave laws...... 525 Hispanic/Latino discrimination...... 583 Fullilove v. Klutznick...... 526 ...... 585 Fusion movement...... 526 ...... 587 Gadsden Purchase...... 529 Holocaust denial ...... 591 Gendered racism...... 529 Homelessness and racial/ethnic relations. . . 592 General Allotment Act...... 529 Horton incident...... 594 Genetic basis for race...... 531 Housing and race relations...... 595 The Bell Curve Debate: Race, Intelligence, Human Rights Act...... 598 and Genes ...... 534 Hurricane Katrina and FEMA’s response. . . . 600 of American Indians...... 534 Hymietown statement...... 603 Genocide: cultural...... 537 Hypersegregation...... 603 Genocide: physical...... 538 Hypodescent...... 604 Gentlemen’s Agreement...... 539 Hypogamy...... 606 ...... 541 Identification assimilation...... 607 Ghost Dance religion...... 543 Ideological racism...... 607 Glass ceiling...... 545 Immigrant advantage...... 608 Globalization’s impact on US racial/ethnic Immigrant bashing ...... 608 demographics ...... 545 Immigrant women...... 610 Goetz incident...... 546 Immigrants in the military ...... 612 Graham v. Richardson...... 547 Immigration Act of 1917...... 615 Grandfather clauses...... 547 ...... 616 Great Migration...... 548 Immigration Act of 1943...... 618 ...... 550 Immigration Act of 1990...... 620 Green v. County School Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). 621 Board of New Kent County...... 552 Immigration and emigration ...... 621 Greensboro sit-ins ...... 553 Immigration and Act of 1952. . 625 Griffin v. Breckenridge ...... 553 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. . 627 Griggs v. Duke Power Company...... 554 Immigration and Service (INS). 628 Grovey v. Townsend...... 555 Immigration law in Canada...... 629 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty...... 555 Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 . 631 Guinn v. United States...... 557 Immigration restrictions: an overview. . . . . 633 ...... 557 Immigration’s positive impact on US society. . 637 Haitians and Haitian refugees. 559 Incorporation...... 638 Hansen effect...... 561 Indentured servitude...... 638 ...... 561 Indian...... 639 Harlins, Latasha, murder. 565 Indian Act of 1876...... 639 Harper v. Board of Elections...... 566 Indian Act of 1951...... 640 Hate Crime Statistics Act...... 566 Indian Act of 1985...... 641 Hate crimes and racial relations...... 567 ...... 642 Hate speech...... 569 Indian Appropriation Act...... 644 Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Americans . . . 571 Indian Child Welfare Act...... 646 Hawkins murder. 574 Indian Citizenship Act...... 646

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Indian Claims Commission...... 647 Jewish-Muslim relations ...... 726 Indian Education Acts...... 647 ...... 730 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act...... 648 Job Corps and racial relations...... 731 Indian ...... 650 John Brown’s raid ...... 732 Indian offenses...... 650 Jones Act of 1917...... 734 Indian preference ...... 651 Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Company...... 735 Indian Removal Act...... 651 and ethnic relations. . . . . 736 Indian Reorganization Act ...... 653 Jury nullification ...... 739 Indian Rights Association (IRA)...... 653 Jury selection...... 739 Indian Territory...... 654 Kansas- Act ...... 741 Indian-white relations in Canada...... 655 Keeler Commission...... 741 Indian-white relations in the United States. . . 659 Keetoowah Society...... 742 Indigenous superordination...... 662 Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1...... 742 Individual racism...... 663 King assassination ...... 743 Inequality...... 664 King case...... 744 Initiative on Race...... 665 Know-Nothing Party...... 746 Institutional racism ...... 665 Komagata Maru incident...... 747 Integration...... 669 ...... 747 Intelligence and race...... 671 Korean-African American relations ...... 749 Internal colonialism...... 677 Korematsu v. United States...... 750 Internalized racism ...... 679 ...... 751 International Indian Treaty Council . . . . . 680 Ku Klux Klan Acts ...... 753 Interracial and interethnic friendship. . . . . 