THE RECLAMATION ERA OCTOBER 1941
IN THIS ISSUE STABILIZING WESTERN ECONOMY by WESLEY R. NELSON CHEAP POWER BRINGS INDUSTRY b HAROLD L. ICKES CONTENTS
THE RECLAMATION ER A • OCTOBER 1941
Lake M ead Spills ...... Inside back cover ews of the Monch 273
National Reclamation Association Convention . . . 257 H onor Roll .. . . 275
Srabilizing Western Economy by Water Conservation Cemenc for Grand Coulee Dam Oscar D. Diko 276 Wesley R. Nelson 258 Pioneer Dam Replaced in Urah . I. Douald J erman 278 Cheap Power Brings Industry . Harold L. Ickes 263 T he Irrigation of Cotton ...... Karl Harris 266 Congressman Taylor Dies 279 The Wo rld's L o ngest Conveyor . Gordon L. Williams 268 Articles on Irrigation 279 All-American Canal Gives the A nswers Leo]. Foster 270 ores for Contractors 280
Prone cover- Photo by Ben D. Glaha
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CoMM1ss10NER, ( Dare) ...... Bureau of Reclamatio11, W ashington, D . C.
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October 1941. ( Name) ......
1 Do not send stnmps. Check or money order should be (Address) ...... drawn to the Treasurer or the t.: nited States ond forwarded to the Bureau of Reclamation. Non.-36cents postal charges should be added !or foreign subscriptions. VOL 31 THE RECLAMATION ERA No. 10 OCTOBER 1941
National Reclamation Association Convention
1'HE tenth annual com·ention of the Katioual 10:05 a. m.- RELATION OF POWER TO RECLA 2:50 p. m.- lteport or Audiling Committee. Reclamation A ·sociation will be held in Phoe MATION. Report or Budget Committee. nix, Ariz., October 15, 16, 17. Ileadquar ters Abe }'ortas, Acting Director, Division of Report o f Lcgislatil'C Committee. Power, Deportment or the Interior. Report of Resolutions Committee. hotel will be the Westward H o. Preparations ANSWEUS TO QUESTIONS FROM THE Selection of next Convention City. are being made to welcome and entertain at •'LOOR. I NFOl?MAL-l n the l'alio--Evening. least 1,000 delegates from 17 Western States. 10:25 n. m.- TODAY'S nECLAMATION PROGRAM. 7:30 p. m.- TOASTMASTER- Dr.AlfredAlkinson,Presi 'J.'he program will include water conserva John C. Page, Commissioner, Bureau or dcnt, Arizona State University. Rcdnmntion. ENTERTAINMENT. tion and all allied subjects on the most up-to 11:05 a. m .- QUESTION BOX. ADDRESS- Senator Carl H ayden, Senior date facts in efficient use of water. The John 12:45 p. m.- E NTERTAINMENT, LUNCH EON. Senator from Arizona. p . C. Page Question Box, appearing on the pro 1:00 m.- INTERESTS OF THE MANUFACTURER ( f;ec CON\ "P.1'TIQ:s;, /Hl(/C 272) gram for the morning of October 16. is new I N U ECLAMATION. and novel and will be conducted by Commis Mr. S hoemu.kcr- Chuirman, Agritulturnl Committee, National Association of sioner Page in person. Thi fea ture will gh·e Manufacturers, and Vice P reside nt, the delegates an opportunity to submit ques Armour & Co., Chicago. Convention City, Phoenix, Ariz. tions and have them answered by the Com 2:00 p. m.- THE NATIONAL VALUES OF WESTERN missioner. Discussions will follow on ir riga RESOURCES. Uulph Bradford, Secretary, U.S. Chamber tion and related matters which will broaden or Commerce. the knowledge and inten ify the interest of the 2:25 p. m.- THE SUGAR PICTUR E TODAY. repre. entatinis and Yisitors regarding these E. \V. Rising, Vice President, \Vcstern vital subjects. Beet GrowcrS' Associntion. The Bureau of Reclamation will be well 2:50 p. m.- TH E PROBLEMS o•· AGRICULTURE. Carl \ Vi lken, Executh•e Secretary. Rnw represented. Many of its officials will make :Materials Nationnl Council. addresses. All will be n,·ailable for confer 3:20 p.m.- ANSWE R S TO QUESTIONS BY ences and committee assignments. SPEAKEns. 4:00 p. m.- TOUR OF SALT IUVER PROJ ECT. 7:00 p. m.- DINNlm AT THE STEAM PLANT. THE PROGRAM 8:00 p. m .- MOTION P ICTURE-The Lire Blood or the Desert. Informal speeches by visiting Go,•crnors, W ED NESDAY, OCTOBER 15 Senators, Congressmen, and distin g11ished guests. 9:00 n. m. to 1:00 p. m.- nEGISTllATION OF DELE- GATES. 10:00 a. m. to 12 o'clock-STATE CAUCUSES. F RIDAY, OCTOBER 17 1:30 p. m.- FmST CONVE TION SESSION. I :35 p. m.- JNVOCATION. 9:45 n. m.- DEVELOPMENT AND CARE OF OUR 1:40 p. m.- WHAT ABOUT PHOENI X! WATERSHEDS- Thc ••orcsts. Dr. Reed Shupe, Mayor of Phoenix. \ V. S. llosencranz, President, National 1:50 p. m.- WBAT ABOUT ARlZONA! }~orcstry Association. Governc: r S idney P. Osborne. 10:15 a. m.- EVALUATION OF PRIORITIES JN BENE 2:00 p. m.- PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. FICIAL USE OF WATEU. O. S. Warden. R. J . Tipton, Consulting Engineer. 2:30 p. m.- TREASUnER'S R EPORT. 10:45 a. 111 .- NEW AND PENDi G WATER LEGISLA J. A. Ford. TION. 2:40 p. m.- SECnETARY-MANAGEH'S REPORT. · Judgc-ClilTord I·l.Slo11e,.J)jrector, Colorado F. 0. Hagie. \Voter The Reclamation Era, October 1941 { 257} Stabilizing Western Economy by Water Conservation By WESLEY R . NELSON, Chief, Engineet·ing D ivision A NO'l'ABLE :idrnnce toward the placing of goes lo show that Just 011 c the agricultm·al economy of the Western irrig:lling would ha,·e made States on a permanent foundnlion has re n { 258} The Reclamation Era, October 1941 It was further emphasized in the finding~ of sidered as legislation on which a permanent the Northern Great Plains Committee of the program could be built, it launched the water National Resources Committee in the report conservation and utility program, and eight which was submitted to the President in projects haYe been approved under its pro October 1938. Yisions. Information of these projects is con The Congress, actiDg to place in effect the tained in the accompanying table. The pro policies outlined in these reports, appro gram was placed on a permanent basis by the priated' $5,000,000 in 1938 to inaugurate the Act of August 11, 1939.' However, this legis program but, through an amendment restrict lation was only general ill nature and lacked ing the expenditures for a single project to specific pro,·isions. These were proYided by S50,000, the proposal was rendered ineffective. an act which was approved on October 14, (This should not be confused with the Water 1940, as an amendment to the previous one.• Facilities Act of the Department of Agricul The latter act, sometimes called the Wheeler ture which was passed in August 1937. ) In Case Act, is now considered as the Water the following session another appropriation Conserrntion ancl Utility Act (hereafter re of $5,000,000 was passed, without the $50,000 ferred to as the W. C. U. Act). The present limitation. This is commonly termed the procedures in the investigation, initiation, and Great Plains Act. Although this was solely construction of a11 new projects in the pro an appropriation item and could not be con- gram are carried out in accordance with its pro,isions. ' 52 Stat. 1119. , Item in Interior Department Appropriation Act, Generally, this legislation provides for a fiscal year 1940 (act o! i\lay 10, 1939, 53 Stat. 6 5). cooperative attack on the issue by the De "Water Consen-ation and Utility Projects." "For partments of Interior and Agriculture, with construction, in addition to labor and materials to the assistance of the ,vork Projects Admin be supplied by the \Yorks Progress Administration, of water conscn·alion and utilization projects, in istration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, cluding acquisition of water rights, rights-of-way, aDd similar Federal agencies. Contributions A principal aim of the W. C. U. program and other interests in land, in the Great Plains and may also be accepted from local, State, and aritl and semiarid areas of the United States, to be Federal organizations. is to provide work and training for un immediately available, $5,000,000 to be allocated employed. On one project 160 WPA by tbe President, in such amounts as he deems nec Comparing the policies outlined for con workers were trained as carpenters, essary, to such Federal Departments, establish struction with those of the Reclamation Act, tractor operators, etc., and 85 of them ments. and other agencies as he may designate, and it is noted that the particular difference lies to i>e reimbursed to the United States by the water got private jobs. users on such projects In not to exceed forty in the specific provision for the use of the annual installments: Prov ided, Tbat expenditures Work Projects Administration and the Civilian Both Federal and State agencies ha ,·e been from Works Progress Administration funds shall at work attempting to stem the tide of migra be subject to such pro,·isions with respect to reim• '53 Stat. HlS. bursability as the President may determine.'' '54 Stat. 1119. tion or to assist the migrants in again estab lishing themseh·es. In addition to providing grants and work relief, loans, services, and supervision were furnished to bolster the Lands are already being irrigated on one W. C. U. project. Five are under construc c1·edit of the farmer and small businessman tionand four more ofthe total of12 which have been approved will be started this fall. during the lean years, to provide a means of livelihood or better working conditions, and to build new works or more permanent ones, all to furnish a basis on which a more stable economy could be erected. Projects Approved But with all this help, little of permanent Yalue could be accomplished without the sta bilization of the water supply, for the essential industry of the greater part of the West is agriculture, and tile experience of the last decade has shown the weakness of its foun dation when dependence is placed on the vagaries of the weather. Among others, the Department of the Interior, the Department of Agriculture, the Public Works Administra tion, the Work Projects Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Recon struction Finance Corporation provided direct assistance or loans, or both, to meet this very sihiation, but the provisions of the leg islation go,·erning the activities of these agencies were not entirely appropriate. These considerations were brought out in the report of 1937 which was presented by the President to the Congress and was later published under the title "The Future of the Great Plains." The Reclamation Era, October 1941 { 259 } Conservation Corps, lbe expenditures by these pro,·icling a stabilizing i11fluence to nn a rea JO nims of the program is 10 pro,·idc work null agencies being reimbursable only to the extent or more limes the size of that contained in tl'aining for relief labor which will per11111_ the President determines. There are also pro the project. ncnlly recluc~ _t he relief load by furnishing ,·isious in the ,v. C. U. Act which prcve11t the Appropl'iations lll'C rnnde under the au new opportu111ties on the lands Lo be irrigated construction of large projects. Expenditures th0l' ity of the act sepnrntely to the Dcpnrt :incl in the communities which receive llt'w from the W. C. . appropriation for rt single mcnts of Interior ancl Agricultme. life from the cle,·ciopmcnt. 'rhc trnining or the prnjcct arc not to exceed $1,000,000 for dams 'l'he rcspecth·e Secretaries nllol funds from men is an important feature. On one proje<•t, and resen-oi rs, lhe construction costs of which the nppl'oprialions lo sepn rate projects follow 160 WPA employee:;. were trained as carpeu nre allocated lo irrigalion, nor lo exceed $500,- ing the llJlprornl by the President o[ the con tcrs, tractor operators, cement finishers, rein 000 to meet co ts allocated to municipal or struction and development of the pl'oject. All forcing steel workers, etc. Of these, 85 ob miscellaueous water supplies or s urplus power. of the allotment fot• irrigation pul'po es must tained prirnte employment at the skill tbev In addition, a bill is now before the Congress be repaid by the wnter users in 40 annual in lea rncd while on the project. · which restricts the expenclllurcs for flood con s tnlmenls wil hout interest. These repayments When full aclrnntuge can be taken of the trol to not more than $500,000 from the W. C. nre retumecl to the general treasury inslend ser vices o[ the relief agencies, it is 11ossible U. appropriation for any one project. One of of lo a rc,·oi \'ing fund, ns is proYidecl under for them to pro\'icle most of the labor used 011 the im1lortant similarities between the Rec the Reclamation Act. Expenditu1·es by the Dc the projC'ct and a s mall amount of equipment, lnmatlon ancl W. C. · . Acts is that relating pal'tmcnt of Agriculture from tbe W. C. U. Act ma terials, uud supplic . The money from the to the utilization of Janel, whereby the Secre in the acquisition and impro,·emcnt o[ the W. C. U. appropriation is then use WATER CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION PROJECTS Es1imated c.,p('aditurrs Constmc- .\ ere- tion Applirnbtc StaLe Cot111ty Near P roject nge charges Status act' Agricul- lntrrior \\'PA nnd rrimburs- turc I CCC' nbk• ------·------North Dakolll . Williams Buford nncl 'l'relllon Buford Trenton 13, 400 S.?20, 000 SH0, 000 70, 000 S1t0. 000 _\ ppro,·ed Sept. 23, 1030. 30 percent I DA IUIO. ---·- complete. Nehraskn ___ Sheridan ond Dnwl1S n ay Sprin~s - __ j\Jiragc Flats ·-· 12, 000 170,000 815,000 I, 575,000 15,000 Approved A 1ir. 2G. 1040. Construe- IDA 1010. --- u on be~nn JRn. 1011. North Dakota nurlci~h __ . B ismarck ___ --- Bismarck _____ ·-- I, 00 120, 000 130, 000 ~40, 000 1~0, 000 Appro,·ed Apr. 21), 1940____ , ______l I).\ 10\0. Moutal13 __ Prairie nn 1 Pertains solely to repayment of works constructed by Bureau or Reclamation. J~epaymcnt figures for Depart ment ol Agriculture not yet definitely determined . t IDA 1010 refers Lo Interior Department Appropriation Act, fiscal )·car l!140. WCIJ 1939 rcle•s to Water Conscn·ation anrl Utility Act of Alli!, II, rn·m, as amended. • Includes ~25,000 estimated transfer or snle ,·nlue nl equipment to bo credited to project upon completion of construcLion work. ( 260} The Reclamation Era, October 1941 policy is necessary in order to protect the first clelh·ered for the lands in the project. sibilities for human rehabilitation through program being carried out under the Reclama DuriL1g this pe1·iod the water deliyerecl to the changes in the land-use pattern, corrections in t ion Act, wherein it is provided that all ex lands is paid for on an acre-foot or similar fa rm practices, ancl assistance in resettlement. pendi tures for inigation purposes shall be basis. The returns during the full develop J nclucled in lbis sun·ey is an analysis of the repaid in not to exceed 40 annual instalments ment period must coYer the cost of operating number of farm families tbat are now depend without interest. and maintaining the project. Anr collections ent upon the land and bow many additional In the determination of the repayment abil in excess of these costs are credited to the fa rm families will be enabled to settle on the ity, consideration of course is gh·en, among reimbursable construction costs. The United project. A study is also made of the effect other factors, to the type and qua ntity of States operates and maintains the project dur tbe project will ha,·e upon t he economy and crops that can be raised, the cost of produc ing tbe de,-elopment period and for such time the Janel use in the Yicinity of the project. tion, and t?e availability of markets. On thereafter as is deemed desirable. It also After the investigations bave progressed suf the other side of the ledger, an analysis is retains title to the project works until t he fi ciently to determine that the project is made of the charge for repayment of con Congre~s pro,·ides otherwise. fea ible from engineering and economic stancl struction, of the obligations already contracted The development of an irrigation project poinls, tbere are still many obstacles to be by the land owner i;-, and of the costs of oper cannot be completed in a matter of months o,·ercome before conslruction of the project ating and maintaining the completed works. after its inception in the mind of its spon ·ors, can be starled. Prior to requesting the ap For example, on a project where water is e,·en if it compri es only the irrigation of a pro,·al of the project by the President, the ex stored and lands are supplied through grn,ity relatively small acreage (the W. C. U. project plorntory work at the sites of major structures works, the charges which must be paid by areas have ranged from 2.225 to 20,000 acres). must be finished, and final cle ·igns and cost the water users per acre per annum could The Federal agencies which will be concerned c limates prepared. An appraisal board must be as follows: with this de,·elopment mu t first learn of its be appointed, and the rights-of-way appraised. Const rnction ______$1. 75 existence. This information already may be The wa ter users must indicate definitely that Repayment contract with Reconstruc- in lbeir fi les or it may be receh·ecl through Ibey will cooperate in the constrnction of the tion Finance Corporation______. 75 the co ngressional representatiYe. or through program and repay tbe required amount. Operation and maintenance______1. 25 local organizat ions. J\fter the Deparlment of Agriculture and Tota] ______3. 