DOCSLIB.ORG

“The Spirit of the Age”: British War Correspondents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“The Spirit of the Age”: British War Correspondents “THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE”: BRITISH WAR CORRESPONDENTS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF WAR AND CULTURE IN THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1904-1905 By Alexander Massey Nordlund (Under the Direction of John H. Morrow, Jr.) ABSTRACT The study of the Russo-Japanese War has fallen heavily into the shadow of the First World War, resulting in a distorted understanding of the conflict, particularly regarding the European observation and analysis of it at the time. This study proposes to take this event out of such a context, drawing attention to military and cultural influences that Europeans, particularly British war correspondents, carried with them into the war, such as Mahanism, Orientalism, and anxieties regarding modernity. It argues that these correspondents entered the conflict influenced by prominent, preexisting discourses on naval warfare, the Orient, and modernity, which generally advocated for a conscious link in the future development of society and the military. These and other discourses, not those stemming from the memory of the First World War, ought to be emphasized in the study of war, society, and culture before 1914. INDEX WORDS: Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905; History – Britain 20th Century; War Correspondent; Alexander Nordlund; M.A.; The University of Georgia; Orientalism; Alfred Thayer Mahan “THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE”: BRITISH WAR CORRESPONDENTS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF WAR AND CULTURE IN THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1904-1905 By Alexander Massey Nordlund B.A., The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF THE ARTS ATHENS, GA 2013 © 2013 Alexander Massey Nordlund All Rights Reserved “THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE”: BRITISH WAR CORRESPONDENTS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF WAR AND CULTURE IN THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1904-1905 By Alexander Massey Nordlund Major Professor: John H. Morrow, Jr. Committee: Steven Soper John Short Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2013 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all of the historians at the University of Georgia that at some point provided invaluable insight and criticism to the makings of this thesis from its origins, particularly Professors John Morrow, Steven Soper, John Short, Ari Levine, and James Cobb. Also, I want to thank Professor Benjamin Ehlers and Laurie Kane for assisting with all the official paperwork involved outside of writing and research for this project. Additionally, I would like to thank my fellow graduate students of HIST 8030 and HIST 8860 that read and commented on early drafts of my writing. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance of those at the First Division Museum in Wheaton, IL, in helping to locate materials from their collections related to my research on this project and my other academic interests, particularly Andrew Woods, Eric Gillespie, Kate Kleiderman, Melissa Tyer, and J.D. Kammes. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………iv PREFACE………………………………………………………………………………...vi CHAPTER 1 THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON WAR CORRESPONDENTS, 1904-1905………………………………...1 2 A WAR FULL OF OTHERS…………………….……………………………...32 3 EDWARDIAN JAPAN………………………………………………………….59 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………..82 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………..86 vi PREFACE Between the end of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and the outbreak of the First World War (1914-1918), the British popular press often wrote on the subject of warfare. Like British society itself, warfare underwent a rapid and sweeping evolution sparked by industrialization and imperialism during this period, sparking considerable debate within and without the military sphere on the nature of future warfare, particularly the “Next Great War.” Despite several colonial wars throughout this period, writers had to content themselves with simply imagining the nature of future war until the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) provided them with the first concrete example of warfare between