681 Labor movement and race relations...... 755 Interracial and interethnic . . . . . 683 Latinos: an overview ...... 758 ...... 685 Latinos: employment...... 762 Irish American stereotypes...... 687 Latinos: families and socialization ...... 764 ...... 688 Latinos: film...... 766 Irish Catholic “race”...... 691 Latinos: stereotypes...... 768 Irish–African American relations...... 691 Latinos: women (Latinas)...... 769 Irredentism...... 692 Lau v. Nichols...... 772 Islamophobia...... 692 League of United Latin American Citizens. . . 774 ...... 693 The Liberator...... 776 Italian American stereotypes...... 695 Lincoln-Douglas debates...... 778 ...... 696 Literacy tests...... 778 ...... 701 Little Bighorn...... 779 Japan bashing...... 702 ...... 780 Japanese American internment ...... 703 Little Italies...... 781 ...... 706 Little Rock school desegregation...... 782 Jewish American outmarriage...... 709 Little Tokyos...... 783 Jewish Americans...... 710 Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock...... 784 Jewish Americans as a middleman minority. . . 713 Long Walk ...... 785 Jewish Canadians...... 715 Longest Walk...... 787 Jewish Defense League (JDL)...... 716 Loo murder ...... 788 Jewish ethnicity...... 717 riots of 1992...... 788 Jewish Federations of North America. . . . . 718 in American history...... 790 Jewish Holidays and Celebrations...... 719 Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Jewish stereotypes. . 721 Association...... 792 Jewish women...... 722 Machine politics...... 793 Jewish-African American relations...... 724 Mafia...... 794

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Mainstreaming...... 795 Muslim holidays and celebrations. . . . 856 Majority and minority...... 795 Muslims in North America ...... 858 MANA (organization)...... 796 Naïveté explanation of racism. . . . 861 Maquiladoras...... 796 Nation of ...... 862 Mariel boatlift...... 798 National Advisory Commission on Marital assimilation...... 800 Civil Disorders...... 863 Marranos ...... 801 National Association for the Advancement of Marxist models...... 802 Colored People...... 864 Mass incarceration of African Americans National Association for the Advancement of and other ethnic minorities...... 803 Colored People Legal Defense and “Body of Liberties”. . . 804 Educational Fund...... 867 Massie case...... 806 National Association of Colored Women. . . . 867 McCleskey v. Kemp...... 806 National Black Women’s Political Leadership Meech Lake Accord...... 807 Caucus...... 868 theory...... 808 National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations Meritocracy myth...... 809 in America (N’COBRA)...... 868 ...... 810 National Coalition on Racism in Sports Métis...... 810 and Media ...... 869 and Mexican immigrants. . 813 National Congress of American riots of 1980 ...... 815 Indians (NCAI)...... 870 Middleman minorities...... 817 National Council of American Indians. . . 870 Migrant detention centers ...... 819 National Council of Colored People . . . . . 871 Migrant superordination...... 821 National Council of La Raza...... 873 Military and racial/ethnic relations...... 822 National Council of Military desegregation...... 823 Women...... 873 Milliken v. Bradley...... 824 National Indian Association...... 873 ...... 825 National Indian Youth Council...... 874 Million Woman March...... 827 (NUL) ...... 875 Minority and majority groups...... 827 Native American...... 876 Minority voting districts...... 830 Native American Church...... 876 laws in the US...... 830 Native American Church v. Tribal Council. . 877 Missions, missionaries, and American Indians. . 831 Native American gaming and gambling. . . . 878 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. . . . . 833 Native American mascot controversy. . . . . 879 Compromise...... 833 Native American Rights Fund...... 880 “Model” minorities...... 835 Native American studies ...... 881 Molly Maguires...... 838 Nativism ...... 884 Mongrelization...... 839 Naturalization Act of 1790. . . . . 886 Montgomery bus boycott. . . . 839 Navajo Rehabilitation Act...... 886 Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis ...... 