75 The next i;:tep is the carrying out of tbe lhe Work Projects Administration ha,·e sub im·estigations and the preparation of reports milted reports on their proposed participation, On a project where the water is pumped to determine the fea ibility of the proposed a report with finding is prepared which in from a ri,er to the distribution sys project. Allotments from appropriations for cludes a description of the plan of develop tem the repayment might be on the investigations are made for separate projects ment, an eslimate of the costs, findings on the following basis : on the basis of relath·e need. or perhaps in repayment ability of the water users and of Construction ______$1. 45 coorclinatioo with sun-eys already under way. the re,·enues expected to be obtained from va Electrical energy for pumping______. 85 Tbe detailed i1westigation by t·he Bureau or rious sources and, finally, recommendations Operation and maintenance______1. 40 Reclamation coYers, among many other items, for appro,·aI of the project and early com the quality, quantity, and a,ailability of the mencement of con.truclion. The report i sent ~'otal______3. 70 water supply; the quantity, topography, and by lhe Secrela ry of lhe Interior to tbe l!resi The payments of construction charges do extent of the lands which can be irrigated; clenl through the Bureau of the Budget, and not start until the encl of a cle,·elopment pe the economi c data, ineluding crop production is accompanied by the reports of the Depart riod, the length of which is determined by and marketing, debt load, and rep:1yment abil ment of Agriculture and of the Work Projects the Secretary of the I nterior but which may ity: the possibilities for a rnulf iple-purpose Administration. At the same lime appropriate not last more than 10 yea rs after ,v:-1 ter is project, including studies of flood control, data on the project nre submitted to lhe Na production of electrical I ion al Re ources Pla nning Board which, in energy, municipal water turn, submils a report to the Bureau of the Excess holdings are divided into units not exceeding supply, and recreation and Budget. J!'or ordinary projecls and where un the size sufficient for the support of a family o n the lands wildlife Yalues: and a de usunl obstacles are not encountered, it requires to be irrigated, thus providing benefits for the maximum termination of the best approximately 7 mon lhs to obtain apprornl of number of settlers. plan for the use of the the project by the l!rcsiclcnt after a determina ,1·ater, which includes ex tion bas been made that the project is feasible ten~h·e topogrnphic. tra from engineering and economic standpoints. ,erse n nd le,·eJ Stlt',·ey~. .\ fter the project is appro,·ecl and the .geological explorations, the money rnnde aYailable, t here is ordinarily drillin!!' of cl am sites, the a nother 3 months' period before construction engineering calcu Ia tions can be undertaken. In this lime the required and designs, nnd estimales rights-of-war and wa ler righls must be se of costs. The irwestigation em ed, the Work Projects Administration ap " -ill lake months to com l)lications approrncl, the Ci ,ilia n Conserrntion plete and e,·cn years, cl«' Corps camps seleclecl, ancl the camps con penclent upon the size of structecl. Contracts for equipment and mate the 1woject, lhe a,·ailability rials must be a warded, the need eel supplies of water snpplr data. the shipped to I he project, aucl t he construction complexily of the problem, per onnel appointed nncl moYed to the work. the mnlliple-p11 rpose as Finnlly, the Dep:1.l'tmcnt of Agriculture must pects, and the :wailabilily harn made sufficient progress in obtaining of feasible clam ~ites. conlrol of lands to in ure the reduction of ,vhilc this Slll'\'CY is excess holdings into units not exceeding the under way, the Department size sufficient for the ~upport of a family on of A!!t·iculturc is making a the lands to be irrigated, thus proYicling bene stucl~· of the lnnd-use and fit~ for the maximum number of settlers. fa rm practices, and the pos- This la st-named rcqnirement is important. The Reclamation Era, October 1941 ( 261 } It has been the stumbling block which has being made on approximately 35 projects. delayed until the emergency is 01·er, and that already halted the construction of two proj T he total appropriations to the present for efforts be confined at present to the comple ects after they were appro1·ed by the Presi this program a 1·c $5,000,000 under the Great tion of investigations and the preparation of dent. The W. C. U. Act requires t he estab Plains Act and $8,500,000 under the W. C. U. plans. This will be necessary if the labor costs lishment of fa1·m units of irrigable land of Act. Due to the type of legisla tion, allot and priority conditions become much more a size sufficient for the support of a family, ments are made on a "total basis" from the stringent. It is hoped that this will not be the and water may not be deliYered to more tlrnn Grea t Plains fund and on a "fiscal year basis" case, however, for there are many areas in one farm unit area of the designated size from the \V. C. U. fund. The "total basis" the West which are not being fayorably af owned by one indiYidual. F urthermore, wa means tha t the allotment is made to a project fected by the expanded industrial program. ter is not to be deliYered to lands which, of the entire amount required from that fund, In fact, in many sections the migration bas within the 3-year period f ollowing t he ap while on a '•fi cal year basis'' the allotment is been increased by the temporary opportuni prornl of the project by the President, ha Ye made to a pl'oject for its fiscal year ties afforded in the industrial centers. If the been sold at a price exceeding the appraised requirements. e::1..-periences of the first World War cnn be ,·alue as determined by the Federal appraiser. After considering nll the obstacles to be taken as a criterion, it is to be expected that Up to the present time the economic size of a o,·ercome, it is evident that good progress has the misuse of Janel, with subsequent deteriora farm unit has not been f ound to exceed 160 been made in the progra m up to this time. tion of communities, will con tinue apace, and acres. The difficulties a re increasing, however, due mny even be accelerated. largely to the actiYities connected with the de Progress to Date Actual construction may be baited, but there fense program. T he costs of materials and is e,·ery reason to believe this will be only Notwithstaucling all these time-consuming equipment which must be pro,·ided from the temporary. I nvestigations and planning will requirements, it has been possible to obtain reimbursable funds have increased d rastically. proceed, and all possible action will be taken the approYal of 12 Grea t Plnins and W. C. U. In addition, their del iYery i. greatly dela~·ecl in so that a program of construction can be projects in 8 States. F ive of these a re under many instances by clefense priorities, thus de la unched without clelay. Eventua lly many of construction and 4 more will get uncler way la~·ing the construction program, d isrupting the farmers in the Great Plains a rea and the this fall. T he lands are already being ini efficiency, a nd increasing the construction cost. ranchers farther west will ha,·e their dams gated on 1 project. Reports of the im·esliga '.rhe appropria tion for the Work Projects Ad and their ditches, and some clay lhcy will get t ions on more tha n 10 projects haYe been prac ministration bas been cut, and the supply of that one irrigation which now represents the tically completed a nd negotiations are under labor from the relief rolls, particularly the difference between failure and success. way looking towa rd t he nppro,·aJ of their semiskilled and skilled types, is di fficult to construction. I nYestigations nrc in progress obtain. The enrollment in the Civilian Con BEWARE of land sharks, Columbia Basin set in all of t he 17 Y\'estern Sta te . Basin serrntion Corps bas decrea eel, and the num tlers-is the moral of the story of a young wide suness arc under way in 15 major ber of camps bas been greatly reduced. Montana couple whose case wns reportell to It has been suggested that the program be stream basins, a nd detailed examinations a rc tile Bureau. The couple bad paid $500 for Class 6 sagebrnsh waste which can ne1•er re ceive Grand Coulee's life-giying water. The Eventually many Great Plains farmers will have ditches, as her e o n the Buffalo Rapids couple should have gotten their information project, and they will get that one critical irrigation. from the Bureau before they bough t. It was a,·ailable to them free-but they leaped before they looked. AN ALFALFA dehydrating plant htlS been installed at Homedale, reports Construction E ngi neer R. J . Newell, Owyhee proj ect, l{htho Oregon. The alfalfa will be cut and hauled to the plant for dehydration before it starts to wilt. Dehydrated alfalfa is said to have high feeding value in the production of eggs. It has been shipped into t he project from California at nbout $40 n ton. '.!.'HE TEMPERATURE inside the 8½ miles of galleries or tunnelwnys inside the Grand Coulee Dam neYer varies wiDter or summer from between 45 and 50 degrees of Fah ren heit. The out. icle readings someti mes r ise to 113 to the shade. THE entire capacity of Bonneville powN· plant, totaling 518,000 kilowatts, will be in stalled by the close of 1943. MORE U1an 100,000 persons Jiye on farms which receive supplemental water f rom Rec• lamation projects. H UKDREDS of churches and schools in Recla· mation project areas testify to their social influence. { 262 } The Reclamation Era, October 1941 :be stumbling blocl;: which has being made ou approximately 35 projects. delayed until the emergency is o,er, and that d the construction of two proj The total appropriations to the present for efforts be confined at present to the comple :y were apprornd by the Presi this program are $5,000,000 under the Great tion of investigations and the preparation of '. c. U. Act requires tbe estab Plains Act and $8,500,000 under the W. C. U. plans. This will be necessary if the labor costs :arm units of irrigable land of A.ct. Due to the type of legislation, allot and priority conditions become much more Cheap. Power Brings nt for the support of a family, ments are made on a "total basis" from the stringent. It is hoped that this will not be the tY not be delivered to more tba o Great Plains fund and on a "fiscal year basis" case, however, for there are many areas in tit area of the designated size from the w. c. u. fund. The "total basis" the West which are not being favorably af· � individual. Furthermore, wa means that the allotmeot is made to a project fected by the expanded industrial program. ) be deli,ered to lands which, of the entire amount required from that fund, In fact in many sections the migration bas In4�f!1J':( :-year period following tbe ap while on a "fiscal year basis" the allotment is been i�creased by the temporary opportuni i project by the President, ba,·e made to a project for its fiscal year ties afforded in the industrial centers. If the -- a price exceeding the appraised requirements. experiences of the first World War can be rmiued by the Federal appraiser. After considering all the obstacles to be taken as a criterion, it is to be expected that �:;:ent time the economic size of a o,·ercome, it is evident that good progress bas the misuse of laud, with subsequent deteriora ts not been found to exceed 160 been made in the program up to this time. tion of communities, will continue apace, and The difficulties are increasing, however, due may even be accelerated. largely to the activities connected with the de Progress to Date Actual construction may be halted, but there fense program. The costs of materials and is e1·ery reason to believe this will be only mding all these time-consuming equipment which must be pro,·ided from the temporary. Investigations and planning will ;, it bas been possible to obtain reimbursable funds have increased drastically. proceed, ancl all possible action will be taken of 12 Great Plains and W. C. U. In addition, their cleli,eryis greatly delayed in so that a program of construction can be , States. Fi,e of these are under many instances by defense priorities. thus de launched without delay. Eventually many of · excerpted from a message and 4 more will get under way Ja,in"' the construction program, disrupting the farmers in the Great Plains area and the :he lands are already being irri- :mci:ncy, and increasing the construction cost. ranchers farther west will have their dams to the people of the northwest 1roject. Reports of the imestiga The appropriation for the Work Projects Ad and their ditches, and some clay they will get ·e than 10 projects haYe been prac- ministration has been cut, and the supply of that one irrigation which now represents the byHarold L. Ickes 1leted and negotiations are under labor from the relief rolls. particularly the clifference between failure and success. g toward the approYal of their semiskilled and skilled types, is difficult to Investigations are in progress obtain. The enrollment iu the Civilian Con BEWARE of land sharks, Columbia Basin set che 17 Western States. Basin senation Corps has decreased, and the num· tlers-is the moral of the story of a young ys are under way in 15 major ber of camps has been greatly reduced. Montana couple whose case was reporteu to os, and detailed examinations are It has been suggested that the program be tile Bureau. The couple !Jad paid $500 for Class G sagebrnsh waste which can never l'e FROM its very beginning the great Northwest ceive Grand Coulee's life-giving water. The matize as "Federal interference" that other bas looked, and properly so, to the l!�ederal taking an unfair advantage of the Northwest many Great Plains farmers will have ditch�s? as �e�e 01;1 the Buffalo Rapids couple should have gotten their information far-sighted act of Jefferson when he sent Lewis Government to gi,·e it the economic encourage by spending hundreds of millions of dollars project, and they will get that one cnucal 1rngat1on. from the Bureau before they bought. It was and Clark forth upon their epochal trip from ment to which it is entitlecl. out here in order to make the people econom available to them free-but they leaped before St. Louis to the "Oregon country" to spy out '.l.'bere can be no legitimate issue in the icaJly free, if checked up on will probably be they looked. the land? The Northwest may thank its stars disco,·ered to be priYate utility men, or little Northwest of so-called Federal interference or that, when Napolean needed money to carry on remote control with respect to power projects. brothers of private utility men. They are AN ALFALFA cle!Jyclrating plant bas been his wars in Europe, in the White House there Politicians may raise such an issue and those men interested in utility properties largely installed at Homedale, reports Construction was a man of Jefferson's vision. who would hamper the de,elopment of power owned in the East who would continue to Bngineer R. J. Newell, Owyhee project, Idaho And you people of the Northwest-I care not may seek, either openly or co,ertly, to foment treat tbis area as a colony from which to. Oregon. The alfalfa will be cut and 11:mled what your politics may be-may be grateful misunderstancling and distrust between States derive continuing revenues. They are men to the plant for dehydration before it starts that there came to the White House in 1933 that are legitimately interested in their own who tried to preYent the construction of to wilt. Dehydrated alfalfa is said to bave another man of purpose and Yision. President de,7eloprnent and the Federal Government Bonne,-ille and Grand Coulee Dams, and since high feeding value in the production of eggs. Roosevelt had learned from his history that, which is also interested. Fancied fear of what the.r were not able to do that, have devoted It has been shipped into the project from especially in the days following the CiYil War, the Federal Government might or might not themsell·es to flank attacks against these California at about $40 a ton. the commercial and industrial East bad re do bas either been stimulated or simulated in projects. They would arouse discontent. garclecl the western country as a nut to be Without getting down to cases, they tell you Washington and Oregon. Intelligent and clear cracked, the succulent meat of which was to THE '£EMPERATURE in. icle the 8½ miles headed men are under no such delusion. They that "this" is wrong or "that" could be im of galleries or tunnelways inside the Grand fatten Wall Street. '£be empty shell was left pro,·ed upon. I say that the burden of proof know the interest that the National Go,·ern for the farmers and the tradesmen of the West Coulee Dam never varies winter or summer ment, especially during this administration, is upon these complainers who are actuated from between 45 and 50 degrees of Fabren to gnaw upon until they could hopefully pro by a selfish personal interest. has had in their welfare, and, knowing, they duce another nut to meet the fate as of its hei t. The outside reaclings sometimes rise to are content. Now, I want no mirnnderstanding as to my 113 to the shade. predecessor. position respecting private power utilities. I Some pretend a fear of ''Federal interfer President Roosevelt foresaw new industries