Josef Kopperschmidt Wir Sind Nicht Auf Der Welt, Um Zu Schweigen

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Josef Kopperschmidt Wir Sind Nicht Auf Der Welt, Um Zu Schweigen Josef Kopperschmidt Wir sind nicht auf der Welt, um zu schweigen Josef Kopperschmidt Wir sind nicht auf der Welt, um zu schweigen Eine Einleitung in die Rhetorik ISBN 978-3-11-054890-7 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-055067-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-054918-8 Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Lizenz. Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen National- bibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet uber http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2018 Josef Kopperschmidt, publiziert von Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Satz: Konvertus, Haarlem Umschlagabbildung: Garde le silence et le silence te gardera / Keep silent and the silence will keep you by tereliyesajjan (https://www.flickr.com/photos/29984385@N02/). Säulenkapitell an der Kirche „Sacré Coeur“ in Paray-le-Mondial in Burgund, siehe Abbildung 4 Kapitel 3.1. Druck und Bindung: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Gedruckt auf saurefreiem Papier Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Mitten im Verfall der öffentlichen Rede [...] nimmt der Begriff der ‚Rhetorik‘ einen Aufschwung über alle geisteswissenschaftlichen Disziplinen hinweg, von denen der Künste und Literaturen bis zur Philosophie. Es sieht aus, als werde eine neue Tugend entdeckt, zumindest ein Tugendersatz. Allerdings ist Belebung von Rhetorik seit der Antike ein Merkmal bestimmter Resignationen: Es gibt keine Wahrheit, die für sich selbst stehen könnte, nicht hilfsbedürftig wäre, im Grenzfall sprachlos. Glaubt man dann wieder, die Wahrheit oder wenigstens eine haben zu können, wird ‚Rhetorik‘ rasch zum Verdikt, Rücksichtslosigkeit gegen die Sprache zum Kennmal der Rechtfertigung [...]. (Hans Blumenberg 1998, 164; Hervorhebung J.K.) In dankbarer Erinnerung meinem Lehrer Walter Jens gewidmet und dem Tübinger „Seminar für Allgemeine Rhetorik“ sowie all denen, die meine Arbeit an diesem Buch in den letzten Jahren begleitet und auf je verschiedene Art positiv beeinflusst haben. Für Hilfen bei der Herstellung der Manuskript-Endfassung dieses Buches möchte ich meinen beiden Mitarbeitern herzlich danken, nämlich Herrn Christoph Ackermann und Herrn Jochen Müller sowie Herrn Daniel Gietz, dem Acquisitions Editor des De Gruyter-Verlags. Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort 1 Über die Hintertreppe zur Rhetorik 3 Thematische Einstimmung 2 Vodafone oder wozu wir auf der Welt sind 15 2.0 Das Vodafone-Plakat 15 2.1 Die Wozu-Frage 15 2.2 Zweimal Rhetorik? 