two modern militaries. With their own preexisting discourses on naval warfare, the Orient, and Edwardian politics, gender norms, and education, British war correspondents conveyed an image of modern warfare in their postwar writings that depicted war and military development as inseparable from social and cultural development, arguing that the increased destructiveness and stresses of modern warfare required a society culturally conditioned to fight and succeed in such an environment. Following Britain’s military embarrassment in the Second Boer War (1899-1902), British writers saw an opportunity to learn of the nature of the “next war” in the Russo- Japanese War as it featured the two modern militaries of Russia and Japan or, in the words of Times correspondent Charles à Court Repington, “an island Empire at grips with a first-rate continental Power.”1 Additionally, this war would ultimately be the final case 1 The Military Correspondent of The Times (Charles à Court Repington), The War in the Far East, 1904- 1905 (E.P. Dutton and Co.: New York 1905), p. 1 vii study for the Western powers of conventional war before 1914. Given the general public enthusiasm and willingness of millions to voluntarily enlist for military service in Britain at the outbreak of the First World War, it is important to understand how these millions understood the nature of warfare before 1914. As the British press commissioned several correspondents to cover the Russo-Japanese War, there was a demand amongst its readers for news of the war – or, more broadly, a general interest in war amongst British readers.2 This study hopes to support the recent “World War Zero” scholarship on the Russo- Japanese War, which argues in favor of the global impact of the war, which became overshadowed by the historical significance of the First World War.3 While many studies on the background of the First World War allude to the Russo-Japanese War, the latter war has not been significantly studied as an important historical event in its own right. Additionally, this particular emphasis on the Russo-Japanese War risks potential problems with teleology as it sometimes results in a “lessons not learned” approach to the war that began in the post-1918 scholarship of military historians such as B.H. Liddell Hart and J.F.C. Fuller.4 The observations of correspondents in this war can help inform the historian how and possibly why these writers, as products of what Repington called “the spirit of the age,” viewed a subject like war the way they did leading into a future 2 See I.F. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars 1763-3749 (Oxford University Press: Oxford 1992); Antulio Echevarria, Imagining Future War: The West’s Technological Revolution and Visions of Wars to Come, 1880-1914 (Praeger: London 2007); A.J.A. Morris, The Scaremongers: The Advocacy of War and Rearmament, 1896-1914 (Routledge and Kegan Paul: London 1984); Cecil D. Eby, The Road to Armageddon: The Martial Spirit in English Popular Literature, 1870-1914 (Duke University Press: Durham 1987) 3 See John Steinberg, David Wolff, et al., ed., The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero, 2 vols. (Brill: Leiden, Boston 2005); John Chapman, Inaba Chiharu, Rotem Kowner, ed., Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5, 2 vols. (Global Oriental: Kent 2007) 4 For example, see J.F.C. Fuller, A Military History of the Western World, vol. III (Da Capo: New York 1956) p. 168; T.H.E. Travers, “Technology, Tactics, and Morale: Jean de Bloch, the Boer War, and British Military Theory, 1900-1914,” Journal of Modern History, Vol. 51, No. 2, Technology and War (June 1979) pp. 264-286; David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, “Rewriting the Russo-Japanese War: A Centenary Retrospective,” The Russian Review (January 2008) 78-87 viii war rather than merely what they failed to learn, why what they learned was wrong, or the actual reality of the war seen through historical hindsight.5 For sources, this project will primarily utilize the postwar monographs of British war correspondents on the Russo-Japanese War. These will consist primarily of correspondents from a civilian background, with the exceptions of Charles à Court Repington of the Times (who actually wrote on the war in London) and military attaché Sir Ian Hamilton, both of whom were widely read by British readers. Such an approach requires emphasis on national and London-based newspapers as many, if