ence." How would these characterize the ba,·e never hesitated to make my views known. THE entire capacity of Bonneville power aucl greatly expanding existing ones which, But some haYe been working with the private statesmanlike act of Jefferson when be bought when supplied with cheap public power from plant, totaling 518,000 kilowatts, will be in the great Pacific Northwest territory, sweep utility interests, consciously or untonsciously, stalled by the close of 1943. hydroelectric developments along tbe Colum to deceiYe and to misrepresent. ing onward from the Mississippi Ril-er to the bia and other great rivers in this section, Pacific Ocean? Jefferson acquired this empire I belie,·e in pri,·ate enterprise. I have a would result in such an upbuilding of the small stake in the private enterpriEe in this MORE than 100,000 persons Jiye on farms despite the fact that men of litlle vision in Northwest as even Jefferson, with all of his which receive supplemental water from Rec· country, just as nearly all others have. I tbe East said that, even if his act were con vision, could not possibly have foreseen. The Jamation projects. belieYe in individual initiative. I suppose stitutional, it would mean the pouring out of people of the Northwest know tbac he is mak good American dollars for a lot of wilderness that I am as much of an individualist as most ing that dream come true at a rate at which any other man. But I do not believe that the and Indians that would continue to be a drain HUNDREDS of churches and schools in Recla· no man had ,entured to hope. priYate utility interests, or any other private mation project areas testify to their social upon the treasury of the United States. '£hose who are trying to make the people Or, would any man or woman now stig- interest, ought to be 1Jermitted to earn un influence. believe that the Federal Government bas been conscionable profits. I do not believe that the The Reclamation Era, October 1941 The Reclamation Era, October 1941 { 263} vrirnte utilily interests, or any olber printte hOUl'S but tbey would go lo but vigorous competitor, a condition generally all that the Alcoa and the Reynolds Metals that I was willing to proceed to discus interest, ought to be permitted to corrupt waste. The lack of cus recognized as healthy by private industry plants are now doing. a contract with Alcoa at any time. It Olli' political life. lomel's for the power the itself. I believed that we were doing some We want aluminum fabricating plants also. seem that a monopoly can waste 4 monl Remember, I come _from a section that was ])l'ojects would be a burden tbing that would meet with the enthusiastic They employ more labor than smelters and the talking about beginnillg to undertake t, once included within the pril·atc utility em upon the taxpayers. Lack support of this section of the country. I two together make a "·en rotmdecl manufac to build" a factory, and this blow at c pire of the late Samuel lnsull. The city of ing rc,·coues, the debt in should have remembered that politics is al turing process. The joy rides that aluminum fense program can be accepted with Chicago and the State of Illinois will require cu1Tecl by the national ways politics, just as monopoly is monopoly. has been making around the country do not nimity by men wbo would die of apop 25 years ancl more to o,·ercome the conupting lrea!'ury iu the building of Some of your politicians, even some high spell sense. Why bring bauxite from Alabama a factory turning out essential war ma influence upon t·heir polit·ical life of tbc Jnsull the. ·e projects could never ones, undertook to criticize severely your and Arkansas, or even from the Guineas, all were closed for a week as a result of a regime. be liquidated, they insisted. gecretary of the Interior because he coulrl the way to Boune,·ille, he1·e to reduce it to pig, by its workmen. Please do not undE There would be no public power Yersus 'l'bc e things auclmo1·e tbcy not see bis way clear to permit the Alumi and then take the pig back lo Alabama or to me as condoning labor strikes in essen private power is;;uc in this country toclay if cootinuccl to reiterate. num Co. of America to fasten more firmly Ohio, to be fabricated iDto parts for use in clustries at this time of crisis for our c, lbc prin1te utilit·ies had been sntisfiecl with And yet we cannot bring its grip upon this section. Some newspapers California or Washington? I can see why a But you may understand me as deplor a rensonnblc profit; if t·he.,· hnd not engngccl in power fast enough to blasted away in typical fashion. I am glad m�nopoly like Alcoa might want to do this, but walking out of labor in an essential in in corrupting our political life. They ha,·e Hupply the Ul'gent demands to say, boweyer, that others that have fought I cannot see wby a Governor of a State, re In negotiations between your gove read, or at lea,.-t I suppo,e they haYe read, fol' it. tbe New Deal consistently from the begin gardless of his politics, or even a partisan nnd Alcoa, that ba'l'e, at long last, mad the histor�- of the struggle of the people of It has been cliscovel'ed nillg have approved the plans of the De newspaper, should be willing to help a monop progress, I hope that the representat lbe West again,.-t the rniJ,-oads. But, ap that, io pro,·iding gl'eat partment of the Interior to build up your oly play this kinrl of a hand. Alcoa will not take a perverse posit parently, the.,· read with blind and unseeing blocks of cheap powcl' in industry. Moreover. we want other than aluminum bope that they will be satisfied wi eyes. the Kortbwe t, RooseYelt The first 16 years of my life I !i'l'ed in a factories in the Northwest. I belie1·e that terms that will mean reasonable pro.fit It may be said thnt the desire for public has beeo "wasting" the aluminum can be made out of alunite and I ing it, if necessary, to the future to de1 power bloomed like an orchid from the cor one-industry town. I wonder how many of people's money just a· Jef nm fighting for such a plant to be built in this the best policy for the continued operf rupting mass of utilit�- compnnies that were you have seen with your own eyes bow trag fel'son "wasted" it whco he State. There is better than a fair prospect disposition of the plants that it is n, piled layer upon layer-likf' tbe component edy can stalk in a one-industry town when concluded the Loui> { 264} The Recla11uetion Em, October 1941 The Reclamation Era, Octobet· 1941 but vigorous competitor, a condition generally all that the Alcoa and the Reynolds Metals that I was willing to proceed to discuss such recognized as healthy by private industry plants are now doing. a contract with Alcoa at any time. It would itself. I believed that we were doing some We want aluminum fabricating plants also. seem that a monopoly can waste 4 months "in thing that would meet with the enthusiastic They employ more labor than smelters and the talking about beginning to undertake to start support of this section of the country. I two together make a well rounded manufac to build" a factory, and this blow a t our de should have remembered that politics is al turing process. The joy rides that aluminum fense program can be accepted with equa ways politics, just as monopoly is monopoly. has been making around the country do not nimity by men who would die of apoplexy if Some of your politicians, even some high spell sense. Why bring bauxite from Alabama a factory turning out essential war materials ones, undertook to criticize severely your and Arkansas, or even from the Guineas, all were closed for a week as a result of a strike Recretary of the Interior because he could the way to Bonneville, here to reduce it to pig, by its workmen. Please do not understand not see his way clear to permit the Alumi and then take the pig back to Alabama or to me as condoning labor strikes in essential in num Co. of America to fasten more firmly Ohio, to be fabricated into parts for use in dustries at this time of crisis for our country. its grip upon this section. Some newspapers Cqlifornia or Washington? I can see why a But you may understand me as deploring the blasted away in typical fashion. I am glad monopoly like Alcoa might want to do this, but walking out of labor in an essential industry. to say, however, that others that have fought I cannot see why a Governor of a State, re I n negotiations between your government the New Deal consistently from the begin gardless of his politics, or even a partisan and Alcoa, that have, at long last, made some nin,:?; have approved the plans of the De newspaper, should be willing to help a monop progress, I hope that the representatives of partment of the Interior to build up your oly play this kind of a hand. Alcoa will not take a perverse position. I industry. Moreover. we want other than aluminum hope that they will be satisfied with fail" The fi rst 16 years of my life I lived in a. factories in the Northwest. I believe that terms that will mean reasonable pro.fits, leav one-industry town. I wonder how many of aluminum can be made out of alunite and I ing it, if necessary, to the future to determine :vou have seen with your own eyes how t rag am fighting for such a plant to be built in this the best policy for the continued operation or edy can stalk in a one-industry town when State. There is better than a fair prospect disposition of the plants that it is now pro that one industry finds no outlet for what it that a magnesium plant will soon be located posed shall be built with Federal funds, and produces. During such a period, which may in Spokane. This is another industry depend managed by the industry. Here again. the extend for mon ths or even for years, such a ent upon cheap power and even if some people businessmen who have the most i=ediate town is like a man walking in his sleep, help of Spokane prefer beefsteaks to cheap power, concern in this particular matter should be on the alert, prepared to give all of the help that lessly reaching out his hand for he knows it ought to be welcomed if it will bring indus they can to the Government that is fighting not what. try to your community, industry that will mean employment, more business for mer their battles. as well as its own. Yet, strange to say, some--I a.m sure not chants, and a stimulation of the real-estate A short time ago Congressman Knute Hill niany-substantial and supposedly intelligent market. However, if some are so dead set introduced in the Bouse of Representat ives citizens of the Northwest would not be averse against public power and are so opposed to the a bill, the passage of which will accelerate to turning over all of the great power re Government helping the people here to de and make possible the full development of sources of BonueviJJe, and perhaps even those velop the Northwest region, all that needs be these great projects. of Grand Coulee, to the monopolistic Alumi clone is to say so because there a re many I regard it as inevitable that this far North- num Co. of America. The:v do not realize, perhaps they do not even care, what might happen in such an event. Alcoa could close its factory doors at its own sweet will. It might find it profitable to do so even if it meant turn ing its men out of work and so laying the hand of death upon the industrial community that we have been striving so hard to create. Al though it is difficult, I can understand why some politicians and newspapers should hate the 'ew Deal without even abating t hat hatl:' The Reclamation Era, October 1941 ( 265} sity of Arizona each season since 1935. Iu was 100 pounds of seedcotton, 52 pounds of irrigations after the middle of August The Irrigation these e:1.'l)eriments, the time of irrigation was this were picked at the first picking which the plants show a profusion of flower o Cotton uo wnter came the middle of September. In series D, the top of the plants, ordinarily will 1 f determined by soil saniples. Where 1 irrigation wns applied the total for the season was 72 pounds, and duce yields and in most cases will be ben By KARL HARRIS, stress was desired, Associate Agric11ltnral E12ginee1; B1trea11 of Plant Jndmtry when considerable nYailable water remained at the first picking 35 pounds we1·e obtained. Irrigating after the first of Septembe in the upper 2 feet of soil. When a condition The cun-cs show the a,·erage relatb·e doubtful Yalue ou soils of good fertili1 of water stress was clesir('cl, irrigation wns yieWs for 3 years of the four irrigation treat high-water holcling capacity. On sand CO'l'TO:N' is gro\\'n under irrigation on about ... be season. Subtracting soil delayed until the soil in lhe upper 2 feet ments nt the UniYersity of Arizona Experi of low fertility, it may be desirable t 1,000,000 acl'cs, mo�tly in the States of Ari � moisture contenta CO'ITON, principally long-sta1>le va Just before i1-rigation, from was reduced to the wilting point. An effort mentnl Farm at l\Iesa. Based on the rather tinue inigation until the latter part < zon:1, California, Ne\Y Mexico, ancl soutbwc�t that just ufte.a riety, is grown on fou1· southwestern the preYious irrigation, was made to apply a uniform amount of consistent resulls obtained, one might expect tcmber. However, in this case the 'J'exa>-. 'l'be earliest de1·elopment of impor gum data which wer�a Federal Reclamation projects. :u·rnnged to show water withdrawn waler at each irrigntion of appl'oximately 5 imilnr results in any aYerage season. The should be allowed to exhaust the mois• t:mce look place in the Salt Rin.'r Valle,v, Irri _ from thea gated long-st·aple cotton is practically soil at the n1 rious depths. ncre-incbes per ncre. Tbe following sched results from these treatments indicate lhe lower cleptbs and not be kept succul Ari;,;., where waler reQuirements or the crop the Nation's only domestic source ules represent four systems of irrignting benefit of gidng the plants n good start early frequent applications of water. n re especially high. The conclusions pre of supply of this vital industrial commod Stag{leri11g Ille Pe11clralion cotton that haYe been compared on American i 11 the season. �ented in this paper arc based largely on in ity. The acreage planted to cotton on Egyptian and Upland yaricties. The usu:il A VIV ID illustration of the unbalance Ye,:ligations and obserYntions made in thisa As tbe cotton roots nre clistl'ibutecl, Reclamation projects atHl COTTON UNIYOsn't' or ral wnter supply in the Central Va is ½ of 1 percent planting clate was micl-April. nutn TU,ltS AH.ltA,c ll(LAn'f[ •me.Hf stto ,·all('y and in the obtain their moisture nc.UI[ l nearby Upper and :'lficlcliea in the l'fltiosmenti oned AltlzotlA (IPUIMUfTIL rAltlll Al •UA AllllO"IA of the total national acreage; the value California is found in the weather Gila Valley i would Cl(CUIIHII areas. � appear to be good irrigntion KPTUll[lt OCTOIU M(W[Nl(lt of cotton p1·oduced prac'. I I for lhe fiscal year 19-10-41 which sho, on Reclamation Series A-Heavy frrigalion all Season All(ltl(AJi (CfPTllH cono,,i The flt-st prerequisite tice to supply f"Ull ._ .... ,m Of of a satisfactory cot project water to the different depths 10 times as much rain fell at the n ton crop is land is 1.6 percent of the total 111 somewhat n good preplanting irrigation thata the same proportions us the -- ' end of the project as at the southe national value. Irrigated all season so pl:ints wern nnt ,,. sat1CS C} - - will wet the soil to a depth of at J('nst plants use it. This would suggest C-- 6 feet. tbeoreti allowed to show water stress at any time. - Rainfall at Kennett, site of Shasta This deep penetration gh-es greater cially that while every irrigation .. �CSA working woulcl weta The first irrigntion wns given late in l\luy - :.- Yoir, was nearly 113 inches; at Ba1 depth of the roots; the upper 2 I .. more area of the soil feet, the area from 2 to 4 fe!'t late in Sep: /v- it was less than 12 * * * but e, and the last irrigation was given I ,. ,-_ - - l)l'Ofile is brought inlo production. Also need not be \Yet, except at every � dur second irri tember. A total of se,·en il'l'ignlions were 1/ -- - 12 inches was twice normal. Floods tions. Sanely t .. SUI:!! ing lhe heat of summer it is clifiicult to keepa soils may lie worked in a much gntion; and only once during the season, and I;"" .,_. - -- gi,en after the pre-plnnting. / 1 end, drought nt the other, is Natun m·ailable moistm·e in lhe shorter time than clay soils without that before planting, L upper portion ofa bringing need the sixth foot hC' , I/ ,..<'.'.'.'WtlO I '.I.'he Central Valley Reclamation pr the soil, ancl moisture about a puddled condition. wet. In ,·e1T sanely that the plants geta soils, of low wnte1•. / J\lan's remedy : neither flood nor clrot The young Series B-Late Initial IrrigMion, Hea i;y ,�' from the lo\\'er depths will keep tl1em goin�a seedling plants ha,·e a difflcnlt holding capacity, the sixth foot would neecl nn - a reliable, ample supply of fresh w: time getting Irrigation Rest of Season when the available moi.