Notes

Chapter 1 1. Incidentally, of those who said they did not vote, which were not many, the number one reason given was a lack of time and the number two reason given was failure to register to vote on time. 2. See The Letters of Thomas Jefferson, Electronic Text Center, The University of Virginia Library at http://etext.virginia.edu. 3. The Center for the Constitution at James Madison’s Montpelier survey can be found at http://center.montpelier.org/survey/ highlights. 4. The Civic and Political Health of the Nation report can be found at http://www.pewtrusts.org/our_work_report_ detail.aspx?id=19762. The Rockefeller Foundation report on National Service and Civic Engagement can be found at http://www.rockfound.org/initiatives/amer_workers/ 121807us_service.ppt. 5. I use the term “Church” to refer to all religious institutions. 6. In actuality the rate is likely a percentage point or two higher because the National Baptist Convention, U.S.A., Inc. did not report membership data to the Yearbook in 1998, 1999, and 2000.

Chapter 2 1. “The States Ratify Full Vote at 18,” New York Times, July 1, 1971, p. A1.

Chapter 3 1. See the transcripts of this exchange at: http://www.cnn.com/ SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/14/documents/debate/ 2. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/. 168 Notes

3. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1942roosevelt-sacrifi ce. html.

Chapter 4 1. http://www.cpsc.gov/businfo/cpsa.pdf.

Chapter 5 1. See the full report at http://nass.org/index.php?option=com_ content&taxk=view&id=132&itemid=45 2. Derrick DePledge and Sergio Bustos, “Poll: Young People See Voting as a Choice, Not a Duty,” Decision 2002: Gannet News Service Special Report (October 31, 2002). 3. See the full report at http://center.montpelier.org/survey/ highlights.

Chapter 6 1. While many writers use the term “social” rather than “civic,” I use the term “civic” because of its broader application to both the social and political. References

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Abolitionist Movement, 47–8, American National Exhibit 51 (Moscow), 81 Abramson, Paul R., 126 American Revolution, 42–6, active government, 91, 93, 50–1, 56, 79, 110 95–8, 102–14, 120, American Woman Suffrage 124, 128, 133, 136–37 Association, 51 and civic participation, anarchy, 67 110–14 ancient Greece, 35, 38–41, and development of, 95–8 55, 58, 146 and the Great Depression, ANES. See American National 102–6 Election Studies and the public sphere, Anthony, Susan B., 52 106–10 Arab oil embargo (1973), 108 Adams, Henry, 93 Aristotle, 35, 38–41, 58, 67, Adams, John, 50, 67 146 advertising, 135–6 Articles of Confederation, 111 African Americans, 42, 46–50, assembly line, 75 53, 60 associations (civic), 3–4, 11, age group, and motivation, 12, 15–18, 42, 51, 58, 138–42 112, 139, 151, 159, agrarian economy, 28, 33, 65, 162, 164–5 68, 70–2, 86, 91, 96, declines in membership, 100–1, 135, 147–8 15–16 Agriculture Department “face-to-face,” 16 (U.S.), 104 national chapter-based, Alger, Jr., Horatio, 74–5 16–17 Allport, Gordon W., 125 nonprofi t, 151 Almond, Gabriel A., 119 and parents. See Parent American Government (1948), Teacher’s Association 131 peak membership for, 17 American National Election professionally managed, 16 Studies (ANES), 20–2 and suffrage, 51 182 Index associations (civic) – continued Campbell, Ballard C., 98–102, Tocqueville’s observations 108 on, 162 Campbell, David E., 12, voluntary, 11, 18, 159 152–3 Atkins, Charles K., 133–4 capitalism, 74–6, 78 attitudes, 121–4 Catt, Carrie Chapman, 52–3 Axinn, William G., 127 CCC. See Civilian Conservation Corps Baby Boom generation, 15, Center for the Constitution, 139 9, 142 Bandura, Albert, 122 Century Magazine, 156 Bank of the United States, 70 Chaffee, Steven H., 134 Barbalet, J. M., 57 Channel One, 132 belief, 124 Charleston conspiracy (1821), Bellah, Robert N., 29–30, 56, 47 58–9 Childhood Living Berman, Morris, 135 Arrangements (1960– Bill for the More General 2007), 128 Diffusion of choice, 8–9, 22, 26–8, 32, Knowledge, 58 42, 72, 78–82, 84, 86, Bill of Rights, 56 139–41, 152, 158–9 Black Codes, 48 consumer, 28, 78–82, 84 Bornstein, David, 163 Christians, 17, 47 Bowling Alone (Putnam), 17, Church Membership, 16–19 25–6, 85 attendance chart (1931– Brady, Henry, 20–1, 25, 118 2006), 19 Buhl, Mari Jo, 50 declines in, 16–19 Buhl, Paul, 50 cities, and population growth, bumper stickers, 19–21, 157 138–9 citizenship, 12–13, 24, 27–8, Burns, Rex, 125 31–3, 35–61, 67, Bush, George W., 83–4, 132 69, 114, 117, 120, button-wearing, 19–21 124, 128–33, 136–7, 146–9, 160, 165 “A Call to Service” speech and the American founders, (Roosevelt) (1942), 41–2, 55–6 83–4 and the ancient Greeks, Calvinism, 47 38–41, 55, 58 campaign fi nance reform, 5, and civic duty, 36–8 121 civil stage of, 56 Campbell, Angus, 4, 7 defi ned, 36–41 Index 183

