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Contributions to Virginia Geology

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Contributions to Virginia Geology COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA STATE COMMISSION ON CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ARTHUR BEVAN, State Geologist Bulletin 46 Contributions to Virginia Geology UNIVERSITY, VIRGINIA 1936 C RICHMOND : STATE COMMISSION ON CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT WILBURC. HALL,Chairwn, Richmond BRADENVANDEVENTER, Vice-Chairmn, Norfolk MARSHALLB. BOOKER,Halifax C. S. CARTER,Bristol D. D. HULL,JR., Roanoke RICHARDA. GILLIAM, Executive Secretary and Treasurer, Richmond G 2u tt-. iii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL UNIVERSITYOF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA., May 15, 1936. To the State Commission on Conservation and Development: GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to transmit and to recommend for publication as Bulletin 46 of the Virginia Geological Survey series of reports the manuscript *and illustrations of a report entitled Comtributions to Vir- ginia Geology. This report contains thirteen papers by as many geologists. Most of the papers have not been published and they have been submitted to the Virginia Geological Survey for inclusion in this volume. They make important contributions to an understanding of the geology and mineral resources of certain parts of Virginia. A few other papers have been reprinted with permission of the authors, because they treat of natural features about which the Geological Survey receives numer- ous requests for information and they are not readily available to teachers and the general public, in the periodicals where originally pub- lished. Respectfully submitted, ARTHURBEVAN, State Geologist. Approved for publication : State Commission on Conservation and Development, Richmond, Virginia, May 26, 1936. R. A. GILLIAM,Executive Secretary and Treasurer. CONTENTS' . A. Orlgln. of Our sc&ery, by Arthur Bevan------------ ------- --------- 1 ' B. Prospecting for Natural Gas and Petroleum in Virginia, by William M. McGill ........................................ 11 C. William. Barton Rogers and His Contribution to the Geology of Vir- gmla, by Joseph K. Roberts ................................ 23 D. Origin of the Oriskany Iron and Manganese Ores, by R. J. Holden---- 29 E. Humidity and Waters of a Limestone Cavern near Lexington, Virginia, by Edward Steidtrnann ........................................ 35 F. An Ebb and MCYWSpring near Fairfield, Virginia, by Marcellus H. Stow- 47 G. The Natural Bridge of Virginia, by Frank J. Wright ------------------ 51 H. The Origin of Mountain Lake, Virginia, by Henry S. Sharp---=------ 79 I. Stratigraphy of Ordovician Bentonite Beds in Southwestern Virginia, by R. R. Rosenkrans ........................................ 85 J. Mineralogy of Two Virginia Marbles, by Jane Kessler ---------------- 113 K. Virginia's Mineral Contribution to the Confederacy, by Rockwell S. Boyle ........................................... 117 L. Stratigraphy and Structure of the Marion Area, Virginia, by Byron N. Cooper -------- ............................. F--125 M. The Big A Mountain Area, Virginia, by Robert $. Bates------------ 167 Index 205 l The contents and illustrations of the individual papers are given with each paper. vii ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE PAGE 1. Warm Springs Valley ............................................. 4 2. A, Northeast end of Warm Springs Valley; B, Terraces along Jack- I son River ................................. -------- 4 3. A, Blowing Cave; B, Falling Springs Creek waterfall ------------------ 8 4. Sketch map bearing on the possibilities of oil and gas in Wise County, Virginia, as inferred from isocarbs ................................ 16 5. Portrait of William Barton Rogers .................................... 24 6. The Natural Bridge of Virginia ................................ 52 7. A, Escarpment between upper and lower Harrisburg surfaces; B, Lower slope of escarpment separating Harrisburg surface of Jams River from higher Harrisburg surface ................................. 72 8. Cascades Creek near its junction with Cedar Creek .................... 72 9. A, Mountain Lake, Virginia; B, Blocks of Clinch sandstone along south- east side of Mountain Lake ....................... ---_------_---- 80 10. Standard sequence of bentonite beds in southwestern Virginia---------- 92 11. A, Small anticline in Moccasin formation near Tazewell, Virginia; B, Bentonite bed V-4 near Tazewell, Virginia ........................ 96 12. A, "Cuneiform" beds in the Narrows section; B, Characteristic jointing of the "cuneiform" beds ----------_----------------------------- 96 13. Correlation of the "cuneiform" group of beds in southwestern Virginia-- 98 14. Geologic map of the Marion area, Virginia ............................ 