·ture is all gone froma a good start in puddled soil be ndclitionnl wetting some time about miclsenso11. irrigation, power generation, domes the upper 2 feet of soil. If a proper cause of its compactness. The young '.l.'he amonnt of \Yater required pene roots to wet a ,:oil • The first irrigation after planting was de - ' industrial use, salinity reduction, ancl tration is not obtained, it is much more grow with difficulty. As a result, the early to a given depth varies with the class I - I of indicated a i,Jight need c-- tion imprnvement. difficult to rle,·elonment of the plant soil. Some of layed until tbe plants , - -t - get it after the crop is plantcil. is greatly retarder!. the silt loams may take SVhO: C ��ICSA -� oYer of water ancl the remainder of the S(>ason it I " �, � -- A condition which is all too common In badly puddled soils plants often do not 2 inches o( 1Yate1· to wet a foot in I .. - -:::: I is to depth; n as in series A. 'l'IJe first il'l'i ,_,,- souu� 1- J\IANAGER S. A. Balcber of the start to was irrigated ,; :- ha,e fine cotton J)lants at the upper make a satisfactol'y growth nntil coarse sanely soil mny take less than t SUt1CS 0 and an inch. gation after planting was given in the thiru ,. � project irrigation district, J\lontana, lower ends of the after the midclle of June. A common , 1 field with quite an nppre To get satisfactory figure for some Arizona cotton / / �- week in June and the last wa, giYen late in -/ .. that a layer of bentonite was Yery ciable area in the lower center wbC'rn cotton yields, good growth should be mad� soils is 1. inch of water to wet each thea foot i11a September, a total of six irri�ations besides , - I in stopping leakage along 150 feet plants are small and hnYe but little cotton during May and the first half of June. clepth. It can readily be seen that if thea I J_ pre-planting irrigation. ,10 SEnoeu OCfOHII main canal through Section 9, 3 N., 31 on them. Io open soils 1 At the upper end the water flows with ordinary irrigation prac soil is clry to 6 feet, it would take about ana section had been giving trouble; lea! over the Janel longer ancl th us gets a bette1· tice, the plants will withdraw their moisturea acre-foot of water per acre to giYe an ade Irrigation Early in Season, heavy and breaks occurreel. penetration. At the lower encl the water from the soil in about the following propor quate preplanting irrigation. The subse Series C-Heavy Light Irrigation Late Tbe root� of the seedling plant starling from backs up, which makes for n goou penetra tions: 55 percent from O to 2 feet; 33 percenta quent irrig-ntions shoulcl be 4 to 6 inches the seed require some time to distribute them ABOUT 11,500 acres of public Janel tion. from 2 to 4 feet; and 12 percent from 4 per acl'e. to 6 This series was irrigated as in Series A selves throughout the whole soil mass. The sand clunes south of J\loses Lake Uniform penetrations of the vroper feet. These proportions were found deptha to holcl until four irrigations were given, the Jast roots in the early stages of growth are con Potholes area of the Columbia Bas not only make for a mol'e even cotton crop, both fo1• clay loam, near i\Iesa, and Arizona Univcrsil JI Expcrimenlctlfon sanely coming late in July. After this dale the tinually growing both downward and laterally, mation project in Washington h: but more economical use of water. To loam soils, near Buckeye. They "'ere geta nrriYed Cotton irrigation experiments hm·e been plants were allowed to slow up in develop but the roots will h:we taken most of the aYail withdrawn for a possible reseno this proper penetration, no set rule c:1n nt by taking many soil ·umples throughout be comluctecl on the Mesa Farm of the U□iver- ment until flowers appeared in profnsion near able water from Lile soil near the seed before capture return flow irrigation wa made that will fit all couditions. The con the tops of the plants. An additional final they reach the center of the furrow laterally, the project. ditions illustrated in figure 1 may be com irrigation was given during the fourth W':!ek or to any great clepth. 'l'he roots continually batted by (1) leveling tbe Janel. (2) short in August, which made a total of five irriga adrnociL1g into wet soil, may be supplied THE SWEAT and skill of Grancl Cou ening the distance between heaL1 ditches, (3) _ tions after the pre-planting irrigation. enough water so that no apparent neecl of wa l:irge army of construction workers cbangrng the amount of water applied to ter is shown in the plant, while the soil nearer paid for at the rate of Sl.11 per b each furrow or border, ( 4) changing the ir Light the seecl ma3· be at the wilting point. An ir tbe spring of 193 when the Present c, rigation runs from direction of grentest Se1•ies D-Late Initial .Irrigation, to rigation giYen from Z to 3 weeks before the Consoliclatecl Builders, Inc., began iti that of least slope, and (5) changing the Stress Between lrrigation.s plants indicate an apparent need of water The company has paid S20,178,437 i type of furrow. A wide flat fun-ow gives a 11 was delayed until the the miclclle for 18,126,815 man-hours of effort better penetralio11 than r Every irrigation usually will stimulate growth. By a narrow, deep one. first of J ii plants indicated a need for water. The of July it is Yery noticeable that the plants in the 8 years of work since the fall inigation after planting was given in the plots so irrigated will be much larger anclhave the first shoYel of earth to expose b1 Adrnnce Irrigation Recomme11decl third week of June, and the last before the n greater number of fruiting branches than tbe clam was mo,·etl, 4-1,!24,656 1 11 On of September, a total of .four irriga irrigation was were expended and $43,030,571 in ,, line-textured soils, of high water holclin« 6' middle the plants in the piots where • b w: capncity,_ lite pre-planting irrigation may be tions after the pre-planting i!'rigation. delayed until the plants indicated a definite The project's peak employment O Soil i applted some 11-ecks in adrnnce of planting. ry Relative yields of these ,arious seri('s are need of water. in 1937 when almost 7,800 men 11·ere and tb It is 11ot desirable to clisk or hnrrow such shown graphically in figure 2. Tl•e total These experiments indicate that it is not by the various contrnctors of higb-spe< lands until the surface soil structure has weight of seed cotton for the season on Series good practice to permit the cotton crop to ment. During that year 0 7½ milli1 II �lried to a condition so that it will break up A is arbitrarily taken as 1 0. E,·ery point show au appreciable water stress before the checks totaling almost rnto granules instead of being sticky. Till on the curve is, therefore, a percent of this middle of August. Usually if there have been passed through pay-windows. neari1 nge before this condition is reached may result weight. To illustrate: If the total yield for good growing conditions and the plants have With Grand Coulee Dam bee in a puclclled condition which has a bad eITect the season for series A for the Pima variety bad good care up until this time, they will have tion, the monthly pay roll has on lbe crop and on subsequent tillage opera- about as large a frame work or scaffolding as dropping. The average number 01 1 In this discussion water stress Is taken to mean a hg.l. lack of turgidity of leaves before mid-morning. they need for a good crop of bolls. Delaying ployed during August 19-11 was { 266} The R.eclamation Era, October 1941 The Reclamation Era, October 1941 sity of Arizona each season since 1935. In was 100 pounds of seedcotton, 52 pounds of irrigations after the mid.die of August until these experiments, the time of irrigation was this were picked at the first picking which the plants show a profusion of flowers over determined by soil samples. Where no water came the middle of September. I n series D, the top of the plants, oruinarily will not re stress 1 was desired, irrigation was applied the total for the season was 72 pounds, and duce yields and in most cases will be beneficial. when considerable available water remained at the first picking 35 pounds were obtained. Irrigating after the first of September is of in the upper 2 feet of soil. When a condition The curves show the average relative doubtful value on soils of good fertility and of water stress was desired, irrigation was yields for 3 years of the four irrigation treat high-water holding capacity. On sandy soils delayed until the soil in the upper 2 feet ments at the University of Arizona E xperi of low fertility, it may be desirable to con was reduced to the wilting point. An effort mental Farm at i\Iesa. Based ou the rather tinue irrigation until the latter part of Sep was made to apply a uniform amount of consistent results obtained, one might expect tember. However, in this case the plants water at each inigation of approximately 5 similar results in any arnrage season. The should be allowed to exhaust the moisture at acre-inches per acre. The following sched results from these treatments indicate the lower depths anu not be kept succulent by ules represent four systems of irrigating benefit of giYing the plants a good star t early frequent applications of water. cotton that have been compared on American in the season. Egyptian and Upland varieties. The usual A VIVlD illustration of the unbalanced natu planting date was mid-April. TNlt([ 't'[AltS AVUl,tU~( ltlt..ATIY[ '#(IGKr suo COTTOH UHIVUSOY or ral water supply in the Central Valley of AIUZOHA [1(,-[IIIIUNTII.L FAA• AT •UA. AlttIOHA. FIGURE 2 California is found in the weather record , 'eries A-Heavy frrigation all Season Hl'T[Ml[lt I OCTOIElt NOV[IIII U li)[CUIIH for the fiscal year 1940-41 which shows that ,nu. VAIIICTY 0,, A)ICJl:ICAH [C.Y,TIAH COTTOH 10 times as much rain fell at the northern Irrigated all season so plants were nnt - ., end of the project as at the southern end. surn:s c~ _ - i.::.-....-- ' allowed to show water stress at any time. Rainfall at Kennett, site of Shasta Reser 1,,,,-'C°SOIIES A The first irrigation was given late in i\Ias - :...- voir, was nearly 113 inches ; at Bakersfield I.. L---- .. ~ v- and the last irrigation was given late in Sep~ I ,. c-_ - it was less than 12 * * * but even this tember. A total of seven irrigations were f .. 1-1/" - -L- 12 inches was twice normal. Floods at one 17' SER:::s ~ given after the pre-planting. J' ,. ,,,, 1- end, drought at the other, is Nature's way. I/ - , l,..c:'sERl-'5 8 The Central Valley Reclamation project is ' / ,v Man's remedy: neither flood nor drought but Series B-Lcite Initial Irrigation, H e(l,vy / '9 In·igation R est of Season a reliable, ample supply of fresh water for irrigation, power generation, domestic and . The first irrigation after planting was de I ., industrial use, salinity reduction, and naviga - L--- - ' layed until the plants indicated a i:light need , -,- tion improvement. of water and the remainder of the si>ason it I " SUl!ES C ~- I---l--";'.,.5f;Rt(S A --i-::: -- I,. ,v was irrigated as in series A. 'rhe first irri ,, S(Rl(S_!) :-1---- MANAGER S. A. Balcher of the Huntley gation after planting was given iu the third. tr "' ,..-- ~ sER1ts o project irrigation district, Montana, re1}orts , ~- 1 week in June and the last wa, ginm la te in ! .. v -- -' ·-- I that a layer of hentonite was very effective September, a total of six irrigations besides - I __L in stopping leakage along 150 feet of the pre-planting irrigation. ~ I SUTUfatlt main canal through Section 9, 3 N., 31 E. The section had been giving trouble; leakage was Se1·ies C- H eavy Irrigation Early in Season, heavy and breaks occurred. Light In·igation Late The roots of the seedling plant starting from the seed require some time to distribute them ABOUT 11,500 acres of public land near the This series was irrigated as in Series A selves throughout the whole soil mass. The sand dunes south of Moses Lake in the until four irrigations were given, the Jast roots in the early stages of growth are con Potholes area of the Columbia Basin Recla coming late in July. After this date the tinually growing both downward and laterally, mation project in Washington have been plants were a llowed to slow up in develop but the roots will have taken most of the aYail withdrawn for a possible reservoir to re ment until flowers appeared in profusion near able water from the soil near the seed before capture return flow irrigation water from the tops of the plants. An additional final they reach the center of the furrow laterally, the project. irrigation was gi,en during the four th week or to any great depth. 'l'he roots continually in August, which made a total of five irriga advancing into wet soil, may be supplied THE SWEAT and skill of Granrl Conlee Dam's tions after the pre-planting irrigation. enough water so that no apparent need of wa large army of construction workers bas been ter is shown in the plant, while the soil nearer paid for at the rate of $1.11 per hour since Series D-La.te Initial Irrigation, Light the seed may be at the wilting point. An ir the spring of 1938 when the present contractor, Stress Between Irrigat·ions rigation given from 2 to 3 weeks before the Consolidated Builders, Iuc., began its contract. plants indicate an apparent need of water The company bas paid $20,178,437 in wages Every irrigation was delayed until the usually will stimulate growth. By the mi The Reclamation Era, October 1941 { 267} The World's Longest Belt Conveyor By GORDON L. WILLIAMS, Assistant Engineer l!JVERY morning at 7: 45, the couYeyor opera drnwliow1t gates. 'l'he olher runs under four tor climbs to his booth, sounds a warning blast gravel piles so that it ca n be loaded with any from some 30 horns over 9½ miles of hilly one of the four gravel size~. The loading terrain, then pushes a button, unleashing the operator sends first one size of aggregate, energy of 5,000 horses. A quarter of a mile of then another, each run lasting about 1 hour. loaded belting at Coram- flight 26-begins lo To make the change, be presses a button to move. close one electrically operated gate, and by In a few seconds, flight 26 is up to speecl- 6 a similar method opens another. Then be miles per hour- ancl flight 2-5, which is a half presses the 'phone button twice to call Coram, mile long, starts rnnning. By 7: 51 a chain of and reports, "I stopped running pea gra,el at 26 belts stretching from the gra,el plant al 9: 37 and started cobbles at 9: 38." The Redding to hoppers at Coram-the world's Coram operator makes a note on his log longest conveyor system- with its load of sheet. One hour and 28 minutes later, he some 1,700 tons of aggregate, is moving to sees a minute's gap in the stream, notifies the ward Shasta Dam. If all goes well, 20,000 shuttle operator to shift to the cobble bunker, tons (about 400 carloads) may flow into the and the gravel delivery continues. hoppers at Coram before the wheels stop Perhaps, in the middle of the afternoon, turning at midnight. lhe belt will suddenly stop. All men, seeing it, The conrnyor operator is stationed at Coram make a mad scramble to the nearest telephone where the aggregate is discharged onto a to learn the trouble. Perhaps they will reach shuttle conveyor which can be mo,ed to dis it in time to hear the foreman my, "What's charge into any one of five bunkers, one for the hold-up?" The Coram operator glances each size of aggregate. By means of a com at his ammeter and replies, "Flight 13 has pany telephone, somewhat similar to the party kicked out." This means that flight 13 in lines back home, he is able to contact work stopping has automatically stopped all previ men all along the conveyor, including the ous belts, but the remainder are allowed to A load of cobbles on an uphill pull. operator at Redding who loads the belt. continue in operation. This system is 10.8 miles long. At Redding, there are two con,eyors which The foreman jumps into his pick-up and feed the main line. One runs under the sand drives furiously along the conveyor service helper or two along the way. Arriving at stock-pile where it can be loaded by several road toward flight 13. He may pick up a 13 he may .find that the motor has become overheated and automatically stopped or he may find that a mechanic has stopped the belt Sand, gravel, and cobbles, 20,000 tons a day, move along at 6 miles an hour over the to examine some equipment or a small tear in world's longest belt conveyor, ending at Shasta Dam. the belting. In the case of the latter, they feverishly make what temporary repairs are necessary, then start the belt and make a note that the torn place in flight 13 is to be vulcanized at the first opportunity. With the excitement o,·er aL1d the belt running again, they pause for a cigarette, then return to their respective posts. The Coram opera tor then takes his log sheet and notes "37 minutes delay for tea r in No. 13 belting." · During the early hours of the morning, a crew of a dozen maintenance men drive along the road paralleling the belt. They replace or repair worn parts, such as bearings, chutes, rollers, or belting and get the conveyor in 1·eadiness for another 10-hour run. T wo men spend all of their time going a long the line greasing the rollers. It takes about 2 months to get them all greased, then it is time to start over again. When the contract to process the aggregate for Shasta Dam was let, it was intended that a spur railroad line would be built between the gravel plant and the present railroad which runs through Iledding and the dam site. Later the cont1·uctor offered to deliver this aggregate by conveyor to