and duties and 61, 65, 67, 70, 74–87, responsibilities, 36–41 91–3, 95, 98, 102, early ideas about, 36–9, 112–15, 117, 120, 129, 55–9, 149 132–3, 136, 138–9, expansion of, 41–3 142, 147–9, 152–2, and freedom, 38 165 and freeholders, 41–6 and civic health side effects, and “good citizenship.” See 12 good citizenship and consumption, 79–84 and ideal republican citizen, and founders 39–40, 67 See Thomas Jefferson; as legal condition, 39–40 George Washington meaning of, 36–41 as easy, 84 and military duty, 38 and high school, 7 and nationality, 39–40 as motivation, 3–12, 28, as one of the oldest 33–4, 37, 43, 61, 70, institutional spheres, 74 37–8 and private citizens, 67 political stage of, 56–7 and voting, 7 and private pursuits, 39 civic engagement, 26–7, 29, and property, 41–6 32, 47, 85, 106, and public good, 36–7 114–15, 139–40 and rights and privileges, civic entrepreneurship, 33–4, 39–61 163–6 See privilege; rights Civic Health of the Nation second, 55–7 Survey, 140–1 and slavery, 46–50 civic participation social stage of, 57 and active government, and taxes, 38 110–14 and virtue, 39 See active government and virtual representation, and associations, 15–16, 17 42 See associations women’s, 50–3 calculus for, 1–34 and young Americans, 53–5 and church membership, See good citizenship; 16, 18–19 voting and citizenship. See civic, changing defi nitions of, citizenship 26 and civic entrepreneurship, civic associations. See associations 33–4, 163–6 civic duty, 3–12, 28, 33–4, and civic socialization. See 37, 40, 43, 56, 58–9, civic socialization 184 Index calculus for – continued and institutional evolution, declines in, 10, 12–23, 117–18, 136–42 31–2 and media, 118, 133–6 examples of, 2–3 and schools, 118, 129–33 See PTA; voting and social learning, 121–4 and innovation, 161–6 and the socialization and institutions, 28–32 process, 118–21 matters, 151–3 civic virtue, 25, 28, 65, 71, motivation for, 4–12 73–6, 78–9, 135, 146–7 See motivation Civic Voluntarism Model, 25 and Nonvoting Political Civics for Americans, 131 Activities, 19–23 civics classes, 7, 123, 130–3, plan for, 32–4 137 and political economy. See civil rights, 42, 49, 53, 56–7, political economy 60 and political activities Civil Rights Movement (1952–2004), 20 (1950s–1960), 49, 53 and the public sphere. See Civil War, 42, 48, 51, 53, 76, public sphere 97–8, 100, 102, 106, as a puzzle, 23–8 156 and “ruling,” 7 Civilian Conservation Corps as self-interested, 82–6 (CCC), 104 See self-interest Cloward, Richard A., 24–5 and social capital, 9–12 CNN Newsroom, 132 and socio-economic status, Cohen, Lizabeth, 79–80, 82 125–6 Cold War, 81–3, 87 and twenty-fi rst century Coleman, James, 10, 119 innovation colonial America, 1, 41–2, See innovation 111 and voting, 13–14 See founders See voting Combination Act in 1824 Civic and Political Health (England), 56 Survey (2006), 8, 10 common good, 28–9, 32, civic responsibility, 3, 4, 5–7, 39–40, 65–9, 82, 84, 41–6, 98, 150 90, 92, 115, 119 disappearance of, 41–6 communism, 79, 81–2 and high school, 7 communitarian, 4, 28, 65, See civics classes; 135, 146–9 responsibility commutes, 26 civic socialization, 117–43 Companion, 74 and family, 118, 124–9 Compromise of 1877, 49 Index 185