842 Navajo War...... 887 ...... 842 Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act ...... 888 Morrill Land Grant Act of 1890 ...... 843 Nazism ...... 889 Motown Records ...... 844 Negro Conventions...... 892 Moynihan Report...... 844 Neo-Nazism ...... 893 Mulattoes ...... 845 City slave revolt...... 893 Multiculturalism...... 846 Newark race riots...... 895 Multiculturalism Act ...... 848 Newberry v. United States...... 896 Multiculturalism in Canada...... 849 News media and racial/ethnic relations. 897 Multiracial identity...... 851 Nez Perce ...... 900 Multiracial movement...... 853 Niagara Movement...... 902

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Nisga’a Agreement in Principle...... 903 Padilla v. Commonwealth of Kentucky...... 937 9/11 attacks and racial/ethnic relations . . . . 904 Page law ...... 938 Nixon v. Herndon ...... 906 Pan-Africanism...... 940 Nonviolent resistance (racial relations). . . . 907 ...... 941 Nordic “race”...... 909 Pan-Indianism ...... 941 The North Star...... 910 Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler. . . 943 Northwest Ordinance ...... 913 Passing and race relations...... 943 Nunavut Territory...... 913 Patriarchal system ...... 944 Obama, Barack, First African-American Peltier case...... 945 US President ...... 915 Society for the Abolition Obergefell v. Hodges...... 916 of Slavery...... 945 October crisis...... 917 People of color...... 947 Official Languages Act...... 920 People v. George Hall ...... 948 Oka crisis ...... 922 Peyote religion...... 948 Indian Welfare Act of 1936. . . . . 923 riots...... 950 Ole Miss desegregation...... 924 Philippine insurrection...... 952 Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian ...... 926 Pine Ridge shootout ...... 954 One-drop rule ...... 926 Platt Amendment...... 955 Operation Bootstrap...... 927 Plessy v. Ferguson...... 956 Operation Wetback...... 928 Pluralism v. assimilation...... 958 Oppositional culture...... 930 Pluralism v. particularism ...... 960 Oppression mentality. . 930 Plyler v. Doe...... 961 Orangeburg massacre...... 931 ...... 962 Orientalism...... 932 Police brutality...... 962 “Other” theory and racial and ethnic relations. 933 ...... 967 Out-group...... 934 Political cartoons and Islam: an overview . . . 968 Ozawa v. United States...... 934 Political correctness...... 971

Volume 3 Politics and racial/ethnic relations in Canada. 975 President’s Committee on Civil Rights (1946). 1003 Politics of hate...... 977 Proclamation of 1763...... 1004 Poll tax...... 978 Progressive inclusion theory of assimilation . . 1005 Poor People’s March on . . . . . 979 Proposition 187...... 1006 Popé’s Revolt...... 980 Proposition 209...... 1007 Popular media: portrayals of race and ethnicity. 982 Progressive inclusion theory of assimilation . . 1008 Positive ethnocentrism ...... 984 Proslavery argument...... 1009 Post-Columbian West Indies uprisings. . . . . 984 Protestant holidays and celebrations. . . . . 1011 “Post-racial” or “color-blind” society...... 986 Psychological theories of intergroup relations . 1013 Poverty and race...... 988 Psychology of racism...... 1015 Power elite...... 990 Public Law 280...... 1018 Powwows...... 992 Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Prejudice and discrimination: Merton’s Fund...... 1019 paradigm...... 993 ...... 1020 Prejudice and stereotyping...... 995 Push and pull factors (race relations) . . . . 1022 Prejudice: effects...... 997 Quotas and race relations...... 1023 Prejudice: reduction ...... 999 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ...... 1025 Presidential election of 2012...... 1001 Race as a concept...... 1025