the track hoppers which had already been built fo1• receiving ( 268} The Reclamation Era, October 1941 material from railroad cars at the Coram siding. As this effected an appreciable saving to the Government, the order for changes was made. Construction work started on November 4, 1939. It included clearing the 9½-mile righ t-of-way, grading beds for the conveyor and the service road, construction of two bridges across the Sacramento River, two railroad crossings, three highway crossings, and spans across seven unimproved roads, be- ides the construction of the 26 individual belts and transfer stations. It also included construction of a 60,000-volt power line with its two t ransformer stations, and a water pumping system running from each end of the con¥eyor to about the center. Work was nearly completed by the end of February 1940, and operation was to start the middle of March when an unprecedented flood on February 27 tore out the superstructure of the Sacramento River crossing at Coram, and damaged the one at Redding. The belt began operation on. May 6, 1940. The aggregate in the first 8 miles of its travel-22 fl ights-is lifted 850 feet. In the next four fl ights, it descends 700 feet, the THIRTEE was a lucky number this year for the 13 men who made up the Recla motors acting as generators to restore some mation golf team in the Denver office. The team, as Frank Waldeck, assistant engineer of the power consumed on the long uphill and member, succinctly s tated the case, finally won the league championship. Engineers climb. At Coram it is placed in another from Grand Coulee to Marshall Ford have, at other times, played on this team without contractor's care and must traverse 14 more similar results. Twelve teams representing such agencies as the Forest Service, the conveyor flights-1.2 miles- and go through Telephone Company, the State Highway Department, and others, and including some of a 150,000-ton storage pile before it is mixed the best golfers in the vicinity of Denver, valiantly competed. Captain Coleman (Doc) into concrete and swung out over the canyon Newland led the Reclamation crew to victory, however, in a hair-raising final round of on high lines ready for placing in Shasta matches. Before this round, the Reclamation team had a scant 2½ -point lead over Dam. The total length of both conveyor the Police Department which, worse luck, was paired off with the last-place team while systems, carrying the aggregate from Redding Reclamation drew the strong third-place outfit. It came out all right, however, and to the dam, is 10.8 miles. when the final tally was made Reclamation had the championship by two points, which The conveyor has now transported 3,000,000 was narrow but enough. The champions are left to right, front row, Eyjolf Bjornsson, of the 11,000,000 tons of sand and gravel to Lester Griffin, Mr. Waldeck, Alison Tewksbury, Fred Cornwell, and Harold Bennett; go into the dam. It continues to run through and back row, Walter Schranz, Albert Downing, Walter Price, Theodore Schad, Boyd out the day and far iuto the night on its task Bro,m, Captain Newland, and Earl Wooddell. of conveying the equivalent of a 65,000-mile stream of aggregates, enough to reach 20 times across the continent. SUR VEYS on the Tucumcari project for an Central Valley Organization offstream rese1·voir and canal would provide A REALINEMENT of the f u n c ti on s and the city of Tucumcari, N. l\Iex., with an addi District Engineer, will continue in charge of duties of the four offices of the United States tional water supply, Resident Engineer Harold the Sacramento office. Legal, right-of-way, Bureau of Reclamation on the Central Valley W. :\Iutch reports. and water-right matters for the entire project project in California was announced at Den A site for the reservoir on a small drainage will be handled through this office as in t he ver by S. 0. Harper, Chief Engineer. area adjacent to Pajarito Creek, about 11 miles past. The Sacramento office will also continue The adj ustments which are being made in southwest of Tucumcari, bas been sun-eyecl to act as a point of contact with State officials recognition of the changing status of the and mapped. By extending the city main ancl and other public agencies on matters relating project and in the interest of efficient ad connecting it directly with the reservoir, Tu to the project as a whole. ministration will provide for more direct cumcari would be assured an adequate water The construction of Shasta Dam and a ll supervision and control of the construction supply by gravity flow, and surplus water other work on the Kennett division will be features by the Chief Engineer, and for ex could be used on in-igable lands tributary to in the charge of Construction Engineer Ralph pansion of the activities of the Sacramento Plaza Larga Creek above the Plaza Larga Lowry, with headquarters at Toyon camp. reser,oir site. omce to embrace the Bureau's broad inves tiga tional program in the State of California All work on the Friant division, i ncluding Construction of \11e '.l'ucumcari inigation outside the boundaries of the project. the construction of F riant Dam and lhe Ma project is proceeding. The ultimate irrigable Since the promotion and transfer in No dera and Friant-Kern Canals, will be in the acreage, not including the Plaza Larga land vember 1940 of Walker R. Young to the posi charge of Construction Engineer R. B. Wil mentioned, is 45,000 acres. tion of Assistant Chief Engineer of the liams, with headquarters at Friant. Bureau, the Central Valley project has been Construction Engineer 0. G. Boden, with COLLECTIONS for electricity generated on in the charge of R. S. Callancl as Acting Sup headquarters at Antioch, will be in charge of Reclamation projects totaled more than ervising Engiuee1·. Unde1· the reorganization the construction of the Contra Costa Canal $6,000,000 during the last fiscal year . plan Mr. Calland, under the new title of and other work on the Delta division. The Reclamation Era, October 1941 ( 269} normal earth section in this reach of the canal has a bottom width of 160 feet, water All-American Canal Gives the-Answers depths of 20.61 feet, side slopes 1¾ to 1, and a freeboarcl of 6 feet. At ;\lile H provisions By LEO FOSTER, Constmction En ineer are made for deli Yery of 2,000 second-feet to J. g the Yuma project through the existing Siphon Drop Power Plant. Abo,·e thi$i point the Y AlllERICA'S biggest irrigation ditch, the All existing Yuma :\Iain Canal 1 ill be abandoned conclusively that measure::; �houlcl be taken age loss through the sand dune area. Th American Canal, now in steady use serving is and Laguna Dam, the c!i,·ersion 1Yeir for the to prevent seepage damage to Reservation test showed less seepage than had been an tile Imperial Valley in California, has an Yuma Project, will become a control section Division lands before the canal was placed ticipated. Those who hacl predicted swered the many questions once asked that on the Colorado Rh·er. in continuous operation. water could not be carried through the sand Below Siphon Drop su\:cessirn cliYersions about it. A blanket of clay was placed on the bottom hills without lining the canal were wrong. are proYiclecl for, until at the \Vest Side i\lain It is delivering clear water through the and inside slopes of the canal to reduce seep On September 26, the cliYersion was cliscon Canal a capacity of 2,600 second-feet is car great ridge of sand dunes which parallels age. The existing water table in the Reser Linuecl. riecl in a canal section hadng a bottom wi11th Lhe west bank of the Colorado lli\·er to turn vation DiYision was so high that eYen the ' the turbines at Power Drops 2 and 4 and to of 60 feet, water depths of 11.27 feet, side small arnonnt of seepage which could be Rises to Elcirthquak irrigate the rich valley Janel. The protective e Elmergency slopes of 1½ to 1, and a Yelocity of 3 feet expected to take place through the clay blan per second. measures adopted now preyent seepage of ket would be objectionable. A system of A great earthquake on i\lay 18, 1940, in the Near l\lile 20 is the Pilot Knob Check and adjacent farm lands. It has withstood floods intercepting drains along the upper boundary Imperial Valley caused heayy damage to The deepest cut, 100 feet, in the Sand Wasteway, one of the principal points of con The bulge on the canal berm mark: and a major earthquake; in fact has clone of the irrigated lands also was provided. the canals and laterals of the Imperial Irri Hills section. Operation of the All trol on the canal. Through this wasteway, maximum movement of drifting san1 special duty in both emergencies. Auel blow In September 1939 heavy rainstorms dam gation District in i\lexico. Important dam American Canal has answered "No" to the entire flow of the All-American Canal can to the canal. No trouble has been ca ing sand is not filling up the canal. aged the banks of the Yuma Canal. Lettuce age to the All-American Canal was confinecl the question, "Will blown sand fill up be diverted into the present settling basin of so far, and it will be many years bi 'J'he con�truction of the All-American Canal crops in the lo\Yer Yuma Valley badly needed to a fracture extending across the canal near the big ditch?" the Imperial Canal between the Rocl,woocl wind-blown sand must be remov1 was authorized by the Boulder Canyon Act water. Arrangements were made to deliver • Alamo River. The canal system of the Im Heading and Hanlon Gates. By closing the of December 21, 1928. water to the Yuma Main Canal through the perial Irrigation District west of New Rh-er, No continuous diYersion of water through Hanlon Gates, waste ,Yater can be turned bacl, As was expected, the com·eyance losse� The old system of the Imperial Irrigation upper portion of the All-American Canal dur however, was out of commission. Repairti the canal from the Colorado River was at through the gates at Rockwood Heading into ing the first months of operation were District began at Rockwood heading on the ing repairs. \-Yater was started on Septem could not be made quickly enough to saYe tempted, however, until September 1940 the Colorado Rh·er. high. As the dry banks became saturate• Colorado Rh·er just north of the Mexican ber 9, 1939, sufficient being turned into the the crops. The lower 13 miles of the All when the clay blanket had been finished and Just west of the sand hills at about Mile the ground water table was establishec boundary. The main canal crossed immedi canal to provide for the diversion of 500 American Canal were put into operation im the drainage program in the Resenation 35 is the Coachella Canal Turnout and Drop losses gradually decreased. There has ately into l\Jexico and for 60 miles was en c.af. s. into the Yuma Canal at the Siphona mediately to serve the threatened area. Division was well under way. No. 1. Delivery of 2, 500 second-feet will be some temporary increase in loss with ea, tirely within Mexican territory. The primary Drop Turnout, 14 miles below Imperial Dam,a Water was brought through the District's A small flow of water was introduced into made to the Coachella Branch Canal. This crease in the clischarge. When the disc reason for the constrnction of the All-Amer and to provide a flow of about 100 c. f. s. Central Main Canal in Mexico, which still the canal on September 17, 1940. It was canal when completed will be 130 miles long bas been held fairly constant over a peri ica n Canal was to provide a dependable water past Pilot Knob Check.a was operating as far as the boundary, and yery gradually increased, and early in Octo and will supply a portion of the East lllesa ancl time, the loss has again decreased. supply carried through a canal system en The flow of 100 c. f. s., started through then carried in the All-American Canal acros8 ber the water had reached the East Highli.ne the entire Coachella Valley at the north end of High seepage losses were to be expecte, tirely within the United States. Other major the Pilot Knob Check gates on September 11, New River to the west side of the Imperial Canal. On October 12, 1940, a celebration t·he Salton Sea. i11g the early period because of the larg considerations were the need of an enlarged 1939, was continued until September 22, when Valley. Despite the rapid rate at which the at which Commissioner John C. Page spoke, In all, there arc five drops, four of which portion of wetted surface. The rnaxirnrn capacity to provide for additional area de the flow was increased to 700 c. f. s. for two new canal was placed in operation no leak was held at the East Highline Canal Turn may be used for the generation of power. charge to elate has been about 2,500 s1 velopment in the Imperial and Coachella Val clays. The purpose of this was to obtain age, settlement, or erosion of any conse out, commemorating the first delivery of Power plants have already been constructed feet. Since the bottom width in the leys, and the need to eliminate the costly some information on the initial rate of seep- quence occurred. dredging required on the existing system due Colorado RiYer water carried entirely at two drops. section is 160 feet, the cross-sectional a· to the enormous silt load. The growing de through the All-American Canal to the Im The infrequent, but sometimes very heavy, use is disproportionally wide and shallo· perial Valley. The flow was gradually in During l\lay 19-H, a rf'presentatiYe 1 mand for power in the Imperial Valley made UNITED STATES run-off from the hills aud mesa above Pilot l)El'ARTMENT OF nm INTERIOK creased until in November 1940, the Ea�t the prospect of .power at drops on the canal BUREAU O•' RECLAMATION Knob required a number of storm drainage the aYerage flow at the head of the can: BOULDER CANYON PROJECT Highline Canal, largest of the three main structures. The canal is carriecl under the 1,809 second-feet. The over-all loss be important. ALL AMERICAN CANAL SYSTEM CALH'ORNIA canals in the Imperial Valley, was whollj· four largest washes in wash siphons. Six over Station 60 and the Alamo Rh·er Check Construction of the All-American Canal was Scale of MllN 0 6 10 16 supplied. Power has been generated at the miles, amounted to 19.6 percent. Th started by the Bureau of Reclamation in 19'34 chutes carry smaller washes over the canal, .,,. hydroelectric plants built by the Imperial and little washes are let into the canal b tribution of losses 0Yer the ,·arious s1 and now it supplies approximately 50 percent r EXPLANATION Irrigation District at Drops 2 and 4 �ince numerous drainage inlet structures. of the canal is shown bel0IY : of the water being used in the Imperial M � :::11��io� �:;��CT Febrnary 1941. Other important structures along the canal Valley. L Conveyance Losses, A.ll-A.merioan Cc � ��g���� i���.��S include three steel and concrete bridges 011 From Imperial Darn, about 20 miles above 1,•un Operation Ecirly in 1942 May !9jf RIVERSIDE\ highway U. S. 80, two railroad bridges, a con Yuma, Ariz., the canal follows the edge of - COUNTY -- · Con n,PERIAI. ' COUNTY DcliYery of water to the canals at Allison crete-lined section on earth fill across the !, the old flood plain of the Colorado River. Be J,ength c.f. Alamo River, a double-barreled, 15-foot 6-inch ( 1niles) low Pilot Knob it turns west along the Inter Heading was begun on April 10, 1941. On p, steel pipe crossing oYer the New Rh·er, and Imperial Dam-Pilot Knob __ 19. 75 C national Boundary. June 17, 1941, a third reach of the canal wa� Pilot Knob-Drop No. L--- 15. 44 put into use when water began flowing into many checks, turnouts, roacl siphons, and Drop No. 1-East Higbline __ 20. 1!l The first test rnn of water in the canal East Highline-Alamo ChecJ,_ 5. 40 was made in Jauuary, February, and March the Central Main. Since June 20, a grad bridges. ually increasing quality of ,Yater has been Because of the unprecedented size of the Imperial Dam-Alamo ChecJ,_ GO. 7 ' of 1939. The quantity of water during this '/, carried through the All-American Canal to canal and the character of the material rnn varied from 130 to 609 c. f. s. and the These losses are expressed in "cnbic f, the West Side ]\fain Canal. '.rhus, water through which it has been constructed, the depth in the canal from 2 to 4 feet. No water day per square foot of wetted peril from the Colorado RiYer is now flowing question of conveyance losses has receh·ed was allowed to flow beyond Pilot Knob Check. since this giYes the most accurate con]f ··-.,.-- ·----.. through the entire length oE the great canal. considerable attention. Concern bas been ex The primary purpose of the test was to · ,,.--· '-. It is expected that all of the water used by pressed by some as to whether the water would determine the effect of seepage on the water Seevciye Checked "-.. C.,,;.,. the California portion of the Imperial Valley eyer flow through the sand-hill section, or clis table in the irrigated lands adjacent to the ,,..