Consumer Product Safety Act Dewey, John, 129, 158–9 (1972), 108 Diminished Democracy consumerism, 28, 65, 75–84, (Skocpol), 26 86–7, 108, 133, 135–6, Disney, 136 138, 148–50, 165 DotNet generation, 139 and civic virtue, 78–82 Douglass, Frederick, 51 and the Cold War, 81–3 Dred Scott case (1857), 48 consumer choice, 78–82 dual federalism, 102–3 consumer economy, 65, Duffett, Ann M., 132 75–82 Dutiful generation, 139 and the republic, 79, 82–3 and “wants,” 75–6 Earned Income Tax Credit “continue to shop” speech (EITC), 109 (Bush) (2001), 83 Easton, David, 119–22 Cooper, John Milton, 155 economy corruption, 68, 71, 92–3, and consumerism. See 111, 134, 136, 138, consumerism 148, 150, 156–7, 160 economic dependence, 68, Council of Economic 78 Advisors, 107 economic independence, Coxe, Tench, 71 68, 73, 78 Coxey’s “army,” 155 economic uncertainty, 155–6 See Great Depression; New Dalton, Russell J., 27 Deal; social welfare Davis, Susan, 163 education, 7, 15, 23–5, 37, Dawson, Karen S., 122–4, 41, 55, 57–60, 85–6, 126, 130 97–8, 119, 121, 125, Dawson, Richard E., 122–4, 129–33, 137, 143, 126, 130 145, 150–2, 158–9 Declaration of Independence, See schools 41, 65, 147 Eighteenth Amendment, 101 Dees, J. Gregory, 163 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 53–4, Democracy in America 110 (Tocqueville), 6–7, EITC. See Earned Income Tax 15–16, 71–2, 162–3 Credit Democratic Party, 13, 47, 51, elections, 2–3, 5, 8–9, 13–14, 70, 79–80, 156 20–4, 40, 45, 54–5, The Democratic Wish 70, 95, 121, 142, (Marone), 8 156–7, 161 Dennis, Jack, 119 and “I voted” stickers, 40 department stores, 76 presidential (2008), 2 186 Index elections – continued Federal Highway presidential (1972), 54–5 Administration See voting (FHWA), 108, 113 Elementary Community Civics Federal Theatre Project (1923), 131 (WPA), 104 Ellsworth, Oliver, 44 Federal Trade Commission Elson, Ruth Miller, 59 (FTC), 99 Environmental Protection Federal Writers Project Agency, 110 (WPA), 104–5 Emergency Highway Energy Federalist 10 (Madison), 4, 66 Conservation Act Federalist 51 (Madison), 66 (1974), 108 Federalists, 70, 90, 93, 96 Emergency Relief and Fehrenbacher, Don E., 97 Construction Act feudal society (European), 39 (ERCA), 103 Fifteenth Amendment, 48–9, Employment Act (1946), 51–2 107 Finney, Charles, 47 entrepreneurship, civic, 33–4, Foner, Philip S., 160 163–6 Food Stamp Act (1964), 109 ERCA. See Emergency Relief For Common Things, 153 and Construction Act (Purdy), 153 executive power, 96–7 Ford, Henry, 64, 75–6 foreign policy, 94 family, 3, 7, 25, 29, 31, 33, Fortune, 80 71, 74, 76, 81, 85, founders (of America), 4, 7, 118–20, 124–9, 136–7, 41–2, 50, 55–60, 65, 139, 143, 149–50 67, 78, 90–1, 110–11, changed structure of, 125 114, 117, 120, 145–8 and civic socialization, and citizenship, 41–2, 55–6 124–9 and framers of Constitution, and self-esteem, 127 4, 41 single-parent, 127–8 on participation, 120 two-parent, 127–8, 137 and the “public good,” Farkas, Steve, 132 110–11 farmers, 68, 71, 73, 99–101 See Thomas Jefferson; James Federal Convention of 1787, Madison; George 44–5 Washington federal government, 29, 32–3, Fourteenth Amendment, 42, 49–51, 60–1, 89, 91, 48, 51–2 96–117, 148–9, 156–7, Frank, Thomas, 135 160, 162 Franklin, Benjamin, 77–8 Index 187 free labor, 73 as employer of unemployed, free market, 64, 81 104–7 freeholders, 41–6 federal, 29, 32–3, 49–51, freeman, 146–7 60–1, 89, 91, 96–115, French Revolution, 55 117, 148–9, 156–7, 160, 162 Gage, Matilda Joslyn, 51 and food stamps, 109 Gallup Poll, 18 and housing, 109 Gannett News Service, 139 and immigration, 100–1 Garramone, Gina M., 133–4 local, 32, 91–2, 97, 102–3 Garrison, William Lloyd, 47 and mail delivery, 100 The General Theory of and national bank, 70, 94–7 Employment, Interest and people, 66 and Money (Keynes), and problem solving, 91–2, 106–7 95–6, 98–115 generational differences, 15, and regulation. See 138–42 regulation GenXers, 15, 139 and republican ideals, 91–5 Gillespie, James M., 124 size of, 91–2, 95, 114, 117, Gimpel, James G., 119, 127, 148–50 134 and trusts, 99–100 good citizenship, 40–1, 80, See public sphere 85–6, 127, 131–2, Grant, Ulysses S., 156–7 140, 142, 146 Great Depression, 79, 99, “good sportsmanship,” 131 102–9 Goodrich, Elizur, 94 Great Society programs, 110 government, 4–5, 7, 15–16, greed, 64, 91, 148 29, 31–3, 42, 49–52, Greenberg, Edward S., 119 60–1, 65–6, 68, 70, Greenstein, Fred, 126 79–81, 89–115, 117, 120–1, 124, 128–33, Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 136–7, 139, 146, 148– (England), 56 50, 155–7, 159–62, 165 Haiti, 47 active. See active Hall, Peter A., 29 government Hamilton, Alexander, 63, 65, agencies, 99 68–71, 160, 166 and complexity, 112–13 Hansen, John M., 24, 125 and corruption. See Hepburn, Mary, 131 corruption Hess, Frederick M., 132 defi cits, 106–7 Hess, Robert D., 121–3, and dependence, 113–14 129–30 188 Index