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Race card ...... 1028 “Reverse” racism...... 1114 Race relations cycle...... 1029 Reynolds v. Sims...... 1114 Race riots of 1866...... 1032 Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company...... 1115 Race riots of 1943...... 1034 Riel Rebellions...... 1116 Race riots in the twentieth and twenty-first Roldan v. Los Angeles County...... 1118 centuries...... 1036 Roma...... 1118 Race-class debate...... 1038 Roosevelt coalition...... 1119 Race-neutrality...... 1040 Rosenberg trial...... 1119 Racial and ethnic ­demographics in Canada. . . . 1041 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Racial and ethnic ­demographics trends. . . . 1043 (RCAP)...... 1121 Racial and ethnic tolerance. . . . . 1046 Runyon v. McCrary...... 1124 Racial formation theory ...... 1046 ...... 1125 Racial hierarchy...... 1047 Sacco and Vanzetti trial...... 1127 Racial profiling: an overview...... 1048 Sanctuary movement...... 1129 Racial propaganda...... 1050 Sand Creek massacre (1864)...... 1130 Racial/ethnic jokes and humor ...... 1053 Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez...... 1131 Racial/ethnic relations in Canada...... 1054 Santería...... 1132 Racial/ethnic relations: theoretical overview . 1062 Scandinavian Americans...... 1132 Racial formation theory ...... 1065 “Scientific” racism ...... 1134 Racial profiling...... 1066 Scots-Irish “race” ...... 1135 Racism as a “system of advantage” ...... 1069 Scott v. Sandford ...... 1136 Racism as an ideology...... 1070 Scottsboro trials...... 1137 Racism: changing nature over time . . . . . 1072 Segmented assimilation theory...... 1139 Racism: history of the concept...... 1075 Segregation in American history ...... 1139 “Racial” versus “ethnic”...... 1080 Segregation on the frontier...... 1141 Rainbow PUSH Coalition ...... 1081 Segregation versus integration...... 1142 Reapportionment cases...... 1081 Self-determination and ethnicity in the US. . 1145 Reconstruction...... 1083 Self-identification among Asian Americans. . 1146 Red Scare...... 1085 Self-identification among Latinos...... 1147 Redemption period...... 1087 Self-segregation...... 1148 Redistricting...... 1087 Sell-out...... 1149 ...... 1089 Selma-Montgomery march...... 1150 Redress movement...... 1090 Wars...... 1151 Refugee fatigue ...... 1091 Separatism ...... 1152 Refugees and racial/ethnic relations. . . . . 1092 Separatist movement in Quebec...... 1152 Refugees, US policy on...... 1094 Sephardic Jewish Americans...... 1154 Reitman v. Mulkey...... 1095 Set-asides...... 1155 Relative deprivation theory...... 1096 Settlement houses...... 1156 Religion-based ethnicities...... 1096 Sexual fears and racism...... 1157 Relocation of American Indians...... 1099 Sharecropping...... 1158 ...... 1100 Shaw v. Reno...... 1159 Repatriation...... 1103 Shelley v. Kraemer...... 1159 Representation: ­gerrymandering, Sikhs in Canada...... 1160 ­malapportionment, and reapportionment. 1103 Sikhs in the United States...... 1161 Reservation system of the United States. . . . 1105 Simpson trial ...... 1162 Reserve system of Canada...... 1108 War...... 1164 Restitution to Native Americans...... 1110 Skinheads...... 1166 Restrictive or racial covenants...... 1113 Slave codes...... 1167 Retribalization...... 1113 Slave rebellions ...... 1169

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Slavery...... 1169 Third World strike...... 1236 Slavery and race relations...... 1174 Thomas/Hill hearings...... 1237 Slavery and the justice system...... 1177 Three-fifths compromise...... 1238 Slavery in the early ­development of Tibetans in North America...... 1238 North America...... 1180 Tokenism ...... 1240 Smith v. Allwright ...... 1182 Tolerance...... 1240 Social Darwinism and racism ...... 1183 Trail of Broken Treaties. . . . . 1241 Social identity theory and race relations. . . 1185 Trail of Tears ...... 1241 Social mobility and race ...... 1188 Transnationalism and ethnonationalism. . . 1243 Social perception of others...... 1190 adoption in the US...... 1244 Social rearticulation...... 1192 Treaties and agreements with Aboriginal Social stratification theories ...... 1193 peoples in Canada...... 1246 Socialization and reference groups . . . . . 1199 Treaties and agreements with Society of American Indians...... 1202 American Indians in the United States. . . 1249 Sociobiology and race...... 1203 Tribal councils...... 1251 Somatic norm theory...... 1204 Tribal courts...... 1252 Soul as a concept...... 1204 Tribal sovereignty...... 1253 Statehouse Confederate Flag ...... 1255 Controversy...... 