---� \\·ill be cleliYerecl through the new system ap11ear entirely into the desert. Although it would be difficult to de All-American Canal in the Reservation Divi early in 1942. SeYeral metering stations have beeu estab the precise benefits obtained by the sion of the Yuma project. Test well meas The All-American Canal is designed for a lished to determine the discharge at various treatment, including clay lining, of I urements made at weekly inter,als during v - maximum capacity of 15,155 second-feet with points along the canal. Three of these stations of the section between Imperial D� this period showed a rise of 1 to 4 feet in a velocity of 3.75 feet per second, from the are operated cooperatb·ely by the United Pilot Knob, the losses in this secti the water table. The test run demonstrated NO. 39·43 dirnrsion at Imperial Dam to l\lile 14. The States Geological Survey. appreciably lower than in other secti ( 270} The Reclamation Era, October 1941 The Reclamation Era, October 1941 normal earth section in this reach of the canal has a bottom width of 160 feet, water depths of 20.61 feet, side slopes 1 ¾, to 1, and a freeboard of 6 feet. At Mile 14 provisions are ma de for delh·ery of 2,000 second-feet to the Yuma prnject through the existing Siphon Drop Power Pla nt. AboYe thi;,, point the existing Yuma Ma in Canal will be abandonecl and Laguna Darn, the cl i 1·ersion weir for the Yuma Project, will become a cont rol section on the Colorado RiYer. Below Siphon Drop successirn diYersions are proYided for, until at the ,vest Side i\lain Canal a capacity of 2,600 second-feet is car ried in a canal section haYing a bottom wiLlth of 60 feet, water depths of 11.27 feet, side slopes of 1½ to 1, a nd a Yelocity of 3 feet per second. Near Mile 20 is the Pilot Knob Check and The deepest cut, 100 feet, in the Sand Wasteway, one of the principal points of con The bulge on the canal berm marks the Hills section. Operation of the All trol on the canal. Through this wasteway, maximum movement of drifting sand in American Canal has answered "No" to the entire flow of the AH-American Canal can to the canal. No trouble has been caused the question, "Will blown sand fill up be diverted into the present settling basin of so far, and it will be many years before the big ditch?" the Imperial Canal between the Rockwood wind-blown sand must be removed. Heading and Hanlon Gates. By closi ng the No continuous diversion of water through Hanlon Gates, waste water can be turned back As was expected, the conveyance losses dur the canal from the Coloraclo Ri.er 1Yas at through the gates at Rockwood Heading into ing the first months of operation were quite tempted, however, until September 1940 the Colorado Ri\·er. high. As the dry banks became saturated and when the clay blanket had been fini shed am! Just west of the sand hills at about Mile the ground water table was established, the the drainage program in the Resenation 35 is tbe Coachella Canal Turnout and Drop losses gradually decreased. There has been DiYision was well under way. No. 1. Deli,ery of 2,500 second-feet will be some temporary increase in loss with each in A small flow of water was introduced into made to the Coachella Branch Canal. This crease in the discharge. When the discharge tbe canal on September 17, 1940. It was canal when completed will be 130 m iles long has been held fairly constant over a period of ,·ery gradually increased, and ea rly in Octo and will supply a portion of the East l\fesa and time, the loss has again decreased. ber the water had reached the East Highlinc the entire Coache1la Valley at the north end of High seepage losses were to be expected dur Canal. On October 12, l 940, a celebration the Salton Sea. ing the early period because of the large pro at which Commissioner J ohn C. Page spoke, I n all, there are 1he drops, four of which por tion of wetted surface. The maximum dis was held at the East Highline Canal Turn may be used for the generation of power. charge to date has been about 2,500 second out, commemorating the first deliYery of Power plants have already been constructed feet. Since the bottom width in the upper Colorado River water carried entirely at two drops. section is 160 feet, the cross-sectional area in through the All-American Canal to the Im The infrequent, but sometimes very heaYy, use is disproportionally wide and shallow. perial Valley. 'l'he fl ow was gradually in run-off from the hills and mesa above Pilot During May 19-!1, a r<>presentatiYe month, creased until in November 19-!0, the East Knob required a number of storm dra inage the average flow at the hea cl of the canal was I-lighline Canal, largest of the three main structures. Tbe canal is carried under the 1,809 second-feet. 'l'he over-all loss between canals in the Imperial Valley, was wholly four largest washes in wash siphons. Six over Station 60 and the Alamo Rh·er Check, 60.78 supplied. Power has been generated at the chutes carry smaller washes over the canal, miles, amounted to 19.6 percent. The dis hydroelectric plants built by the Imperial and little washes are let into the canal by tribution of losses O\er the rnrious sections Irrigation District at Drops 2 and -I sinec numerous drainage inlet structures. o[ the canal is shown below: l•'ebn1ary 1941. Other important structures along the canal Conv eya nce Losses, All-A111crica11 Canal include three steel and concrete bridges 011 Full ovemtion b'arly -i-n 19/iZ Moy 19,t highway U. S. 80, two railroad bridges, a con Uonveyancc De!i,·ery of water to the canals at All ison crete-lined section on earth fill across the losses. J,enr1th o.f. per ON June 30, 1941, the Bureau of Reclamation served more than 4,700,000 persons with watH or power. CROP returns from Reclamation farms in 1940 totaled $117,788,677, or more than $3,316,000 more than in 1939. UNDER the Reclamation construction pro gram in progress 2,370,000 acres will be reclaimed. { 272 } Reclamation Era, October 1941 NEWS O F THE MONTH Secretary and Mrs. Ickes Insp ect wheel with the rotor in a Grand Coulee Dam Federal Reclcnnation Pays generating unit i~ 74 feet hi gb. The,v stand Grand Coulee Dctm in a section of scroll case 1G feet in diameter. NEARLY one hundred and eighteen million They were told that water would hurtle dollars is tbe Yalue of all crops raised on COMMISSIONER of Reclamation John C. around this spiral casing at the rate of 3,316,030 acres on Federal reclamation, stor Page tells Secretary and Mrs. Harold L. 140 tons per second. age. and Warren Act projects during 1940. Ickes that the ·haft which joins the water- The output of a ·ingle one of these gign11- It represents an aYcrage return of $33'.53 tic machines will be sufficient to meet the aver per acre. age power needs of a city of 200,000 persons. The Salt River project in Arizona \\'itb a Below, left to l'ight, stand Sinclflir 0. Har crop Yalue of nearly $17,000,000 tops the list, per, Chief Engineer of the Bureau of Recln the Rio Grande project, New :Mexico-Texas, is mation, De1wer, Colo. ; Frank A. Bank:, next wi th OYCr $10,000,000, and the Yakima Supervising Engineer of tile Grand Coulee project, Washington, is tbird witb almost Darn; the Secretary of the Interior; Com $8,500,000. missioner Page ; A. F. Darl:rnd, Con~truction The irrigable area on Federal reclamation, Engineet· of Grand Coulee Dam; and ?.lrs. storage, and ,Vanen Act projects was 4,- Ickes, on tbe lmlcony oYerlooking the as 168,168 acr C'~. Of tbis 3.316,030 acres \\'ere sembly of the ·econd generator of 108,000 cultirntecl and cropped. kilowatts capacity, largest Jn the world, to 'rbe retul'IIS on irrigated land a\·erflge be installed in the PO\\'erhouse. The . 'ec-re higher than tbose recei\'cd in the humid tary and bis party inspected tile great il'l i section. Irrigation 1Jrovides a con trot oYer gation and power dam on the Columbia RiYe1· the application of water to tbe land which in Augu t. Test runs are being made on the ennbles farmers to obtain higher yields and first generator of 10 ,000-kilowatt capacity at grow more di\·ersified and profitable crops. Grand Coulee Dam in Washiogton. Work is It also encourages intensiye cultiYation. being hul'l'ied to complete the second and the Coupled witb tbese is the greater cost of third such units. Secretary Ickes said that preparation of arid or semiarid land and its from the day he recommended construction subsequent operation and. maintenance under of the great dam to the President in 1933, it irrigation. had been of special interest to him, aud ,Vhat crops are raised on Federal Recla added that now that it was ready to do its mation projects? This que.·tion is often large bit in 'ational Defense his pride in asked. Genet:al ly speaking the answer is it had deepened. "specialized." Of a total cro1J Yalue of $80,000,000 on Federal projects, exclusive of Warren .\ c·t projects. about $ ,000.000 repre sented cereals, $3.500,000 seed, $17,000,000 har nnd forage, $17,500.000 \·egetnbles and trnck. $8,000,000 fruits and 11ut,;, almost $7,000,000 sugar beets, $10,000.000 cotton (lint and ·eed). and the balance mi scell aneous. Total crop Yalues on Federal Reclamation projects ha\·e increased ft'om $2-bl,900 in 1006 to $80,00 ,1 90 in 1940 will1 a curnulatiYe total oYer the 35 years of $1,717,038,800. ABOUT a thousand acre-feet, or 32::i,00O gal lons of water monthly, is being cleli\•ercd to the Columbia Steel Co. ne:u Pittsburg, Calif., through the Contra Costa canal ou the Cen tral Valley project. The citr of Pittsburg is recch·ing nbout 100,000 gallons rnont hly from the same . ource. F JRS'r step in connection witlJ the constrnc lion of Cnscndc Dam on the Boise-Payette project in Icl nl1 0 was the a wnrcl of a !-!-mile railroad relocation job around the clam. The contrnct went to .r. L. i\IcLanghlin, Great Falls, i\Iont., the IO\\·r,;t bidder, at $·130,23-1. T IIE LARGES'r clearing operation eYer undertaken by the Bureau for fl ny of its grc-nt clam;; ha,; IJCen completed. WPA work· The Reclmnation Era, Octobe1· 1941 { 273} LAKD CLA lFICATlOX in the Columbia GOOD progre is being made on right-of-way Basin irrignlion project ha s been completed, procurement for the Phoenix-Tucson transmls. showing about 33 percent c:la s 1, 40 percent sion line on the Parker Dam power project in class 2, and 27 11ercent clas• 3. Arizona-California. Rights-of-way haYe been signed up for 4 ~ilcs just soulb of Phoenix MORE THAN 200 carloads of alfalfa bay nncl negolialions for the remainder of prl were shipped out of the Yuma Rechunalion \'atcJ.,· owned piece· are progressing satisfac project in Arizona dul'ing July. torily. THE II.\UL roacl to the clam site bas been SEl\llNOE power plant generated 16½ million located and slakes set for construction on kilowatt-hours in July on lhe Kendrick project the Rapid Valley project in South Dakota. in Wyoming. 'early 13 million hours were Rough lopogrnphy of two resenoir sites, one delivered lo lhe Scminoe-Cheyenne-Gering near olomon Gulch on the south fork of Grcelcy transmission lines. Rapid Creek and another near the mouth of Deer Creek about 4 miles below lhc old Pac CONSTRUCTI ON bas begun on the Ther Lola sile. has been completed. mopolis-Cody lransmi sion line which will connect the Shoshone project with the River AT TllE END of July, reports Construction ton and Kendrick projects in Wyoming, the l!Jngincer Paul A. J ones, the Farm Security ·orth Platte project in Wyoming-Nebraska, Aclmini tration had optioned a total of 19,340 and lbe Colorado-Big '.l'hompson project in acres of Janel on the first diYision of the Buf Colorado. falo Rapids project, ::'ilontana, and 1 ,4 2 acres on the fCcond. FIVE diamond drill boles Ji!,·e been completed at tbe l\Iogole resc1·,·oir site of the San Lui~ Over goes a Columbia Basin pine. '.l'IJE GRAPEL<'RUI'l' crop on the Yuma Auxil iary project in Arizona is declared in fine project in Colorado. aclYises Construction En shape lhis year by Supt. C. B. Elliott. gineer II. F. Bahmeier. Two were located iu men b:wc felled the last pine tree in the the basin and three on 1he dike line north of Gt·and Coulee Reservoir area in nor theastern RAILROAD relocation around Cascade reser tbc natural side channel. Drilling in lbe basin Washington. Y0ir in Idaho has been awarded to Contractor is lo determine if lbe laYa flow encountered by Supervising E gi ecr Frank Banks re :llcLaughlin o( Great Falls, Mont., at S435,294. prc\'iou work extends to the south and cast. por ted tlJat 33,000,000 board feet of mer The contract ca lls for )!lying nearly 15 miles chantable logs ham been chopped clown in of track for a new route. NE.\RLY 50 Stales and foreign counll·ies an, the 50,000 acres cleared of lhe 81,000 acres regularly repre~entecl by visitors lo great HARVEST demands caused a temporary within the area. Grand Coulee Dam In Washington. The shorlnge of WP.\ workmen on the Mirage The clearing work was begun October 1938. week!)· aYerage number of Yi ilors in J uly About 600 mile of shore line have been Flats project in Nebrn ka. wns 12,000. cleaned up since then, of trees, brush, other ClVILIAK Conser n1 liou Corps Camp BR-39 FOUR motorboat and one rowboat permit;: pl ant growth, and debris. Em11loyment for on the Rio Grande Reclamation project, ·ew were issued by Aeling Construction Engineer WPA under s upen·ision of the Bureau which l\lcxico-Texas, trapp('cl 33.J gophers-the ter F. l\I. Spencer on the Trnckee storage project, supplied material and equipment reached mite of the Irrigation canal-during July. in July. 2,600 men at the peak of work, in a dozen camps. WORK has begun on sah·aging the Sncra WW.l' winte1· and spring this year ba,·e ap mcnto Ri,er·s annual $300,000 snlmon run TIIE NOU'.l'H DAKOTA Reclamalion Asso parently bad bad effects on lbe tree crops blocked by rising hasta Dam in California ciation met last month in annual com·ention. on the Orland project, California. Supt. D. on the immense Central Valley project. The Commissioner John C. Page addressed the L. Carmody informs tlle Bureau that apricots fi,-h will be trapped nnd tran,-portPcl in tanks ga lbering. The Oregon Reclamation Con and almonds are almost a failure, peaches to holding ponds. stripped of their eggs, and gress also met, and was attended by a num defectiYe, a nd walnuts, cill'us, and olives then trnn;:planted to new spawning grounds. ber of outstanding autborilics on land use ))00 1'. Forage crops are reported excellent, boweYCr. and reclamation. GRAND COULEE Dam has impounded 7 mil· I DE TICA L bidders nearest to the site of lion acre-feel of waler- two-thirds capacity CONSTR UCTION E 'GIKEER E. O. Larson construction will receive future Depal'tment more than 17,000 gallons for every United writes lhat the storage in Moon Lake and of the Interior contracts to ease the abnormal States inhabitant. Iligh storage stage was l\Iich·iew Re ·en·oirs on Lhe l\Ioon Lake proj transpor tation demands caused by defense reached in August, nn eleYntion of 1,25;:; feet, ect in Utah appears to be more than enough preparations. or about 320 feet aboYe the a.erage low-water for all inigalion requirements this year. stage of the Columbia Rh·er. The resen-oir HIGHEST earlhfill dam in the world, and was 133 miles long. T he h igh lcYel will be TWO of the largest creameries in the worltl the largest of its type ever to be built by the maintained for sen•ral months until Grand arc locateli on the Boif;e reclamation project, Bureau, is under construction at the Ander Coulee's firs t huge generator goes into action, one at l\Ieridian and the other at Caldwell. son Ranch silc on the Soulh F ork of the expected this month. In December the Jake Boise Ri,er in Idaho. Award for its con will be drawn down about 15 feel to permit REGULAR common carrier service with joint struction went to a combination of four fil'ms work in the reserY0iL' aren. barge-rail rates is expected to begin this at a low bid of $9,9 6,203. The contract also fall at the port of Pasco on the Columbia included construction of a hydroelectric CAN~I "G factories on the Ogden Ri\·er proj Rh·er, w·asbington. Pasco is located at the power plant of 30,000-kilowatt capacity. The ·eet in Utah began to put up I heir pnck of s tring lower tip of the Columbia Basln project area. dam will be 444 feet abo,e lhe lowest point beans in July, reports E. 0. Larson, construc A petroleum terminal, a grain terminal, and in the cul-of'E trench and contain nearly 10,- tion engineer, and an exceptionally fine crop a general cargo wharf are to be built this 000,000 cubic yards of compacted earth of tomatoes was expected to come in around summer, according to nnnouncement by the according to pre ·cnt estimate. .\ugusl 15. J)('rt manager. { 274} The Reclamation E1·a, October 1941 exhausted into the pipe line. The aerated and to superYise the unloading and blE cement was carried along 1Yitb the swiftly of the cement. moYing air 5,900 feet to the top of the mixing plant in about 3 minutes when using a booster "THE ;\IA.I:\ on the job" at Grand Cou'.l'I Cement fo r Grand Coulee Dam air supply, and U1ere was caught in another is a seldom-rnflled incliYidual who Ion steel tauk equipped with a cloth bag dust col has ceased to wonder at tbe giant size OSCAR D. DIKE, lector. Sending the cement through the line By Associate Engin eer structure or its component part . No in this manner left deposits along the line but then, bowe,·er, a new fact pop · up to : succeeding shots of air picked up preceding .. . . ~ eye11 him. Such a figure was made kno CRAND COULEE DAi\l, power houses, and arnrage of l.04 barrels per cubic yard of con [inloading the cemcnt.