Highway Safety Act of 1966, See citizenship; civic 108 socialization; Hill, Napoleon, 77–8 government; political historical institutional economy; public sphere approach, 26–34, Interior Department, 104 155–61 Interstate Commerce Act history, 153–61 (ICA) (1887), 99 Hitler, Adolf, 84 Interstate Commerce Homestead strike, 155 Commission (ICC), 99 Hooker, Isabella Beecher, 51 Iraq war (2003–present), 2–3 Hoover, Herbert, 102 Is Voting for Young People? Housing Act (1937), 109 (2007) (Wattenberg), Huxley, Aldous, 86 27 Hyman, Herbert, 119, 124–5, 130 Jackson, Andrew, 6, 47, 89, 96–7 “ideal republican citizen” Jacksonian Democrats, 47 (Aristotle), 39–40, 67 Jacksonian politics, 6, 47 ideological orientations, Jefferson, Thomas, 1, 5–6, 44, 121–7 58–9, 65, 67–73, 75–6, immigration, and the 78, 86, 91–6, 111, 120, government, 100–1 160, 165–6 individualism, 4, 59, 71–2, 85 and civic duty, 5–6 Industrial Revolution, 72–5 ideals of, 65, 67–73 innovation, 33–4, 145–66 Jennings, M. Kent, 125–7 and civic entrepreneurship, Johnson, Lyndon B., 43, 54, 33–4, 163–6 109–10 and civic participation, Johnson, William, 92 161–6 Joint Economic Committee, and history, 153–61 107 matters, 151–3 The Jungle (Sinclair), 71 institutional norm, 29–31 Junn, Jane, 24, 130 institutions, 3–4, 8, 12, 16, 25–32, 117–18, Kapur, Jyotsna, 135 136–42 Kennedy, David M., 159 civic, 12 Kennedy, John F., 7 evolution of, 136–42 Kent, James, 43 large-scale, 3–4, 8, 117–18 Keynes, John Maynard, 78–9, as normative, 29–31 106–7 political, 27 Keyssar, Alexander, 43, 45, religious, 16 49, 52 Index 189