not all, of the British war correspondents wrote for them. Historian Glenn R. Wilkinson has criticized this approach as it overemphasizes the “personalities of the image-makers” of war by targeting the “post-battle monographs rather than the text of the newspaper reports written at the time.”6 While conscious of this shortcoming, this study attempts to consider both sources as both products and perpetuators of a larger discourse of war and culture rather than original “image-makers” themselves. Additionally, in consideration of the strict censorship placed on correspondents and their newspaper dispatches during the Russo-Japanese War, “post-battle monographs” allowed correspondents greater freedom to articulate their observations on war and culture. Also, these expanded monographs following the war on the observations made by correspondents may also give further insight into the brief reports they made during the war. Furthermore, aside from the use 5 Repington, p. 606. See S.P. MacKenzie, “Willpower or Firepower? The Unlearned Military Lessons of the Russo-Japanese War,” in David Wells and Sandra Wilson, ed., The Russo-Japanese War in Cultural Perspective, 1904-05 (Macmillan: London 1999) pp. 30-40; Yigal Sheffy, “A Model not to Follow: The European Armies and the Lessons of the War,” in Rotem Kowner, ed., The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War (Routledge: London and New York 2007) pp. 253-268; Bruce W. Menning, “Neither Mahan nor Moltke: Strategy in the War,” in Steinberg, Wolff, et al., ed., Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective, vol.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SFBAPCC Nov. 2003 Postcard Newsletter
    - 1 - San Francisco Bay Area Post Card Club See this newsletter and much more in full color on the Internet at www.postcard.org Meetings are held the fourth Saturday of every month except December. Visitors and dealers always welcome. November 2003 Volume XVIII, No. 10 Next Meeting: Saturday, November 22, 12 to 3 PM Fort Mason Center, Room C-370 Laguna Street at Marina Boulevard, San Francisco Please disarm pagers, cell phones, and alarms during the meeting. Program Notes: As it is our last meeting of the year we will forego an organized program in favor of an extended show and tell—bring whatever you would like to show off. The Gasp! meter will be in operation, and whoever garners the most Wow!s will be declared the winner. Our strictly en- forced limits of three items and two minutes will be relaxed somewhat. We’ll also be having our holiday party under the orchestration of hostess Darlene Thorne. Those of us who wish to do so are encouraged to bring non-goopy finger foods—sweet or savory—to share. Darlene will set a festive board herself, so our contributions should each be enough for five people. Liquid refreshment will be provided by the club. We can all add to the festivities by bringing a box or handful of cards to sell or trade. Milo Zarakov has contributed a packet of well worn but still lovable vintage cards; choose yours out of the club dime box. The Musantes are planning to bring a dozen or more boxes of dime cards as well, so it could prove to be a genuine almost-free-for-all.
    [Show full text]
  • Professor Yulia MIKHAILOVA: Curriculum Vitae Amd Publications
    Hiroshima Journal of International Studies Volume 19 2013 Professor Yulia MIKHAILOVA: Curriculum Vitae amd Publications Curriculum Vitae Date of Birth: February 23,1948 Nationality: Australia; Permanent Resident of Japan Educational Background 1966.09 − 1972.02 Leningrad State University, Faculty of Oriental Studies, Department of Far Eastern History Bachelor with Honors in Japanese History Thesis title: Liberal Ideas in Early Modern Japan 1972.11 -1976.11 Soviet (Russian) Academy of Science Institute of Oriental Studies, Ph.D. student Ph.D. in History, 19/09/1979 Dissertation title: The Movement for Freedom and Popular Rights in Japan: History and Ideology (1870s and 1880s) Employment Record 1972.02 – 1993.01 Junior Researcher, Researcher, Senior Researcher, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia 1982.09 -1988.06 Part-time Lecturer, Faculty of Oriental Studies, Leningrad State University, Soviet Union 1993.02 – 1996.03 Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Asian and International Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia 1996.04 – 1998.03 Faculty of International Studies, Hiroshima City University, Japan, Associate Professor 1998.04 – 2013.03 Faculty of International Studies, Graduate School of International Studies, Hiroshima City University, Japan, Professor 2010.04 – present Osaka University, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Part-time Lecturer 2013.06—2013.07 Department of European History and Culture,Heidelberg University, Germany, Visiting Scholar Fellowships and Grants Received: Japan Foundation Fellowship, 1983, Topic of research: Motoori Norinaga: His Life and Ideas. Canon Foundation in Europe Fellowship, 1992-1993. Topic of research: The Interrelation Between Confucianism and Shinto in Tokugawa Japan. 