-'l'he contractor 11 ad deposits. There was apparently little tend . c-Pntly when engineers declared 20,C00 1r nmping plant conta in 10,500,000 cubic yard$ crete ; 170,463 barrels of sacked cement used an unIoa c1·rng platform on which were locat eclt ency of the cement to plug the line but it was . . . of cement were used to fill the 1,677 m of concrete which haYe reqnired nearly for grouting the foundations of the clam,t n oa ct·mg maclnnes and pipe lines connect i impossible to use the same pipe line for both . l clifferenttllilos. . pipe tllrough which the water circu!a ll,000,000 barrels of bulk cement in addition �vhere preesures up to 1,000 pounds per square ith the On aniving at t::t low-heat and modified cements without unde reduce the temperature of the 10½ to 190,000 barrels of sacked cement. rnch were used ; and 19,480 barrels of bulkt torage plant the cement was unloaclec! b sirable contamination. cubic ynrcls of concrete in tile cl :\m. 1 This u11precedentecl amount of cement fort cement used to grout the vertical contraction he contractor into oue of the eleven 5,20 A Low-heat.... 996, 000 $2.2. 03 1940 0. 9 0. 1 1. 8 2. I 0. 5 30 47 6 12 I.1 195 3, 090 then transporting it by bucket conveyor to Both types were receiYecl in bulk, althought D Low-heat..._ 204, 000 2. 03 1985 . 6 .1 1. 8 I. 3 .5 26 45 5 18 1 Ll5 2, 850 26 5 one of the two blended cement storag silos. some modified cement and all the special ce DC Low-beat.... 600, 000 I. 03 1890 . 9 .1 I. 5 I. 9 .5 35 40 5 16 I, 155 2, 910 e Low-heat____ 98, 000 I. 97 1840 .8 . I I. 7 2. 1 . 3 51 12 I, 100 4, 485 D, ments were received sacked. The handling Modified•... 138, 000 97 1915 .9 . 2I 1. 5 o.2. 2 . 5 44 33 5 12 2, 480 5, 315 E Low-heat. ___ 250. 000 2. 09 1985 .6 .1 1. 7 1· Pmn.ping to lllixing Plants of such great quantities of cement was onet I I I 11 0 . 2 27 50 4 14 1, 250 4, 125 F Low-heat.... 200, 000 2. 02 1990 I 1. 0 l. 6 i2. 1 .7 26 II45 6 17 11I, 385 3, 650 of the tasks requiring extraordinary methods . - The cement was pumped to the mixing at Grand Coulee Dam. The bulk cement wast SPECIFICA'l'WN 1?37 D plants by Fluxo or Fuller-Kinyon cement mostly used through the mixing plants for I. o. pumps. The Fluxo pump was used for the A Low-beat. .•. I, 419, 000 $2. 09 1900 1 2 1. 8 2. 3 0. 6 30 46 5 13 I,1 235 2, 930 concrete in the clam, while the rncked cementt .8 48 D Modified .... 64, 000 2. 09 1940 .8 . l I. 7 l. 2 26 16 2 680 4,2, 5780 low-beat cement. It was composed of two as used for grouting the foundations, patch C Low-heat____ 630, 000 2. 05 1875 . 1 1. 5 1. 7 . 5 28 46 5 15 I, 170 60 � D I. i 50-barrel steel tanks connected to a 1.4-inch D, Low-heae t. ___ 264, 000 2. 09 1910 1. 0 .1 1. 8 2. 0 .5 25 51 6 12 1, 340 5, 290 mg, and like work. ModifiedLow-h at______190, 000 2. 09 1950 1. 0 . 1 2. 0 . 8 31 46 5 II 2, 010 5, 29() steel pipe line. The tanks were filled from Qitantit-ies itsecl.-Construction to Septem E 254, 000 2. 19 1990 . 8 . 1 J. 6 1.0 . 3 27 50 3 14 1, 145 3, 840 F,F Low-heat. ... 183, 000 2. 09 1920 I. l . 3 l.I. 6i 2. 2 . 7 26 47 56 16 1, 355 3, 630 the blended cement silos and were used alter bter 1.940 had required the follo,ving qnanti Modified.... 189, 000 2. 04 1910 .9 . 1 I. 9 . 7 45 29 13 2, 580 4, 471 , _ G Low-heat ____ 266, 000 2. 27 2020 • 9 . I I. 7 I. 6 . 53 27 46 4 17 I, 070 3, 040 nately. After a tank was filled with cement �1es : 10,878,414 barrels of bulk cement usedt JI Low-beat_ ___ 47, 000 2. •1 2 1990 . 8 . I 2. 0 1. 6 . 27 44 6 15 I, 390 3, 265 air under 1.00 pounds per square inch JJressure JI Low-beat_ ___ 02, 000 2. 39 1920 1. 5 1. 5 .5 13 l. 44 . 7 . I 1. 6 I. 4 . 4 26 50 4 15 I, 225 4, 690 rn 1.0, 6,983 cubic yards of concrete for the Low-heat. ... 113, 000 2. 41 1955 .7 . I 31 46 5 305 3, 665 was applied, and the cement and air were clam, pumping plant, and power houses, ant ion Era, October 1941 Total all contracts, 11,129,000. The Reclamat 276 ) The Reclamation Era, October 1941 exhausted into the pipe line. The aerated and to super\"ise t he unloading and bleuding cement was canied a long with the swiftly of the cement. mo,·ing a ir 5,900 feet to the top of the mixing plant ill about 3 minutes when uEing a booster a ir supply, aud there was caught iu another "THE )IAN on the job'" at Grand Cou'.t•e Dam steel tauk equipped with a cloth bag dust col is a seldom-rufllcd iudiYidual who long ago lector. Sencling the cement through the line has ceased to wonder at the giant siz~ of the in this manner left deposits along the line but structure or its component parts. Now and succeecling shots of air pi<:ke P umping to Mixing Plants The cement was pumped to the mixing plants by Fluxo or Fuller-Kinyon cement pumps. T he F luxo pump was u eel for tbe low-heat cement. It was composed of two GO-barrel steel tanks connectecl to a 14-inch 0 st eel pipe Ii ne. The ta uks were filled from the blended cement silos and wPrc used a lter natcl,r. After a tank was fi lled with cement, nir under 100 pounds pe1· square inch pl'essure wa · applied, and the cement ancl air were T he R eclmnation Era, October 1941 { 277 } Pioneer Dam Re laced in Utah Con ressman Ta lor Dies p g y Articles on Irrigation By I. DONALD JERMAN In Charge of Constmction AFTER a lifetime of public service of ine� a member of the committee, but ill iu a local timable benefit to Reclamation, the West, hospit a I. Congressman Swing telephoned BOULDER CflNYON PROJEC7', NEVADA. d to the country as a whole, Congressman word that the committee was evenly dead ZONA.: Mapping Lake Mend, by Cnrl B. Brown TI-IE NEWTON DAi\I on Clarkston Creek in :award T. Taylor of Colorado died last locked, that the bill would be shelved unless Conservation Service, U. S. Department of .Ag ture. Article in Geographical Review July Utah will replace and in large part sub ton. They first called their settlement "New Mr. Taylor cast his deciding vote. Without Town," and later Newton. It had already month in a Denver hospital. p. 385. Treats subject of accumulation of s merge the first water-storage reservoir in the Historical Marker congre�sman '.raylor was 83. His lengthy hesitation, l\1r. Taylor permitted himself to reservoir. been surveyed by County Sun-eyor James H. State where modern irrigation was started lic senice began in 1884. He was elected be placed in an ambulance and brought to the CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GR< THE INSCRIPTION on a marker Martineau and was ready to be occupied. pub WATERS, by the Mormon people in 1847. to the Congress in 1909 and senetl 17 suc Capitol. The committee reported out the bill. by 11. R. Huberty. Associate Pro placed by the Wiiliam F. Rigby and The people who remained in Clarkston and of Irrigation, Unh·crsity of California, Civil This new dam is the major structure of the ve terms, establishing a record of con Mr. Taylor considered that his own early John Jenkins Camps of the Daughters those who returned retained their water cessi ueering, August 1941, pp. 49¼-5. Treats ch• Newton project, the first Water Utilization tinuous lcgislatiYe senice in that body. life, characterized by toil and hardship, was composition of ground water as related to a: of the Utah Pioneers, for the first rights in Clarkston Creek. That left only one and Conservation project launched in Utah. He authored more than 100 Federal laws, a reflection of western life. Just as he him tore-general aspects or water charncterist Utah reservoir reads: fourth interest in the creek for the people be When it is finished, it will create a reservoir including the Taylor Grazing Act. He w ts self bad weathered years of hardship on the daily life, and the source, distribution, and ch "Located 3�2 miles north of this low who were residing downstream in Newton. '. composition of gt·ound water elicct upon th< of 5,200 acre-feet of capacity and will raise re"arded as the father of water-right leg1>' farm and worked for an education, and then marker the first reservoir in Utah was It was a long distance for a small quantity of and industry of large groups of the populnti• the· waters of Clarkston Creek to within 3½ la�ion in Colorado, and bis influence on assumed a constructive position in the coun COLORADO-BIG THOMPSON PROJEC1': begun in 1871 and completed in en water to flow, especially in dry years. In 1870 feet of the high-water line of the old reser Reclamation in the West was tremendous. try's progress, so the West (he would say) ing the Divide" Business Week, June 21, 1941, larged form in 1886 after going out there was a disastrous shortage of water in Paragraph referring to the engineering feat • voir a half mile farther upstream where the He authored the Reclamation Extension Act three times. Length of dam 127 feet, Newton. The water in Clarkston Creek dis ing n 13-mile tunnel under tbe crest of the pioneers store<;! 1,500 acre-feet of water. 1914, coauthored the Omnibus Extension height 28 feet, made of earth and rocks, appeared before it could be put on the lands, of nentnl Divide to carry Colorado River wate, There is an interesting story in the trib of 1926. the western slope of the Rockies to the , cost $10,000 reservoir length l�f miles, and no crops or gardens were grown. The peo Act ulations of the people who were making for His beneficial influence on western recla slope's arid farmlands. capacity 1,566 acre-feet. Original build ple became discouraged. There was little if COLORADO RIVER AQUEDUOT METR( themselves so long ago new homes in the mation was most greatly exercised through ing committee, Bishop William F. any seed wheat for the n• season. Arrange TAN WA.TER DISTRICT, CALIFORNIA., b: Cache Valley and in the determination which bis membership for the past 20 years on the Rigby, Franklin W. Young, Stephen ments were made to borrow 600 bnshels of H. D. Blanke, The International Engineer, Jul: was reflected in the construction by them of a House Committee on Appropriations. He p. 197. illustrated. Building largest so! Catt, Swen Jacobs, and John Jenkins. wheat. for which they gave a mortgage on dam using only the rude farm tools which was the shepherd of Interior Department filte,·in� plant. First caretakers and watermasters, the whole south field of the town of Newton. "RfVER IN THE DESERT": Time Magnzin they bad. and Bureau of Reclamation finances. John Griffin, A. P. Welshman, and The interest was 1 peck on a bushel. It took 30. p. 16. Article on benefits from $186,• President Brigham Young of the Mormon Congressman Taylor was born in Illinois Jonas N. Beck." 4 years to pay this debt. aqueduct srstem which carries Colorado Rive· Church wanted settlements established in in 1858. His family moved soon afterward to southern California cities. More irrigation water was an absolute all parts of Utah territory. Accordingly, un to Kansas, where he became a farm boy who COLORADO RfVER AQUEDUCT G01 necessity. President Young recommended a WORK, by Don J. Kinsey, nssistant to Gener: der the leadership of Peter Maughan, a knew the grip of reins and the swing of a site for a reservoir east of Clarkston and n"er 1\fetropolitnn Water District of Soutbe, number of colonists located in the Cache people must move to Smithfield, Logan, and north of Newton on Clarkston Creek. A pub pitcbforl;: long before he could see his way t;rnia. Water Works Engineering, June 11 Valley near the present town of Wellsville, clear to an education. He herded stock at 705-70 , 712, 763, 764. Detailed descrip other places. Indian John, who was a chief lic meeting was held in March of 1871 and Utah, in September 1856. The Utah War in under the great old Indian chief, Washakie, 8 and sat in a saddle until be was 19 before project from beginning. the settlers voted to. construct a dam. There CORROSIVE Eli'FECT 011' INORGANIC 18581 caused the settlers to leave, but in he managed to enter Leavenworth (Kansas) claimed all land west of Bear River, includ were some skeptics, of course, who thought LTZERS ON CONCRETE, by Arthur F. Pi the early spring of 1859 they rapidly returned, ing Clarkston. He demanded 150 beeves and the dam would not be carried to completion, High School, where he covered 8 years of Civil Engineering, June 1941, pp. 348-349. and a number of new settlements were quantities of flour in exchange for the land. schooling in 4. llzers distributed by Irrigation. but, generally speaking, the people attacked CE.VTRA.L VALLEY PROJECT. CA.LIF located. These were along the east side of the A compromise was finally made for a few To obtain bis college education Congress the work with a strong determination to suc Placing concrete in Friant Dam passes the n valley where the main rivers and creeks beeves and several hundred pounds of flour man Taylor went to live with his uncle in ceed. It was agreed that the farmers should yard mad<. Southwest Builder and Co, were found and irrigation and culinary water for the land. In 1867 the people returned to Colorado. He slept in his uncle's law office receive water in proportion to the labor ex June 6, 1941, pp. 58, 60. could be most easily obtained. They were and saved bis salary as principal of the Lead GRAND COULEE DA.M. WA.SHINGT01 Clarkston. President Young now advised pended on the reservoir. It was decided to Providence, Logan, Mendon, Smithfield, and them to build a fort and a public corral for ville High School in order to attend the neering News-Record, July 17, 1941, pp. place the dam across the hollow in which the 'l'rashracl.: and drum gate de-icers of nev Richmond. University of Michigan, from which he was tbeir protection, which they did. Clarkston Creek flowed toward Newton. was overcoming its problems and successfully on Grand Coulee Dam. And the following year, 1864, Hyrum, Mill Severe winters sometimes visit the Cache graduated in 1884. "WILDERNESS BATTLEGROUND," by Construction began in 1872. mastering the requirement of permanent As a young district attorney in Colorado, L. Neuberge,·, New Republic, June 23, 1941 ville, Paradise, Hyde Park, and Franklin Valley. One is recorded by Chief Sagwitch, Construction equipment at this time was settlement. were founded. Later Franklin became a Congressman Taylor adjudicated the water Comments on Ilureau of Reclamation's pr< who was old when the first white man came. limited to the meager farm tools that were The consistent economic advance of the "conservation of resources is n part of rights of more than a thousand Colorado part of the Iclabo territory and the oldest He said in his fourth year in the valley, which a,·ailable, thus necessitating much hard labor West, be believed, was mainly due to Reclama defense." . ranchmen. In a region where water meant IRRIGA1'ION PUMPING WITH EI settlement in that state. must have been about 1774, snow began falling over several years . .,After 2 years, however, tion-which meant farms, homes, cities, and more than life, Mr. Taylor's decrees system POWER: Article in Agricultural Engineer' The settlers who arrived later were forced early in the autumn, and reached such a depth it was possible to use the reservoil" to store industries, a stable, permanent progress, bal atized water priorities and put an end to 1941. p. 257, by Aldert 1\folennnr. Agricult to go to the west side of the valley on some that the Indians became alarmed and fled to a small amount of water. This was of con ancing and assisting the forward march of gineer. Rural Electrification Administrnt the bloodshed among warring ranchers and of the smaller streams. The two main settle the Great Salt Lake Valley. He said it was siderable assistance to the people, and it the Nation. partment of Agriculture. Reprint of n P sheepmen. sented b�fore the Rural Electric Divisio ments to be located on the west side were well they did because the snow reached a encouraged them. In conversation, Mr. Taylor constantly em This early experience and realization of annual meeting of the American Society Clarkston and Newton, Utah. These two depth of 14 feet, and the next spring when The farming area in the vicinity of Newton phasized the importance of the role played the vital place of water in the life of the arid cultural Engineers at Knoxville, TenneS! towns are the ones that will benefit from the they returned the Indians found only 7 sur and Clarkston continued to increase. Eventu by early Reclmnation leaders. He declared 1941. West affected Mr. Taylor's attitude toward construction of the Newton project. vivors of a formerly great herd of buffalo, and ally the 1,500 acre-feet of storage made that work for Reclamation was work for the KENDRICK PROJECT, WYOMING: Gro1 public legislation the remainder of his life. traction joints, Seminoe Dam, Technical Clarkston is in the northwest of Cache few other wild things. The Indians killed the available by the dam was hardly enough. In West and the country at large, ancl that be Valley. It was settled in 1864 and later few remaining buffalo for food. This was ap He became convinced that Reclamation was was willing to remain in harness until his dum No. 617. 