Khrushchev, Nikita, 81 manufacturing, 28, 45, 65, Kilgore, Harley, 53–4 68–72, 74–5, 86, 91, “Kitchen Debate,” 81 147–8 Kline, Stephen, 135 Marone, James A., 7–8, 90–2, Korean War, 53–4 146, 154 Ku Klux Klan, 49 Marshall, Thomas H., 56–7 Marx, Karl, 64–5 Labor Department, 104 mass production, 75 Ladd, C. Everett, 25 McCain, John, 3 LaFollette, Robert M., 160 McCormick, Richard L., Lane, Robert E., 6 155–6, 159 large corporations, 99–100 McDonald’s, 136 Lasn, Kalle, 86 media, 29, 31, 33, 85–6, 118, Lasswell, Harold, 5 120, 124, 132–8, 143, Lay, J. Celeste, 119, 127, 134 149–50 Leach, William, 76 and civic socialization, 133–6 Leland, Henry M., 75 See advertising; television Let Us Vote, 54 Medicaid, 109 Levine, Peter, 12, 151, 154 Medicare, 109 liberal individualism, 4 Merriam, Charles, 129 See self-interest methodology, 32–4 Liberal Republicanism, 156 Metropolitan Planning liberalism, 4, 8, 68–9, 79, Organizations, 113 121, 156 metropolitan transportation and civic participation, 8 planning, 112–13 contemporary, 79 military duty, 38, 53 as ideology, 121 militia, 94, 97 political economy, 68–9 Milton, Abby Crawford, 52–3 and republicanism, 156 Minor, Virginia L., 52 The Liberator, 47 mobilization, political, 13–15, Lincoln, Abraham, 97 24–5 local government, 32, 91–2, monarchy, 66 97, 102–3 “Mood of America” poll, 139 Locke, John, 42 Morris, Gouverneur, 44 Louisiana Purchase, 69–70 motivation age group chart, 141 Madison, James, 2, 4–5, 9, civic duty as, 3–12, 28, 33–4, 66, 68, 70, 91, 93–6, 37, 43, 61, 70, 74 142 See civic duty mail delivery, 100 for civic participation, 4–12, Mann, Horace, 129 55–9 190 Index motivation – continued Niemi, Richard G., 125–7, and civic socialization, 130–2 136–42 Nineteenth Amendment, generational differences in, 154–5, 161 138–42 Nixon, Richard M., 54, 81–2, and self-interest, 2–12 110 See self-interest No Child Left Behind, 132 and voting, 2–3, 8–9, 12–13 Nonvoting Political Activities, “Motor Voter” Act (1993), 25 19–23 Mutz, Diana C., 11 and button-wearing, 19–21 NASS. See National Association and political meetings, 21 of Secretaries of States and political party work, National American Woman 20–1 Suffrage Association, 52 and stickers on cars, 19–21 National Association of Northwest Ordinance of Secretaries of States 1784, 44 (NASS), 139 Notes on the State of Virginia national bank, 70, 94–7 (Jefferson), 44 National Civic Engagement Novak, William J., 42 Survey, 139–40 national government. See Obama, Barack, 3, 132 federal government National Highway Traffi c Pangle, Lorraine Smith, 58 Safety Administration Pangle, Thomas L., 58 (NHTSA), 108 Parent Teacher’s Association National Party, 157 (PTA), 3–4, 164–5 National Voter Registration Parsons, Talcott, 29–30 Act (1993), 25 Participation. See civic National Woman Suffrage participation Association, 51–2 Pearl Harbor, 83–4 nationality, 39 Pension Offi ce, 100 natural rights, 42, 46, 60 People’s Party, 157 New Deal, 13, 24, 90, 103–6, Pew Charitable Trusts, 8, 109–10 140–1 “New Millennium Project” Phi Delta Kappan/Gallup Poll (1998), 139 (2000), 132 New York Convention of Phillips, Wendell, 51 1821, 46 Pierson, Paul, 31 Nie, Norman H., 23–4, 125–7, Piven, Frances Fox, 24–5 130 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 49 Index 191 political economy, 28–9, 31, Prewitt, Kenneth, 122–4, 126, 33, 63–87, 91, 114, 130, 171 117, 120, 124, 128, private good, 67, 83 133–7, 146–50, 165 private life, 6, 39, 67, 107 of civic participation, 63–87 privilege, 8, 36–40, 42, 46, and competition, 64 52, 57, 83, 131–2, and consumer economy, 147 75–82 problem solving, and and the common good, government, 91–2, 65–9 95–6, 98–115 as evolving, 69–72 Progressive Era (late 1800s and the Industrial to the early 1920s), Revolution, 72–5 33, 154–5, 157–62, political 165 meetings, attending, 21 progressive movement, 52, mobilization, 13–15, 24–5 154–65 parties, working for, 20–1 Progressive Party, 52 socialization, 119 Prohibitionist Party, 157 Politics, 38 “prolegomena,” 30 politics as confl ict (Madison), 5 property, 41–6 population growth, 157 Prosser, Gabriel, 47 populism, 101, 105, 155, 157 public affairs, 11, 21–3, 67, portraits 82, 84, 92, 136, 139 Alexander Hamilton, 63 public good, 24, 36, 59, 67–8, Andrew Jackson, 89 83, 111–12, 115 Aristotle, 35 public sphere, 24, 29, 32–3, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 36 89–115, 120, 124, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 90 128, 133, 136–7, 146, Henry Ford, 64 148–9, 165 Jefferson, Thomas, 1 and active government, Madison, James, 2 95–8, 106–10 PTA. See Parent Teacher’s and civic participation, Association 110–14 presidential voting, trends in entrenchment of, 106–10 (1789–2008), 14 expanding the, 98–102 presidential elections, 2–3, 14, and Republican ideals, 91–5 54–5 public spirit, 68 1972, 54–5 Pullman strike, 155 2008, 2–3 Purdy, Jedediah, 153 trends in voting in (1789– Putnam, Robert, 10–11, 15– 2008), 14 18, 25–6, 85, 154 192 Index