148 Erwin-von-Baelz Guest Professorship, Tuebingen University, Germany, November 1992, lectures and workshops for students on Intellectual History of Tokugawa and Meiji Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Russo-Japanese War
    Title Images of Enemy and Self : Russian "Popular Prints" of the Russo-Japanese War Author(s) Mikhailova, Yulia Citation Acta Slavica Iaponica, 16, 30-53 Issue Date 1998 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/40148 Type bulletin (article) File Information 16_30-53.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP gtwages @ff Eeeetwy esmedi Segfg Reessgapm "P@peelaec PecEffitas" dyff ahe Reessas-gapagkese Waec* YkgNia MwhaiSov& IiRtrodencgion It is broadly recognized that ways aRd conflicts produce negative images of adver- saries and that perceptions distorted by hostile feelings, in their turn, are not favorable for furtlrier friendly relatioRs between nations. It is exact}y this dangerous spiral that dominated the Russian attkudes towards Japan for a loilg time in history. In ana}yzing the process ofenmijication' scholars have introduced a variety of constructs: the view of the enemy as "devil;' the perception of the "incorrigibly ma- levolent" adversary, misrepresentation through "mirror imaging," and `Cdiabo}ical im- ages ofthe enemyr' Various psychological mechanisms involved in this process - per- ceptual distortions, good-bad stereotypes, projections, exaggerated fear, anxiety-based overreactions, frustration-aggression, scapegoating - have also been studied.2 Though enmification usually occurs according to the above-mentioned general pattem, cuitural variations exist and historical conseqttences in specific cases are diflierent.3 In view of the prospect for £he future rapprochementbetween Japan and Russia, it would be in- structive to know what images of Japan in Russia unclerpinned the complicated history ofrelationsbetweenthetwocountriesinthehopethatthisunderstandingcouldhelpto sweep away old hatreds and fears. Though some articles briefly mention Russian or Soviet perceptions of Japan,` with the exception of a recently published book by a young Russian scholar Vasilii Molodiakov,S no substantial research in the field has been undertaken.
    [Show full text]
  • Episode 33 “The Mountain Where Your Souls Lie” Transcript
    The History of the Twentieth Century Episode 33 “The Mountain Where Your Souls Lie” Transcript [music: fanfare] In the opening months of the Russo-Japanese war, the Japanese have succeeded in neutralizing the Russian Pacific Fleet—mostly—and have landed large numbers of Japanese soldiers on the Asian mainland. By August 1904, the Third Army is besieging Port Arthur, while the First, Second, and now the newly arrived Fourth Army are all marching straight for the town of Liaoyang, headquarters of the Russian forces in Manchuria. Welcome to The History of the Twentieth Century. [music: opening theme] Episode 33. The Mountain Where Your Souls Lie. We are now three episodes into the Russo-Japanese war. So I’d like to start today by recapping where we stand, because I don’t want to lose anyone along the way. It is now August 1904. The war has been going on for six months. The most important actions of the land war so far have been on the Liaodong Peninsula. At the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula is Port Arthur, home to the Russian Pacific Squadron and now under siege by the Japanese Third Army. Running north from Port Arthur along the length of the peninsula is the Chinese Southern Railway, which despite its name was built by Russians. The Chinese Southern Railway runs north into Manchuria all the way to the city of Harbin, where it joins the Chinese Eastern Railway, also Russian constructed, which is a shortcut between Vladivostok and points west. The Japanese have landed troops part way up the peninsula.