1918 surveys were made by T. H. Humphreys MORE ELECTRJO POWER: "Rising Ne, more essential to the development of the resettled in 1867. The settlers located on a parently the last stand of buffalo in the Cache for the construction of a reservoir to be death in order to see that the work was fense." U. S. News, July 4, 1941, p. 30 west than any other Governmental activity. flat but the water was not of good quality Valley, for the whites found piles of old buf placed downstream from the old reservoir. carried on. deals -with pooling existing power reso1 and caused some sickness. President Young falo bones, but never any live buffalo. He devoted himself wholeheartedly to legis From the time of bis early efforts to speeding power production. These investigations were carried on under MULTIPLE-PURPOSE RESERVOIR advised them to move to higher ground, lation whirh would encourage Reclamation straighten out water legislation in Colorado, Clarkston bad some severe winters with the direction of private engineers and the TION: By Nicholas W Bowden, Part II. ' and the growth of the West. . which was done. drifting snow, and it was finally decided that Utah State Engineer, and in 1938 were turned and his membership on the House committee ,mtion systems with several units.) C Clarkston was miles from other settlements the settlement should be abandoned and re over to the Bureau of Reclamation for further . One little known incident reveals the on irrigation, Reclamation received Mr. Tay neer!ng, June 1941, pp. 337-340. (Part · strength of bis conviction of the importance July Era.) and there was serious Indian trouble in other located southward at the present site of New study. From this developed the Newton lor's constant attention. His place in the of Reclamation. In 1928, when former Con NEW CONCRETE SPECIFICATIONS:' parts of the valley, so it was decided that the ton. The snow did not drift so much in that project, approved under the Case-Wheeler Act, roster of the builders of the West is assured. tin, The Hydro-Electric Power Commissic area and it would be a better place. As a re gressman Phil Swing of California was making adn, 1\Iay 1941, pp. 152-161, incl. Sp c!fl., 1 Refer to History of Utah (ch. 19) by Bancroft. and a new reservoir after nearly 70 years : sult, several of the families moved from Clarks- will replace the band-built pioneer. every effort to get committee approval for the LOW-COST power is needed to develop min preparntlon of concrete printed ; plncmg Boulder Canyon Project Act, Mr. Taylor was eral resources of the West. to follow. { 278} The Reclamation Era, October 1941 The Reclamation Et·a, Octobet· 1941 Congressman Taylor Dies Articles on Irrigation AFTER a lifetime of public sen-ice of incs• a member of the committee, but ill in a local timable benefit to Reclamation, the West, h o spi t a I. Congressman Swing telephoned BOULDER C.4NYON PROJECT, NEVADA-Alli · and to the country as a wbole, Congressmfln worcl tbat the committee was e,·enly dead· ZONA: Mapping Lake Mead, by Carl B. Brown, Soil locked, that the bill would be shelved unless Conser vation Service, U. S. Department of Agricul· Edward T. Taylor of Colorado died last ture. Article in Geographical Review July 1941, month in a Denver hospital. '\ Mr. Taylor cast bis deciding vote. Without p. 385. '£rents subject of accumulation of silt in Congre~sman Taylor was 83. His lengthy hesitation, Mr. Taylor permitted himself to reservoir. public service began in 1884. He was elected be placed in an ambulance and brought to the CHFJMICAL COMPOSITION OF GROUND Capitol. The committee reported out the bill. WATERS, by )l. R. Huberty, Associate Professor to the Congress in 1909 and sen-etl 17 suc• or Irrigation, Unh·erslty of California, Civil Engl· 1lr. cessi,e term , establishing a record of con• Taylor considered that bis own early neering, August 1941, pp. 4 9'1-5. Treats chemical tinuous legi lath·e service in that body. life, characterized by toil and harclship, was composition of ground water as related to agricul· He authored more than 100 Federal laws, a reflection of western life. Just as he bi m· tur-general aspects or water characteristics in self bad weathered years of hardship on the daily life, and the source, distribution, and chemical including the Taylor Grazing Act. He was composition of ground water effect upon the ll\'CS regarded as the father of water-right legi;:;. farm and worked for an education, and then a nd industry of large groups of the population. lation in Colorado, and his influence on assumed a constructive position in the conn• COLORADO-BI G THOMPSO:V PROJECT: "l'lerc· Reclamation in the West wa s tremendous. try's progress, . o the \Yest (he would say) ing the Divide" Business Week, J une 21, 1941, p. 20. Paragraph referring to lhe engineering feat of bor· He authored lbc Reclamation Extension Act ing a 13-mile tunnel under the crest of the Conti· of 1914, coauthored the Omnibus Extension nental Divide to carry Colorado River water from Act of 1926. the western slope of the Rockies to the eastern His beneficial influence on western recla· slope's arid farmlands. COLORADO R IVFJR AQUEJDUOT MEITROPOLI· mation was most greatly exercised through TAN WATER DISTRICT, OALTFORNIA, by J ohn his membership for the past 20 years on the FI. D. Blanke, The International Engineer, July 1941, B ouse Committee on Appropriations. He p. 197, illustrated. Building largest softening• was the shepherd of Interior Department filtering plant. " RfVER IN THE DESERT": Time Magazine, June and Bureau of Reclamation finances. 30, p. 16. Article on benefits from $186.000,000 Congressman Taylor was born in Illinois aqueduct system which carries Colorado River water in 1858. His family moved soon afterward to southern California cities. to Kansas, where he became a farm boy who COLORADO RIVER AQUEDUCT GOES ro WORK, by Don J. Kinsey, assistant to General Man• knew the grip of rein and the swing of a ager Metropoli tan Water District of Southern Call• pitchfork long beCore he could see bis way fornia. Water Works Engineering, June 1941, pp. clear to an education. B e herded stock at 705-708, 712, 763, 704. Detailed description of 8 and sat in a s~lc until be was 19 before project from beginning. 00/WOSIVE EFFECT OF INORGANIC FERTI· he managed to enter Leavenworth (Kansas) L I ZE/llS ON CONCRETE}, by Arthur F. Pillsbury, High School, where he covered 8 years of Civil Engineering. June 1941, pp. 348-349. Fertl· schooling in 4. lizers distributed by irrigation. 'l'o obtain his college education Congi·ess• CFJSTR.1L VALLEY PROJECT, OALIFORNIA.: P lacing concrete in Friant Dam passes the millionth man Taylor went to live with his uncle in yard marl<. Southwest Builder and Contractor, Colorado. He slept in his uncle's law office June 6. 1941, pp. 58, 60. and saved his sala ry as principal of the Lead· GRAND COULEE/ DAM. WASHI NGTON: Enbri• ncering News-Record, July 17, 1941, pp. 72-73. ville High School in order to attend the 'J'rn~hrnck and drum gnte cle-iccrs of new design University of :Michigan, from which he wa was overcoming its p1·oblems and successfully on Gra nd Coulee Dam. graduated in 1884. mastering the requirement of permanent "WILDERNESS BATTLEGROUND," by Richard As a young di trict attorney in Colorado, settlement. L. Neuberger, New Republic, June 23, 1941, p. 855. Comments on Bureau of Reclamation's program as Congressman '£aylor adjudicated the water The consistent economic ad1rance of the "conservation of resources ls a part or national rights of more than a thousand Colorado West, he believed, was mainly clue to Reclama• defense." ranchmen. In a region where water meant lion-which meant farms, homes, cities, and TRRTGA.7'ION PUMPING WITII ELECTRIC more than life, Mr. Taylor's decrees system· industr ies, a stable. permanent progress, bal· POWER: Article in Agricultural Engineering, July 1941. Jl. 257, by Aldert i\folenaar. Agricultural En atized water priorities and put an end to ancing and assisting the fonntrcl march of gineer. Rural Electrification Administration, De• the bloodshed among warring ranchers and the Nation. partmcnt of Agriculture. Reprint of a paper pre• sheepmen. In conversation, Mr. Taylor constantly em• sented before the Rural Electric Division at the This early experience and realization of phasizecl the importance of the role played annuni meeting of the American Society of Agri· cultural E ngineers at Knox,·ille, Tennessee, June the vital place of water in the life of the arid by early Reclamation lenders. He declared 1941. We t affectecl Mr. Taylor's attitude toward that work for Reclamation was work for the Kli/.VDRICK PROJECT, WYOMING: Grouting con· 1rnblic legislation the remainder of his life. ·west and the country at large, and that he traction joints, Seminoe Dam. '£cchnicai i\femoran• He became convincecl that Reclamation was was willing to rema in in harness until his dum No. 617. MORE ELECTRIC POWFJR: "Rising Need for De more essential to the development of the death in order to see tbat lhe work was rensc." U. S. News, July 4, 1941, p. 30. Article West than any other GO\'l' rnmental activity. carried on. deals with pooling existing power resources and Ile devoted himself wholeheartedly to legis• l?rom the time of bis early efforts to speeding power production. lalion whirh would encourage Reclamation straighten out wa ter legi;;lation in Colorado, MULTIPLE-PURPOSE RESFJRVOIR OPERA- 7'I0N: By Nicholas W. Bowden, Part II. (I n combi and the growth of the West. an The Reclamation E1·a, October 1941 { 279} P OWER FOR DEJ/i'ENSE: Elcctricnl West, J une which (uu cls hnvc been n ppr opri:Hed by cun e n t l'.I crn a CONSTRUCTORS lfl7' JIJLLTON.y lR 0 1911, pp. 5;;-60. Illustrated d escr iption or powH Coni:rcss. amount ~03.742.000. J/ARK o-:.· SIIAST. 1 POURING: Pacific Road Buni facilities. present and future, in,·olving Boulder , S.1OO DIT"IDE PROJF.CT. AIO.YTA.XA.: ~loutann er nnd Enginee1·ing Hl•,•iew. )[ay lOH, pp. G. 7, 8 14 Parker. Bonneville•Coulrr. and Grnnd Coulee. Cen• Reclamation project approved under Wntcr Con• With list o[ preYious n1·liclcs Crom some puhllcatl · tral Valley t hrough Shasta Dnm, Colorudo·Blg servatlon JJro~ram. \\"cst~rn Construc1lon New"", ,.i,.: .l 11nc H)40; .\prli, Sc11tembc r. December, 103~n: Thompson lhroul(h Gr~n )lountnl n Dam. )fay l!l41. p. H3. Ocroher. ~o,·embl"' r. O{"t'("ml1f'r 193 . ' ' THEJ J91l REOLA.JIA.TION J>JIOGRA.JI: Pncific SIT.l~T.l J)AJI.CEXTJI. IL VAI,LEl' PROJECT. CO.YS'l'Rl.j CTJO \' 1~ B .I TU lt f,J S OP ,~11,lST l Builder and Engineer , .August 1041. pp. 46- 50. CA.LI PO/l NIA: Tt·ial.load annl,1•sis o[ nonllncn,· PROJEf!'l'. P A N1' I : Gen<:'rn l 111.vont nnd ne:grcgatc " Largest rcclnmnllon progmm in hislory gets under stress changes In Shnstn Dam clue to rarthqunkc production. Hr Hn lph T.owr.,·. Con•tru~tion Eni:t wny.'' Lists, w ith short descr iption, projects for effect•. Technical !llemorandnm Xo. 618. n<'<' r, Ci,·il F.ngineerlng. Jun(' lOH, pp. 3;;0 3.;2. NOTES FOR CONTRACTORS Low bidder Specification P roject Dids Work or mntcrial Did T erms Contrnct Ko. opened awarded Name Aclclrcss 17,51+-A- I Eden, Wyo.; Saco Di• July 22 Dlesel•powercokanc, Wash •.... I 27,264.40 F. o. b. Thermopolis, no. \\'yo. 48,828-A-2 Ccntrnl Valley, Calif.... J uly 7 Steel rcinrorccmcnt bars (963,232 Columbia Steel Co San Francisco, Calif 29,571. 22 F. o. b. Frianl. Calif., Do. pounds). discount ½ perccnt on h. p. ,,. 0,503- D J\Ionn Creek, Idaho.••.• Juli• 22 Tractors..••..•••.• Caterpillar Tractor Co • Peoria, 111..•• 2.'i. 606. 37 F. o. b. Weiser, Idaho, Do. discount $150. 000 Ccntrnl Valley, Calif.•.. July 28 Construction of Keswick Dam Guy F. Atkinson Co. and San l'rnncisco, Calif. 2,736,628.50 Aug. 9 (first stage). W. E. Kier Construction Co. 973 ..•. do•...... •.....•. •• July 23 }'urnishlng and erecting water Chicago Dridgo & Tron Co Chicago, Ill...... 73,235. 00 Aug. 14 tanks and reservoir and oil stor• age tank, Southern Pacific Rail• road relocation. 974 Dolse•Paycttc, Idaho July 28 Hclocntion of I daho :-.orthern J. L . J\IcLaughlln••.•••.••.. Great Falls, Mont.. 439,294. 40 Do. Branch of Oregon Short Line H. H., Cascade Reservoir. 1520-D Parker Dam Power, •• do..•• Pipe, fittings, valves and cocks ror HepublicSupply Co. ofCali• Los Angeles, Calif••• I 4,983, 63 F. o. b. Earp, Call(. Dis• Aug. 27 Ari,.•Calif. tho Parker power plant. fornin. count I percent. U.S. Pipe Dcnding Co..•••. San F rancisco, Calif. ' 28,400.00 Discount 2 percent. Aug, 14 1530-D Boise, I daho..••••••••.. July 25 l\fatcrials for ste,,J warehouse at Olson Manufacturing Co•.•. Doisc, Idaho...... 15,438.00 F. o. b. Mountain Ilome. Aug, :a:) Anderson Ranch Dam. 1536-D Ccntrnl Valley, Cnlif..•• July 30 1' wo0.SG•by0.86-foot got, framesfor American B ridge Co...••... Denver, Colo•••.• -•• 15,742.00 F. o. b. Oary, I nd•.•••... A11g. IO flxe 1Schedule I. • Schedule 2. • Bids rejected Aug. 20. • Dids rejected Au~. 15. • Items I, 2. and 3. • Item 4. 7 Three 110-horscpower tractors. • Three SO-horsepower, one 55-horsepowcr, one 2.'i-borsepowcr tractors. • Schedules I, 2, and 3. "Schedules I and 2. { 280 } The Recl,unation Era, Octobe1' 1941 U. s. GOYUHIIEHT PRINTING OHICE, IUI LAKE MEAD SPILLS AFTER 6 }f years of filling, Lake Mead, About 5,000 persons w itnessed the ChiefEngineer S. 0. Harper was pres greatest body of water ever stored for spectacular event. ent at the spill. He announced that the beneficial use, spilled August 6 at about The water surface elevation had spill was a successful test ofthe spillway, 9 :30 a. m . Pacific time. The four gates reached within less than 1 foot of the that release of Lake Mead water would of the Arizona spillway were lowered top of the spillway gates when the spill continue at about an average rate of and 15,000 cubic feet of water (about occurred. lake Mead was 580 feet 25,000 cubic feet per second (including 100,000 gallons) per second plunged deep at Boulder Dam, covered 157,000 10,000 feet for power generation) until down more than 110 feet to the bottom acres, and was 120 miles long. Storage April in order to lower the huge reser of the huge concrete troug h, and roared amounted to approximately 3 1,000,000 voir to the point where it would have through the outlet tunnel back into the acre-feet-enough to cover all England 9½ million acre-feet of capacity vacant Colorado River below Boulder Dam. to a depth of 1 foot. for 1942 flood control. ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION NOVEMBER 1 HAROLD L. ICKES, SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR John C. Page, Com.missioner Harry \X '. BasboreJ Assistant Commissioner J. h�adle. Chief Couns�l aud Assista t to C!) IDissioner; HowardnR. Stinson, Assistant Chief Cou!1scl; \V esley Nelson. C�ief, En�in<:ering Division; Keu1:1arcl s (? � [!l- _ '!l· P. I. 'f' aylor, Assistant Chief; W1lham E. Warne, Chief of Information; W1lham F. Kubach, Chier Accountant; A. R. Golz�. Assistant Supervisor of Operntton and Maintenance; Charles N. McCulloch' Chief ON ERA Clerk; Jesse W. Myer, Assistant Chic/ Clerk; James C. Beveridge, Chief, Mails and Files Section; Miss Mary E. Gallagher, Secretary to the Commissioner :, THE RECLAMATI Denver, Colo., United Scates Customhouse S.n0. Harper, Chief En�.;n\\".R. Young, Asst. Chief Eng.; J. L. Savnge, Chier Dcsi�ning Eni.; W. H. Nalder, Asst. Chief Designi_ug Eng._; L. N. McC_lellan, Chier Electrical Eng.; Kenneth B.n Keener, ::;cn10r Engmcer, Dams: H. R. McB1rncy, Semor Engmcer, Canals; E. B. Debler,Hydrauhc Eng.; I.nE. llouk. Scntor Engmecr,,_ 'I,ccbn1cal Studies; John S. llfoorc, Field Su[)Or• visor of S0il and Moisture Conservation Operations; L. H. Mitchell, Irrigation Adviser (9LO U. S. National Bank Bldg.); H. J. S. Devries, ueneral Field Counsel; L. R. Smith, Chief Clerkn. Vern H. Thompson, Purchasing Agentn; C. A. Lyman and Henry ,v. Johnson, Examiners or Accounts Projects 1111de1·co11str11ctio11 or op erated in whole o,- in pa,-t by the B11,,-ea11- of Reclamation ------Ollicial in ch:•r11:c District. cou11acl Project, Office Chier Clerk Name TitltJ Nrune Addres,. All-American Cuna!______•••••. "\"u1na. Ariz•••..•.•.•.•••• Leo J. J'o'l tcr••····-····o Construction engineer••..•.•• J. C. Thrailkill...... H. J. CotTey ••••-·--···· L08 Angeles, CaliC. :: r Altus------·-· ·--- ·---· - · · ··-· ··-· Altus. Okla •••...... •.•• _. H..u.s1mll S. Lieurnnce••--·o dg l Soenecr L. Oai d •••••••• Am11rillo. Tex. Anderson nanch Reserv oir·-··---···· .••• ]\l mmta.in Home, ldabo•••• John A .Jjc(Jmf'r•••••••••o 8�:��������� .�· ·��-�\� .���� ======B. E. Stoutemf'yer•••••_ Port.land, Oreg. lloile .Fourche•••••••••••••••••••••.•••.• Newell. S. Dak..•••...•... F. C. Youmtblutt_•••••••o Superintcl)clcnt..�::;.••• l'����•...... �·-��== --:: ••••••••.••...... • ___.. W. J. Durke ••o•.••••••• Bitling.11, .;\lont, Boiso..••..•.••.. ______···-·---·· Boise. [daho...•.....•. -.. R. J. Newcll ••••--··o···· Const ruction engineer...... Hobert. B. Smith••.•.••• B. E. Stoutcmyer•••--··· l'ortl1111d, Oreg. Jloulder Cnnyoo 1----·---··-·---·----·o-· Boulder City, Ne,·..•.....• Eru est. A. 1\ I 13oulder Dam an Oocmting officinl ::iccretary Proicct. Organization Office Name Title .Nume Addre� 13akcr••••••••--···-•••••••••• _._. Lower Powder Biver irrigation district-.•••••• Baker. Oreg· ···o--········ A. Oliver•.•••••••••••••• _ President•••..••••••.... Marion Hewlett••••••••• l I B. E. Stoutemyer. dll'ltrict counacl, Portland. Oreg. 3 J. R.• .Alexander. district counsel, Salt Lake CitY. Utah. IN THIS ISSUE l! R. J. Coffey, district counsel. Los Angeles, Calii. -4 W. J. Durke, districtconnsel. Billings, Mont. Issued monthly by tho Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior, as approved by the Director of the Budget. . DON'T FORGET THE DROUGHT ------by JOHN C. PAGE WESTERN DE-VELOPMENT ------by JOHN J. DEMPSEY