21 2.3 Verlegenheitsrhetorik 28 Hauptteil A: Personenbezogene Zugänge zur Rhetorik 3 Luhmann oder warum die Mönche schweigen 35 3.0 Kleines und großes Schweigen 35 3.1 Kontemplatives Schweigen 37 3.2 Erzwungene Rückkehr 46 3.3 Höhlenrhetorik 49 3.4 Nachplatonische Konzessionsrhetoriken 54 4 Aristoteles oder warum Rhetorik nützlich ist 62 4.0 „Der Mensch ist ein Wesen, das spricht“ 62 4.1 Der evolutionäre Vorteil der Sprache 63 4.2 Die vierfache Nützlichkeit der Rhetorik 67 4.3 Umrisse einer anderen Rhetorik 74 4.4 Zwischen Geltungsindiz und Geltungskonstitution 82 5 Blumenberg oder warum Not reden lehren kann 87 5.0 „Anthropologische Annäherung an die Aktualität der Rhetorik“ 87 5.1 Die anthropologische Zentralfrage 89 5.2 Konstitutionelle Evidenzmängel 90 X Inhaltsverzeichnis 5.3 Das Ende einer Konfliktbeziehung 95 5.4 Der unfertige Mensch 104 5.5 Wider den Vorwurf des „Belcanto-Miserabilismus“ 114 6 Perelman oder warum seine Argumentationstheorie eine „Neue Rhetorik“ ist 119 6.0 Ein Zufallsfund 119 6.1 Die Rhetorisierung der (praktischen) Vernunft 121 6.2 Gibt es Inkarnationen des „universalen Publikums“? 123 6.3 Nicht-vikarische Inkarnationsformen 129 6.4 Das „universale Publikum“ im Theorievergleich 132 6.5 Schlussbemerkungen 139 7 Heidegger oder warum sein Rhetorikinteresse kein Glücksfall für die Rhetorik war 142 7.0 Heidegger im Urteil von Rhetorikern 142 7.1 Einige Irritationen mit Heideggers 1924er-Vorlesung 144 7.2 „Das Man“ als das „Wie der Alltäglichkeit“ 148 7.3 Wie spricht eigentlich „das Man“? 152 7.4 Definitionskontamination 159 7.5 Heidegger gegen Heidegger lesen? 165 B: Systematische Zugänge zur Rhetorik 8 Heißen ist wichtiger als Sein oder über die kognitive Dimension der Rhetorik 171 8.0 Vorbemerkung 171 8.1 Ansichten über den „homo rhetoricus“ 172 8.2 Tom Sawyers Entdeckung 178 8.3 „De la métaphysique à la rhétorique“ 185 8.4 Nietzsche und das Theorem: Heißen ist wichtiger als Sein 190 8.5 Von der Arbeit am Heißen zum „Kampf ums Heißen“ 194 9 Die goldenen Ketten der Rhetorik oder über die soziale Dimension der Rhetorik 199 9.0 Warum ist Rhetorik nötig? 199 9.1 „Ändere die Welt!“ 201 9.2 Gemeinsamer Veränderungswille 206 9.3 Fesselnde Rhetorik 210 Inhaltsverzeichnis XI 10 „Alle Kommunikation ist riskant“ oder über die geltungspragmatische Dimension der Rhetorik 221 10.0 Rhetorik als Ausnahmefall 221 10.1 „Stuttgart 21“ 225 10.2 Die Geltungsbasis und ihre Problematisierung 233 10.2.1 Zwei prominente Geltungsansprüche 233 10.2.2 Die normative Geltungsbasis der Rede 240 10.3 Vom „Raum der Gründe“ zum „Reich der Rhetorik“ 249 11 Das Anschlussprinzip oder über die operative Dimension der Rhetorik 262 11.0 Argumentative Geltungseinlösung 262 11.1 Argumentation – „das Sprachspiel der Vernunft“ 267 11.2 Multifaktorielle Überzeugungskraft 285 11.2.1 Inhaltliche Faktoren argumentativer Überzeugungskraft 292 11.2.2 Personale Faktoren argumentativer Überzeugungskraft 295 11.2.3 Sprachästhetische Faktoren argumentativer Überzeugungskraft 303 11.2.4 Emotionale, mediale und situative Faktoren argumentativer Überzeugungskraft 309 11.3 Überzeugen versus überreden 315 Abschluss 12 Das Ende eines alten Verdachts oder zu Geschichte und Zukunft der Rhetorik 335 12.0 Vorbemerkung 335 12.1 „Sonderweg“-Theorien 339 12.2 Obama oder der Messias unter der Goldelse 342 12.3 Was uns fehlt 345 12.4 „Ein Jahr im Parlament“ 353 12.5 Rhetorik „auf platter Erde“ 357 Literaturverzeichnis 363 Personenregister 378 Bildnachweise 382 Vorwort 1 Über die Hintertreppe zur Rhetorik Alles, was diesseits der Evidenz übrigbleibt, ist Rhetorik. Hans Blumenberg Die hier vorgelegte Einleitung in die Rhetorik ist zwar in Tübingen