Ratner, Sidney, 71, 107 “revolution of 1800,” 70 Reagan, Ronald, 110 rights, 7, 28, 32–3, 36–7, reciprocity, norms of, 10–11, 39–43, 45–61, 65–6, 25 79, 81, 92, 96, 107, Reconstruction, 48–9 147, 156, 165 Reconstruction Finance Roosevelt, Franklin D., 13, Corporation (RFC), 103 53, 79–80, 83, 90, reforestation, 104 103–6, 110 reform, 5, 8, 33, 45–7, 51, Roosevelt, Theodore, 160 101–5, 129, 154–5, Rosenstone, Steven J., 23–4, 157–62 125 regulation, 97–102, 107–8, Ross, John Z., 46–7 113, 160 “Report of 1845” (Mann), sacrifi ce, 6, 52, 72, 83–4, 111 129 Sagawa, Shirley, 165 Report on Manufactures sanctions, 30–1 (1791) (Hamilton and Sandel, Michael J., 69, 71, 73, Coxe), 71 76, 79 republican communitarianism, Sanders, Elizabeth, 101 4 Say, Jean Baptiste, 6 See civic duty scandal, 134, 136, 138, 150 Republican Party, 51–2, 70, Schattschneider, E. E., 5 91–5, 156–7 Schlozman, Kay L., 18–19, republicanism, 8, 68, 70–3, 76, 25, 118, 125 79, 82–3, 90–5, 100–2, school, 3, 7, 15, 29, 31, 33, 110–11, 114–15 58–9, 85, 104, 112–13, and consumerism, 79, 82–3 118–20, 123–4, 126, ideals of, 91–5 129–33, 136–7, 139, Jeffersonian, 68, 70–2, 76 143, 149–50, 152–3, and local problem solving, 159 94 and civic socialization, 129– and militias, 94 33, 152–3 and reform, 8 food, 112–13 responsibility, 5–9, 12, 36, and “good sportsmanship,” 38–9, 41, 46, 54, 59– 131 61, 89, 97–9, 103–8, and measurable skills, 132 112, 115, 118, 129, and patriotism, 130 131–2, 137, 140–1, and teachers, 129–30 150, 153 and television, 132 disappearance of, 41–3 See civics classes executive, 89, 97 Schudson, Michael, 154 Index 193