    [Show full text]
  • Whose History and by Whom: an Analysis of the History of Taiwan In
    WHOSE HISTORY AND BY WHOM: AN ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY OF TAIWAN IN CHILDREN’S LITERATURE PUBLISHED IN THE POSTWAR ERA by LIN-MIAO LU (Under the Direction of Joel Taxel) ABSTRACT Guided by the tenet of sociology of school knowledge, this study examines 38 Taiwanese children’s trade books that share an overarching theme of the history of Taiwan published after World War II to uncover whether the seemingly innocent texts for children convey particular messages, perspectives, and ideologies selected, preserved, and perpetuated by particular groups of people at specific historical time periods. By adopting the concept of selective tradition and theories of ideology and hegemony along with the analytic strategies of constant comparative analysis and iconography, the written texts and visual images of the children’s literature are relationally analyzed to determine what aspects of the history and whose ideologies and perspectives were selected (or neglected) and distributed in the literary format. Central to this analysis is the investigation and analysis of the interrelations between literary content and the issue of power. Closely related to the discussion of ideological peculiarities, historians’ research on the development of Taiwanese historiography also is considered in order to examine and analyze whether the literary products fall into two paradigms: the Chinese-centric paradigm (Chinese-centricism) and the Taiwanese-centric paradigm (Taiwanese-centricism). Analysis suggests a power-and-knowledge nexus that reflects contemporary ruling groups’ control in the domain of children’s narratives in which subordinate groups’ perspectives are minimalized, whereas powerful groups’ assumptions and beliefs prevail and are perpetuated as legitimized knowledge in society.
    [Show full text]
  • The Russo-Japanese War, Britain's Military Observers, and British
    Born Soldiers Who March Under the Rising Sun: The Russo-Japanese War, Britain’s Military Observers, and British Impressions Regarding Japanese Martial Capabilities Prior to the First World War by Liam Caswell Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia December 2017 © Copyright by Liam Caswell, 2017 Table of Contents Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………… ii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….. iii List of Abbreviations Used……………………………………………………………… iv Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………… v Chapter I Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter II “An Evident Manifestation of Sympathy”: The Relationship between the British Press and Japan at War………………………………………………………….. 25 Chapter III “Surely the Lacedaemonians at Thermopylae were Not Braver than these Men”: British Observers and the Character and Ability of the Japanese Soldier…………………………………………………………………………………... 43 Chapter IV “Russia’s Invincible Foe”: Estimations of British Observers Regarding the Performance of the Imperial Japanese Army…………………………………………… 77 Chapter V A Most Impressive Pupil: Captain William Pakenham, R.N., and the Performance of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the War’s Maritime Operations……………………………………………………………………………... 118 Chapter VI Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 162 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………... 170 ii Abstract This thesis explores how Japan’s military triumphs during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-’05 influenced British opinions regarding
    [Show full text]
  • Forgotten War 3 Russo – Japanese War 1904‐1905
    7/25/2019 Forgotten War 3 Russo – Japanese War 1904‐1905 Background to the Russo‐Japanese War • As the Eighteenth Century drew to a close the Czarist Empire of Russia was militarily the most backward in Europe. However they no doubt envied the other European powers’ ability to obtain colonies around the world. • Russia’s military and ruling class had the dream of having access to warm water ports on the Black Sea with rights to the Mediterranean and similar facilities on the Pacific. The Crimean War put an end to these ambitions in the West. Those in the East brought Russia into conflict with the rising ambitions of Japan. • In 1875 Russia handed over the Kurile Islands to Japan in return for Sakhalin. • In 1896 it intervened on behalf of China against Japan with the backing of both France and Germany and in return received railroad concessions in Manchuria from China. • Russia had already leased Port Arthur and Liaotung from China. In addition it had used the Boxer rising in 1900 as a pretext for reinforcing its military presence in Manchuria in order to one day penetrate into Korea. History of Warfare, H.W. Koch, Bison Books, 1987 1 7/25/2019 Shakhalin Kurile Islands 2 7/25/2019 “Japan, whose geographic position to the Asian mainland was similar to that of the British to the European mainland, could not in the interests of its own security, allow a major European power to dominate the collapsing Chinese Manchu Empire. This situation was the main cause of the war between Russia and Japan in 1904.” H.W.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Assessing the Global Impact of the Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 第0