1205 Triple oppression...... 1256 Southern Conference for Human Welfare. . . . . 1206 Turner’s slave insurrection...... 1256 Southwest Voter Registration Education Project. 1207 Tuskegee Airmen...... 1258 Soviet Jewish immigrants...... 1208 Tuskegee experiment ...... 1259 Split labor market theory ...... 1209 Twice migrants...... 1260 Sports and racial relations...... 1210 Tydings-McDuffie Act ...... 1260 Standardized testing and IQ testing Unarmed black killings by whites in the controversies...... 1214 twenty-first century...... 1261 Standing Bear v. Crook...... 1216 Underclass theories...... 1274 Status Indians...... 1217 ...... 1275 Stereotype...... 1217 Undocumented immigration...... 1277 Stereotyping and the self-fulfilling prophecy. . 1218 Undocumented/unauthorized worker/ Stop and frisk...... 1220 migrant...... 1278 Structural assimilation...... 1222 United Farm Workers ...... 1280 Structural racism...... 1222 United Jewish Appeal ...... 1281 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee . 1223 United Negro College Fund (UNCF). . . 1281 Subordinate group...... 1224 United States Commission on Civil Rights. . . 1282 Summit Meeting of National Negro Leaders. . 1224 United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind...... 1283 Supreme Court and ethnic representation. . 1225 United States v. Cruikshank ...... 1283 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of United States v. Kagama...... 1284 Education...... 1226 United States v. Reese...... 1284 Sweatt v. Painter ...... 1227 United States v. Washington...... 1285 Symbolic interactionism United Steelworkers of America v. Weber. . . . . 1285 (racial and ethnic issues)...... 1227 Universal Negro Improvement Association. . 1286 Symbolic racism...... 1229 Urban Indians ...... 1288 Syncretism ...... 1230 Urban underclass and the rural poor. . . . . 1289 ...... 1231 USA Freedom Act ...... 1291 Talented Tenth...... 1232 ...... 1295 Tecumseh’s Rebellion...... 1233 Vietnamese Canadians...... 1296 Termination Resolution ...... 1234 Visible minority allophones in Canada...... 1297 Teutonic “race” ...... 1236 Voter restriction laws and initiatives. . . . . 1299

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Voting Rights Act of 1965 ...... 1301 Whites...... 1332 Voting rights of American Indians...... 1301 Wilson-Willie debate...... 1333 Voting rights of Canadian aboriginals . . . . 1303 v. Mitchell...... 1334 War Brides Act...... 1305 Women and racism ...... 1334 War on terrorism...... 1306 Women of All Red Nations...... 1337 Wards Cove Packing Company v. Atonio . . . . . 1309 Women of color...... 1338 Washington v. Davis ...... 1310 Wong Kim Ark v. United States...... 1339 Water rights and racial relations...... 1310 Work ethic and race relations...... 1341 Watts riot...... 1311 Workplace Teams and Diversity ...... 1342 Weber v. Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Wounded Knee massacre (1890) ...... 1343 Corporation...... 1313 Wounded Knee occupation (1973) . . . . . 1345 “Welfare queen” stereotype...... 1314 , nativism, and . . . . . 1347 Welfare reform and racial/ethnic relations. . 1314 Yellow peril campaign...... 1351 Welfare reforms of 1996 ...... 1316 Yellow Power...... 1352 Welfare stereotypes ...... 1318 Young Lords...... 1353 Welfare’s impact on racial/ethnic relations. . 1320 Youth gangs ...... 1354 ...... 1321 ...... 1359 White “race”...... 1323 Zoning and race relations...... 1359 White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP). . . . 1324 Zoot-suit riots...... 1360 White Aryan Brotherhood...... 1324 White church...... 1325 Appendixes White ethnics...... 1326 Time Line of Racial and Ethnic Relations ����������1363 White flight...... 1327 Categorized List of Entries ����������������������������������1383 White man’s burden ...... 1328 Pioneers of Intergroup Relations ������������������������1401 White Paper of 1969 ...... 1329 Bibliography of Racial and Ethnic Relations ������1427 White supremacist groups in the US . . . . . 1330 Index ����������������������������������������������������������������������1469 White trash...... 1331

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