Schuknecht, Jason E., 119, Smith, Adam, 64–5 127, 134 Smith, Sarah T., 51 science, 158 social capital, 10–12, 23, Sears, Roebuck and Company, 25–6, 152 76 social learning, 121–4 Second Bank of the United social networks, 10–11, 23, 25 States, 94–6 Social Security Act (1935), second citizenship, 55–6 105, 108–9 Second National Anti- social welfare, 105–10 Slavery Convention socialization process, 118–21 of American Women See civic socialization (1838), 50–1 Society of Friends, 47 Second National Convention socio-economic status, 125–6 (1851), 51 Soltow, James H., 71, 107 Section 8 housing, 109 the South, 15, 42, 48–50, 60, Seiter, Ellen, 135 97 self-esteem, 127 Soviet Union, 81–3 self-interest, 2–12, 28, 33–4, special interests, 5 37, 43, 58–9, 61, 65– standing military, 94 70, 74, 77–8, 80, 82–7, Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 36, 95, 114, 117–18, 120, 51–2 128–9, 133–8, 142–3, Starbucks, 136 146, 148–53, 162–5 Steffens, Lincoln, 160 and choice. See choice Stehlik-Barry, Kenneth, 24 and civic participation, 82–6 suffrage, 13, 36, 41–6, 50–6, as motivation, 2–12 60–1, 161, 165 See liberal individualism; male, 44–5 James Madison restrictions on, 41–6 September 11, 2001, 83 universal, 46, 55, 165 Seventeenth Amendment, 161 and women, 50–3, 60, 161 The Shame of the Cities Sullivan, James, 50 (Steffens), 160 Supplemental Security Income Sherman Antitrust Act (SSI), 109 (1890), 99 Sylla, Richard, 71, 107 Shklar, Judith N., 41, 43 Sinclair, Upton, 71 Taft, Howard H., 52 single-parent homes, 127–8, Tariff Act of 1789, 70 137, 150 taxes, 38, 48–9, 70, 77, 98, Skocpol, Theda, 26 105–7 slavery, 39, 42, 46–51, 60, Taylor, C. R., 29 156 Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 75 194 Index