    Volume 10 | Issue 21 | Number 2 | Article ID 3755 | May 19, 2012 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus World War Zero? Re-assessing the Global Impact of the Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 第０次世界大戦？１９０４− １９０５年日露戦争の世界的影響を再評価する Gerhard Krebs World War Zero? Re-assessing the Global and Yokote Shinji, eds.,The Russo-Japanese Impact of the Russo-Japanese WarWar in Global Perspective: World War Zero. 1904-05 Bd,1, Leiden: Brill 2005. (History of Warfare, Vol. 29) (hereafter: Steinberg). Gerhard Krebs David Wolff, Steven B. Marks, Bruce W. Menning, David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, John W. Steinberg and Yokote Shinji, eds., On the occasion of its centennial, the Russo- The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: Japanese War drew great attention among World War Zero. Vol. 2, Ibid. 2007. (History of historians who organized many symposia and Warfare, Vol. 40) (hereafter: Wolff). published numerous studies. What have been the recent perspectives, debates and insights Maik Hendrik Sprotte, Wolfgang Seifert and on the historical impact of the Russo-Japanese Heinz-Dietrich Löwe, ed.,Der Russisch- War on the imperial world order, evolution of Japanische Krieg 1904/ 05. Anbruch einer international society, and global intellectual neuen Zeit? Wiesbaden, Harassowitz Verlag history? Gerhard Krebs provides 2007.a (hereafter: Sprotte). comprehensive historiographical essay introducing the major works published in the Rotem Kowner, ed., The Impact of the Russo- last ten years on the world-historical impact of Japanese War. London and New York: the Russo-Japanese War, including works in Routledge 2007. (Routledge Studies in the Japanese, Russian, English and German. Modern History of Asia, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Partners: Forging the US-Japan Special Relationship
    Pacific Partners: Forging the U.S.-Japan Special Relationship 太平洋のパートナー：アメリカと日本の特別な関係の構築 Arthur Herman December 2017 Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute Research Report Pacific Partners: Forging the U.S.-Japan Special Relationship 太平洋のパートナー：アメリカと日本の特別な関係の構築 Arthur Herman Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute © 2017 Hudson Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. For more information about obtaining additional copies of this or other Hudson Institute publications, please visit Hudson’s website, www.hudson.org Hudson is grateful for the support of the Smith Richardson Foundation in funding the research and completion of this report. ABOUT HUDSON INSTITUTE Hudson Institute is a research organization promoting American leadership and global engagement for a secure, free, and prosperous future. Founded in 1961 by strategist Herman Kahn, Hudson Institute challenges conventional thinking and helps manage strategic transitions to the future through interdisciplinary studies in defense, international relations, economics, health care, technology, culture, and law. Hudson seeks to guide public policy makers and global leaders in government and business through a vigorous program of publications, conferences, policy briefings and recommendations. Visit www.hudson.org for more information. Hudson Institute 1201 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Suite 400 Washington, D.C. 20004 P: 202.974.2400 [email protected] www.hudson.org Table of Contents Introduction （イントロダクション） 3 Part I: “Allies of a Kind”: The US-UK Special Relationship in 15 Retrospect（パート I：「同盟の一形態」：米英の特別な関係は過去どうだったの
    [Show full text]
  • The Russian Navy Myth and Reality
    NAVY MYTH AND REALITY * ERIC MORRIS THE RUSSIAN NAVY MYTH AND REALITY ERIC MORRIS The modern Russian Navy has come a long way since its humiliating defeat at the hands of Admiral Togo at the Battle of Tsushima during the Russo-Japanese war. Although its naval history dates back to Peter the Great, Russia achieved little at sea in the first half of this cen- tury. The maritime role was subordi- nated by doctrine and circumstances to the needs of land warfare. Since 1945 the Russian navy has be- come an increasingly important instru- ment of Soviet foreign policy. Eric Morris examines this development and shows how Russia, in her dealings with the United States and other powers, has evolved a relationship which has moved away from the propaganda and confron- (Continued on back flap) (^(^ •5 <, p^ 5 £. r oci.' i. e-?^ The Russian Navy: Myth and ReaHty BA REN SEA ARCTIC OCEAN Azores / c >4 T Naval Bases 1 Kola Inlet, Munnansk HQ and main naval 20 Soviet Pacific Fleet HQ at Vladivostok: base for the Soviet Northern Fleet: 160 74 submarines and 57 major surface submarines and 56 major surface warships warships 2 Baltic Fleet based on Kronshtadt and HQ 21 Sovetskaya Gavan at Baltiysk: 12 submarines 47 major and 22 Petropavlovsk surface warships 8 Crimea base complex: Odessa, Nikolayev, Naval base facilities Sevastopol. Black Sea Fleet (including 7 One-time Soviet naval base facilities at Caspian Flotilla and Mediterranean Alexandria and Port Said Squadron): 19 submarines and 59 major 14 Mogadiscio (Somali Republic) surface warships 15 Berbera (Somali Republic) NB All estimated strengths are approximate 16 Mauritius: Aeroflot flies in relief crews Q Main naval bases for Soviet trawlers 1 OVIET UNION ^.'-j;-^^^—-.