konzeptionell entstanden – nämlich während meiner Zeit als Gastprofessor am „Seminar für Allgemeine Rhetorik“ zwischen 2009 und 2011; sie ist auch in Tübingen in einer Vorlesung und in einschlägigen Seminaren erprobt worden; dennoch ist diese Einleitung keine Einleitung in die sogenannte „Tübinger Rhetorik“. Wer über diese Rhetorik Genaueres erfahren will, lese dazu das entsprechende Kapitel im Grundriss der Rhetorik von Gert Ueding und Bernd Steinbrink (1994) oder die einschlägigen Abschnitte im HWRh unter dem umfangreichen Sachartikel „Rhetorik“ (identisch mit Ueding 2005). Ich stimme zwar mit vielen Aspekten des Tübinger Verständnisses von Rhetorik überein, binde aber deren Identität nicht so sehr an eine historische, in diesem Fall: antik geprägte und profilierte Gestalt von Rhetorik, sondern an deren spezifisches Frageinteresse. Dieses mein Rhetorikverständnis ist sich durchaus der Historizität des zugrundeliegenden Frageinteresses bewusst, doch spricht es ihr nur in dem Maße Relevanz zu, als die lange Theoriegeschichte der Rhetorik mög- liche Anregungen für eine moderne Theoriearbeit anzubieten vermag. Mit einem solchen nach hinten hin durchaus interessierten Rhetorikverständnis scheint mir auch die von der „Tübinger Rhetorik“ gewollte Offenheit der Rhetorik nach vorne hin, nämlich für mögliche Transformationen ihres theoretischen Gehalts, plausibler einlösbar zu sein als über eine enge Anbindung ihres Frageinteresses an eine ihrer historisch versuchten disziplinären Formationen, wie sie Manfred Fuhrmann der „Tübinger Rhetorik“ seinerzeit empfahl, nämlich diese Anbindung „wie einen Fels in der Brandung“ gegen modernistische Rhetorik-Ambitionen zu verteidigen (1998, 27). Für das in dieser Einleitung vertretene Verständnis von Rhetorik sind die als moder- nistisch verdächtigten Ambitionen keinesfalls die bloße Nachgeschichte eines von der antiken bzw. „klassischen Rhetorik“ bereits weithin eingelösten Frageinteresses. Sie, diese nachantike Geschichte der Rhetorik, hält vielmehr eine zunächst über- raschende Neuentdeckung der Rhetorik bereit, die den substanziellen Gehalt ihres Frageinteresses nach Jahrhunderten seiner sozialtechnizistischen Entstellung oder literarästhetischen Verharmlosung erstmals wieder freizulegen vermag. Unter Titeln wie „Wiederkehr“, „Rehabilitation der Rhetorik“, „rhetorical turn“ usw.1 ist diese Neuentdeckung vielfach beschrieben worden. In dieser 1 Vgl. u. a. Simons 1990; Plett 1996, 9 ff.; Bolz 1999, 165 ff.; Vetter und Heinrich 1999; Oesterreich 2003, 7 ff.; Kopperschmidt 1990, 1 ff.; 1991, 1 ff.; 1998; 2008; 2009, 9 ff. Offener Zugang. © 2018 Josef Kopperschmidt, publiziert von De Gruyter. Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Lizenz. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110550672-001 4 1 Über die Hintertreppe zur Rhetorik Einleitung gilt als deren untrügliches Erkennungszeichen, ob diese Neuentde- ckung nicht nur auch, sondern primär einer Disziplin zugeschrieben wird, die jahrhundertelang die ärgste Kontrahentin der Rhetorik war, gemeint ist die Philo- sophie. Eine der hier vertretenen Hauptthesen wird daher die Behauptung sein, dass von
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