132 15. A, Mollies Knob in Hungry Mother State Park; B, Contorted beds in the Rome formation; C, Skale in the Trenton division of the Mar- tinsburg formation ........................................ 144 16. A, Chepultepec limestone northeast of McMullin; B, Cteghorn Valley between Brushy Mountain and Walker Mountain; C, The Brushy Mountain overthrust northeast of Marleys Top.................... 144 17. Structure sections of the Marion area, Virginia -------_----------7-- 160 18. Geologic map of the Big A Mountain area, Virginia ----_------------- 174 19. A, Panorama of the area southwest of Big A Mountain, Russell County, Virginia; B, Panorama looking east across Coombs School syncline-- 184 20. A, Typical conical hills in the Rome formation; B, Rubbly thin-bedded limestone in the Trenton part of the Martinsburg formation-----l---- 184 21. Structure sections of the Big A Mountain area, Virginia ------------- 196 22. A, Typical fold in the Martinsburg formation about 3 miles southeast of Honaker, Virginia; B, Fault between Nolichucky shale and Lenoir limestone ........................................ 200 1. Diagram showing geologic conditions for accumulation of natural gas and petroleum in an anticline ..................................... 14 FIGURE PAGE . .. .. 2. Physiograph~cd~v~sions of V~rg~n~a...................... ------------- 19 3. Drainage map of the Natural Bridge region, Virginia ----------------- 58 4. Projected profiles across the basin of Cedar Creek ..................... 64 5. Block diagram of Mountain Lake and vicinity ........................ 82 6. Index map showing bentonite localities in southwestern Virginia-------- 88a 7. Index map showing bentonite localities in western Virginia-------------- 88b 8. Index map showing bentonite localities in northern Virginia and adja- cent parts of West Virginia and Maryland ........................ 102a 9. Index map of the Marion area, Virginia .............................. 130 10. Index map of the Big A Mountain area, Virginia ------------------- 171 ORIGIN OF OUR SCENERY BY ARTHURBEVAN STATECOMMISSION ON CONSERVATIONAND DEVELOPMENT VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Bulletin 46-A UNIVERSITY, VIRGINIA 1936 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE PACE 1. Warm Springs Valley ........................................ 4 2. A, Northeast end of Warm Springs Valley; B, Terraces along Jack- son River ................................. 4 3. A, Blowing Cave; B, Falling Springs Creek waterfall _----------------- 8 Origin of Our Scenery' The hills are shadows, and they flow From form to form and nothing stands; Well did the poet epitomize in a few apt phrases the origin of our scenery. No more truth can be added to his words, but their meaning can be interpreted in terms of modern geology and illustrated by certain landscape features of great beauty and gen- eral interest in the Hot Springs region. The lovely, almost unique, Warm Springs Valley and its oval rim of high, rather even-crested mountain ridges (Pl. I), broken here and there by water gaps, offer a fascinating story of ancient geologic events. It is a tale " of an unbroken chain of natural events through countless eons of time, estimated in units of millions of years, which have gradually given form to our present attractive landscape^.^ Our scenic land features have been produced by a succession of geologic processes. Each layer of rock exposed in the Valley and along the slopes and crests of the mountains is a record of contemporaneous earth history. The different kinds of sedimentary rock-sandstone, shale, and limestone-their distribution, struc- ture or arrangement, and entombed fossil shells are mute but re- liable evidences in deciphering the apparent mysteries of the remote past and reconstructing the chain of events in the geologic pano- rama. The landscapes themselves-the various patterns of hills and valleys and the courses of the streams-afford also excellent clues as to their origin when the mode of their interpretation is understood. Even the characteristics of the springs indicate the sources of their waters. I The first act in the geologic drama of t.his region was staged amid surroundings most unlike those now existing. The entire region from Piedmont Virginia westward far beyond the State boundary was covered by a shallow sea in a broad mediterranean basin or trough. Along its eastern shore there lay a large land Reprinted, with slight revisions by permission from "The Homestead Spectator," VOI. 4, no. 3, PP. 12-13, and no. 4, pp.'8-9, 23, 1933, published by the Virginia Hot Springs Co., Hot Springs, Va. 2 State Geologist. =The geologic story of the origin of our landscapes as recorded and interpreted in the Hot Springs area applies also with local modifications to much of the State west of the Blue Ridge. mass, from which sediments were carried westward by streams and waves and deposited in the sea. The firm sandstones along the crest of Warm Springs and other mountains were
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