    [Show full text]
  • The American and Japanese Navies As Hypothetical
    BIG STICK AI\70 SHORT SWORD: THE AMERICAN AND JAPANESE NAVIES AS HYPOTHETICAL ENEMIES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Carlos R. Rivera, B.A., M.A ***** The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee : Approved by J.F. Guilmartin, Jr. a <—- J.R. Bartholomew A v \(,/i ( I ^ Adviser^ P.L. Hahn Dep^tm^t of History ÜMI Number: 9534057 Copyright 1995 by Rivera, Carlos Rafael All rights reserved. DMI Microform 9534057 Copyright 1995, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Carlos R. Rivera 1995 To my Father, Carlos Rivera DeJesus Sargeant First Class (ret.) U.S. Army Who taught me that honor, duty, and courage are so much more than political expediency 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my most sincere and grateful appreciation for the professional contributions I received. For John F. Guilmartin, Jr., I very much want to recognize the patient guidance and support I received during the last few years. Grateful thanks go to the other members of my committee, James R. Bartholomew and Peter L. Hahn, and Frederick J. Milford. Other persons who have been most helpful include Otsubo Sumiko and Sendai Kenzo, both of The Ohio State University, Yamamoto Masahiro, University of Alabama, and Sebastian Dobson, Tokyo. I want to recognize the Ohio State University Main Library, especially, Ms. Maureen Donovan for help with Japanese texts, and the staff of the Inter-Library Loan office for their valued assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Was the Russo-Japanese War World War Zero?
    RE-IMAGINING CULTURE IN THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR Was the Russo-Japanese War World War Zero? JOHN W. STEINBERG As with any war in history, the Russo-Japanese War enjoys its share of myths and legends that range from Admiral Alekseev’s barber being a Japanese spy to the saga of the Baltic Fleet becoming the “fleet that had to die.” Perhaps because of such legends, or perhaps because World War I broke out less than a decade after the Russo-Japanese War formally ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905, the centennial anniversary of Japan’s stunning victory witnessed a resurgence in Russo-Japanese War studies. Scholars from around the world responded to this date by convening various seminars, workshops, and conferences to reopen the study of a conflict that, while never completely forgotten, was largely overlooked after World War I. Always considered a bilateral engagement between two military powers, which it was in its most basic sense, the aim of all of these scholarly endeavors was to broaden our understanding of not only the war but also its global impact. The three following articles represent the work of one of the first such intellectual endeavors, a conference on “Re-imagining Culture in the Russo-Japanese War” that was held at Birkbeck College in London in March 2004.1 By addressing the impact of the conflict on society from its art and literature to the public reaction to the war as it progressed, Naoko Shimazu, Rosamund Bartlett, and David Crowley exhibit the depth of engagement that existed at every level of the civil-military nexus.
    [Show full text]