Taylor, John, 68 U.S. Constitution, 4, 9, 41, Taylor, Robert, 50 44, 52, 54, 65–6, 94, Tedin, Kent L., 125–7 97, 101, 111, 147, 162 Teixeira, Ruy A., 23–4 See Eighteenth; Fifteenth; television, 15, 26, 43, 81, 86, Fourteenth; Nineteenth; 132, 135, 139 Seventeenth; Thirteenth; See media Twenty-sixth Think and Grow Rich (Hill), amendments 77–8 United States Department of Thirteenth Amendment, 48 Agriculture (USDA), Thompson, Lucas P., 45 100 Thornton, Arland, 127 U.S. House of Representatives, Tocqueville, Alexis de, 6–7, 48, 52, 161 15–16, 71–2, 162–3 U.S. Senate, 48, 52 Torney, Judith V., 129–30 USDA, See United States totalitarianism, 79 Department of trends Agriculture Childhood Living unemployment, 102, 104–5, Arrangements (1960– 108, 155 2007), 128 universal male suffrage, 44–5 Church membership and attendance (1931– values, 29–31, 40–3, 45, 59–60, 2006), 19 72, 76, 80, 85, 92, 101, interest in public affairs 117–18, 121, 129, 131, (1960–2006), 21 136, 146, 148, 156, 163 participation in political Vatter, Harold G., 102–3, 105 activities (1952–2004), Verba, Sidney S., 20–1, 23, 20 25, 118–19, 125 presidential voting (1789– Vesey, Denmark, 47 2008), 14 vice, 68, 71, 78, 81 trusts, 99–100, 160 Vietnam War, 54 trustworthiness, 10–11, 25–7, virtual representation, 42 127, 138, 141, 155–6, voluntary associations, 11, 18, 159 159 Twenty-sixth Amendment, 55 volunteering, 17, 27, 121, two-income families, 26 139, 145, 165 two-parent families, 127–8, 137 voting, 2–3, 8–9, 12–15, 19–20, 22–5, 27, 40–4, U.S. Congress, 43, 49, 53–4, 46, 48–51, 53–5, 60–1, 63–4, 83, 89–90, 94, 115, 121, 125, 131, 96–7, 99, 107–9 139, 147, 151–2, 164 Index 195

and African Americans, Wilson, Woodrow, 52, 160–1 49–50 Wolfi nger, Raymond E., 23, declines in, 13–15 125 and education, 15 women, 36, 38–9, 42, 46, and entertainment, 15 50–3, 60, 71, 101, “I voted” stickers, 40 145, 161 and military duty, 53 and right to vote, 101 and mobilization, 13 and suffrage, 50–3, 60, 161 motivations for, 2–3, 8–9, and volunteering, 145 12–13 Woodhull, Victoria, 52 and “motor voter Woolworth, F. W., 76 registration,” 15 Works Progress Administration and presidential elections, (WPA), 104–5 13 World War I, 52, 75–6 trends in presidential World War II, 15, 53–4, 80–1, voting, 14 83, 106–9 turnout declines, 13–15, WPA. See Works Progress 54–5 Administration and young Americans, Wright, Jr., Elizur, 47 53–5 and women, 52 Yabiku, Scott T., 127 Voting Rights Act (1965), 49, Yearbook of American and 54 Canadian Churches, 18 young Americans, 9–10, 24, wage labor, 73–4 26–7, 43, 53–5, 85, Walker, John F., 102–3, 105 125, 129, 133, 135–6, “wants,” 75–6 139–42, 163 War of 1812, 94 declining political War Department, 104 engagement of, 139–42 War on Terrorism, 3 and “good citizenship,” Warren, Dennis, 54 140 Washington, George, 5–6, 67 and media, 135–6 Wattenberg, Martin P., 24, 27 and right to vote, 53–5 “The Way to Wealth” and self-interest, 9–10 (Franklin), 77 Youth Franchise Coalition, 54 Whitney, Eli, 75 Whyte, William H., 80 Zukin, Cliff, 27, 134, 138, Wills, Gary, 93 165